ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the interplay between the regular representation of ideals and the structure of semi-invertible ideals within the framework of Dedekind domains. The notion of regular representation, understood as a finite intersection of pairwise comaximal primary ideals, provides a powerful structural decomposition that captures the arithmetic essence of Dedekind domains. We establish a comprehensive characterization showing that an integral domain admits a regular representation for every ideal if and only if it is a Dedekind domain. Building on this characterization, our central contribution proves that every proper semi-invertible ideal in such a domain enjoys the two-generator property; that is, it can be generated by exactly two elements. Furthermore, we extend this result beyond the classical Dedekind setting to the broader class of rings with unique primary decomposition (general ZPI rings), demonstrating the robustness of the two-generator phenomenon. Several auxiliary results concerning comaximality, primary decomposition, and the preservation of semi-invertibility under standard ideal operations are also obtained, providing a unified perspective that links representation theory with the multiplicative ideal theory of Dedekind domains.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This study demonstrates the successful fabrication and systematic characterization of a 3D hierarchical NiCo2O4/ZnO p-n heterojunction platform designed for potential gas-sensing applications. The heterostructure was synthesized through a synergistic approach combining Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) and controlled Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) on n-type Si (111) substrates. FESEM analysis revealed a unique 3D porous architecture composed of interconnected nanosheets, a morphology directly governed by the observed current-drop kinetics during the electrochemical-assisted deposition. XRD patterns confirmed the crystallinity and phase stability of the spinel NiCo2O4 and wurtzite ZnO phases, suggesting the successful formation of a heterointerface. Furthermore, PL spectroscopy identified a high density of oxygen vacancies (Vo) in the optimized samples, which theoretically provide abundant active sites for gas adsorption. The integration of a high-surface-area 3D morphology with the favorable defect chemistry offers a robust foundation for charge carrier modulation. These findings highlight the potential of NiCo2O4/ZnO nanosheets as promising candidates for future high-performance environmental monitoring sensors.

ABSTRACT. Abstract To address the critical water requirements and the increasing salinity challenge in the Shatt Al-Arab region of Iraq, a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the full-scale EMHILA Reverse Osmosis (R.O) system was done. The implementation of a rigorous methodology, which included the consolidation of field operational data and the assessment of critical water quality parameters, such as TDS and hardness, at varying system stages. A thorough evaluation of the system's actual performance demonstrated that it is highly effective in the removal of salt and the production of water that meets established standards. In addition to a high Salt Rejection rate of 99.85%, the Recovery Rate was 55-60% and the Permeate Flux was 38.1lmh. Key operational indices were calculated. Additionally, the system's behaviour was modelled and anticipated under a variety of conditions using a simulation program (e.g., Winflows). A sensitivity analysis was conducted, which confirmed that the feed concentration () is the most critical factor. This challenge effects the system's efficiency in operating against potential salinity surges (which reached 4483 ppm during the study period) . The optimal system performance was attained at a feed flow rate of 6500 m^3/h (total plant feed flow rate) and a feed concentration of 6000 mg/l. This study offers valuable insights into the system's actual performance and potential, which promotes the sustainable provision of purified water in the region, reduces costs, and improves operational efficiency in response to the challenge of rising coastal salinity.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: In this work, the NO₂ gas-sensing behavior of flake-like NiCo₂O₄/ZnO, was investigated at relatively low operating temperatures of 100 and 200 °C. The sensing layer was fabricated on flake-like NiCo₂O₄ by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on chemical bath deposition (CBD) of ZnO. flake-like NiCo₂O₄/ZnO showing porous nanosheet morphology, moderate crystallinity, and moderate oxygen-vacancy-related defect density. The three-dimensional architecture provides open diffusion channels for NO₂ molecules, while the p-NiCo₂O₄/n-ZnO heterojunction promotes strong resistance modulation through interfacial depletion-layer variation. The sensor exhibited clear resistance modulation upon exposure to NO₂ at both 100 and 200 °C. Operation at 200 °C is expected to provide a better adsorption-desorption balance, faster recovery, and more reversible sensing behavior compared with 100 °C. The results indicate that the fabricated heterojunction is a promising low-temperature NO₂ sensing platform for environmental

