ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the interplay between the regular representation of ideals and semi-invertible ideals in Dedekind domains. We establish a characterization showing that an integral domain admits a regular representation for every ideal if and only if it is a Dedekind domain. Building on this, our central contribution proves that every proper semi-invertible ideal in such a domain enjoys the two-generator property. Furthermore, we extend this result beyond the classical Dedekind setting to the broader class of rings with unique primary decomposition (general ZPI rings), demonstrating the robustness of the two-generator phenomenon. Auxiliary results concerning comaximality, primary decomposition, and the preservation of semi-invertibility under standard ideal operations are also obtained, providing a unified perspective linking representation theory with multiplicative ideal theory.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This study demonstrates the successful fabrication and systematic characterization of a 3D hierarchical NiCo2O4/ZnO p-n heterojunction platform designed for potential gas-sensing applications. The heterostructure was synthesized through a synergistic approach combining Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) and controlled Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) on n-type Si (111) substrates. FESEM analysis revealed a unique 3D porous architecture composed of interconnected nanosheets, a morphology directly governed by the observed current-drop kinetics during the electrochemical-assisted deposition. XRD patterns confirmed the crystallinity and phase stability of the spinel NiCo2O4 and wurtzite ZnO phases, suggesting the successful formation of a heterointerface. Furthermore, PL spectroscopy identified a high density of oxygen vacancies (Vo) in the optimized samples, which theoretically provide abundant active sites for gas adsorption.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces and studies a new graph associated with the dihedral group D_(2p^2 ) corresponding to a prime value of p, called the order-based subgroup graph. The vertices of this graph are the subgroups of D_(2p^2 ),and two vertices are adjacent if one subgroup is properly contained in the other based on their ordersthe paper computes several important degree-based and distance-based topological indices for Γ(D_(2p^2 ) ) , including the Wiener index, first, second, and third Zagreb indices, Randić index, Forgotten index, the Atom–Bond Connectivity (ABC) index, Hosoya polynomial, and Schultz polynomial.Closed-form expressions for these indices in terms of the prime p are derived, providing a comprehensive topological characterization of graph generated from the subgroups of D_(2p^2 ). The obtained results contribute to the growing literature on subgroup graphs and graph invariants associated with finite algebraic structures.

ABSTRACT. This study aims to partially purify and characterize the kinetics of alpha-amylase isolated from the blood sera of patients with leukemia. The purification process involved successive steps, including ammonium sulfate precipitation (40-70% saturation), dialysis, gel-filtration chromatography utilizing a Sephadex G-100 column, and ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose. The final ion-exchange purification step achieved a 21.85-fold purification with a specific activity of 25247.82 U/mg and a recovery yield of 59.34%. Kinetic characterization revealed that the enzyme's Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was 12.77 mM based on the Lineweaver-Burk plot. Furthermore, the partially purified amylase exhibited maximal catalytic activity at an optimal pH of 7.2 and an optimal temperature of 25°C. Additionally, the study investigated the inhibitory effect of omeprazole on the enzyme. Kinetic investigations demonstrated that omeprazole acts as a non-competitive inhibitor, effectively decreasing the maximum velocity (Vmax) without altering the Km value, yielding a maximum inhibition of 9.69%

ABSTRACT. Ultraviolet C radiation (275 nm) is a potent genotoxic agent that induces DNA strand breaks, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, and 6–4 photoproducts in exposed cells. Red light photobiomodulation (PBM), delivered via light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at 633–655 nm, has emerged as a promising non-invasive strategy to stimulate DNA repair. This study investigated and compared the cytoprotective efficacy of red LED irradiation applied either before (Red+UV) or after (UV+Red) UVC exposure in rat embryonic fibroblast (REF) cells, using the alkaline comet assay and the MTT colorimetric assay as quantitative endpoints. UVC irradiation (10 mJ/cm2) induced a significant increase in medium- and high-damage comets (p < 0.0001) and reduced cell viability by ~43% relative to untreated controls. These findings demonstrate that post-irradiation PBM is the superior therapeutic modality.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the prevalence of hard ticks, tick-borne hemoparasites, and host immunomodulatory responses in sheep and goats within the Tikrit region. By examining 1,550 animals, researchers found 735 were naturally infested with ticks, predominantly Rhipicephalus (44.00%) and Hyalomma (33.26%) genera. Subsequent microscopic analysis revealed a notably high prevalence of hemoparasites, primarily Babesia spp. (44.00%), alongside Anaplasma and Theileria species. Immunological assessments demonstrated a strong, pathogen-independent acute-phase response, which is characterized by significant systemic elevations in Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and Haptoglobin (HPT). Concurrently, the tick infestation induced a systemic Th2-type regulatory shift, marked by a substantial upregulation of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β and the targeted suppression of pro-inflammatory Th1 pathways. A remarkably strong positive correlation between acute-phase proteins and TGF-β highlights a critical immunological trade-off. The host's regulatory output mitigates acute tissue damage but inadvertently creates an anti-inflammatory niche, favoring prolonged tick survival and successful hemoparasite establishment.

ABSTRACT. This study details the synthesis and characterization of novel cytosine-based nucleoside analogues, focusing on their chemical structural modifications. Natural nucleosides consist of a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar, while analogues feature structural modifications to enhance metabolic stability, bioavailability, and biological targeting. Cytosine, a fundamental pyrimidine base, serves as a versatile starting material for these structurally modified bioactive compounds. The methodology involves the multi-step synthesis of Schiff bases and thiazin-4-one derivatives from cytosine, followed by coupling with benzoylated D-ribose. Chemical structures of the synthesized compounds (P1-P9) were successfully confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy, which identified key functional groups such as primary and secondary amines, lactam carbonyls, and azomethine linkages. Overall, this research highlights the design of complex nucleoside derivatives aimed at expanding chemical diversity for potential future therapeutic and antioxidant applications.

ABSTRACT. In this paper, an enhanced Support Vector Machine framework, called Improved Support Vector Regression (ISVM), has been proposed for classification applications in healthcare datasets. The current traditional classifiers showed inability to handle data with a variety of data structures, rather small sample sizes, and nonlinear relationships that are often found in complex fields like medical applications. The performance and the prediction power of the proposed approach were assessed by comparing it with the employed machine learning techniques of SVM, Logistic and Naïve Bayes. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were used to measure performance. Results show that the ISVR model outperforms the benchmark models in most scenarios. ISVR demonstrated better stability in noisy settings and higher predictive accuracy with larger sample sizes, thus indicating high generalization ability. ISVR had the best classification accuracy with lower variance than SVM and LR, and NB had lower accuracy as it made strong independence assumptions

ABSTRACT. This research evaluated the qualitative and quantitative phenolic and flavonoid profiles across five co-habiting Euphorbia species (E. chamaepeplus, E. helioscopia, E. peplus, E. hirta, and E. prostrata) to assess baseline phytochemistry under shared environmental conditions. Colorimetric assays estimated Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), while HPLC-DAD quantified five targeted biomarkers: caffeic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, glabridin, and quercetin. The results demonstrated absolute qualitative uniformity across all species, indicating a conserved evolutionary defense mechanism. However, significant quantitative variations revealed distinct genetic resource-allocation strategies. Euphorbia hirta demonstrated definitive phytochemical superiority, accumulating the highest TPC (477.0 mg/100 g) and TFC (171.5 mg/100 g), led decisively by gallic acid (170.55 ppm). Conversely, E. helioscopia exhibited the minimum biosynthetic thresholds. This hyper-accumulation highlights Euphorbia hirta as a promising candidate for industrial and pharmaceutical antioxidant extraction.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from female patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Analysis of 50 urine samples revealed a 78% bacterial growth rate, with Gram-positive bacteria, notably Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, predominated over Gram-negative strains. Susceptibility testing demonstrated alarming MDR profiles, including complete resistance to penicillin and cefoxitin in S. aureus isolates. To combat this, ZnO-NPs were green-synthesized utilizing pyocyanin as a reducing agent. Nanoparticle characterization confirmed spherical and sheet-like morphologies measuring 40–60 nm. Crucially, these biogenic ZnO-NPs exhibited robust, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, producing inhibition zones ranging from 19 to 49 mm. This potent efficacy relies on reactive oxygen species generation, physical membrane disruption, and intracellular zinc ion release.

ABSTRACT. Dermatophytosis poses a significant public health burden, further exacerbated by emerging antifungal resistance and therapeutic failures. This study evaluated the in vitro antifungal efficacy of the phenolic fraction extracted from Portulaca oleracea L. against molecularly confirmed clinical dermatophyte isolates. From 133 clinical specimens, representative isolates—including Trichophyton indotineae, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum ferrugineum, and Microsporum canis—were rigorously identified using morphological characteristics and ITS rDNA sequencing. The isolated phenolic fraction exhibited a substantial total phenolic content of 178.6 mg GAE/g dry weight. Antifungal evaluations using the poisoned food technique demonstrated significant, concentration-dependent growth inhibition across all tested fungal species. Notably, Microsporum ferrugineum displayed the highest susceptibility, whereas Microsporum canis was the least susceptible. These findings substantiate that the phenolic fraction of P. oleracea is a highly promising natural source for developing novel antifungal therapeutics to combat resilient dermatophyte infections.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the serum concentrations of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), progesterone (PROG), prolactin (PRL), and nitric oxide (NO) as potential biomarkers for uterine fibroids. Utilizing a comparative cross-sectional design, serum samples from 50 patients with uterine fibroids and 40 healthy controls were analyzed using ELISA. The findings revealed a statistically significant reduction in the systemic levels of COX-2 (P ≤ 0.05), PROG (P ≤ 0.01), and NO (P ≤ 0.01) among patients compared to the control group, while the decrease in PRL levels lacked statistical significance. Furthermore, correlation analyses demonstrated that COX-2 exhibits a strong positive correlation with PROG (r = 0.829), a moderate correlation with PRL (r = 0.559), and a weak correlation with NO (r = 0.372). These results indicate that uterine fibroids are associated with systemic disruptions in hormonal balance, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. Consequently, COX-2 demonstrates substantial potential as a diagnostic biomarker.

