ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the interplay between the regular representation of ideals and the structure of semi-invertible ideals within the framework of Dedekind domains. The notion of regular representation, understood as a finite intersection of pairwise comaximal primary ideals, provides a powerful structural decomposition that captures the arithmetic essence of Dedekind domains. We establish a comprehensive characterization showing that an integral domain admits a regular representation for every ideal if and only if it is a Dedekind domain. Building on this characterization, our central contribution proves that every proper semi-invertible ideal in such a domain enjoys the two-generator property; that is, it can be generated by exactly two elements. Furthermore, we extend this result beyond the classical Dedekind setting to the broader class of rings with unique primary decomposition (general ZPI rings), demonstrating the robustness of the two-generator phenomenon. Several auxiliary results concerning comaximality, primary decomposition, and the preservation of semi-invertibility under standard ideal operations are also obtained, providing a unified perspective that links representation theory with the multiplicative ideal theory of Dedekind domains.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This study demonstrates the successful fabrication and systematic characterization of a 3D hierarchical NiCo2O4/ZnO p-n heterojunction platform designed for potential gas-sensing applications. The heterostructure was synthesized through a synergistic approach combining Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) and controlled Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) on n-type Si (111) substrates. FESEM analysis revealed a unique 3D porous architecture composed of interconnected nanosheets, a morphology directly governed by the observed current-drop kinetics during the electrochemical-assisted deposition. XRD patterns confirmed the crystallinity and phase stability of the spinel NiCo2O4 and wurtzite ZnO phases, suggesting the successful formation of a heterointerface. Furthermore, PL spectroscopy identified a high density of oxygen vacancies (Vo) in the optimized samples, which theoretically provide abundant active sites for gas adsorption. The integration of a high-surface-area 3D morphology with the favorable defect chemistry offers a robust foundation for charge carrier modulation. These findings highlight the potential of NiCo2O4/ZnO nanosheets as promising candidates for future high-performance environmental monitoring sensors.

ABSTRACT. Abstract To address the critical water requirements and the increasing salinity challenge in the Shatt Al-Arab region of Iraq, a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the full-scale EMHILA Reverse Osmosis (R.O) system was done. The implementation of a rigorous methodology, which included the consolidation of field operational data and the assessment of critical water quality parameters, such as TDS and hardness, at varying system stages. A thorough evaluation of the system's actual performance demonstrated that it is highly effective in the removal of salt and the production of water that meets established standards. In addition to a high Salt Rejection rate of 99.85%, the Recovery Rate was 55-60% and the Permeate Flux was 38.1lmh. Key operational indices were calculated. Additionally, the system's behaviour was modelled and anticipated under a variety of conditions using a simulation program (e.g., Winflows). A sensitivity analysis was conducted, which confirmed that the feed concentration () is the most critical factor. This challenge effects the system's efficiency in operating against potential salinity surges (which reached 4483 ppm during the study period) . The optimal system performance was attained at a feed flow rate of 6500 m^3/h (total plant feed flow rate) and a feed concentration of 6000 mg/l. This study offers valuable insights into the system's actual performance and potential, which promotes the sustainable provision of purified water in the region, reduces costs, and improves operational efficiency in response to the challenge of rising coastal salinity.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: In this work, the NO₂ gas-sensing behavior of flake-like NiCo₂O₄/ZnO, was investigated at relatively low operating temperatures of 100 and 200 °C. The sensing layer was fabricated on flake-like NiCo₂O₄ by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on chemical bath deposition (CBD) of ZnO. flake-like NiCo₂O₄/ZnO showing porous nanosheet morphology, moderate crystallinity, and moderate oxygen-vacancy-related defect density. The three-dimensional architecture provides open diffusion channels for NO₂ molecules, while the p-NiCo₂O₄/n-ZnO heterojunction promotes strong resistance modulation through interfacial depletion-layer variation. The sensor exhibited clear resistance modulation upon exposure to NO₂ at both 100 and 200 °C. Operation at 200 °C is expected to provide a better adsorption-desorption balance, faster recovery, and more reversible sensing behavior compared with 100 °C. The results indicate that the fabricated heterojunction is a promising low-temperature NO₂ sensing platform for environmental

ABSTRACT. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to systematically study the effects of Sc and Ga substitutional doping on the structural, and optical properties of an AlP nanosheet. The results show that both dopants effectively decrease the bandgap, from 2.35 eV in pristine AlP to 1.92 eV (Sc, 6%) and 2.19 eV (Ga, 6%). This bandgap narrowing is attributed to the hybridization of the dopant orbitals (Sc d-orbitals or Ga p-orbitals) with the Al-p and P-p states near the Fermi level. A striking dichotomy is observed in the vertical ionization potential (VIP), Ga doping reduces the VIP from 2.67 eV to 2.38 eV, whereas Sc doping dramatically increases it up to 4.30 eV, owing to the stabilizing effect of Sc d-orbitals. Electronic analysis confirms that both dopants lower the chemical hardness and increase the chemical softness, indicating enhanced chemical reactivity. Structurally, Ga doping preserves the planar hexagonal geometry with bond angles around 120⁰ and only minimal lattice expansion, while Sc doping induces significant distortions and a large increase in the supercell volume. Optically, Sc doping suppresses the dielectric function, refractive index (from 2.8 to 2.1), reflectivity (from 0.51 to 0.21) and optical conductivity, leading to a weaker optical response. In contrast, Ga doping maintains or slightly improves these properties, the refractive index increases from 2.8 to 2.9, the reflectivity peak rises from 0.51 to 0.53 and the optical conductivity remains essentially unchanged, indicating preserved charge carrier mobility. Therefore, Ga is structurally more compatible with the AlP lattice and preserves optical quality, whereas Sc, despite causing larger lattice strain and a weaker optical response, offers a unique way to significantly raise the VIP while still narrowing the bandgap. This comparative study establishes a solid theoretical basis for engineering AlP-based two-dimensional materials for advanced optoelectronic devices, UV detectors and solar energy harvesting through judicious selection of dopant (p-block Ga or d-block Sc) and concentration to effectively tune the electronic and optical properties of AlP nanosheets.

ABSTRACT. Polyimides can be considered as unique polymers due to their distinctive properties. Properties such as chemical stability, low dielectric constant, and high electrical resistivity have led to many applications in different disciplines and industrial areas. Aims: The present work aims to investigate the internal structure of polyimide theoretically (specifically PMDA-ODA) first, and then to calculate its structural properties. Parameters such as bond lengths, angles bonds, angles dihedrals, and the potential energy surface (PES) of the PI molecule. In addition, the charge distribution is considered using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO). The extracted results can evaluate the reliability of the DFT method when comparing the obtained results with empirical ones, which gives us a big picture of the mechanism of building the PI structure. All the mentioned parameters were calculated depending on B3LYP with a 6-311G (d,p) as a basis set. The Gaussian 09 Package is used to perform the calculations and visualized by GaussView06. The outcomes reveal the lengths of single C-C atom bonds outside of rings are longer than those of aromatic bonds. It is significant to note that C9, C10, C13, and C15 had the highest positive charges, and the oxygen atom electronegativity had almost identical values.