ABSTRACT. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to systematically study the effects of Sc and Ga substitutional doping on the structural, and optical properties of an AlP nanosheet. The results show that both dopants effectively decrease the bandgap, from 2.35 eV in pristine AlP to 1.92 eV (Sc, 6%) and 2.19 eV (Ga, 6%). This bandgap narrowing is attributed to the hybridization of the dopant orbitals (Sc d-orbitals or Ga p-orbitals) with the Al-p and P-p states near the Fermi level. A striking dichotomy is observed in the vertical ionization potential (VIP), Ga doping reduces the VIP from 2.67 eV to 2.38 eV, whereas Sc doping dramatically increases it up to 4.30 eV, owing to the stabilizing effect of Sc d-orbitals. Electronic analysis confirms that both dopants lower the chemical hardness and increase the chemical softness, indicating enhanced chemical reactivity. Structurally, Ga doping preserves the planar hexagonal geometry with bond angles around 120⁰ and only minimal lattice expansion, while Sc doping induces significant distortions and a large increase in the supercell volume. Optically, Sc doping suppresses the dielectric function, refractive index (from 2.8 to 2.1), reflectivity (from 0.51 to 0.21) and optical conductivity, leading to a weaker optical response. In contrast, Ga doping maintains or slightly improves these properties, the refractive index increases from 2.8 to 2.9, the reflectivity peak rises from 0.51 to 0.53 and the optical conductivity remains essentially unchanged, indicating preserved charge carrier mobility. Therefore, Ga is structurally more compatible with the AlP lattice and preserves optical quality, whereas Sc, despite causing larger lattice strain and a weaker optical response, offers a unique way to significantly raise the VIP while still narrowing the bandgap. This comparative study establishes a solid theoretical basis for engineering AlP-based two-dimensional materials for advanced optoelectronic devices, UV detectors and solar energy harvesting through judicious selection of dopant (p-block Ga or d-block Sc) and concentration to effectively tune the electronic and optical properties of AlP nanosheets.

ABSTRACT. Polyimides can be considered as unique polymers due to their distinctive properties. Properties such as chemical stability, low dielectric constant, and high electrical resistivity have led to many applications in different disciplines and industrial areas. Aims: The present work aims to investigate the internal structure of polyimide theoretically (specifically PMDA-ODA) first, and then to calculate its structural properties. Parameters such as bond lengths, angles bonds, angles dihedrals, and the potential energy surface (PES) of the PI molecule. In addition, the charge distribution is considered using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO). The extracted results can evaluate the reliability of the DFT method when comparing the obtained results with empirical ones, which gives us a big picture of the mechanism of building the PI structure. All the mentioned parameters were calculated depending on B3LYP with a 6-311G (d,p) as a basis set. The Gaussian 09 Package is used to perform the calculations and visualized by GaussView06. The outcomes reveal the lengths of single C-C atom bonds outside of rings are longer than those of aromatic bonds. It is significant to note that C9, C10, C13, and C15 had the highest positive charges, and the oxygen atom electronegativity had almost identical values.

ABSTRACT. Polymer-modified concrete (PMC) has the potential to transform the construction sector by addressing structural and environmental challenges. This study aims to investigate the influence of adding a polymer modifier to concrete. Two modifiers were used, these being PVA and SBR. Concrete properties, including slump, density, and compressive strength were evaluated and the correlation between these key properties was also investigated. The results showed that the PVA modifier, after hardening, was able to produce a continuous polymer layer that effectively sealed the internal pores, recording an increase in density by 1.49% and a noteworthy increase in compressive strength by 23.73% compared to the reference. Furthermore, the PVA-modified concrete exhibited a 35.18% higher compressive strength than the SBR-modified concrete mix. However, this enhanced flowability was associated with increased air entrainment, requiring a higher dosage of defoamer than the other mixes.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the influence of Nano-Flint (NF) on the mechanical and physical performance of cement mortar containing 20% recycled cement mortar (RCM) as a partial replacement for natural sand. Nano-Flint was incorporated at 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of cement. Compressive strength, density, water absorption, Shore D hardness, and microstructural properties were evaluated. The results showed that Nano-Flint improved mortar performance compared with the recycled control mixture. The 1% NF mixture showed the highest density and compressive strength, while 2% NF recorded the lowest water absorption. Higher Nano-material dosage reduced performance due to particle agglomeration and non-uniform dispersion. The results confirm that Nano-Flint can improve recycled mortar properties and support sustainable construction applications.

ABSTRACT. The Artin indicator (Art.In.) and the cyclic decomposition (c.d.) for the group SL(2,3^7 ) surch in this work after secure the conjugacy classes (co.cl.), character table (ch.t.) of rational representations (r.rep.) and the induced (ind.) ch.t. for this group.