ABSTRACT. Efficient water metering is reliable for fluid management and accurate billing systems. Ultrasonic water meters are replacing mechanical meters because of their high accuracy and absence of moving parts. This study presents a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and acoustic time-of-flight model to investigate the effects of reflector geometry and separation distance on the metrological performance of invasive U-type residential ultrasonic water meters. A multi-path spatial averaging approach was developed to account for velocity non-uniformities along the acoustic path. Two reflector geometries (conical and prism-shaped) were evaluated by varying the slenderness ratio (25% and 125%) and reflector separation (60 and 85 mm). Performance was assessed under upstream disturbances generated by a partially closed valve at U0D and U5D. Increasing the slenderness ratio reduced meter error by 0.78–1.76% at higher flow rates under U0D, while increasing reflector separation reduced the meter error at the maximum flow rate by 0.32–0.48%.

ABSTRACT. In this paper, a critical analysis explores the evolution of courtyard architecture in the digital age through technologies like generative design, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Traditionally, courtyards have served as crucial climatic and social elements in hot-arid climates, aiding in ventilation and thermal comfort. However, the discourse surrounding architectural digitalization often neglects courtyard considerations. A systematic review of 143 research papers from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2015-2026) revealed that only 24 (16.8%) addressed courtyards from a computational perspective. Most studies remain focused on environmental or typological concerns, with limited intersection in areas such as heat prediction and environmental sensing. The paper identifies a gap in research related to generative design and digital twin frameworks for adaptive and sustainable courtyard architecture. It concludes by advocating for future explorations into dynamic computational designs for courtyards, promoting their evolution beyond static heritage concepts.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This study presents green chemistry and characterization of MnO2 NPs using Portulaca Oleracea leaf extract and their photocatalytic application. The resulting MnO2 NPs were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM,andUV-visible spectrophotometer analysis. XRD analysis appeared to indicate the construction of α-MnO2 phase with an average crystallite size of 22 nm. FE- SEM confirmed the presence of MnO2 nanoparticles of spherical MnO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 18 nm. UV-visible evidenced a characteristic peak at 326 nm and the energy gap was 3.95 eV. MnO2 NPs exhibited good photocatalytic activity for MB dye decay in the UV light area where the photodegradation efficiency is 74.4% after 150 min.

ABSTRACT. The uncontrolled agglomeration of bare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) severely limits their antibacterial efficacy. This study investigates utilizing chitosan from local bio-waste (Hilsa fish scales) as an eco-friendly stabilizing matrix for AgNPs, comparing it to commercial chitosan and unstabilized AgNPs. Synthesized nanocomposites were characterized extensively. Local chitosan successfully prevented fusion, yielding well-dispersed, spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 25.78 ± 5.59 nm and crystallite size of 4.4 nm, unlike highly agglomerated unstabilized AgNPs (105.14 ± 7.29 nm). EDX demonstrated a superior silver entrapment efficiency of 68.0% for local chitosan versus 62.8% commercially. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (25–150 µg/ml).

ABSTRACT. Smart agriculture is another quickly evolving field, which uses artificial intelligence (AI), industrial control systems (ICS), and the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve resource management and minimize human intervention. The study aims critically analyze smart agricultural system developments to identify research gaps and offer an integrated framework that includes industrial control, smart monitoring, predictive analytics. For a smart architecture system, this paper proposes a programmable logic controller (PLC), a supervisory control architecture based on SCADA and IoT connection, a predictive analytics layer based on machine learning (ML). The system operates on the concept of real-time operating data generated directly through the environmental sensors to monitor the temperature, humidity, soil moisture, pH level, water level, light intensity to ensure that the real time monitoring, automated control, intelligent decision making are made an easy endeavor. where a number of ML algorithms, were tested. the Random Forest algorithm had the highest accuracy.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the effects of foliar zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs; 30 nm) and spermidine on essential oil yield, volatile composition, and monoterpene biosynthesis gene expression in lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora). A 4 × 4 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replicates tested ZnO-NPs (0–75 mg L⁻¹) and spermidine (0–100 µmol L⁻¹). Volatile compounds were identified by GC–MS, and DXS, DXR, HDR, TPS, and ADH expression was quantified by RT-qPCR. Both factors and their interaction significantly affected all traits. Spermidine and ZnO-NPs at 50 µmol L⁻¹ and 50 mg L⁻¹ increased citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, and geraniol. Their combined 50 × 50 treatment gave the highest response, increasing citronellal to 52.96% and DXS and DXR expression by 3.55- and 3.30-fold, while higher doses were less effective.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Introduction & Objective: With the increasing antifungal resistance in dermatophytes, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biological effect of the extract of Hericium erinaceus on gene expression of important virulence factors in clinical isolates from patients. Clinical samples were derived from 240 patients suspected of suffering from dermatophytosis at Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk General Hospital and Al-Tasfeerat Health Center (15th February to 1st May 2026), cultivated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. H. erinaceus culture filtrate was prepared and tested against T. rubrum at 0%, 20%, as well as,30% concentrations using radial growth inhibition method of in vitro susceptibility testing for dermatophytes. Total RNA was extracted from fungal biomass collected after 10 days, and RT-PCR analysis of the Serine protease gene.Among 240 clinical specimens, 184 (76.7%) were positive for Trichophyton spp. and 56 (23.3%) were negative (P = 0.001).

ABSTRACT. Prenatal stress (PS) may lead to both immediate and prolonged developmental consequences, partly due to modified maternal and/or foetal glucocorticoid exposure. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of stress during gestation on expression of Cmah gene and concentration of Sialic Acid in fetal brain tissue. Materials and methods: The study included 15 pregnant female white rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged (22-23) and with weights ranging between (6.2-9.396) obtained from the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Tikrit University. They were divided into two groups: 13 experimental females and two control groups. The pregnant mothers of the experimental group were exposed from the first day to electric shocks. (60) offsprings were obtained, 12 of which were controls and 48 treatments. Result: The quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that maternal exposure to electrical shock stress during pregnancy altered CMAH gene expression in the fetal brain.

ABSTRACT. Proximal femoral deformities are complex orthopedic conditions which significantly influence hip biomechanics, lower-limb alignment, gait mechanics and patient's quality of life. The recent development of computed tomography (CT)-based three dimensional imaging, computer-aided design (CAD), additive manufacturing, and patient-specific surgical technologies has transformed the world of orthopedic deformity correction. The use of patient-specific guides to increase the accuracy of osteotomy, rotational correction, drilling trajectory, fixation guidance, and restoration of biomechanical alignment is of particular importance. Moreover, review reviews clinical benefits of PSAG-assisted surgery such as better angular correction accuracy, shorter surgery time, lower radiation from fluoroscopy, greater reproducibility, and better postoperative alignment. In general, patient-specific alignments using CT scans are a great improvement in precision orthopedic surgery and computer-assisted deformity correction. The combination of medical imaging, computational modelling and Additive Manufacturing techniques could significantly increase the accuracy of surgical planning, efficiency and clinical results in the management of proximal femur deformities.

ABSTRACT. One of the most important medical indicators in assessing many diseases, such as infections and blood clotting, is the platelet count, which prompted researchers to develop a new statistical model to describe this data. In this study new improvement to inverse weibull distribution without additional parameters, which will be built by using the new generator the Sin Kavya Manoharan Transformation-G Family. Many statistical inference of new model will be discussed such us moments, incomplete moments. Maximum likelihood method where used to estimate the new improvement parameters with Monte Carlo simulated to study consistency. A medical real dataset were used to demonstrate the flexibility of the new distribution, based on suitability and conformity criteria, and in comparison with distributions published in previous literature that have the same number of parameters as the proposed distribution, which proved to be more flexible compared to them.

ABSTRACT. This study examined the effect of Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) on the technical performance of front crawl swimming (FCS) in novice female students. A randomized controlled pre-test/post-test design was conducted with 30 novice female students assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). The intervention lasted eight weeks. Technical performance was assessed using a 20-point scale covering four biomechanical dimensions. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests at a significance level of 0.05. Pre-test results confirmed no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.642). Both groups improved significantly from pre- to post-test (P < 0.001). However, the experimental group achieved significantly higher post-test scores (M = 14.40, SD = 1.90) than the control group (M = 9.60, SD = 1.80) (t = 7.18, P < 0.001), with an extremely large effect size (Cohen's d = 2.60). These findings support CBL implementation.

ABSTRACT. Prostate cancer patients exhibited a significant increase in DNA damage parameters, including tail length (76.16 ± 32.95 vs. 2.93 ± 1.70), tail DNA% (64.63 ± 30.84 vs. 4.32 ± 1.94), and olive moment (40.33 ± 21.57 vs. 1.13 ± 0.46) compared to controls. In contrast, significant reductions were observed in Bcl-2 (14.65 ± 6.37 vs. 27.97 ± 13.40), IL-17 (204.6 ± 86.78 vs. 411.4 ± 206.4), and IL33 (135.8 ± 66.98 vs. 269.2 ± 155.0). Additionally, immature granulocytes were elevated in patients (0.44 ± 0.99 vs. 0.19 ± 0.17). ROC analysis showed that Bcl-2 has diagnostic value in differentiating patients

ABSTRACT. In this paper, we consider RGS-actuators for diffusion driven distributed systems controlled by strongly continuous semigroups on Hilbert spaces, and discuss characterization, numerical analysis and simulation. Weak and exact regional gradient controllability are shown to be equivalent by a combined analytical approach and a rank-based criterion on mode-coupling coefficients for RGS-strategic actuators is obtained. This criterion is used for 2D diffusion systems in rectangular domains for point-wise, filament and zonal actuator configurations. The results indicate that irrational placement of the actuators excites all spatial modes, while rational placement leaves some modes untouched, and therefore the actuator is not strategic, regardless of the following actuator adjustments. The heat-map simulations show significant reduction in the regional estimation error for the gradient estimation when compared to the global estimation, and confirms the suitability of direct application to the efficient control of large distributed systems like building temperature regulation.