ABSTRACT. Polymer-modified concrete (PMC) has the potential to transform the construction sector by addressing structural and environmental challenges. This study aims to investigate the influence of adding a polymer modifier to concrete. Two modifiers were used, these being PVA and SBR. Concrete properties, including slump, density, and compressive strength were evaluated and the correlation between these key properties was also investigated. The results showed that the PVA modifier, after hardening, was able to produce a continuous polymer layer that effectively sealed the internal pores, recording an increase in density by 1.49% and a noteworthy increase in compressive strength by 23.73% compared to the reference. Furthermore, the PVA-modified concrete exhibited a 35.18% higher compressive strength than the SBR-modified concrete mix. However, this enhanced flowability was associated with increased air entrainment, requiring a higher dosage of defoamer than the other mixes.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the influence of Nano-Flint (NF) on the mechanical and physical performance of cement mortar containing 20% recycled cement mortar (RCM) as a partial replacement for natural sand. Nano-Flint was incorporated at 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of cement. Compressive strength, density, water absorption, Shore D hardness, and microstructural properties were evaluated. The results showed that Nano-Flint improved mortar performance compared with the recycled control mixture. The 1% NF mixture showed the highest density and compressive strength, while 2% NF recorded the lowest water absorption. Higher Nano-material dosage reduced performance due to particle agglomeration and non-uniform dispersion. The results confirm that Nano-Flint can improve recycled mortar properties and support sustainable construction applications.

ABSTRACT. The Artin indicator (Art.In.) and the cyclic decomposition (c.d.) for the group SL(2,3^7 ) surch in this work after secure the conjugacy classes (co.cl.), character table (ch.t.) of rational representations (r.rep.) and the induced (ind.) ch.t. for this group.

ABSTRACT. Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) locally known as Nile Rose has been recognized as an invasive aquatic weed that poses significant ecological and socio-economic threats to freshwater ecosystems. In this study the detection of Water Hyacinth and the mapping of its spatial distribution within the Tigris River in Baghdad Province, Iraq, were carried out using three spectral vegetation indices namely CI Green, EVI, and NDVI derived from Sentinel-2 MSI imagery A total of 48 cloud-free Sentinel-2 MSI scenes acquired during the summer season of 2024 (June–September) were processed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform River surface delineation was performed using the MNDWI index (> 0.05), and a 30-meter riparian buffer and floating vegetation island detection procedure were applied to define the final analysis mask Each spectral vegetation index was classified into five land cover classes to quantify the spatial extent of Water Hyacinth. Accuracy assessment was conducted using approximately 150 ground truth validation points, and it was recorded that the CI Green index achieved the highest Overall Accuracy (90.07%, κ = 0.8758 – Almost Perfect) outperforming EVI (80.79%, κ = 0.7601) and NDVI (47.33%, κ = 0.3421) It was further recorded that the CI Green index detected a total Water Hyacinth area of 0.1642 km² representing 4.93% of the analyzed river corridor. The results confirmed that the CI Green index is the most reliable spectral vegetation index for Water Hyacinth detection in the Tigris River and demonstrated the effectiveness of Sentinel-2 MSI imagery with a spatial resolution of 10 meters for aquatic weed monitoring in urban river systems.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces a new concept in module theory called Nearly Square Difference Absorbing (NSDA) submodules over a unitary module Τ on a commutative ring Ϝ with identity. The notion is motivated by limitations of square difference factor absorbing (sdf-Absorbing) submodules and provides a broader generalization that preserves key absorption properties. Several characterizations are obtained, particularly in multiplication modules using residual techniques. Moreover, a structural result is established showing that an ideal B is nearly square difference absorbing if and only if the submodule BΤ satisfies the NSDA property.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Hospital wastewater contains complex mixtures of biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical contaminants that pose significant environmental and public health risks and require effective treatment strategies. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of Ziziphus spina-christi bark in treating hospital wastewater and assessing its effect on physicochemical, microbiological, and heavy metal parameters. Wastewater samples were collected monthly from Tikrit Teaching Hospital and Salah Al-Din General Hospital between December 2024 and November 2025. Physicochemical, microbiological, and heavy metal analyses were performed using standard APHA methods, including AAS and MPN techniques. Laboratory-scale filtration experiments were conducted using dried Ziziphus spina-christi bark, and treatment efficiency was evaluated by comparing results before and after filtration. The results of this study demonstrated that treatment with Ziziphus spina-christi bark effectively improved all investigated wastewater quality parameters across the studied hospitals. Turbidity decreased by 31–42%, electrical conductivity by 4–14%, total suspended solids by 11–38%, and pH showed only slight reductions of 2–5%, indicating overall physicochemical stability. Chloride and sulphate ions were moderately removed with efficiencies of 5–18% and 9–15%, respectively. Heavy metal analysis revealed strong removal of iron (44–62%) and moderate removal of cadmium (36–50%), with higher efficiencies consistently observed at 120 min contact time. Microbiological results showed a significant reduction in total bacterial count ranging from 38% to 62% across all sites. In general, removal efficiency increased with increasing contact time and was higher in winter compared to summer.The current study was confirming the strong adsorption and antimicrobial potential of Ziziphus spina-christi bark as a low-cost natural treatment material for hospital wastewater.

ABSTRACT. Kesterite-based (CZTS) thin-film solar cells have emerged as a promising, constituent toxicity-free, and cost-effective alternative for next-generation photovoltaics due to their non-toxic constituents. This study investigates the performance optimization of an (ITO/ZnO/CdS/CZTS) heterojunction solar cell configuration using one-dimensional numerical simulation via the AFORS-HET software. The baseline simulation yielded a power conversion efficiency of )6.4%(, demonstrating strong alignment with practical experimental benchmarks. To systematically enhance the cell performance, the impact of operating temperature was analyzed, revealing that the optimal efficiency was achieved at standard room temperature )300 K). Thermal analysis exhibited a negative correlation, where elevated temperatures escalated the minority carrier saturation current, subsequently degrading the open-circuit voltage (Voc) . Furthermore, incorporating interface defect states with a density of Nt = 1016cm-3 induced severe recombination losses, which dropped the conversion efficiency to )4.97%(. Crucially, modifying the window layer architecture by omitting the ZnO buffer and deploying a single n-ITO transparent conductive oxide layer boosted the short-circuit current density (Jsc to 37.2 mA/cm (2, culminating in an optimized efficiency of )6.68% (due to enhanced electromagnetic radiation transmittance . The device performance was further refined by configuring the front contact work functions. Collectively, these findings provide critical insights into minimizing carrier recombination velocities, mitigating series-resistance-induced Ohmic losses, and accelerating the development of highly efficient, heavy-metal-free CZTS solar cells.