ABSTRACT. Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) locally known as Nile Rose has been recognized as an invasive aquatic weed that poses significant ecological and socio-economic threats to freshwater ecosystems. In this study the detection of Water Hyacinth and the mapping of its spatial distribution within the Tigris River in Baghdad Province, Iraq, were carried out using three spectral vegetation indices namely CI Green, EVI, and NDVI derived from Sentinel-2 MSI imagery A total of 48 cloud-free Sentinel-2 MSI scenes acquired during the summer season of 2024 (June–September) were processed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform River surface delineation was performed using the MNDWI index (> 0.05), and a 30-meter riparian buffer and floating vegetation island detection procedure were applied to define the final analysis mask Each spectral vegetation index was classified into five land cover classes to quantify the spatial extent of Water Hyacinth. Accuracy assessment was conducted using approximately 150 ground truth validation points, and it was recorded that the CI Green index achieved the highest Overall Accuracy (90.07%, κ = 0.8758 – Almost Perfect) outperforming EVI (80.79%, κ = 0.7601) and NDVI (47.33%, κ = 0.3421) It was further recorded that the CI Green index detected a total Water Hyacinth area of 0.1642 km² representing 4.93% of the analyzed river corridor. The results confirmed that the CI Green index is the most reliable spectral vegetation index for Water Hyacinth detection in the Tigris River and demonstrated the effectiveness of Sentinel-2 MSI imagery with a spatial resolution of 10 meters for aquatic weed monitoring in urban river systems.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces a new concept in module theory called Nearly Square Difference Absorbing (NSDA) submodules over a unitary module Τ on a commutative ring Ϝ with identity. The notion is motivated by limitations of square difference factor absorbing (sdf-Absorbing) submodules and provides a broader generalization that preserves key absorption properties. Several characterizations are obtained, particularly in multiplication modules using residual techniques. Moreover, a structural result is established showing that an ideal B is nearly square difference absorbing if and only if the submodule BΤ satisfies the NSDA property.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Hospital wastewater contains complex mixtures of biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical contaminants that pose significant environmental and public health risks and require effective treatment strategies. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of Ziziphus spina-christi bark in treating hospital wastewater and assessing its effect on physicochemical, microbiological, and heavy metal parameters. Wastewater samples were collected monthly from Tikrit Teaching Hospital and Salah Al-Din General Hospital between December 2024 and November 2025. Physicochemical, microbiological, and heavy metal analyses were performed using standard APHA methods, including AAS and MPN techniques. Laboratory-scale filtration experiments were conducted using dried Ziziphus spina-christi bark, and treatment efficiency was evaluated by comparing results before and after filtration. The results of this study demonstrated that treatment with Ziziphus spina-christi bark effectively improved all investigated wastewater quality parameters across the studied hospitals. Turbidity decreased by 31–42%, electrical conductivity by 4–14%, total suspended solids by 11–38%, and pH showed only slight reductions of 2–5%, indicating overall physicochemical stability. Chloride and sulphate ions were moderately removed with efficiencies of 5–18% and 9–15%, respectively. Heavy metal analysis revealed strong removal of iron (44–62%) and moderate removal of cadmium (36–50%), with higher efficiencies consistently observed at 120 min contact time. Microbiological results showed a significant reduction in total bacterial count ranging from 38% to 62% across all sites. In general, removal efficiency increased with increasing contact time and was higher in winter compared to summer.The current study was confirming the strong adsorption and antimicrobial potential of Ziziphus spina-christi bark as a low-cost natural treatment material for hospital wastewater.

ABSTRACT. Kesterite-based (CZTS) thin-film solar cells have emerged as a promising, constituent toxicity-free, and cost-effective alternative for next-generation photovoltaics due to their non-toxic constituents. This study investigates the performance optimization of an (ITO/ZnO/CdS/CZTS) heterojunction solar cell configuration using one-dimensional numerical simulation via the AFORS-HET software. The baseline simulation yielded a power conversion efficiency of )6.4%(, demonstrating strong alignment with practical experimental benchmarks. To systematically enhance the cell performance, the impact of operating temperature was analyzed, revealing that the optimal efficiency was achieved at standard room temperature )300 K). Thermal analysis exhibited a negative correlation, where elevated temperatures escalated the minority carrier saturation current, subsequently degrading the open-circuit voltage (Voc) . Furthermore, incorporating interface defect states with a density of Nt = 1016cm-3 induced severe recombination losses, which dropped the conversion efficiency to )4.97%(. Crucially, modifying the window layer architecture by omitting the ZnO buffer and deploying a single n-ITO transparent conductive oxide layer boosted the short-circuit current density (Jsc to 37.2 mA/cm (2, culminating in an optimized efficiency of )6.68% (due to enhanced electromagnetic radiation transmittance . The device performance was further refined by configuring the front contact work functions. Collectively, these findings provide critical insights into minimizing carrier recombination velocities, mitigating series-resistance-induced Ohmic losses, and accelerating the development of highly efficient, heavy-metal-free CZTS solar cells.