ABSTRACT. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized via a green method using pomegranate peels extract (PPE) and subsequently modified by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid (PLFL) using an Nd:YAG laser at wavelengths of 1064 and 532 nm with various energies.The effects of laser processing on the optical, surface, and antimicrobial properties of the prepared Fe₃O₄ NPs were investigated. UV–Vis spectra showed a broad absorption band at approximately 361–363 nm, while the highest absorption intensity was observed for the sample treated at 532 nm/900 mJ. The optical band gap increased slightly from 3.20 to 3.22 eV after laser treatment. AFM analysis revealed a significant increase in surface roughness, where Sa increased from 64.49 to 138 nm and Sq from 86.86 to 126.90 nm. Antimicrobial activity tests against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp.,and Candida albicans demonstrated enhanced inhibition zones for the laser-treated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, particularly for the sample processed at532nm.

ABSTRACT. Emotion classification from social media text is an important NLP task due to rapidly increasing data and noisy content. This study proposes a hybrid CNN-BiLSTM architecture, combining local semantic feature extraction with long-range contextual modeling. The model is evaluated on the DAIR-AI Emotion dataset across six emotion classes. Text preprocessing techniques include tokenization and padding to represent input text in a consistent form. Categorical cross entropy was used as loss function and Adam as optimizer, while experimenting within fixed experiment set up. Accuracy, confusion matrix analysis, accuracy per class and classification report are used for measuring performance. Experimental results show convergence of models and good generalization capabilities with fair differentiation of emotion classes and small confusions among the semantically related classes. In comparison with other similar models, the hybrid model presented in the research offers a good balance between accuracy of the classification and time of execution.

ABSTRACT. Static and reactive allocation policies struggle to predict future slice demands. Therefore, an LSTM-aided Dynamic GA/RIC framework leverages QoS features for proactive and efficient bandwidth allocation. Afterward, these bandwidth predictions are aggregated at the slice level and passed to a Dynamic Genetic Algorithm (GA), which re-optimizes resource allocation frequently on Radio Intelligent Controller (RIC) decision periods. The framework is tested in a simulated SDN/RIC environment with normal-load, high-load, and congestion scenarios and compared against Equal, Proportional, Priority, Static GA, and Dynamic PSO/RIC allocations. Experimental results reveal that the LSTM model can yield high prediction accuracy, with R²=0.9531, MAE=439.60 Kbps, and RMSE =738.42 Kbps. In addition, the Dynamic GA/RIC policy here performs much better with an improvement percentage of around 50.1%, 46.0%, and 40.8% delay in mean across three scenarios, respectively, without losing total system resources utilization or competitive throughput.

ABSTRACT. The main goal of this paper is to calculate the inflection points on the inequivalent cubic curves which are containing it. The projective linear codes for the cubic curves with their code parameters which are length of Code n, minimum distance of Code d and the dimension of Code k have been constructed. The number of distinct cubic curves in twenty six and we have studied some of them which are containing the inflection points. Geometrically, the projective plane of order seven PG(2,7) contains 57 points and lines, every point is on eight lines, any line passes through eight points, every two lines meet in a point and between any two points there exists a line.

ABSTRACT. Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases ranging from simple skin lesions to life threatening severe systemic infections. Mannitol fermentation is an important phenotypic characteristic for the initial identification of Staphylococcus aureus on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). But few atypical isolates do not ferment mannitol but are genetically identified as Staphylococcus aureus which often leads to misdiagnosis during routine laboratory diagnosis. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare mannitol fermenting and non-mannitol fermenting 16S rRNA gene sequencing of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Results: Bacterial growth was obtained from 212 (80.9%) of the 262 specimens examined, and of these 138 (65.0%) were Gram-positive. Eighty two isolates were cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar and 55 (67.1%) were confirmed to be coagulase positive

ABSTRACT. paper examines the qualitative behavior of solutions to second-order Emden-Fowler dynamic equations, focusing primarily on oscillation and asymptotic behavior. The paper aims to establish new, sufficient conditions and criteria to ensure that all solutions oscillate or converge to zero at infinity. By employing modern analytical techniques in time-scale dynamical equation theory, the results contribute to the generalization and standardization of many well-known classical findings for this type of difference equations.

ABSTRACT. We determine the chromatic polynomial of Gₙ = Fₙ □ P₃, where Fₙ is the friendship graph with n triangles and P₃ is the three-vertex path. Conditioning on proper colorings of the central path yields two inequivalent states, depending on whether the endpoint colors are distinct or equal. In either state, the remaining graph decomposes into n independent isomorphic six-vertex blocks. Exact enumeration of one block produces two degree-six local factors that yield an explicit two-term closed form and constitute the eigenvalues of a two-dimensional transfer operator. Cayley–Hamilton then gives a second-order linear recurrence for P_n(k). For real k > 3, λ_1(k) is strictly dominant, while λ_0(3) = λ_1(3) = 2, determining asymptotic growth and per-vertex chromatic entropy. Sturm-sequence analysis shows that λ_0 has no real zeros and λ_1 has exactly two. Every non-fixed accumulation point of chromatic roots lies on the equimodular set |λ_0(k)| = |λ_1(k)|.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Exposure to heavy metals from environmental and industrial pollution is increasingly implicated in pulmonary carcinogenesis. This matched case–control study evaluated (Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb) blood levels in lung cancer patients and healthy individuals from Babylon Governorate, Iraq, to evaluate their diagnostic performance and oncogenic associations. Serum samples were collected from non-smoking lung cancer patients (n=89) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n=89). Metal concentrations were quantified using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS). Non-parametric paired analyses (Wilcoxon signed-rank test), effect size determinations (r), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve metrics were executed to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. Median serum concentrations of all investigated metals were markedly elevated in lung cancer patients compared to controls (p<0.001): Pb (56.40 vs. 26.15 ppb), Ni (6.88 vs. 3.47 ppb), Cd (4.99 vs. 1.34 ppb), and Cr (3.00 vs. 1.08 ppb), yielding substantial effect sizes (r=0.837-0.868).

ABSTRACT. Background: Pterygium represents a commonly occurring condition of the ocular surface characterized by the presence of a fibrovascular tissue proliferation in the shape of a triangle, typically originating from the nasal conjunctiva and extending to the cornea. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation, dust, dry climates, and other irritants is a significant environmental factor associated with the development of pterygia. Mechanical tension is placed on the corneal surface by the obstacle posed by the pterygium as it progresses into the center of the cornea, distorting the curvature of the cornea and therefore inducing corneal astigmatism. Disruption of corneal integrity produced by corneal astigmatism results in visual impairment, decreased vision acuity, and optical distortions. The presence of corneal astigmatism due to pterygium is considered to be a major contributing factor to visual impairment among those affected.

ABSTRACT. By adding a positive K-measurement proposition to the core elements of traditional DUS, this study presents three heavyweight models. The K-DUS–Pareto-I distribution, resulting from the use of a type I Pareto distribution as a default model, offers broader application for modeling skewed and heavy-tailed data. The probability density function, the cumulative distribution function, the survival function, the hazard-risk function, and the quantile function all have closed-form expressions. The maximum probability approach is used to estimate the parametric model. A Monte Carlo simulation study based on different sample sizes and specific settings was used to examine the protective capabilities of the limited company. The weighting is evaluated using bias and root mean square error. Real-world data are used to further examine the practicality of the proposed distribution. Probability criteria and quality-of-fit measures are employed to evaluate its experimental performance against conventional Pareto-I and classical DUS-Pareto models.

ABSTRACT. compared with standard antibiotics. The results showed that each extract and isolated compound exhibited inhibitory activity which increased with increasing concentrations. The ethanolic extracts and fractions showed significant superiority over the aqueous ones and had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on Gram-positive S. aureus than Gram-negative E. coli. The phenols in ethanol had the biggest inhibition zone diameters at 200 mg/mL (16 mm against S. aureus and 13 mm against E. coli), while the tannins in ethanol had diameters of 15 mm and 12 mm for the two bacterial strains, respectively. Besides, high concentration of ethanolic phenols and tannins exhibited higher inhibitory activity than some of the standard antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin and Ceftriaxone. The study concludes that the ethanolic phenols and tannins obtained from the P. oleracea leaves have a great potential as natural antibacterial agents for therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces and studies a new class of sets in ideal topological spaces, called SRI-open sets. This class extends existing concepts in topology and provides a broader framework for analysing structural properties. We present the definition of SRI-open sets and investigate their fundamental properties under standard set operations. Furthermore, we examine their relationships with several well-known types of open sets and establish connections among these classes. Several types of functions associated with SRI-open sets are also defined and investigated. In addition, we study important properties of these functions and their behavior under suitable conditions. The obtained results contribute to the development of generalized topology and provide a deeper understanding of ideal topological structures. This work strengthens the theoretical framework of ideal topological spaces and offers new perspectives for studying generalized open sets and related functions in future research. These findings may support further investigations and extensions in topological settings.