ABSTRACT. However, the automatics control of most real-time hybrid energy systems is a very challenging task due to unpredictability in various sources impacting dynamic system states. So conventional optimization methods usually suffer from balancing quality solutions and minimal cost of computation. An ML-HMPCS (Machine Learning-Assisted Hybrid Multi-Population Cuckoo Search) algorithm for optimal real-time operation and energy management of hydro-pumped systems with hybrid renewable sources has been developed. The proposed framework incorporates machine learning techniques into a multi-population cuckoo search method, to achieve the dramatic improvement of exploration capabilities by speeding up convergence which structures adaptive throughout the optimization process. This proposed strategy employs several populations that evolve simultaneously and communicate in between to maintain diversity while avoiding early convergence. Algorithms consist of machine learning models that predict fruitful areas in the search space and change their own parameters during optimization phases. Experimental results show that the proposed ML-HMPCS approach is more effective on optimization problems than traditional cuckoo search and other methods. The experimental results indicate that the proposed framework is a clever optimization tool for real-time decision-making in current renewable energy systems.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces and studies a new graph associated with the dihedral group D_(2p^2 ) corresponding to a prime value of p, called the order-based subgroup graph. The vertices of this graph are the subgroups of D_(2p^2 ),and two vertices are adjacent if one subgroup is properly contained in the other based on their ordersthe paper computes several important degree-based and distance-based topological indices for Γ(D_(2p^2 ) ) , including the Wiener index, first, second, and third Zagreb indices, Randić index, Forgotten index, the Atom–Bond Connectivity (ABC) index, Hosoya polynomial, and Schultz polynomial.Closed-form expressions for these indices in terms of the prime p are derived, providing a comprehensive topological characterization of graph generated from the subgroups of D_(2p^2 ). The obtained results contribute to the growing literature on subgroup graphs and graph invariants associated with finite algebraic structures.

ABSTRACT. Digital technology is being used for communication more and more these days. The emergence of broad applications of graph theory and its importance in various sciences opened the way for researchers to adopt it in the field of encryption. Application developers are always searching for new or improved encryption methods, even though there are many different types of algorithms. In this research, a modified cryptography system based on the idea from graph theory was considered. It converts the plaintext into a cycle graph and represents this graph in matrix form. A shared key, K, is used, which increases the complexity of the ciphertext, which is also represented as a graph.

ABSTRACT. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a prominent food additive that presents safety concerns regarding its effect on the central nervous system. This study investigated the alterations induced by MSG on dopamine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and lipid peroxidation in male albino rats, alongside evaluating the protective role of curcumin. Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned into four groups: a negative control, an MSG-treated group (200 mg/kg), an MSG plus curcumin group (200 mg/kg), and a curcumin-only group, receiving treatments for 60 consecutive days. Results revealed that MSG significantly decreased brain dopamine concentrations and AChE enzyme activity. Furthermore, MSG caused severe oxidative stress, demonstrated by a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain and serum. Conversely, supplementing MSG with curcumin significantly improved all parameters, restoring dopamine and AChE while reducing MDA levels. Curcumin's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects provide a potent protective mechanism against MSG-induced neurotoxicity.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effect of Nano-Green Alumina (NG) on the mechanical and physical properties of cement mortar incorporating 20% recycled cement mortar (RCM) as a partial replacement of natural sand. Nano-Green Alumina was added at 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of cement. The influence of NG on compressive strength, density, water absorption, and surface hardness was evaluated. The results showed that Nano-Green Alumina improved the performance of mortar containing recycled material compared with the control mortar. The highest compressive strength at 28 days was achieved with 1% NG, reaching 36 MPa, while the highest hardness value (83) was recorded at 3% NG. The enhanced performance is mainly attributed to accelerated cement hydration, pore refinement, and enhanced matrix densification. The results demonstrated that Nano-Green Alumina is an effective Nano-additive for developing sustainable recycled cement mortar with enhanced physical and mechanical performance.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films, containing (0, 2, and 4) wt.% Sb were successfully fabricated on heated glass substrates through the spray pyrolysis method, followed by annealing at 500 oC. The influence of Sb doping on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed that annealing at 500 oC successfully transformed the as-deposited Cd(OH)2 phase into phase-pure polycrystalline cubic structure of CdO thin films with preferred (111) plane orientation. increasing Sb content decreased the crystallite size from 83.16 nm to 50.61 nm and increased lattice distortion and dislocation density. AFM observation showed a compact nanostructured surface with noticeable changes in grain size and surface roughness depending on the dopant concentration, Optical measurements indicated enhanced absorption and a gradual narrowing in optical band gap from 2.61 eV for undoped CdO film to 2.22 eV for 4 wt.% Sb-doped film. These results indicate that Sb incorporation is an effective route for tuning the properties of CdO thin films for transparent conducting oxides and other applications.

ABSTRACT. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the resolution of the Weyl module over a field of characteristic zero for the particular case of the Skew-Partition (10, 4,3)/(1,0). The construction is carried out through repeated application of the mapping cone technique, a device borrowed from homological algebra. The principal feature of this approach is that it permits the characteristic-zero resolution, together with its terms and its exactness, to be obtained in a direct manner and in complete independence from the characteristic-free resolution of the Weyl module associated with the same partition. In this way, the desired results are established without any reliance whatsoever on the characteristic-free case for the Skew- Partition (10, 4,3)/(1,0).

ABSTRACT. Background: Breast cancer is one of the most widespread malignant tumors among women. The development of breast cancer is due to the interaction of genetic, hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors, leading together to molecular and cellular changes which contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Material and Method: The study included (80) adult women volunteers, aged 30-60 years, who were divided into a patient group (P), divided into G1, G2, G3, and G4 (20) per group, breast cancer confirmed by a specialist oncology doctor, and a healthy volunteer control group. Blood samples were collected at Kirkuk Oncology Center/ Kirkuk/ Iraq, during the period October 2025 to January 2026. Results: The outcome of the current study serum analyzed by ELIZA, showed a significant increase in interleukin-17 (IL-17), and a significant decrease in IL37 level, and a significant increase in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) (P<0.0001) in the patient group (P), of breast cancer, compared to the control group (C). The results between the patient groups (age groups) revealed a significant decrease in the level of interleukin-17 in the G2 group (40-49) age, a significant decrease in interleukin-37 in the G1 group (30-39) age, and a significant increase in transforming growth factor Beta (TGF-beta) in the G1 group (30-39) age (P<0.05). Conclusion: the study demonstrated significantly increase in interleukin 17 (IL-17) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and significantly decrease in interleukin 37 (IL-37) in the patient group, while between patient groups, revealed significant decrease in the interleukin-17 in the G2 group (40-49) age, a significant decrease in interleukin-37 in the G1 group (30-39) age, and a significant increase in transforming growth factor Beta (TGF-beta) in the G1 group (30-39) age. These findings highlight the role of immune cytokines in breast cancer pathogenesis and suggest their potential use as biomarkers for disease monitoring. Further large-scale studies are recommended.

ABSTRACT. We study two fundamental operations on free graphic subarrangements of the braid arrangement A_n: the extension (addition of a hyperplane) and the deletion (removal of a hyperplane). For extensions, we prove that A_(G∪{e}) is free if and only if G∪{e} is chordal. For deletions, we prove the stronger result that A_(G\{e}) is always free for every e ∈ E(G), with no combinatorial condition required. Together these results characterize the simplicial complex Δ_n of free graphic subarrangements, identify minimal non-free extensions as those creating induced 4-cycles, and provide a complete projective dimension formula., detailed proofs, and algorithmic applications are included. The proposed framework also provides a theoretical basis for graph-based computational methods in applied mathematics and combinatorial optimization.

ABSTRACT. The general linear group GL(n,F) is important for all topics in algebra because it is a concrete group the dimension of it is n2. Determined the kernel of its determinant map (from this group to its fiels except the zero element) of dimension n2 – 1 which is the non Abelian normal subgroup the special linear group SL(n,F), by the first isomorphism theorem we gain that GL(n,F)/ SL(n,F)  F\{0} . In this work we take it of degree 2 over the field pk where p is prime odd number and k is even number, the group operation for each is the matrix multiplication. The first computing in this work design algorithm for computing the character table (char.tab.) of rational representations (rat.repr.) for the group SL(2,p^k ) with p is odd prime number and k is even number, also we gain the general form for the indu. char. for the group SL(2,5^n ) where n is even number and for the group SL(2,5^6 ) we find the conjugacy classes (con.cla.), the char. and the cyclic decomposition (cy.deco.), also we find the Artin exponent (Ar.exp.) after we find the induced (indu.) char. For this group.