ABSTRACT. However, the automatics control of most real-time hybrid energy systems is a very challenging task due to unpredictability in various sources impacting dynamic system states. So conventional optimization methods usually suffer from balancing quality solutions and minimal cost of computation. An ML-HMPCS (Machine Learning-Assisted Hybrid Multi-Population Cuckoo Search) algorithm for optimal real-time operation and energy management of hydro-pumped systems with hybrid renewable sources has been developed. The proposed framework incorporates machine learning techniques into a multi-population cuckoo search method, to achieve the dramatic improvement of exploration capabilities by speeding up convergence which structures adaptive throughout the optimization process. This proposed strategy employs several populations that evolve simultaneously and communicate in between to maintain diversity while avoiding early convergence. Algorithms consist of machine learning models that predict fruitful areas in the search space and change their own parameters during optimization phases. Experimental results show that the proposed ML-HMPCS approach is more effective on optimization problems than traditional cuckoo search and other methods. The experimental results indicate that the proposed framework is a clever optimization tool for real-time decision-making in current renewable energy systems.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces and studies a new graph associated with the dihedral group D_(2p^2 ) corresponding to a prime value of p, called the order-based subgroup graph. The vertices of this graph are the subgroups of D_(2p^2 ),and two vertices are adjacent if one subgroup is properly contained in the other based on their ordersthe paper computes several important degree-based and distance-based topological indices for Γ(D_(2p^2 ) ) , including the Wiener index, first, second, and third Zagreb indices, Randić index, Forgotten index, the Atom–Bond Connectivity (ABC) index, Hosoya polynomial, and Schultz polynomial.Closed-form expressions for these indices in terms of the prime p are derived, providing a comprehensive topological characterization of graph generated from the subgroups of D_(2p^2 ). The obtained results contribute to the growing literature on subgroup graphs and graph invariants associated with finite algebraic structures.

ABSTRACT. Digital technology is being used for communication more and more these days. The emergence of broad applications of graph theory and its importance in various sciences opened the way for researchers to adopt it in the field of encryption. Application developers are always searching for new or improved encryption methods, even though there are many different types of algorithms. In this research, a modified cryptography system based on the idea from graph theory was considered. It converts the plaintext into a cycle graph and represents this graph in matrix form. A shared key, K, is used, which increases the complexity of the ciphertext, which is also represented as a graph.

ABSTRACT. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a prominent food additive that presents safety concerns regarding its effect on the central nervous system. This study investigated the alterations induced by MSG on dopamine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and lipid peroxidation in male albino rats, alongside evaluating the protective role of curcumin. Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned into four groups: a negative control, an MSG-treated group (200 mg/kg), an MSG plus curcumin group (200 mg/kg), and a curcumin-only group, receiving treatments for 60 consecutive days. Results revealed that MSG significantly decreased brain dopamine concentrations and AChE enzyme activity. Furthermore, MSG caused severe oxidative stress, demonstrated by a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain and serum. Conversely, supplementing MSG with curcumin significantly improved all parameters, restoring dopamine and AChE while reducing MDA levels. Curcumin's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects provide a potent protective mechanism against MSG-induced neurotoxicity.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effect of Nano-Green Alumina (NG) on the mechanical and physical properties of cement mortar incorporating 20% recycled cement mortar (RCM) as a partial replacement of natural sand. Nano-Green Alumina was added at 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of cement. The influence of NG on compressive strength, density, water absorption, and surface hardness was evaluated. The results showed that Nano-Green Alumina improved the performance of mortar containing recycled material compared with the control mortar. The highest compressive strength at 28 days was achieved with 1% NG, reaching 36 MPa, while the highest hardness value (83) was recorded at 3% NG. The enhanced performance is mainly attributed to accelerated cement hydration, pore refinement, and enhanced matrix densification. The results demonstrated that Nano-Green Alumina is an effective Nano-additive for developing sustainable recycled cement mortar with enhanced physical and mechanical performance.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films, containing (0, 2, and 4) wt.% Sb were successfully fabricated on heated glass substrates through the spray pyrolysis method, followed by annealing at 500 oC. The influence of Sb doping on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed that annealing at 500 oC successfully transformed the as-deposited Cd(OH)2 phase into phase-pure polycrystalline cubic structure of CdO thin films with preferred (111) plane orientation. increasing Sb content decreased the crystallite size from 83.16 nm to 50.61 nm and increased lattice distortion and dislocation density. AFM observation showed a compact nanostructured surface with noticeable changes in grain size and surface roughness depending on the dopant concentration, Optical measurements indicated enhanced absorption and a gradual narrowing in optical band gap from 2.61 eV for undoped CdO film to 2.22 eV for 4 wt.% Sb-doped film. These results indicate that Sb incorporation is an effective route for tuning the properties of CdO thin films for transparent conducting oxides and other applications.