ABSTRACT. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with immune dysregulation that may influence responses to urinary tract infection (UTI). This study evaluated serum IL-35 and TGF-β1 in RA patients with and without UTI and their associations with bacterial groups. Seventy-four females were included: 23 RA patients, 27 RA+UTI patients, and 24 healthy controls. Cytokines were measured by ELISA, while urine samples underwent culture and four representative isolates were tested using VITEK 2 Compact. E. coli accounted for 59.3% and Klebsiella spp. for 40.7% of RA+UTI cultures. TGF-β1 was higher in RA (721.32 ng/L) and RA+UTI (872.89 ng/L) than controls (467.18 ng/L; p<0.001), whereas IL-35 was lower in RA (5.25±0.82 ng/mL) and RA+UTI (5.06±1.33 ng/mL) than controls (8.25±0.95 ng/mL; p<0.001). Within RA+UTI, TGF-β1 was higher with Klebsiella spp., whereas IL-35 was higher with E. coli.

ABSTRACT. This study analyzes a Caputo-corrected Grünwald–Letnikov discretization for fractional initial-value problems of order 0 < α < 1. Stability with respect to perturbations in the initial value is established for the linear test equation with λ > 0, showing that such perturbations are not amplified by the time-stepping process. Under stated regularity and consistency assumptions, the numerical solution converges to the exact solution as h → 0. A numerical example with α = 0.8 confirms decreasing absolute error under mesh refinement, from 1.5978 × 10⁻² at h = 0.2 to 6.04 × 10⁻⁴ at h = 0.005.

ABSTRACT. Otitis externa, also referred to as swimmer's ear, is a prevalent bacterial infection impacting the external auditory canal, especially in those who regularly engage in swimming pools. The present study aimed to isolate and identify the bacterial species associated with otitis externa among swimming pool visitors, and evaluate the serum levels of Matrix metalloproteinases -9 . The study included 90 adult males with acute otitis externa. Inaddition, 30 control group. The microbiological laboratory examination resulted in (60) bacterial isolates out of (90) ear swabs (66.7%). Among the 60 ear swab specimens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 34 samples (57%), while Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 26 samples (43%). The present study demonstrated increase MMP-9 in Swimmer with otitis externa that were (14.01±3.12) pg/ml, in comparison with control, at P-value < 0.001. The present study concluded that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common bacterial pathogen followed by Staphylococcus aureus.

ABSTRACT. In this study, raw cypress seed powder is evaluated as a minimally processed, potentially low-cost biosorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. Experimental results indicated that removal efficiency substantially enhanced with increasing adsorbent dose. A practical equilibrium contact time of 50 min was achieved using a 0.100 g dose and 20 mg/L initial MB concentration. Kinetic modeling demonstrated that MB biosorption consistently aligns with the pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium data were adequately described by both Langmuir and Temkin models, yielding a model-derived Langmuir maximum capacity (qmax) of 37.04 mg/g. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy and N₂ adsorption analysis revealed oxygen-rich surface functional groups and mesopore-scale structural features. These characteristics facilitate surface adsorption and multistage diffusion across the evaluated temperature range (293–323 K). Overall, raw cypress seed powder exhibits promising potential for the efficient treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.

ABSTRACT. This research presents an in-depth study of a new concept, namely annihilator closed-injective modules (denoted by ac-injective modules), and clarifies its relationship with other modules. The main contributions of the research are as follows: First, utilizing specific types of modules that establish an equivalence between essential and ann-essential submodules. Second, formally introducing and analyzing the concept of ac-injective modules. Third, investigating the hereditary nature of this concept: demonstrating, through specific counterexamples, that ac-injectivity is not a hereditary property in general, and proving the transfer of the self-ac-injective property to specific types of submodules, such as fully invariant ann-closed submodules. Fourth, providing an in-depth study of the self-ac-injective property under direct sums, including counterexamples for general cases and identifying sufficient conditions for the property to transfer to the sum.

ABSTRACT. Public infrastructure projects in Iraq frequently experience cost overruns and schedule delays, reducing investment benefits and service delivery. This quantitative comparative study examined whether financing type influences project performance by analyzing 180 infrastructure projects implemented between 2010 and 2022. Project-level data were obtained from the Ministry of Planning, World Bank portfolios, and sector ministry databases. Standardized measures of cost overrun and schedule delay enabled cross-project comparison. Results revealed significant differences between financing categories. Externally financed projects recorded a mean cost overrun of 23.4%, compared with 38.7% for state budget-financed projects, representing a 39.5% reduction (t=2.86, p<0.01). Mean schedule delay was 42.1% versus 67.8%, respectively, a 37.9% reduction (t=3.72, p<0.001). State-financed projects were 2.58 times more likely to experience critical cost overruns. Financing type was negatively correlated with cost overrun (r=-0.34) and schedule delay (r=-0.29), highlighting the importance of governance, accountability, monitoring, and procurement standards.

ABSTRACT. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) undergoes thermally induced dehydrochlorination with HCl evolution, conjugated polyene formation, discoloration, and progressive loss of mechanical integrity. Ellagic acid (EA) was evaluated as a bio-based thermal stabilizer at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 phr. Across the supplied dataset, 2 phr EA gave the best overall response: the apparent first-order dehydrochlorination rate constant decreased from 0.0345 to 0.0078 min−1, while the apparent activation energy increased from 42.3 to 84.7 kJ mol−1. The 5% mass-loss onset temperature increased from 249 to 304 °C, and the reported TGA maximum-rate temperature reached 355 °C at 2 phr. After 60 min at 180 °C, the yellowness index decreased from 76.8 to 16.8, while tensile strength and elongation increased from 36.2 to 66.7 MPa and 112% to 248%, respectively. SEM showed fewer cracks and better surface continuity. The results consistently identify 2 phr EA as the optimum loading; performance declined at 3 phr.

ABSTRACT. Longitudinal studies generate repeated observations on the same subjects and therefore combine variable-selection difficulty with within-subject dependence. Standard LASSO can select sparse models, but its selection may be unstable in finite samples, while Adaptive LASSO improves coefficient-specific penalization without directly quantifying selection stability. This paper develops a bootstrap-stabilized Adaptive LASSO estimator for longitudinal linear models. Subjects, rather than individual rows, are resampled to preserve the repeated-measures structure. Adaptive LASSO is fitted within each bootstrap sample, selection frequencies are computed, and variables exceeding a stability threshold are retained; final coefficients are aggregated by the bootstrap median. A Monte Carlo experiment considers 12 candidate predictors, four truly active effects, three sample sizes (50, 100, 200 subjects), five repeated measurements, and AR(1) within-subject correlations of 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8. The proposed procedure preserved all active predictors in the investigated scenarios and substantially reduced false-positive selections.

ABSTRACT. This paper addresses the asymptotic gradient reduced-order observer for the regional boundary case of the diffusion system, referred to as the RBAGRO-observer, in relation to a regional boundary closed-loop control (RBGCL-Control) and several types of regional boundary strategic sensors (RBGS-sensors). This observer concept is developed as an estimator within the framework of distributed parameter systems in regional boundary gradient state (RBG-state) case. We derive results concerning several types of boundary conditions, domain controls, and measurements. In addition, we present and illustrate results on sensor selection that realize the RBAGRO-observer concept in specific scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate that appropriate measurement and feedback control architectures ensure that a RBAGRO-observer exists, and design an RBGCL-Control system that regulates the RBG-system state.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this paper is to classify the conic and cubic curves which are contain the optimal points that is the critical and inflection points. The related codes for any curve with their parameters n length of code, k dimension of code and d minimum distance of code have been calculated. The generator matrices for the codes for six cubic curves are classified. Also, we deduced that the six nonsingular cubic curves on PG(2,2) have no optimal points which are the inflexion and critical points. All codes which are constructed on six inequivalent cubic curves in PG(2,2) are showed that linear.

ABSTRACT. The marshes of Basra Governorate represent a vital component of the aquatic system and ecological and are classified among the most productive ecosystems in terms of biodiversity. Their inclusion in the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site highlight their global environmental importance. This study utilized remote sensing and image processing techniques by applying spectral indicators (AWEInsh, MNDWI) to assess the extent to which the study area was affected by climate change and regional dams controlling the water flow to this important area for years (2014,2018,2020,2024,2026) wet season (The spectral index AWEInsh was chosen due to the nature of the region's topography, which is predominantly sedimentary plain).

ABSTRACT. Generalized closed sets play an essential role in the development of fuzzy neutro-sophic topology by providing refined tools for investigating topological structures and their properties. Although several classes of fuzzy neutron-sophic closed sets have been introduced, the interaction between strongly generalized properties and the Q*-closure operator has not been sufficiently explored. Motivated by this theoretical gap, this paper introduces a new class called fuzzy neutron-sophic strongly generalized Q*-closed sets (FN-SGQ*-closed sets). Fundamental properties of this class are established through new definitions, propositions, and theorems.

ABSTRACT. Eyeglasses correct refractive errors, but continuous wear and challenging hygiene make them a potential reservoir for pathogenic contaminants. This study investigated bacterial and fungal contamination on spectacle lenses, along with their biofilm-forming capacity. A total of 120 samples were processed at AL-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital's Microbiology Laboratory using standard culture media, Gram staining, biochemical spot tests, and VITEK 2-Compact confirmation. Results revealed that 108 samples (90%) tested positive for microbial growth, yielding seven distinct bacterial species. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant pathogen (25%, n=27), followed by Pseudomonas spp. (16.6%, n=18), Pantoea spp.

ABSTRACT. Sustainable transportation is a critical need in the face of growing urbanization, population and ageing infrastructure in Iraq. The transport sector suffers from traffic congestion, high consumption of transport fuels, and increased emissions, which have a negative impact on environmental and economic sustainability. This is complicated by the lack of a model to describe the present condition of sustainability, and the high number of variables, which makes it hard to determine the most important factor. This research aims to fill that void by creating an interpretative model based on critical indicators, which can be used to explain the sustainability of transportation projects, using interpretative structural modelling (ISM). The maximum road capacity index (density), E2, is the key indicator, with all other indicators being directly or indirectly dependent on it, according to the model. Therefore, environmental problems and economic losses are created in high density.