ABSTRACT. This study examined the effects of adding tungsten trioxide nanoparticles (WO3-NPs) to an Polyester resin matrix at different weight percentages (5–25 wt%) for gamma radiation shielding applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the structure. The results showed that pure Polyester was amorphous and that crystalline monoclinic WO3 peaks appeared. These peaks were more intense as the filler amount rose. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis of surface morphology revealed a uniform distribution of WO3-NPs at lower concentrations, but higher concentrations caused agglomeration and the return of nano cracks Gamma attenuation performance was tested using Am-241 (60 keV), Cs-137 (662 keV), and Ra-226 (1120 keV) sources. The study found that WO₃ addition considerably increased the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) for all gamma energies. The shielding efficiency of a 0.5 cm thick sample increased from 6.46%, 3.79%, and 1.58% for pure Polyester to 38.35%, 19.12%, and 9.81%, respectively. These results indicated the composites' increased shielding capabilities, particularly at lower gamma energies. The current results demonstrated competitive attenuation with earlier investigations at lower filler concentrations, emphasizing the promise of WO3 as a practical, lead-free option for radiation shielding applications.

ABSTRACT. HS-open sets constitute a new class of generalized open sets introduced in the framework of bi topological spaces. This study investigates their fundamental properties and establishes their relationships with pairwise cl open sets. Several examples and counterexamples are presented to illustrate the behavior of HS-open sets and to demonstrate that certain classical topological properties are not necessarily preserved within this generalized setting. In addition, the notions of HS-open sets, HS-interior, HS-exterior, HS-boundary, and HS-closure are defined and systematically examined. Various characterizations and basic properties of these concepts are obtained, extending a number of classical topological results to the HS-framework. The study also explores the interactions among these operators and provides several results that contribute to a deeper understanding of generalized openness in bi topological spaces. The findings of this work offer a broader framework for the study of generalized open sets and related topological structures in bi topological spaces, opening new avenues for further research in generalized bi topological systems.

ABSTRACT. Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is one of the popular methods of researching methods, which are used for solving many optimization problems. In many nonlinear and complex optimizations, the algorithm performs better. But GSA has some drawbacks including in local search weakness and speed in search to get convergence. GSA performance is based on population characteristics using gravitational constant to determine step size movement of agents. Formally, if they have constant scaling, then can be modeled as an exponentially decaying function depending on iteration. The process gravitational constant is not significantly updated through iterations. It makes it inflexible and slow to converge. To compensate for this weakness of GSA and speed up the algorithm, this paper presents a modification of GSA by initializing a NN based dynamic tuning mechanism of the. It focuses on a trade-off between exploration and exploitation better using a neural network and this ultimately reduces the time and also enhances the solution quality. This method is tested with combinatorial optimization problems using hypervolume indicator and demonstrates better performance than standard GSA on benchmark datasets. Enhancing gravitational search algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems: a case study on neural networks and gravitational constant.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This work's main aim is to investigate the effect of microwave irradiation power on the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 ferrite, synthesized by microwave-assisted combustion. The structural, optical, and magnetic properties of all as-synthesized samples were studied using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. Phase impurity: the cubic spinel phase is confirmed, with crystallite size increasing from 29.53 nm to 36.96 nm at microwave powers of 500 W and 1000 W, respectively. The FE-SEM image reveals that the particles are on a nanoscale. They are agglomerated, porous, and have very high surface energy. From UV-Vis analysis it is observed that the optical band gap changes from 3.1 to 3.8 eV at rise microwave irradiation power from 500watt to 1000watt respectively, the magnetic measurements showed that the saturation magnetization was found to decrease from (37.93 to 33.91 emu/g) with values of the coercivity (499.31 to 939.35 Oe) when at rise microwave irradiation power from 500watt to 1000watt respectively, which means that the samples are a soft ferrite

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT: The highlights of this paper include the oscillatory properties of second-order Emden–Fowler delay difference equations. The current work considered the oscillation and the asymptotic behavior of a second order nonlinear neutral difference equation with forcing term. We have achieved efficient and effective results in obtaining the qualitative properties that are the oscillation property and the asymptotic behavior of this type of equations. In addition, we have provided practical examples that prove the accuracy and applicability of the results

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effect of sintering at 700 °C and compositional changes on the structural and mechanical properties of (Ni-Cr-Fe) alloys prepared using powder metallurgy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed no new phase formation, while the increased peak sharpness and decreased full width at half maximum (FWHM) values after sintering indicated improved crystallinity and increased crystal size. Optical microscopy revealed a decrease in grain size in sample (A) from 145 μm to 95 nm, while grain growth was observed in samples (B) and (C). The Vickers hardness increased in sample (A) from 243.9 to 263.7 HV, decreased slightly in sample (B), and remained almost constant in sample (C). The wear rate decreased in samples (A) and (B) but increased in sample (C). Overall, sample (A) showed the best performance in terms of hardness and fine structure after sintering, while sample (B) showed superior resistance to the rate of wear due to its balanced properties, while the performance of sample (C) was less efficient after sintering as a result of increased granular growth.

ABSTRACT. New concepts of fibrewise topolobical spaces atop M are defne and study, namely fibrewise intuitionistic topological spaces atop M Also the fibrewise intuitionistic closed and intuitionistic open topological spaces atop M are president and study. Furthermore prove several proposition concerning with these notions.

ABSTRACT. In this study, three samples of the tertiary (Co–Cr–Mo) alloy system (samples A, B, and C) were prepared with different chromium compositions while maintaining constant cobalt and molybdenum ratios in each sample. Powder metallurgy was used, whereby the element powders were mixed and compacted, then sintered at (700°C) for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the main crystalline phases (HCP) of cobalt and (BCC) of both chromium and molybdenum remained stable before and after sintering for chromium and molybdenum. However, cobalt changed to (FCC) as a result of exposure to the sintering temperature, with a clear improvement in peak intensity and sharpness after sintering, indicating increased crystallinity and lattice regularity. Optical microscopy results also showed a significant improvement in the microstructure after sintering, characterized by increased grain homogeneity, improved intergranular bonding, and reduced porosity. Sample (C) exhibited the best microstructure. In terms of grain size and uniformity, the results showed a significant increase in Vickers hardness after sintering for all samples, with sample (C) achieving the highest hardness value due to its smaller grain size and improved density. Conversely, the wear rate results showed that sample (B) exhibited the best wear resistance after sintering, highlighting the importance of balancing hardness and toughness, as increased hardness does not necessarily translate to improved wear resistance. Overall, the results demonstrate that the sintering process plays a pivotal role in controlling the properties of Co–Cr–Mo alloys, and achieving optimal performance requires a precise balance between microstructure and mechanical properties. Sample (C) excelled in both hardness and microstructure, while sample (B) demonstrated superior wear resistance.