ABSTRACT. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the resolution of the Weyl module over a field of characteristic zero for the particular case of the Skew-Partition (10, 4,3)/(1,0). The construction is carried out through repeated application of the mapping cone technique, a device borrowed from homological algebra. The principal feature of this approach is that it permits the characteristic-zero resolution, together with its terms and its exactness, to be obtained in a direct manner and in complete independence from the characteristic-free resolution of the Weyl module associated with the same partition. In this way, the desired results are established without any reliance whatsoever on the characteristic-free case for the Skew- Partition (10, 4,3)/(1,0).

ABSTRACT. Background: Breast cancer is one of the most widespread malignant tumors among women. The development of breast cancer is due to the interaction of genetic, hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors, leading together to molecular and cellular changes which contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Material and Method: The study included (80) adult women volunteers, aged 30-60 years, who were divided into a patient group (P), divided into G1, G2, G3, and G4 (20) per group, breast cancer confirmed by a specialist oncology doctor, and a healthy volunteer control group. Blood samples were collected at Kirkuk Oncology Center/ Kirkuk/ Iraq, during the period October 2025 to January 2026. Results: The outcome of the current study serum analyzed by ELIZA, showed a significant increase in interleukin-17 (IL-17), and a significant decrease in IL37 level, and a significant increase in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) (P<0.0001) in the patient group (P), of breast cancer, compared to the control group (C). The results between the patient groups (age groups) revealed a significant decrease in the level of interleukin-17 in the G2 group (40-49) age, a significant decrease in interleukin-37 in the G1 group (30-39) age, and a significant increase in transforming growth factor Beta (TGF-beta) in the G1 group (30-39) age (P<0.05). Conclusion: the study demonstrated significantly increase in interleukin 17 (IL-17) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and significantly decrease in interleukin 37 (IL-37) in the patient group, while between patient groups, revealed significant decrease in the interleukin-17 in the G2 group (40-49) age, a significant decrease in interleukin-37 in the G1 group (30-39) age, and a significant increase in transforming growth factor Beta (TGF-beta) in the G1 group (30-39) age. These findings highlight the role of immune cytokines in breast cancer pathogenesis and suggest their potential use as biomarkers for disease monitoring. Further large-scale studies are recommended.

ABSTRACT. We study two fundamental operations on free graphic subarrangements of the braid arrangement A_n: the extension (addition of a hyperplane) and the deletion (removal of a hyperplane). For extensions, we prove that A_(G∪{e}) is free if and only if G∪{e} is chordal. For deletions, we prove the stronger result that A_(G\{e}) is always free for every e ∈ E(G), with no combinatorial condition required. Together these results characterize the simplicial complex Δ_n of free graphic subarrangements, identify minimal non-free extensions as those creating induced 4-cycles, and provide a complete projective dimension formula., detailed proofs, and algorithmic applications are included. The proposed framework also provides a theoretical basis for graph-based computational methods in applied mathematics and combinatorial optimization.

ABSTRACT. The general linear group GL(n,F) is important for all topics in algebra because it is a concrete group the dimension of it is n2. Determined the kernel of its determinant map (from this group to its fiels except the zero element) of dimension n2 – 1 which is the non Abelian normal subgroup the special linear group SL(n,F), by the first isomorphism theorem we gain that GL(n,F)/ SL(n,F)  F\{0} . In this work we take it of degree 2 over the field pk where p is prime odd number and k is even number, the group operation for each is the matrix multiplication. The first computing in this work design algorithm for computing the character table (char.tab.) of rational representations (rat.repr.) for the group SL(2,p^k ) with p is odd prime number and k is even number, also we gain the general form for the indu. char. for the group SL(2,5^n ) where n is even number and for the group SL(2,5^6 ) we find the conjugacy classes (con.cla.), the char. and the cyclic decomposition (cy.deco.), also we find the Artin exponent (Ar.exp.) after we find the induced (indu.) char. For this group.