ABSTRACT. In recent years, the number of pollutants threatening the ecosystem in general, and soil in particular, has increased, especially oil pollution and its derivatives. This research investigates the effect of crude oil on the geotechnical properties of sandy clay soil. Proctor tests were conducted on soil contaminated with concentrations of 3%, 6%, and 9%, revealing a significant decrease in maximum density and optimum water content. A decrease in specific gravity was also observed. A very significant decrease in the undrained cohesion value was noted in the unconfined compressive strength test, estimated at half. The direct shear test results showed a decrease in the angle of friction, while the cohesion value increased from at 9%. Regarding the consolidation test, the results showed an increase in both the compression index and swelling index values. Finally, the pH test results showed a decrease as the pollutant level increased

ABSTRACT. Vegetation cover is one of the most valuable environmental assets of Baghdad city, yet it has contracted sharply under urban pressure, informal settlement expansion, water scarcity and rising surface temperature. This paper reviews advances in remote sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and machine learning (ML) for land cover / land use (LC/LU) classification, focusing on the measurement of vegetation shrinkage in Baghdad. Worldwide and Iraqi studies published between 2018 and 2026 were evaluated, covering multi-temporal Landsat and Sentinel imagery, spectral indices, supervised classifiers and post-classification change detection. Globally, research has moved from pixel-based statistical classifiers to ensemble learning, deep learning and hybrid predictive frameworks. Iraqi work is growing but still relies on medium-resolution imagery, conventional classifiers and short observation windows. Persistent obstacles include inconsistent classification schemes, spectral confusion between sparse vegetation and bare soil, incomplete accuracy reporting, and the absence of a unified national land cover database for Iraq.

ABSTRACT. Hydrocarbon soil pollution affects soil fertility, quality, and ecosystem balance, causing serious environmental and engineering problems. Advanced remediation techniques are required to address these problems and restore soil performance. This study focuses primarily on the chemical and geotechnical properties of clean and crude oil-contaminated soils. Triaxial pressure, GC-MS, and X-ray diffraction tests were conducted. The study found that the friction angle was slightly affected by the percentage of added pollutants, while the cohesion value had a significant impact, increasing to 61.4 kPa at a 9% concentration. X-ray diffraction revealed that the pollutant affects the concentration of chemical elements in the soil. Iron concentration, in particular, increased with increasing pollutant concentration, while silicon concentration decreased. The concentration of hydrocarbon compounds in the contaminated soil increased from 3% to 9% for all 16 compounds.

ABSTRACT. This work investigated the preparation of flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites and analyzed their features. Thermal and mechanical tests revealed significant improvements in both mechanical and thermal properties. Where the glass transition temperature was evaluated. From 43.385 ℃ to 53.63 ℃ as a result of epoxy reinforcement by ceramic nano particles. 53.63 °C, at 20% weight fraction. Regarding the mechanical tests, the specimen reinforced with 20% ceramics nano particles exhibited the highest Young's modulus. Its tensile strength reached 57.385 MPa, compared to the pure epoxy sample. The stiffness of the composite material also increased, with the 20% ceramic-reinforced weight fraction achieving the highest value 82 (Sore D). This confirms the positive role of ceramics. These improvements indicate the suitability of polymer nanocomposites for advanced applications requiring enhanced thermal stability and mechanical strength.

ABSTRACT. Energy and water are two of the most intensively consumed resources in process industries, including petroleum refineries and petrochemical complexes. This study evaluates an integrated energy–water retrofit strategy for the heat-exchanger network (HEN) of an industrial crude distillation unit using pinch analysis. The as-built refinery network was simulated in Aspen HYSYS and assessed using Aspen Energy Analyzer. Four retrofit scenarios were investigated by simultaneously relocating hot- and cold-stream connections while preserving existing exchangers, heat-transfer areas, and operating conditions. All configurations improved heat recovery and reduced cooling-water demand. For two-end relocation, the corresponding changes ranged from reductions of 9.5–34.0% to increases of 1.5–11.0%. The results demonstrate that targeted stream reallocation can enhance thermal integration and water efficiency without installing additional exchangers. However, the configuration achieving maximum water savings differs from that providing maximum heat recovery.

ABSTRACT. Federated Learning (FL) allows collaborative healthcare models training among geographically separated locations without exchanging personal and sensitive patient data. However, storing data on-site does not mean protection and security. Attacks like poisoning, backdoor, Byzantine, inference, and manipulation remain possible and can harm privacy, security, and integrity. This paper presents a systematic review of the latest literature in terms of three views – the surface area that is vulnerable to attack, goals of adversaries and their abilities, and existing defenses against these threats. Threats are classified into types that attack training data, model updates, aggregation process, privacy, and system components. Defenses are classified into robust aggregation, anomaly detection, client identification, privacy-preserving, trust/reputation, and hybrid techniques. They are compared by their advantages and disadvantages, adaptability, and appropriateness for heterogeneous healthcare. Since single defense mechanisms cannot protect against any type of attack, future systems should provide context-based multilayer defense that adapts over time.

ABSTRACT. the results showed significant differences in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels among the studied groups. The benign tumor group had the highest level, followed by the breast cancer group, compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was found between the breast cancer group and the control group. TGF-β levels also showed significant differences between the groups, with the benign tumor group recording the highest level at (186.8 ± 451.8) Pg/mL, compared to (58.64 ± 274.9) Pg/mL in the breast cancer group and (103.1 ± 271.0) Pg/mL in the control group. No significant difference was found between the breast cancer group and the control group. CRP results also showed significant differences between the groups, with the benign tumor group recording the highest level at (1047 ± 157.8) Pg/mL.

ABSTRACT. This work aims to prepare and apply nano-silica coatings to glass, exploring their role in self-cleaning glass surface performance. The coating was prepared using the sol-gel method. The volume ratio of the precursors (TEOS, ethanol, and HCl) was kept at 2:5:1.25 at pH levels of 5, 7, and 9. The surface improvement process was done by adding TMCS+hexane with different amounts of TMCS (1, 1.5, and 2 ml). The results indicate that the permeability was higher in transparency and contact angle 153°. BET analysis showed a high surface area at pH 7, suggesting its potential suitability for a wide range of applications, including self-cleaning window technologies. (TGA) analysis for pH 7 showed relatively little weight loss between 25 and 217. The AFM topography indicates that the glass coated with silica aerogel using a thin layer (2TEOS, 2TMCS) exhibited high surface roughness, which facilitated the formation of a superhydrophobic surface.

ABSTRACT. A computer simulation of a human skin model with dimensions suitable for study and consistent with the average thickness of normal skin layers was designed using Zemax optical design software. The skin model was designed as a rectangular shape for ease of examination and incorporated a laser light source in contact with the skin, along with a photodetector on the same side of the light source to detect the light reflected from the skin layers. Greenstein scattering model was chosen because it is suitable for biological tissues. A light source with varying wavelengths (ultraviolet, visible, and infrared) was used to demonstrate the effect of changing wavelength on the absorption coefficient with varying water content in the skin layers. Zemax software provides detector readings by measuring the number of incident photons, irradiance, and optical power. The results showed an increase.

ABSTRACT. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., commonly known as Roselle, has been used as a medicinal herb in traditional medicine to manage various illnesses and disorders. This study investigated the effects of nano-nitrogen and salicylic acid on the phytochemical composition and biological aspects of Roselle under water scarcity. Two genotypes (red and black) were evaluated using two water sources (well and river water) and five treatments: control, 40% salicylic acid, 80% salicylic acid, 2% nano-nitrogen, and 4% nano-nitrogen, diluted in 3 liters of water. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine seven bioactive compounds: caffeic acid, rutin, gallic acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and apigenin. Significant differences were observed according to genotype, water source, treatments, and their interactions.

ABSTRACT. This work was performed using synthetic epoxy resin as a matrix to prepare a composite material reinforced with Pyrex glass nanoparticles at weight fractions 5%,10%,15%,and 20%. The effect of nanoparticle reinforcement on the thermal and mechanical features of all samples was investigated. The results show that the reinforcing process significantly improved most thermal and mechanical features. Where the weight loss percentage decreased from 14.94% (for the pure sample) to 9.8% (for the specimen reinforced with 5% weight fraction), and the glass transition temperature of the Pyrex glass-reinforced composite increased from 46.31°C for the pure sample to 73.2°C at 5 wt%. Regarding tensile strength, its value increased from 19.754 MPa to 57.385 MPa at a 20% weight fraction, and Young's modulus increased from 382.765 to 1373.927 MPa.

ABSTRACT. The efficiency of government financing is essential for long-term economic stability, particularly in resource-dependent economies such as Iraq. Despite substantial oil revenues, Iraq faces persistent fiscal inefficiencies, weak institutional capacity, and public financial management challenges. This study examines factors influencing government financing efficiency, focusing on institutional quality, transparency, political stability, fiscal policy, and accountability. A quantitative approach was adopted using a structured questionnaire administered to public finance experts. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) assessed relationships among the study variables through reliability, correlation, path coefficient, and diagnostic analyses. Results indicate that institutional quality and transparency are the strongest determinants of government financing efficiency, followed by accountability and fiscal policy, while political stability has a weaker effect.

ABSTRACT. This article studies the behavior of approximating fixed points of set-valued functions (sometimes monotonicity is required). This paper proposes a novel 3-step iteration technique for set-valued functions that have a selection function and are defined on a closed interval, called the selection-iteration. A necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of the selection-iteration for continuous set-valued functions on a closed interval is proven. Also, the rates of convergence of the selection-iteration techniques proposed in the current work are compared. Specifically, our main result shows that the selection-iteration (CT-type) converges faster than other selection-iterations to the fixed point. Finally, numerical examples are given to compare the results, using 1-step, 2-step, and three different types of 3-step iterative techniques. The results here offer a different perspective from the corresponding results in contemporary literature on set-valued functions with selection.