ABSTRACT. A number of novel phosphazene compounds including chlorinated azo groups have been fabricated and subjected to flame-retardant admittance for industrial construction materials. The compounds were synthesized using nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with chlorinated azo phenols. Their chemical structures were confirmed by FTIR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and elemental (CHN) measurements. The synthesized phosphazene derivatives were incorporated into epoxy, polyurethane primer, and styrene–butadiene rubber (XSBR) at different weight percentages (1–5 wt.%). Flame-retardant performance was measured using the ASTM horizontal burning test. Burning time, insulation index, erosion rate, residual weight after combustion, flame height, and average burning length were determined. Results showed that all prepared phosphazene compounds substantially improved flame-retardant performance for the tested materials. The compound with the highest chlorine content achieved the largest improvements in terms of burning time and insulation index, erosion rate, and flame propagation. These results demonstrate that chlorinated phosphazene derivatives emerge as promising flame-retardant additives for polymeric construction materials.

ABSTRACT. HS-open sets introduce and additional framework within the family of generalized open sets defined on bitpological spaces. This study examines their essential characteristics and clarifies how they interact with several existing forms of generalized open sets. Building on the concept of HS-open sets, the study develops a new framework of separation axioms by introducing the notions of HS-Hausdorff, (HS-T₂), HS-regular, and HS-normal spaces, together with their fundamental properties and relationships with the corresponding classical bito. sp. In addition, the concept of HS-continuous functions is introduced, and several characterizations and preservation results are established. These findings extend the theory of generalized openness and provide a broader foundation for the study of separation axioms and continuity in bito. sp.

ABSTRACT. In this work, some new benzodioxolyl isoxazoline and benzodioxolyl isoxazole derivatives (a1-4) have been synthesized from cyclization of some chalcones successfully. The cycloaddition reaction of the chalcones was carried out by adding hydroxy amine hydrochloride to them resulting in isoxazole or isoxazline formation. The prepared compounds have been confirmed in terms of the structure characterization depending on the spectral data, using FT-IR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial towards Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacteria) and pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (gram negative bacteria). Additionally, the free radical scavenging activity of the synthesized isoxazoline and isoxazole (a1-4) were assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as antioxidant. The results showed a lack for the antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This is could be related to penetrating of bacterial cellular targets insufficiently and the absence of active centers in isoxazoline and isoxazole structure for binding with bacteria’s outer cell efficiently. In the case of antioxidant test, the reason can be described to unavailability of some good electron-releasing substituents such (SH, NH, OH) having the ability to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons efficiently to neutralize free radicals. These isoxazole and isoxazline derivatives don’t give any promise about active biomaterial characteristics, only (a4) demonstrated antioxidant activity at high concentrations.

ABSTRACT. In this work, the problem of collision avoidance was considered among a set of multiple robots operating in a common environment. For engineering convenience and to capture its dimensions and external boundaries accurately, each robot is represented with convex polygons. In different situations, the proposed method continuously computes the distances between robots, e.g., head-to-head, head-to-edge, and edge-to-edge distances. This means that possible collisions can be detected before they happen. If a hazard is detected or the distance between two robots approaches the safe limit, then a collision avoidance algorithm is applied. In this algorithm, the orientation of one of the robots is changed at a proper angle, and its path is redirected out of the hazard zone with smooth motion and minimum deviation from the original path. The proposed method helps to improve safety and efficiency in multi-agent robotic systems and can be used for autonomous navigation and intelligent systems that need multiple robots to move in a synchronized and safe manner within a shared work environment.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Background: Tonsillitis is one of the most frequently occurring upper respiratory tract illness in children and adults. Objectives: This study was conducted to detect the virulence gene (SAP10) and (scpA) and identification of Candida albicans and Streptococcus pyogenes by phenotypic and molecular techniques. Materials and methods: In 200 tonsillar swab samples were taken from patients who had acute, chronic and recurrent tonsillitis. Also 20 samples of the tonsils were taken from healthy people who were used as a control group. The genomic DNA was isolated by Wizard Genomic DNA purification kit (Promega, Madison, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. Five molecularly confirmed DNA Candida albicans (SAP10) isolates were selected, and the gene was amplified by PCR. Five molecularly confirmed S. pyogenes were also analysed for the presence of the scpA gene.. Results: PCR analysis revealed the presence of the Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase 10 (SAP10) gene in Candida albicans (100%) and streptococcal C5a peptidase (scpA)gene for Streptococcus pyogenes (100%). Conclusion: PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the (SAP10) gene in all examined Candida albicans isolates and the scpA gene in all examined Streptococcus pyogenes isolates, indicating the potential role of these virulence genes in tonsillitis

ABSTRACT. This study employed solar-cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) simulation to investigate the effects of bulk defect concentration, absorber thickness, and operating temperature on the carrier lifetime, current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics, quantum efficiency (QE), and photovoltaic parameters (Voc, Jsc, FF, and η) of SnS₂/ZnSnN₂/Cu₂O solar cells. Increasing the bulk defect concentration from 10¹² to 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ reduced the carrier lifetime from 10⁵ ns to 10 ns and decreased the efficiency from 33.38% to 19.91% due to enhanced SRH recombination. The optimum ZnSnN₂ absorber thickness was found to be 0.8 µm, yielding Voc = 0.981 V, Jsc = 31.71 mA cm⁻², FF = 84.90%, and η = 26.44%. Thermal analysis (273–333 K) showed a decrease in efficiency from 27.89% to 24.63%, while QE remained nearly unchanged. These findings identify the critical design limits and demonstrate the potential of SnS₂/ZnSnN₂/Cu₂O solar cells for stable high-performance photovoltaic applications.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effect of tungsten oxide (WO₃) doping on the optical properties of yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) thin films. The films were prepared by the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique using WO₃ doping concentrations of (0, 3, 6, and 9 wt%), followed by annealing at (600°C) for two hours. The optical properties were evaluated using UV–Visible spectroscopy over an appropriate wavelength range. The obtained results revealed that the incorporation of WO₃ significantly influenced the optical behavior of the Y₂O₃ thin films. The absorbance increased with increasing WO₃ content, whereas the transmittance decreased compared with the undoped film. Furthermore, the optical band gap exhibited noticeable changes, ranging from (2.480 eV) for the pure film to (2.504, 2.172, and 2.138 eV) for the films doped with (0, 3, 6, and 9 wt%) WO₃, respectively. These variations indicate that tungsten oxide modifies the electronic structure of Y₂O₃ by introducing localized energy states within the band gap, thereby enhancing light absorption. The findings demonstrate that WO₃-doped Y₂O₃ thin films exhibit improved optical characteristics, making them promising candidates for various optoelectronic applications, particularly in solar energy conversion and optical sensing devices.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The effect of substitution of Co+2 by Ni+2 on the structural, magnetic and optical properties of as-synthesized Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 samples were investigated. Synthesized samples were analyzed through various experimental techniques. The formation of phase cubic spinel structure is confirmed with a crystallite size first increased up to δ=0.2 then decrease at δ = 0.6 . The FE-SEM image demonstrates that the particles in nanoscale are agglomerated, high surface energy and exhibiting porosity. Analysis of optical properties observed that the optical band gap increase at δ=0.2 then it is decrease at δ=0.6. It was found that this substitution enables variable modifications to cobalt zinc ferrite's magnetic properties. Notably, saturation magnetization increases with an increase in Ni+2 substitution, enabling adjustable modifications in magnetic properties of cobalt zinc ferrite.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide. The induction of apoptosis is an important therapeutic strategy for controlling tumour progression. Probiotic bacteria, particularly Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, have attracted considerable attention because of their potential anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of live and heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum bacteria and their extracellular compounds on the expression of apoptosis-related genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The MCF-7 cells were treated with live bacterial cells (LB), heat-killed bacterial cells (HKB), and extracellular compounds of L. plantarum. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed into cDNA, and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The gene expression of caspase 9, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3 in MCF-7 cells treated with Lactobacillus plantarum (live, heat-killed, and extracellular compounds) was determined by qRT-PCR using SYBR Green Master Mix, and GADPH expression was used as a housekeeping gene. Treatment with L. plantarum significantly modulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Extracellular compounds exerted the strongest effect, inducing a significant upregulation of Caspase-9 (17.51 ± 2.77-fold), Caspase-3 (11.47 ± 1.74-fold), and BAX (7.41 ± 1.05-fold) compared with untreated controls (p < 0.0001). Live bacterial cells also increased the expression of Caspase-9 (6.54 ± 0.89-fold) and Caspase-3 (5.43 ± 0.73-fold), whereas heat-killed bacteria produced a moderate response. In contrast, BCL-2 expression was markedly reduced following treatment with live bacteria (0.36 ± 0.07-fold), while only minor changes were observed in the extracellular compound-treated group (1.39 ± 0.26-fold). The elevated BAX/BCL-2 ratio suggests activation of apoptotic signaling. The findings indicate that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, particularly its extracellular compounds, promotes the expression of key pro-apoptotic genes in MCF-7 cells. The significant upregulation of Caspase-9, Caspase-3, and BAX suggests activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, highlighting the potential of probiotic-derived metabolites as promising candidates for breast cancer therapy.