ABSTRACT. This study examined the effects of adding tungsten trioxide nanoparticles (WO3-NPs) to an Polyester resin matrix at different weight percentages (5–25 wt%) for gamma radiation shielding applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the structure. The results showed that pure Polyester was amorphous and that crystalline monoclinic WO3 peaks appeared. These peaks were more intense as the filler amount rose. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis of surface morphology revealed a uniform distribution of WO3-NPs at lower concentrations, but higher concentrations caused agglomeration and the return of nano cracks Gamma attenuation performance was tested using Am-241 (60 keV), Cs-137 (662 keV), and Ra-226 (1120 keV) sources. The study found that WO₃ addition considerably increased the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) for all gamma energies. The shielding efficiency of a 0.5 cm thick sample increased from 6.46%, 3.79%, and 1.58% for pure Polyester to 38.35%, 19.12%, and 9.81%, respectively. These results indicated the composites' increased shielding capabilities, particularly at lower gamma energies. The current results demonstrated competitive attenuation with earlier investigations at lower filler concentrations, emphasizing the promise of WO3 as a practical, lead-free option for radiation shielding applications.

ABSTRACT. HS-open sets constitute a new class of generalized open sets introduced in the framework of bi topological spaces. This study investigates their fundamental properties and establishes their relationships with pairwise cl open sets. Several examples and counterexamples are presented to illustrate the behavior of HS-open sets and to demonstrate that certain classical topological properties are not necessarily preserved within this generalized setting. In addition, the notions of HS-open sets, HS-interior, HS-exterior, HS-boundary, and HS-closure are defined and systematically examined. Various characterizations and basic properties of these concepts are obtained, extending a number of classical topological results to the HS-framework. The study also explores the interactions among these operators and provides several results that contribute to a deeper understanding of generalized openness in bi topological spaces. The findings of this work offer a broader framework for the study of generalized open sets and related topological structures in bi topological spaces, opening new avenues for further research in generalized bi topological systems.

ABSTRACT. Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is one of the popular methods of researching methods, which are used for solving many optimization problems. In many nonlinear and complex optimizations, the algorithm performs better. But GSA has some drawbacks including in local search weakness and speed in search to get convergence. GSA performance is based on population characteristics using gravitational constant to determine step size movement of agents. Formally, if they have constant scaling, then can be modeled as an exponentially decaying function depending on iteration. The process gravitational constant is not significantly updated through iterations. It makes it inflexible and slow to converge. To compensate for this weakness of GSA and speed up the algorithm, this paper presents a modification of GSA by initializing a NN based dynamic tuning mechanism of the. It focuses on a trade-off between exploration and exploitation better using a neural network and this ultimately reduces the time and also enhances the solution quality. This method is tested with combinatorial optimization problems using hypervolume indicator and demonstrates better performance than standard GSA on benchmark datasets. Enhancing gravitational search algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems: a case study on neural networks and gravitational constant.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This work's main aim is to investigate the effect of microwave irradiation power on the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 ferrite, synthesized by microwave-assisted combustion. The structural, optical, and magnetic properties of all as-synthesized samples were studied using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. Phase impurity: the cubic spinel phase is confirmed, with crystallite size increasing from 29.53 nm to 36.96 nm at microwave powers of 500 W and 1000 W, respectively. The FE-SEM image reveals that the particles are on a nanoscale. They are agglomerated, porous, and have very high surface energy. From UV-Vis analysis it is observed that the optical band gap changes from 3.1 to 3.8 eV at rise microwave irradiation power from 500watt to 1000watt respectively, the magnetic measurements showed that the saturation magnetization was found to decrease from (37.93 to 33.91 emu/g) with values of the coercivity (499.31 to 939.35 Oe) when at rise microwave irradiation power from 500watt to 1000watt respectively, which means that the samples are a soft ferrite

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT: The highlights of this paper include the oscillatory properties of second-order Emden–Fowler delay difference equations. The current work considered the oscillation and the asymptotic behavior of a second order nonlinear neutral difference equation with forcing term. We have achieved efficient and effective results in obtaining the qualitative properties that are the oscillation property and the asymptotic behavior of this type of equations. In addition, we have provided practical examples that prove the accuracy and applicability of the results

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effect of sintering at 700 °C and compositional changes on the structural and mechanical properties of (Ni-Cr-Fe) alloys prepared using powder metallurgy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed no new phase formation, while the increased peak sharpness and decreased full width at half maximum (FWHM) values after sintering indicated improved crystallinity and increased crystal size. Optical microscopy revealed a decrease in grain size in sample (A) from 145 μm to 95 nm, while grain growth was observed in samples (B) and (C). The Vickers hardness increased in sample (A) from 243.9 to 263.7 HV, decreased slightly in sample (B), and remained almost constant in sample (C). The wear rate decreased in samples (A) and (B) but increased in sample (C). Overall, sample (A) showed the best performance in terms of hardness and fine structure after sintering, while sample (B) showed superior resistance to the rate of wear due to its balanced properties, while the performance of sample (C) was less efficient after sintering as a result of increased granular growth.