ABSTRACT. A year-round survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence and epidemiological distribution of Linognathus africanus infestation in sheep and goats in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. From February 2025 through January 2026, 1,350 animal examinations were performed across seven districts, including 846 sheep and 504 goats. Lice were removed manually after applying 70% alcohol, preserved in labeled containers, and identified morphologically. Prevalence estimates were calculated using Wilson 95% confidence intervals, Pearson chi-square tests, and crude odds ratios. Overall prevalence was 56.89%, with higher prevalence in sheep (62.65%) than goats (47.22%; cOR=1.87). Infestation peaked during January in sheep (79.12%) and goats (70.83%) and was lowest in July. Winter, age between two months and one year, female sex, and Al-Hawija district were associated with higher crude odds. Because joint animal-level records were unavailable, adjusted effects could not be estimated. Control strategies should begin before winter, strongly prioritizing younger animals and high-burden localities.

ABSTRACT. Most traditional vehicular Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) authentication systems combine physical tag detection with identity verification, creating security vulnerabilities such as cloning, replay, and workflow bypass attacks in sensitive border applications. This paper proposes a Lightweight Multi-Stage RFID Authentication (LMRA) protocol that enforces chronological consistency alongside credential validity using a five-stage finite state machine. Empirical testing within an eight-stage intelligent customs process demonstrated deterministic detection of all simulated threat scenarios with zero false positives and zero false negatives. An indexed primary-key query combined with an in-memory session hash table provides O(1) computational complexity, supporting scalability regardless of the number of registered records. Furthermore, an asynchronous audit engine generates unique, threat-specific non-repudiation logs without adding real-time operational latency. The results demonstrate that LMRA provides a lightweight, stage-aware, secure, and scalable authentication approach for intelligent customs checkpoints and international supply-chain logistics.

ABSTRACT. A cross-sectional study of 45 young adults aged 18–25 evaluated the relationship between chronic energy drink consumption, liver enzyme abnormalities, and systemic inflammation by comparing 25 chronic consumers (at least three cans weekly for six months with elevated liver enzymes) against 20 healthy, non-consuming controls. Median biomarker concentrations were significantly higher in the exposed group compared to controls for ALT (68.4 vs. 22.1 U/L), AST (54.2 vs. 24.3 U/L), ALP (112.5 vs. 68.3 U/L), and IL-6 (4.82 vs. 1.24 pg/mL; all p < 0.001). Energy drink frequency positively correlated with ALT (rho = 0.81), AST (rho = 0.76), ALP (rho = 0.68), and IL-6 (rho = 0.78), while IL-6 directly correlated with ALT and AST. Due to the study's cross-sectional design and selection criteria, these findings demonstrate a strong association rather than direct causation, highlighting the need for further longitudinal research into hepatic injury and inflammatory pathways.

ABSTRACT. Abstract:CuO nanoparticles have biomedical applications but may cause oxidative stress and alter gene regulation, so their embryonic effects need investigation. This study examined the effect of green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles, prepared with Panax ginseng root extract, on Wnt4 expression at different stages of mouse (Mus musculus) embryonic development. The copper precursor was precipitated with NaOH, centrifuged, dried and calcined at 250 °C for 2 h. Pregnant mice received 100 mg/kg, and embryos were collected on gestation days 3, 7 and 14. Wnt4 expression was measured by qRT-PCR, normalized to Gapdh, and quantified by the 2^-ΔΔCt method. UV-Vis showed a peak at 283.0 nm, XRD peaks at 2θ = 31.7°, 33.8° and 45.3°, and FESEM revealed 21.89–41.30 nm particles with larger agglomerates (294.0–431.7 nm). Wnt4 expression fell from 1-fold in controls to 0.65-fold (T1), 0.46-fold (T2) and 0.53-fold (T3). Exposure was associated with reduced Wnt4 expression, most marked on day 7.

ABSTRACT. Slurry Infiltration Fiber Concrete (SIFCON) is a high-performance concrete. Achieving a balance between high mechanical performance has encouraged the adoption of hybrid fiber system through the partial replacement of steel fibers with PVA fibers. A hybrid fiber system was developed by partially replacing steel fibers with polyvinyl PVA fibers, while retaining a high steel fiber volume fraction to maintain the mechanical performance of SIFCON. Additionally, PVA powder was used as a partial cement replacement to act as a polymer modifier aiming to improve matrix cementitious performance. The results showed that the combined use of hybrid steel-PVA fibers and PVA powder significantly improved the mechanical performance of SIFCON. The optimum mixture, containing 25% PVA fiber replacement and PVA powder. The findings demonstrate that the hybridization of steel and PVA fibers, along with polymer modification, is an efficient strategy for producing high-performance SIFCON appropriate for applications requiring enhanced strength and crack resistance.

ABSTRACT. Background: Biological aging is a complex process characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and neuroendocrine decline. Single biomarkers fail to capture this complexity. Objective: This review aims to explore the integrated role of the Vitamin D–Chemerin–FGF-21–Kisspeptin–Nesfatin-1 axis in biological aging and its potential as a multi-biomarker framework. Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies published between 2015-2025 focusing on the interaction between Vitamin D, Chemerin, FGF-21, Kisspeptin, and Nesfatin-1 in aging were included. Results: Evidence suggests that Vitamin D deficiency upregulates Chemerin and dysregulates FGF-21, while declining Kisspeptin and Nesfatin-1 contribute to neuroendocrine and metabolic aging. These molecules act as metabolic rheostats integrating immune, metabolic, and neuroendocrine pathways. Conclusions: The proposed axis represents a promising network-based approach for understanding biological aging. Future validation through large-scale cohort studies is required to establish clinical utility.

ABSTRACT. Average activity of 232Th and 40K were 14.31 ± 2.11 and 281.76 ± 14.02 Bq kg⁻¹. Hamri fish (F4) recorded the highest activity of 226Ra with a value of 68.5± 11.6 Bq kg⁻¹. The maximum concentrations of 232Th and 40K were observed in Hamri fish (F5) of 48.9±2.8 and 504.3±62.5 Bq kg⁻¹. These values are high for the global reference levels by UNSCEAR.The calculated hazard indices were within the internationally acceptable limits except(D𝜸,Iγ) in sample F5, where their values73.62 and 1.16, respectively. The element iron (Fe) was found in Catfish (F2) with a maximum concentration of 225 mg kg⁻¹. Zinc (Zn) had a remarkable concentration of catfish (F3), while chromium (Cr) found in hamri fish (F5). The mean metals concentrations of heavy metals were in order Fe > Zn > Cr > Ni > Mn > Cu. The concentration of heavy metals was highest in Fe and lowest in Cu.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Smart electrical systems generate heterogeneous reliability information. Failure time is positive and linear, whereas operational quantities such as voltage or current phase angle are circular and periodic. Treating these measurements independently can discard dependence that is potentially informative about system degradation and failure. This paper proposes a parsimonious hybrid failure time-circular probability model in which the phase angle follows a von Mises distribution and the conditional failure time follows a Weibull proportional-hazard structure whose hazard multiplier is a periodic function of the angle. The construction yields a proper joint density and a closed-form conditional reliability function R(t|θ). Maximum-likelihood estimation is formulated for all model parameters. A Monte Carlo study with sample sizes n=100, 250, and 500 evaluates finite-sample behavior. Across 120 replications per sample size, bias and RMSE generally decrease as n increases.

ABSTRACT. FTIR spectroscopy is one of the most important physical techniques for studying biological materials, as it provides accurate information about the chemical properties and molecule vibrations of the sample. In this study, psoriatic and healthy hair was analyzed and compared using Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed sightficant alterations in keratin structure between healthy and psoriatic hair. A clear difference was observed in the amide A region, indicating a change in hydrogen bonds, as well as in the amide I region, where a difference was noted between healthy and psoriatic hair, suggesting decreasing of α-helix and increasing of β-sheet. Additionally, the Disulfide bonds (S-S) was reduced, reflecting the deterioration of the secondary structure of keratin. FTIR spectroscopy showed that psoriasis significantly affects the secondary structure of hair keratin, and FTTR is a reliable method for comparing biological samples and biophysical studies.

ABSTRACT. In this research, we introduce a a new concept in algebra theory which is stable t-supplement-cs module. as has been elucidated its fundamental properties together with possible generalizations. We further investigate its hereditary property. Moreover, we have clarified how direct sum of it also ts- supplement cs-module. Not last, as we have explored and elucidated the relationship between our concept and previously studied notions.

ABSTRACT. Radon gas is ubiquitous, including in homes and inhalation of elevated radon concentrations over prolonged periods may adversely affect respiratory health, particularly by increasing the risk of lung cancer. A study was conducted to measure indoor radon levels over two months in 80 homes across 12 areas of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq, using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors. The results revealed significant variations in concentration levels: the lowest concentration (39.870 ± 21.342 Bq/m³) was recorded in Al-Shafi'iyah, while the highest (270.661 ± 36.116 Bq/m³) was found in Al-Dagharah, with an overall mean of 61.949 ± 19.724 Bq/m³. The annual effective dose resulting from inhalation ranged from 0.54 to 6.83 mSv/y, with a mean of 1.56 mSv/y. Additionally

ABSTRACT. The article presents the problem of coating delamination from the substrate in high-temperature systems. This frequently occurs as a result of thermal expansion mismatch, residual stress, and thermal cycling. The durability of traditional coatings can be compromised by delamination and crack formation caused by these elements. The research suggests designing various aways of functionally graded coatings (FGCs) and comparing them as a possible solution. Using this method, the composition of the material changes from metallic to ceramic at the surface near the substrate to minimize stress concentration at the interface. Use of FGM leads to a smoother transition in thermal and mechanical properties which improves adhesion strength and makes the structure more resistant to thermal stresses. Consequently, graded coatings improve reliability and service life of high temperature operational components.