ABSTRACT. This article reviews the current global and Iraqi investigations on the application of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Water Quality Index (WQI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for the monitoring of water quality of Euphrates River in Iraq. The research is connected with the evaluation of the efficiency of satellite imaging, geographical analysis and machine learning algorithms to identify river pollution and environmental conditions evaluation. We studied the multiple satellite platforms (Landsat, Sentinel) for critical indicators of water quality, including turbidity, salinity, dissolved solids, suspended particles, sulfate and heavy metals. Research also studied the application of sophisticated AI models like Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks to increase the prediction accuracy of water contamination characteristics. The research investigated showed that the quality of the water of the Euphrates River has degraded dramatically especially in the urban and industrial downstream sections. The primary contamination markers were high turbidity, TDS, sulfate, hardness and heavy metals. The results revealed that sewage disposal, industrial pollution, agricultural runoff and low river flow are the major drivers of environmental degradation. Moreover, the integration of RS , GIS and AI techniques proved highly successful for mapping pollution , prediction of WQI and environmental monitoring . The results indicated that the present satellite-based and intelligent monitoring technologies provide a reliable, accurate, and economical platform for sustainable water quality assessment and environmental management in the Iraqi river systems.

ABSTRACT. Methotrexate is a widely used antimetabolite drug limited by dose-dependent toxicity mainly caused by oxidative stress and organ damage. Objectives: This study aims to biosynthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Beta vulgaris extract and evaluate their protective effects against MTX-induced toxicity in rats through oxidative stress. Sixty male rats were divided into ten groups (G1 control, G2 MTX, G3 ZnO-NPs, G4 MTX+ZnO-NPs, G5 beetroot extract, G6 MTX+beetroot 100 mg/kg, G7 beetroot 200 mg/kg, G8 MTX+beetroot 200 mg/kg, G9 MTX+nanocomposite 100 mg/kg, G10 MTX+nanocomposite 200 mg/kg). Beetroot extract was prepared from Beta vulgaris and used for green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, which were characterized by UV–Vis, SEM, and zeta potential analysis. ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized using Beta vulgaris extract exhibited a UV–Vis absorption peak at ~270 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation, with a zeta potential of −16.7 ± 0.0 mV indicating moderate colloidal stability. SEM revealed spherical and quasi-spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 96.99–213.01 nm with partial aggregation. Oxidative stress biomarkers showed elevated MDA (60652.41 ± 9746.48) and decreased SOD (15.30 ± 1.17), CAT (0.61 ± 0.01), and GSH (27.06 ± 5.06), whereas treatments improved antioxidant status, particularly SOD (22.89 ± 3.70) and CAT (0.77 ± 0.06). Beetroot-mediated ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant protective effects against methotrexate-induced oxidative stress.

ABSTRACT. Breast cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide, necessitating practical early-detection methods. This study evaluates whole blood Raman spectroscopy for detection of malignancy-associated protein modifications and explore the relationship between these modifications and serum HER2 levels. This study involved Raman spectra and was performed across 27 (stages II–IV) breast cancer patients and 20 healthy subjects for the tests purpose (785 nm excitation). Welch's t-test, ROC analysis and PCA were performed to analyze eight protein-associated regions. For the eight Raman bands, seven of them had significant upward shifts in patients compared to controls (P < 0.0001). Among this population, the bands at 1139 cm⁻¹ and 1346 cm⁻¹ achieved classification with perfect area under the curve (AUC = 1.000, 100% sensitivity/specificity), whereas both the band at 1246 cm⁻¹ also showed an AUC of 1.000 and the band at 1285 cm⁻¹ had a corresponding AUC of 0.985 (90% specificity). The concentration of serum HER2 is significantly elevated in patients (p = 0.0023) and correlated moderately with multiple spectral bands. PCA showed clear separation between the groups, with PC1 respectively explaining 59.16% of the variation: These results suggest that whole- blood Raman spectroscopy detect coupled protein conformational changes in breast cancer, therefore defining the 1139, 1346, 1246 and 1285 cm⁻¹ bands as possible spectroscopic candidates. The method shows promise as a rapid, non-invasive liquid biopsy technique, particularly in low-resource settings. Collectively shows high classification accuracy within this small sample set; thorough evaluation and confirmation prior to clinical translation in larger independent cohorts free from systemic therapy is considerable importance.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the Aloe vera-mediated green synthesis, characterization, and synergistic antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) documented in the file "Fatima Mahdi Sharhan TMREES26-2026.docx". Characterization via XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed pure, crystalline, spherical nanoparticles sized 20 to 50 nm with an absorption peak at 412 to 413 nm. Broth microdilution assays revealed potent standalone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 8.33 µg/mL against Escherichia coli and 5 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Crucially, checkerboard matrices demonstrated comprehensive synergistic interactions (FICI ≤ 0.500) when combining AgNPs with conventional antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin), led by the AgNP-Ciprofloxacin formulation (FICI = 0.250 to 0.270). Agar well diffusion assays validated that this optimal combination expanded zones of inhibition to 21.00 ± 1.00 mm for E. coli and 23.67 ± 1.15 mm for S. aureus. These rigorous quantitative findings establish bio-synthesized AgNPs as a potent clinical adjunct capable of compromising bacterial membranes to effectively reverse established antimicrobial resistance pathways.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effect of financial inclusion on inflation in MENA countries, considering the role of financial technology as a moderating factor. Annual panel data for 2004–2023 are used to construct a multidimensional Financial Inclusion Index (FII) based on access and usage indicators, including ATM availability, bank branch penetration, deposit accounts, loan accounts, outstanding loans, and outstanding deposits. A FinTech proxy index (FTI) is also developed using digital connectivity indicators, namely mobile subscriptions, fixed broadband subscriptions, and internet usage. Both indices are constructed through a principal component–factor approach after min–max normalization, with KMO statistics used to assess sampling adequacy. A dynamic inflation model is estimated using two-step system GMM to address inflation persistence and potential endogeneity, while controlling for broad money, official reserves, and exchange rate movements. The results show that financial inclusion is negatively and statistically associated with inflation (p = 0.071), suggesting that greater inclusion may support price stability. The FinTech proxy is not statistically significant in the baseline model (p = 0.252). Broad money increases inflation, whereas official reserves and exchange rate movements reduce inflation. The findings highlight financial inclusion as a relevant policy tool for inflation control in MENA economies.