ABSTRACT. New concepts of fibrewise topolobical spaces atop M are defne and study, namely fibrewise intuitionistic topological spaces atop M Also the fibrewise intuitionistic closed and intuitionistic open topological spaces atop M are president and study. Furthermore prove several proposition concerning with these notions.

ABSTRACT. In this study, three samples of the tertiary (Co–Cr–Mo) alloy system (samples A, B, and C) were prepared with different chromium compositions while maintaining constant cobalt and molybdenum ratios in each sample. Powder metallurgy was used, whereby the element powders were mixed and compacted, then sintered at (700°C) for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the main crystalline phases (HCP) of cobalt and (BCC) of both chromium and molybdenum remained stable before and after sintering for chromium and molybdenum. However, cobalt changed to (FCC) as a result of exposure to the sintering temperature, with a clear improvement in peak intensity and sharpness after sintering, indicating increased crystallinity and lattice regularity. Optical microscopy results also showed a significant improvement in the microstructure after sintering, characterized by increased grain homogeneity, improved intergranular bonding, and reduced porosity. Sample (C) exhibited the best microstructure. In terms of grain size and uniformity, the results showed a significant increase in Vickers hardness after sintering for all samples, with sample (C) achieving the highest hardness value due to its smaller grain size and improved density. Conversely, the wear rate results showed that sample (B) exhibited the best wear resistance after sintering, highlighting the importance of balancing hardness and toughness, as increased hardness does not necessarily translate to improved wear resistance. Overall, the results demonstrate that the sintering process plays a pivotal role in controlling the properties of Co–Cr–Mo alloys, and achieving optimal performance requires a precise balance between microstructure and mechanical properties. Sample (C) excelled in both hardness and microstructure, while sample (B) demonstrated superior wear resistance.

ABSTRACT. A number of novel phosphazene compounds including chlorinated azo groups have been fabricated and subjected to flame-retardant admittance for industrial construction materials. The compounds were synthesized using nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with chlorinated azo phenols. Their chemical structures were confirmed by FTIR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and elemental (CHN) measurements. The synthesized phosphazene derivatives were incorporated into epoxy, polyurethane primer, and styrene–butadiene rubber (XSBR) at different weight percentages (1–5 wt.%). Flame-retardant performance was measured using the ASTM horizontal burning test. Burning time, insulation index, erosion rate, residual weight after combustion, flame height, and average burning length were determined. Results showed that all prepared phosphazene compounds substantially improved flame-retardant performance for the tested materials. The compound with the highest chlorine content achieved the largest improvements in terms of burning time and insulation index, erosion rate, and flame propagation. These results demonstrate that chlorinated phosphazene derivatives emerge as promising flame-retardant additives for polymeric construction materials.

ABSTRACT. HS-open sets introduce and additional framework within the family of generalized open sets defined on bitpological spaces. This study examines their essential characteristics and clarifies how they interact with several existing forms of generalized open sets. Building on the concept of HS-open sets, the study develops a new framework of separation axioms by introducing the notions of HS-Hausdorff, (HS-T₂), HS-regular, and HS-normal spaces, together with their fundamental properties and relationships with the corresponding classical bito. sp. In addition, the concept of HS-continuous functions is introduced, and several characterizations and preservation results are established. These findings extend the theory of generalized openness and provide a broader foundation for the study of separation axioms and continuity in bito. sp.

ABSTRACT. In this work, some new benzodioxolyl isoxazoline and benzodioxolyl isoxazole derivatives (a1-4) have been synthesized from cyclization of some chalcones successfully. The cycloaddition reaction of the chalcones was carried out by adding hydroxy amine hydrochloride to them resulting in isoxazole or isoxazline formation. The prepared compounds have been confirmed in terms of the structure characterization depending on the spectral data, using FT-IR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial towards Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacteria) and pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (gram negative bacteria). Additionally, the free radical scavenging activity of the synthesized isoxazoline and isoxazole (a1-4) were assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as antioxidant. The results showed a lack for the antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This is could be related to penetrating of bacterial cellular targets insufficiently and the absence of active centers in isoxazoline and isoxazole structure for binding with bacteria’s outer cell efficiently. In the case of antioxidant test, the reason can be described to unavailability of some good electron-releasing substituents such (SH, NH, OH) having the ability to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons efficiently to neutralize free radicals. These isoxazole and isoxazline derivatives don’t give any promise about active biomaterial characteristics, only (a4) demonstrated antioxidant activity at high concentrations.