ABSTRACT. Educational buildings are among the most resource-intensive public facilities due to their continuous occupancy, high energy demands, and the need to maintain healthy indoor learning environments. Recent advances in smart environmental technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), sensor networks, and building automation systems, have created new opportunities for improving environmental performance and sustainability in educational facilities. This study presents a systematic review of the existing literature on smart environmental systems and their role in enhancing sustainability performance in educational buildings. The review examines the contribution of smart technologies to indoor environmental quality (IEQ), energy efficiency, carbon emission reduction, and sustainable resource management. We identified relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025 through major academic databases and analyzed them using a structured review methodology

ABSTRACT. Significant differences among groups were found for Caspase-1 (P = 0.01), IL-1β (P = 0.01), and NLRP3 expression (P = 0.045). Conventional cigarette smokers showed the highest Caspase-1 (124.29 ±21.47 pg/mL) and NLRP3 expression (10.95 ±3.97), whereas waterpipe smokers had the highest IL-1β (63.30 ±9.35 pg/mL). Electronic cigarette users and non-smoking patients displayed intermediate values, while healthy non-smokers exhibited the lowest marker levels. Generally, participants aged 31–40 years showed higher marker levels than those aged 20–30 years. Conclusion: Conventional cigarette smoking induces the greatest activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in bacterial gingivitis, though waterpipe and e-cigarette use also promote inflammation to varying degrees. These findings highlight smoking's role in periodontal inflammation and suggest that NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β are useful biomarkers of disease activity.

ABSTRACT. Olea europaea exhibited the highest efficacy across all exposure periods, achieving a maximum mortality rate of 100% at a concentration of 10,000 ppm after 48 hours. It was followed by Syzygium aromaticum, which achieved a peak larval mortality rate of 93.3%, while Ziziphus spina-christi showed the lowest efficacy, with a maximum larval mortality rate of 90%. The study concludes that the red flour beetle acts as a carrier for various bacterial species and that plant oils particularly Olea europaea demonstrate high efficacy in controlling this pest. Consequently, they represent a promising, eco-friendly alternative suitable for integration into stored-product pest management programs.

ABSTRACT. Throughout this research, R represents a commutative ring with identity, and all modules are unitary R-modules. The primary objective of this paper is to introduce and investigate a new class of modules termed "Strongly Supplement Semi CS-modules" (SSu. Semi CS-modules), which serves as a natural generalization of Strongly CS-modules, Strongly Supplement CS-modules, and Supplement Semi CS-modules. To achieve this, we investigate the algebraic behavior and structural properties of this class under various ring-theoretic conditions. Our main results establish several characterizations of SSS-CS modules, determining the precise conditions under which direct sums and submodules inherit this property. Furthermore, we extensively study the interplay between SSS-CS modules and other well-known algebraic structures, including uniform, semi-simple, faithful multiplication, and lifting modules. These findings clarify the structural position of this new class within module theory and offer fresh insights into the factorization of modules over commutative rings.

ABSTRACT. Green synthesis provides an eco-friendly approach for polymer nanocomposite reinforcement .Objectives: To synthesize a Cu/CeO₂ nanocomposite using Iraqi orange peel extract and evaluate its mechanical effect on a PVA/PVP/starch blend. Materials and Methods: The nanocomposite was synthesized, characterized by XRD and SEM, incorporated by solution casting, and evaluated using tensile and compression tests. Results: XRD and SEM showed average crystallite and particle sizes of 21.79 and 50.97 nm, respectively. S4 showed the highest tensile stress (10.455 MPa), Young’s modulus (312.758 MPa), compressive strength (7.681 MPa ), and elongation at break (4.90% ). Conclusion: Green-synthesized Cu/CeO₂ nanocomposite effectively enhanced the mechanical performance of the polymer blend.

ABSTRACT. Human fingernails, a keratin matrix that remains stable over time and can be reliably analyzed non-invasively for each component or elemental ratio, are of potential utility, with the caveat that measured differences across samples may not completely account for variability within an individual, via Bartleman et al. In this exploratory study, concentrations from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were compared with normalized laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) intensities in nails of five healthy and five anemic subjects. In total, ICP-OES reported twenty elements; the paired analysis was limited to Fe, Ca, P and—importantly—S which in group comparisons were analyzed by exact two-sided Mann –Whitney U tests with Holm correction (across four elements)

ABSTRACT. The stochastic block models is a popular statistical model for community detection in networks. This study employs a statistical model based approach to investigate the Community’s structure of Iraqi Stock Exchange and possible paths of systemic risk transmission. A threshold based network is constructed to demonstrate links between enterprises and a correlation matrix from normalized market data of 88 companies. Community detection was achieved by convexified modularity maximization approach based on degree corrected stochastic block model. The analysis identifying five communities that displayed a core periphery structure, composed of 72 peripheral nodes and 16 connection nodes. The results show that connector nodes have very strong links across different communities and are likely to be the channels for the spread of financial instabilities besides three enterprises with high participation coefficients, indicating their important bridging role in the network. Such findings may give useful insight into the ISX’s framework.

ABSTRACT. In this study, agricultural waste was used to synthesize both silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) biopolymer. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using orange peel extract as a coating and reducing agent, while carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized using rice husks. A hybrid nanocomposite film containing polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), filled with varying percentages (6%, 12%, and 18%wt.) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), was prepared using the solution casting method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible spectroscopy was used to analyses the structural and optical characteristics. XRD analysis confirmed the synthesis of the biopolymer CMC at diffraction angle of 2θ=20˚, in addition to confirming the green-synthesis of silver nanoparticles at diffraction angle of 2θ=38.4˚, 44.6˚, 64.7˚, 77.7˚ and 81.8˚, which indicates to the crystal structure (FCC).

ABSTRACT. This study involved the preparation and evaluation of the structural, and morphological of pure and aluminum (Al)- and tin (Sn)-doped cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films, as well as (Al-Sn) co-doped films, prepared by the chemical spray pyrolysis method at a constant substrate temperature of 380 °C. Physical analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of impurities induced radical modifications in the crystalline structure of the system; the Al-doped CdO films retained the cubic crystal structure, accompanied by a contraction in crystallite size and an increase in dislocation density due to the ionic radii mismatch. Meanwhile, raising the Sn concentration (40%) and performing co-doping led to exceeding the solid solubility limit, resulting in the formation of advanced secondary orthorhombic phases such as Cd2SnO4 and Al2CdO4.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the structural behavior of sustainable reinforced one-way lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) slabs. Six slabs were produced using three coarse aggregate types: 50% expanded perlite combined with 50% natural coarse aggregate (EPR50), 100% higher-density LECA (HD-LECA100), and 100% lower-density LECA (LD-LECA100). Natural sand was partially replaced by 25% recycled crushed brick in all mixtures, while 0.75% MSF was incorporated into three corresponding fiber reinforced mixes. The evaluated parameters included load-deflection, failure mode, secant stiffness, ductility, energy absorption, and specific load capacity were evaluated. MSF increased the ultimate load by 32.4%, 26.2%, and 22.2% for EPR50, HD-LECA100, and LD-LECA100, respectively, while stiffness increased by 31.7%, 26.4%, and 23.2%. The results demonstrate that the structural effectiveness of MSF depends on the characteristics of the lightweight aggregate (LWA) type, highlighting the importance of aggregate fiber interaction in the development of sustainable LWSCC structural members.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effects of silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK), used individually and in combination, on the fresh, physical, and mechanical properties of foamed concrete. Eleven mixes were examined, including a reference mixture, six binary mixes SF or MK at 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement levels, and four ternary SF–MK mixes. The total water to binder ratio was maintained at 0.40. Dry density, water absorption, apparent porosity, estimated total porosity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were evaluated. 10% MK mixture performed favorably, with a dry density of 1059 kg/m³, 90 days compressive and splitting tensile strengths of 8.77 and 1.64 MPa, and UPV of 2663 m/s. 15% SF mix achieved the highest compressive strength among the SF mixes, recording 8.48 MPa. Among ternary mixtures, 5%SF+5%MK achieved the highest 90 day compressive and splitting tensile strengths, while 5%SF+10%MK recorded the lowest water absorption 17.09%.

ABSTRACT. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were applied to a commercial tea sample prepared as a pressed pellet from homogenized leaf powder. XRF reported 15 elements, with Al, Mg, Fe, P, K, and S forming the largest listed fractions. The strongest LIBS feature occurred at 766.50 nm and was assigned to K I. Additional wavelength matches were obtained for Fe, Al, Zn, Ba and other elements, but several assignments remained candidates because multiple database matches occurred and no independent calibration or confirmation was available. Pb, Cd and As appeared only as LIBS candidate matches and therefore cannot be treated as confirmed contaminants. The results provide a qualitative comparison of the two analytical responses rather than a quantitative method validation. Replicate pellets, matrix-matched calibration, recovery experiments, and independent confirmation are required before regulatory or food-safety conclusions can be drawn.