ABSTRACT. One of the fib.wi.F-(resp.C-) topological space is one in which the topology is decided through a group of fib. words bundle, in comparison to the usual case in normal, Fib.wi. topological space. The fib.wi. F-(resp.C-) topological spaces draw power from their ability to be used in descriptions of a wide range of mathematical objects. These can be used to describe the topology of a manifold or even the topology of a group. Apart from easy manipulation, the fib.wi. F-(resp.C-) topological spaces yield various mathematical applications, but the one being mentioned here is the possibility for geometric investigation of space or group structure. In this essay, we shall explain what fib.wi.F-(resp.C-) topological spaces are indicated why they are useful in mathematics, and explore some of the uses of this concept. In this paper, an elaboration of what they are, what they involve, and what they mean will be taken. This is a recent development in mathematics: the study of objects having a "fiber" over another object. This study focuses on constructing and investigating novel ideas from fib.wi. F-(resp.C-) topological spaces over B, specifically fib.wi. F-(resp.C-) topological spaces over B. The study specifically characterizes and investigates fibrewise F-(resp.C-) Ti spaces for i=0,1,2 establishing their fundamental properties and relationships within this framework. Additionally, we present the concepts of fib.wi. F-(resp.C-) closed and F-(resp.C-) open spaces over B, along with various propositions related to these notions.

ABSTRACT. Background: The blow fly Lucilia sericata is a medically and veterinary important species whose control increasingly requires environmentally safe alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Aim of the study: This study evaluated the effects of 2 insectisized, Malathion and Lambda-cyhalothrin, on the mortality, of L. sericata adults. In addition, the study examined the expression patterns of detoxification-related genes, particularly CYP6 and GST, in treated female flies to understand their possible role in the physiological response and tolerance of L. sericata to malathion and lambda-cyhalothrin. Result: The results showed that mortality increased with dose and time-dependent manner. The highest mortality caused by malathion was 16.6% at 0.05% after 12 and 24 h, whereas lambda-cyhalothrin produced the highest mortality of 23.3% at 0.00025% after 24 h. Continuous exposure to 0.05% malathion over three successive generations resulted in a gradual reduction in mortality from 6% in F1 to 2.5% in F2 and 2% in F3 after 24 h. Similarly, exposure to 0.00025% lambda-cyhalothrin reduced mortality from 15% in F1 to 13% in F2 and 8% in F3 after 24 h. Gene expression analysis revealed variable transcriptional responses of CYP6 and GST genes in female L. sericata following continuous exposure to sublethal concentrations of malathion and lambda-cyhalothrin across three generations. Malathion treatment induced a moderate increase in CYP6 expression, with fold-change values ranging from 1.00 to 1.57, whereas GST expression showed a progressive up-regulation from 1.62-fold in F1 to 1.91-fold in F2 and 2.74-fold in F3. In contrast, lambda-cyhalothrin treatment at 0.00025% caused a marked induction of CYP6 expression in F1, reaching 3.66-fold, followed by a slight increase in F2 (1.27-fold) and a slight down-regulation in F3 (0.91-fold). GST expression under lambda-cyhalothrin exposure showed only minor fluctuations, with fold-change values of 1.21, 0.99, and 1.23 in F1, F2, and F3, respectively. Conclusion: The findings concluded that both insecticides affected adult L. sericata in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The gradual decline in mortality across generations, together with altered expression of CYP6 and GST genes, suggests that repeated exposure to sublethal concentrations may contribute to physiological tolerance and reduced susceptibility in L. sericata.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to identify the bacterial aetiology of sinusitis and to assess the powerful antibacterial activity of the extracts of Echinacea purpurea against the clinical isolates. A total of 115 NP swabs were taken from patients with both acute and chronic sinusitis in Tikrit Hospital. All bacteria were identified by conventional biochemical tests, as well as by the automated Vitek 2 System. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Echinacea were evaluated for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method. Positive bacterial growth was observed in 86.95% of the samples. Most of the bacteria were gram-positive and Staphylococcus aureus (36%). Gram-negative species comprised 33%. In addition, 92% of the S. aureus and 100% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed β-hemolysis. The alcoholic extract was very effective against Gram-positive strains with maximum inhibition of 27 mm for Staphylococcus epidermidis. No therapeutic activity was observed with the two extracts against Gram-negative isolates. Echinacea purpurea shows good in vitro activity against pathogens of Gram-positive sinusitis, and intrinsic resistance against Gram-negative bacteria.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The current study aimed to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection using several diagnostic methods, including the Rapid Urease Test, serological detection of antibodies, stool antigen testing, histopathological examination, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The study included 198 patients with recurrent gastrointestinal disorders, and the study period extended from December 2024 to November 2025. Participants were of both sexes and ranged in age from 10 to 80 years (87 males and 111 females). The examinations involved obtaining three antral gastric biopsies from a region 2–3 cm anterior to the pylorus. The first biopsy was placed in a Rapid Urease Test (RUT) cassette, while the second was preserved in formalin solution for histological examination. The third biopsy was placed in TRIzol solution for molecular analysis. Five milliliters of venous blood were drawn from each patient for immunological and molecular testing. The Rapid Urease Test showed 159 positive cases (80.3%) and 39 negative cases (19.7%). The serological antibody test showed the highest positivity rate at 82.82% (164 positive cases), while 34 cases (17.17%) were negative. The stool antigen test revealed 107 positive cases (54.04%) and 91 negative cases (45.95%). Histopathological examination showed the presence of bacteria in 149 samples (75.25%) and 50 negative samples (24.74%). PCR demonstrated the highest diagnostic efficiency, with 39 out of 40 samples being positive (97.5%) and one sample being negative (2.5%). The PCR technique showed the highest diagnostic efficiency, with 39 out of 40 samples being positive (97.5%) and one sample being negative (2.5%). At the molecular level, the P53 gene showed no significant differences between patients and the control group. The results also showed a significant increase in the gene expression of NF-κB.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Aim of the study: This study was conducted to isolate and identify Candida species from patients with oral candidiasis and to evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) prepared using Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) extract. Materials and methods: A total of 169 clinical oral swab samples were collected from patients attending Kirkuk Teaching Hospital, Children’s Hospital, and Azadi Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2025, and August 15, 2025. SeNPs were synthesized using a green synthesis approach by reducing sodium selenate with shiitake mushroom extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the chemical constituents of the selenium nano-extract were identified by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The antibiofilm activity of SeNPs was evaluated using the microtiter plate assay. Result: Culture results revealed that 81 (47.93%) of the collected samples were positive for Candida species, whereas 88 (52.07%) were negative. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption peak at approximately 420–430 nm. SeNPs. XRD analysis further confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, with an average size of crystallite sizes approximately 72 nm. The antifungal activity of the synthesized SeNPs demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibitory effects against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. The highest inhibition zones at the highest tested concentration were observed against C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis, whereas comparatively lower inhibition was recorded for C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution method showed MIC values ranging from 8 to 16 µg/mL depending on the fungal isolate. The antibiofilm assay demonstrated that SeNPs were highly effective in suppressing biofilm formation by strong biofilm-producing Candida isolates when tested at sub-MIC concentrations. The percentage of biofilm inhibition ranged from 71.25% to 94.53. Conclusion: The biosynthesized SeNPs exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against different Candida species. In addition, SeNPs effectively inhibited biofilm formation by strong biofilm-producing Candida isolates. These findings indicate that green-synthesized SeNPs possess potent antifungal and antibiofilm properties and may represent a safe, eco-friendly, and promising alternative therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of oral candidiasis caused by Candida species.