ABSTRACT. In this work, the problem of collision avoidance was considered among a set of multiple robots operating in a common environment. For engineering convenience and to capture its dimensions and external boundaries accurately, each robot is represented with convex polygons. In different situations, the proposed method continuously computes the distances between robots, e.g., head-to-head, head-to-edge, and edge-to-edge distances. This means that possible collisions can be detected before they happen. If a hazard is detected or the distance between two robots approaches the safe limit, then a collision avoidance algorithm is applied. In this algorithm, the orientation of one of the robots is changed at a proper angle, and its path is redirected out of the hazard zone with smooth motion and minimum deviation from the original path. The proposed method helps to improve safety and efficiency in multi-agent robotic systems and can be used for autonomous navigation and intelligent systems that need multiple robots to move in a synchronized and safe manner within a shared work environment.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Background: Tonsillitis is one of the most frequently occurring upper respiratory tract illness in children and adults. Objectives: This study was conducted to detect the virulence gene (SAP10) and (scpA) and identification of Candida albicans and Streptococcus pyogenes by phenotypic and molecular techniques. Materials and methods: In 200 tonsillar swab samples were taken from patients who had acute, chronic and recurrent tonsillitis. Also 20 samples of the tonsils were taken from healthy people who were used as a control group. The genomic DNA was isolated by Wizard Genomic DNA purification kit (Promega, Madison, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. Five molecularly confirmed DNA Candida albicans (SAP10) isolates were selected, and the gene was amplified by PCR. Five molecularly confirmed S. pyogenes were also analysed for the presence of the scpA gene.. Results: PCR analysis revealed the presence of the Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase 10 (SAP10) gene in Candida albicans (100%) and streptococcal C5a peptidase (scpA)gene for Streptococcus pyogenes (100%). Conclusion: PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the (SAP10) gene in all examined Candida albicans isolates and the scpA gene in all examined Streptococcus pyogenes isolates, indicating the potential role of these virulence genes in tonsillitis

ABSTRACT. This study employed solar-cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) simulation to investigate the effects of bulk defect concentration, absorber thickness, and operating temperature on the carrier lifetime, current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics, quantum efficiency (QE), and photovoltaic parameters (Voc, Jsc, FF, and η) of SnS₂/ZnSnN₂/Cu₂O solar cells. Increasing the bulk defect concentration from 10¹² to 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ reduced the carrier lifetime from 10⁵ ns to 10 ns and decreased the efficiency from 33.38% to 19.91% due to enhanced SRH recombination. The optimum ZnSnN₂ absorber thickness was found to be 0.8 µm, yielding Voc = 0.981 V, Jsc = 31.71 mA cm⁻², FF = 84.90%, and η = 26.44%. Thermal analysis (273–333 K) showed a decrease in efficiency from 27.89% to 24.63%, while QE remained nearly unchanged. These findings identify the critical design limits and demonstrate the potential of SnS₂/ZnSnN₂/Cu₂O solar cells for stable high-performance photovoltaic applications.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effect of tungsten oxide (WO₃) doping on the optical properties of yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) thin films. The films were prepared by the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique using WO₃ doping concentrations of (0, 3, 6, and 9 wt%), followed by annealing at (600°C) for two hours. The optical properties were evaluated using UV–Visible spectroscopy over an appropriate wavelength range. The obtained results revealed that the incorporation of WO₃ significantly influenced the optical behavior of the Y₂O₃ thin films. The absorbance increased with increasing WO₃ content, whereas the transmittance decreased compared with the undoped film. Furthermore, the optical band gap exhibited noticeable changes, ranging from (2.480 eV) for the pure film to (2.504, 2.172, and 2.138 eV) for the films doped with (0, 3, 6, and 9 wt%) WO₃, respectively. These variations indicate that tungsten oxide modifies the electronic structure of Y₂O₃ by introducing localized energy states within the band gap, thereby enhancing light absorption. The findings demonstrate that WO₃-doped Y₂O₃ thin films exhibit improved optical characteristics, making them promising candidates for various optoelectronic applications, particularly in solar energy conversion and optical sensing devices.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The effect of substitution of Co+2 by Ni+2 on the structural, magnetic and optical properties of as-synthesized Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 samples were investigated. Synthesized samples were analyzed through various experimental techniques. The formation of phase cubic spinel structure is confirmed with a crystallite size first increased up to δ=0.2 then decrease at δ = 0.6 . The FE-SEM image demonstrates that the particles in nanoscale are agglomerated, high surface energy and exhibiting porosity. Analysis of optical properties observed that the optical band gap increase at δ=0.2 then it is decrease at δ=0.6. It was found that this substitution enables variable modifications to cobalt zinc ferrite's magnetic properties. Notably, saturation magnetization increases with an increase in Ni+2 substitution, enabling adjustable modifications in magnetic properties of cobalt zinc ferrite.