ABSTRACT. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose significant global health challenges due to the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. This study evaluated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of uropathogens isolated from 75 female UTI patients in Tikrit, Iraq, and assessed the antibacterial efficacy of reutericin and plantaricin extracted from local Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum. Microbiological analysis revealed a 77.3% positive culture rate, dominated by Gram-positive bacteria (62.1%), notably Staphylococcus aureus (33.3%), alongside Gram-negative strains led by Escherichia coli (36.1%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing demonstrated severe resistance to beta-lactams, including methicillin-resistant and ESBL-producing phenotypes. Both extracted bacteriocins exhibited significant dose-dependent inhibitory activity against the MDR isolates. Notably, plantaricin exhibited a broader and superior antibacterial spectrum compared to reutericin, producing inhibition zones up to 40 mm against Staphylococcus haemolyticus. These findings highlight indigenous bacteriocins, particularly plantaricin, as promising natural biotherapeutic alternatives to combat recalcitrant MDR uropathogenic infections.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluated magnetic water treatment (500 and 1000 G) on surface (W) and groundwater (R) to determine its effects on water properties and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) growth in Tuz Khurmatu, Iraq. Conducted using a randomized complete block design, six treatments (Wc, W500, W1000, R0, R500, R1000) were assessed. Groundwater exhibited higher salinity and mineral levels than surface water. Magnetic treatment primarily influenced calcium, magnesium, and total hardness. Notably, treating groundwater increased germination from 66.66% under R0 to 83.33% under R500 and R1000. R1000 yielded the highest plant height (49.70 cm), shoot fresh weight (154.33 g), and shoot dry weight (12.39 g). R500 produced the highest root fresh weight (100.10 g), while W500 optimized leaf count (9.33), root diameter (5.73 mm), root dry weight (8.64 g), and chlorophyll content (2.511 mg g⁻¹). Plant responses varied by water source and intensity, confirming its agricultural potential.

ABSTRACT. Various metal ion complexes of Cr(III), Fe(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) were synthesized. UV-visible, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, mass spectroscopy, and molar conductivity were used to characterize the ligand and its complexes. The oxidation-reduction properties of the ligand and its complexes were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, providing additional evidence for complex formation. Semi-empirical calculations using HyperChem software were performed to optimize the molecular structures of the ligand and its complexes and to study their electrostatic potentials. These calculations provided information about suitable complexation sites, possible geometries, and the energy of the complexes. Based on the spectral and theoretical results, octahedral geometries were proposed for the Cr(III) and Fe(II) complexes, while tetrahedral geometries were proposed for the Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes.

ABSTRACT. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar application of micronutrients and ethephon on the yield and quality of bread wheat varieties under two environmental conditions in northern Iraq. Field experiments were carried out during growing season (2024-2025) at Gerdarasha and Makhmur station, (RCBD) was using in a split-plot system with three replications. Three varieties (Hawler 4, IBA 99, Jehan) were assigned to main plots, while nine combinations of micronutrients and ethephon were allocated to sub-plots. The results revealed IBA 99 and Hawler 4 exhibited superior in Gerdarasha, whereas Jehan showed better adaptation to Makhmur conditions. spray micronutrients and ethephon improved grain yield, No. of tillers, spikes, kernel weight, protein, gluten, carbohydrate and proline, compared with control. The combined treatment M1E1 produced the highest values for yield, while M2E2 and E2 were particularly effective in quality. Using micronutrients and ethephon sustainably enhance wheat productivity under diverse environmental conditions.

ABSTRACT. Accurate prediction of coronal mass ejection arrival times is critical for space weather forecasting. This study critically analyzes 6 linear acceleration models to evaluate the embedded physical assumptions and uncertainties governing coronal mass ejection propagation. The models are evaluated across an initial velocity range of 100 to 3000 kilometers per second. Results indicate that these empirical representations of acceleration are strongly dependent on the heliospheric drag coefficient. The analysis reveals a notable point of maximum inter-model agreement near 700 km/s, where the models exhibit their minimum standard deviation of approximately 0.85 km/s². Conversely, systematic divergence among the models expands linearly at a rate of 1.197 kilometers per second squared per 100 kilometers per second increase in speed. At high speeds, the inter-model acceleration range reaches 35.92 km/s², indicating substantial divergence among the adopted formulations and uncertainty in their representation of interplanetary deceleration.

ABSTRACT. Background: Probiotic-loaded chitosan nanoparticles may enhance therapeutic and anticancer activity. Objective: To develop and characterize chitosan nanoparticles containing Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb-CNPs) and evaluate their cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity. Methods: Sb-CNPs were prepared using chitosan and sodium triphosphate. Their properties were characterized by AFM, FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, and FESEM. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in HeLa and normal HDF cells using the MTT assay, and antioxidant activity was assessed at concentrations. Results: Sb-CNPs were clustered, semi-spherical particles with an average diameter of 49.23 nm, confirming interaction between S. boulardii and chitosan. They showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against HeLa cells while maintaining about 98% HDF cell viability at high dilutions. At 125 and 250 µg/mL, Sb-CNPs showed greater cytotoxicity than chitosan alone. Antioxidant activity increased with concentration, reaching 33.8 ± 1.5% at 1000 µg/mL. Conclusion: Sb-CNPs showed promising anticancer and antioxidant activities with limited toxicity to normal cells, supporting their potential biomedical application.

ABSTRACT. This study examines the effects of calcination temperature and binder composition on the physical performance of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) concrete made with Iraqi kaolin. Kaolin calcined at 400 °C and 750 °C was incorporated into ternary binders containing Portland cement and limestone powder at different replacement levels. Cylindrical concrete specimens were immersed in water, chloride, or sulfate solutions and assessed for bulk density, water absorption, and volume of permeable voids. Among parameters, calcination temperature had the greatest influence on physical performance. Mixtures containing kaolin calcined at 750 °C generally exhibited lower water absorption and permeable void volumes than corresponding mixtures prepared with 400 °C kaolin. The C55L15HK30 mixture achieved the lowest permeable void volume among the LC3 mixtures. Overall, adequate thermal activation of Iraqi kaolin is essential for improving LC3 concrete performance, while optimized binder proportions can partially compensate for reduced clay reactivity.

ABSTRACT. Hard ticks significantly compromise sheep health and production, but relying on conventional acaricides leads to chemical resistance and harmful residues. To address this, a recent study evaluated the efficacy of chemically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against adult ticks collected from naturally infested sheep in Al-Hawija, Iraq. The ZnO-NPs, produced via chemical precipitation, were confirmed as crystalline with a mean size of 22.70 nm using XRD and SEM. Researchers conducted an adult immersion test exposing ticks to various concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 µg/mL) of ZnO-NPs, alongside diazinon and water controls. Results showed that tick mortality was significantly dependent on both concentration and exposure time. Notably, the highest concentration achieved complete mortality within 48 hours, while all concentrations reached maximum mortality by 90 hours. Ultimately, these findings highlight ZnO-NPs as a promising alternative acaricidal candidate requiring further standardized safety evaluations.

ABSTRACT. This exploratory study examined relationships between physical fitness and sensory-functional responses in 9 male goalball players with visual impairment. A descriptive correlational design was employed. Physical fitness was assessed by using the 35-m sprint, horizontal jump, forward throwing distance, throwing speed and shoulder flexibility while sensory-functional responses included tactile and auditory reaction times. Descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used at p < 0.05. Sprint time significantly associated with tactile (r = 0.68, p = 0.042) and auditory (r = 0.72, p = 0.029) reaction times. Horizontal jump significantly associated with auditory reaction time (r = −0.71, p = 0.031). Throwing speed significantly associated with tactile (r = −0.69, p = 0.038) and auditory (r = −0.74, p = 0.022) reaction times. These findings indicate selective associations between physical fitness and sensory-functional responses in this sample of goalball players supporting integrated physical and sensory-functional profiling.

ABSTRACT. A cross-sectional study conducted in Baghdad, Iraq, investigated the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Streptococcus species causing acute tonsillitis in 75 pediatric patients aged 2 to 14 years. Common presenting symptoms included sore throat (92%) and fever (84%). Microbiological culturing yielded 63 bacterial isolates, achieving an overall 84% positive rate. Identification revealed Streptococcus pyogenes as the primary pathogen (52.4%), while Streptococcus pneumoniae (28.6%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (11.1%) served as notable secondary etiologic agents. PCR-based assays targeting specific virulence and marker genes (ply, salA/salB, and fimA) allowed accurate species differentiation. All S. pyogenes isolates contained ply and salA/salB, with 87.9% carrying fimA. Conversely, S. pneumoniae isolates tested positive for ply but completely lacked fimA, facilitating reliable species distinction. Molecular diagnostics showed a 98% concordance with conventional microbiological methods. Ultimately, PCR assays offer rapid, accurate identification of pediatric streptococcal infections, essential for guiding targeted antimicrobial therapy and improving clinical outcomes.

ABSTRACT. This study examined the effect of implicit motor learning on three-point shooting , dribbling and passing under pressure in Under-16 basketball players. Forty male players trained for six weeks under implicit (environmental constraints dual tasks) or explicit (verbal biomechanical instructions) protocols with performance assessed at Pre-test, Post-test and Retention/Transfer phases using mixed-design ANOVA. Significant Group × Time interactions emerged (p < 0.001 , large effects). Both groups improved initially, but the Explicit Learning group showed substantial performance deterioration under transfer/pressure conditions with performance returning toward baseline levels in several outcomes whereas the Implicit Learning group maintained or further improved performance under these conditions.

ABSTRACT. The need for low-GWP refrigerants with reduced environmental impact has increased interest in alternatives for residential air conditioning and heat pumps. This study evaluates the thermodynamic performance and compressor operating parameters of an R1234yf/R744 blend in a 3.5 kW reversible VCR/heat pump system. An Aspen HYSYS model was used to examine the effects of R744 concentration and condenser temperature on COP, compressor work, volumetric capacity, discharge temperature, and pressure ratio. The model was validated against published experimental data for R1234yf, showing good agreement in compressor power, discharge pressure and temperature, cooling capacity, and COP. Increasing R744 generally reduced COP and increased compressor work but improved volumetric capacity. At 40 °C condenser temperature, volumetric capacity increased by approximately 116% in cooling and 178% in heating at the highest R744 concentration. However, higher R744 levels increased discharge temperature and compressor limitations, requiring a balance between environmental benefits, performance, and safe operation.