ABSTRACT. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease caused by various species of Leishmania, and poses a threat to public health in endemic regions of Kirkuk province 'north-eastern of Iraq'. Plants have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times due to their active constituents, which are effective in treating diseases, and because they are safe to use with no significant toxic side effects. This study was conducted to evaluated the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic and aqueous Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) extracts, both separately and synthesized with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The inhibitory effects of varying concentrations of these extracts and their synthesized Ag NP were monitored promastigotes over 9-days. PCR was used for molecular identification of Leishmania sp. through specific DNA sequences, as well as GC/MS used to identify specific phytochemical constituents within the extracts. It was observed that the inhibition rate increased with increasing extract concentration and with longer exposure to the extract. In addition, a high inhibition rate was observed when the extracts were synthesized with Ag NPs. Generally, the highest inhibition rate (~94.95%) was achieved at the maximum extract concentration and the shortest exposure duration. Individually, the methanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated efficacy rates of 100% and 83.93%, respectively. Notably, synthesis with Ag NPs enhanced the potency of the aqueous extract to 100%, while the methanolic Ag NP combination sustained its absolute efficacy. These results indicate that Ag NPs have an effective and accelerating effect on the process of eliminating the promastigotes. It is therefore necessary to conduct further extensive studies on this interaction between plant extracts and NPs in order to develop a safe and effective treatment.

ABSTRACT. Fuzzy set theory can be used to handle the difficulty of estimating the parameters of a nonlinear regression model when the underlying data is ambiguous, imprecise, or only partially known. This paper discussed and compared five estimation for fuzzy nonlinear regression: the One-Step Overall Existence Ranking Index, the Two-Step OERI, the fuzzy least-squares based on shape-preserving operations, the fuzzy least absolute value deviations regression, and a Proposed Ridge Fuzzy Nonlinear Regression that combines a K-fold optimized cross-validation adaptive ridge-regularization scheme within a unified L-R fuzzy number framework. The study aims to provide researchers with fuzzy nonlinear regression estimates by multiple indexes with a comprehensive methodological reference. The fuzzy power regression model was used in the simulation study. In all twelve tests (n, σ²), the proposed PR-FNR method achieved the lowest root mean squared error, followed by the FLSR-SPO method, while the FLAVDR method produced the highest and least stable errors.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The current study aimed to evaluate some physiological variables in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study was conducted from October 2025 to February 2026 at Tal Afar General Hospital in Tal Afar, Nineveh Governorate. Ninety women were included in the study, while 30 healthy women without PCOS served as a control group. The results showed a significant increase in blood glucose, insulin, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (P ≤ 0.01) in the PCOS patients compared to the healthy control group. However, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), estradiol, and testosterone levels in women with PCOS were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) compared to the healthy control group. Blood glucose disturbance is an inherent characteristic associated with the pathological course of the syndrome. The presence of a clear physiological disturbance in the dynamics of the glandular axis (hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary) represented by a significant increase in the FSH and prolactin, counteracted by a decrease in the concentration of LH influenced by negative feedback.

ABSTRACT. M is a unitary left module over a commutative ring R with identity . The concept of S. Pseudo 2. Absorbing module as a generalization of 2. Absorbing module and End2.Absoring module. S. Pseudo2. Absorbing module is a new item of modules, that is a strong form of Pseudo2.Absorbing module. And given many new characterizations, properties, basic concepts and examples that is related of this concept.

ABSTRACT. This study aims to partially purify and characterize the kinetics of alpha-amylase isolated from the blood sera of patients with leukemia. The purification process involved successive steps, including ammonium sulfate precipitation (40-70% saturation), dialysis, gel-filtration chromatography utilizing a Sephadex G-100 column, and ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose. The final ion-exchange purification step achieved a 21.85-fold purification with a specific activity of 25247.82 U/mg and a recovery yield of 59.34%. Kinetic characterization revealed that the enzyme's Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was 12.77 mM based on the Lineweaver-Burk plot. Furthermore, the partially purified amylase exhibited maximal catalytic activity at an optimal pH of 7.2 and an optimal temperature of 25°C. Additionally, the study investigated the inhibitory effect of omeprazole on the enzyme. Kinetic investigations demonstrated that omeprazole acts as a non-competitive inhibitor, effectively decreasing the maximum velocity (Vmax) without altering the Km value, yielding a maximum inhibition of 9.69% at a concentration of 1.000 mg/L.

ABSTRACT. Throughout this work, the analysis is carried out in uniformly smooth and reflexive Banach spaces endowed with a weakly continuous duality mapping. This work is dedicated to presenting a novel version of a modified four-step Halpern-type iterative sequence for the generalized (α,β,γ,δ)-nonspearding mappings and examining its behavior of convergence to a fixed point. This modification is obtained by integrating the μ-Krasnosel’skii operator into the structure of the original four-step iterative scheme. A strong convergence result is established for the resulting RS-iteration under the stated assumptions. The convergence performance of the proposed method is subsequently examined through a suitable numerical experiment, and the corresponding outcomes are displayed in numerical and graphical forms. To demonstrate the practical relevance of the theoretical findings, the developed iterative framework is applied to an SEIR epidemic system described by a Caputo fractional differential model. These results extend the available convergence theory for fixed-point algorithms and illustrate its potential usefulness in mathematical modelling.

ABSTRACT. Optimizing transportation routing under uncertain environments has become one of the most difficult problems in modern industrial engineering and logistics systems. In real world situations, there may be several conflicting objectives (e.g. transportation cost and travelling distance) that need to be minimized simultaneously while being subjected against uncertain operational parameters for a more realistic approach in problem solving. A new fuzzy bi-objective Travelling Salesman Problem model solved with Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm (AHA) A mathematical formulation is presented with the purpose of incorporating fuzzy set theory to represent uncertainty in transportation parameters and casting the problem as a fuzzy multi-objective optimization framework. The Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm is used as a clever metaheuristic search method that travels the solution space efficiently while eliminating premature convergence. RPAV is created and tested on benchmark routing instances, comparing with those obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Simulated Annealing methods. Experimental results show that the proposed AHA approach provides faster convergence, higher solution quality and greater robustness in uncertain environments than existing algorithmic approaches. The results are presented to illustrate the usefulness of integrating fuzzy optimization with modern nature-inspired algorithms as a powerful tool for tackling complex transportation optimization problems.