ABSTRACT. Abstract To address the critical water requirements and the increasing salinity challenge in the Shatt Al-Arab region of Iraq, a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the full-scale EMHILA Reverse Osmosis (R.O) system was done. The implementation of a rigorous methodology, which included the consolidation of field operational data and the assessment of critical water quality parameters, such as TDS and hardness, at varying system stages. A thorough evaluation of the system's actual performance demonstrated that it is highly effective in the removal of salt and the production of water that meets established standards. In addition to a high Salt Rejection rate of 99.85%, the Recovery Rate was 55-60% and the Permeate Flux was 38.1lmh. Key operational indices were calculated. Additionally, the system's behaviour was modelled and anticipated under a variety of conditions using a simulation program (e.g., Winflows).

ABSTRACT. Abstract: In this work, the NO₂ gas-sensing behavior of flake-like NiCo₂O₄/ZnO, was investigated at relatively low operating temperatures of 100 and 200 °C. The sensing layer was fabricated on flake-like NiCo₂O₄ by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on chemical bath deposition (CBD) of ZnO. flake-like NiCo₂O₄/ZnO showing porous nanosheet morphology, moderate crystallinity, and moderate oxygen-vacancy-related defect density. The three-dimensional architecture provides open diffusion channels for NO₂ molecules, while the p-NiCo₂O₄/n-ZnO heterojunction promotes strong resistance modulation through interfacial depletion-layer variation. The sensor exhibited clear resistance modulation upon exposure to NO₂ at both 100 and 200 °C. Operation at 200 °C is expected to provide a better adsorption-desorption balance, faster recovery, and more reversible sensing behavior compared with 100 °C. The results indicate that the fabricated heterojunction is a promising low-temperature NO₂ sensing platform for environmental

ABSTRACT. In this work, DFT calculations were used to study Sc and Ga substitutional doping effects on the structural and optical properties of an AlP nanosheet. Both dopants decrease the bandgap from 2.35 eV to 1.92 eV (Sc, 6%) and 2.19 eV (Ga, 6%). Ga doping reduces the VIP from 2.67 eV to 2.38 eV, while Sc doping increases it to 4.30 eV. Both dopants lower chemical hardness and increase softness. Structurally, Ga preserves the planar hexagonal geometry, while Sc induces significant distortions. Optically, Sc suppresses the dielectric function, refractive index (2.8 to 2.1), and reflectivity (0.51 to 0.21). In contrast, Ga maintains or slightly improves these properties. Therefore, Ga is more compatible with the AlP lattice, while Sc offers a way to raise the VIP while narrowing the bandgap. This study provides a basis for engineering AlP-based 2D materials for optoelectronic devices.

ABSTRACT. Polymer-modified concrete (PMC) has the potential to transform the construction sector by addressing structural and environmental challenges. This study aims to investigate the influence of adding a polymer modifier to concrete. Two modifiers were used, these being PVA and SBR. Concrete properties, including slump, density, and compressive strength were evaluated and the correlation between these key properties was also investigated. The results showed that the PVA modifier, after hardening, was able to produce a continuous polymer layer that effectively sealed the internal pores, recording an increase in density by 1.49% and a noteworthy increase in compressive strength by 23.73% compared to the reference. Furthermore, the PVA-modified concrete exhibited a 35.18% higher compressive strength than the SBR-modified concrete mix. However, this enhanced flowability was associated with increased air entrainment, requiring a higher dosage of defoamer than the other mixes.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide. The induction of apoptosis is an important therapeutic strategy for controlling tumour progression. Probiotic bacteria, particularly Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, have attracted considerable attention because of their potential anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of live and heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum bacteria and their extracellular compounds on the expression of apoptosis-related genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The MCF-7 cells were treated with live bacterial cells (LB), heat-killed bacterial cells (HKB), and extracellular compounds of L. plantarum. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed into cDNA, and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The gene expression of caspase 9, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3 in MCF-7 cells treated with Lactobacillus plantarum (live, heat-killed, and extracellular compounds) was determined by qRT-PCR using SYBR Green Master Mix, and GADPH expression was used as a housekeeping gene. Treatment with L.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the influence of Nano-Flint (NF) on the mechanical and physical performance of cement mortar containing 20% recycled cement mortar (RCM) as a partial replacement for natural sand. Nano-Flint was incorporated at 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of cement. Compressive strength, density, water absorption, Shore D hardness, and microstructural properties were evaluated. The results showed that Nano-Flint improved mortar performance compared with the recycled control mixture. The 1% NF mixture showed the highest density and compressive strength, while 2% NF recorded the lowest water absorption. Higher Nano-material dosage reduced performance due to particle agglomeration and non-uniform dispersion. The results confirm that Nano-Flint can improve recycled mortar properties and support sustainable construction applications.

ABSTRACT. The Artin indicator (Art.In.) and the cyclic decomposition (c.d.) for the group SL(2,3^7 ) surch in this work after secure the conjugacy classes (co.cl.), character table (ch.t.) of rational representations (r.rep.) and the induced (ind.) ch.t. for this group.

ABSTRACT. Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) locally known as Nile Rose has been recognized as an invasive aquatic weed that poses significant ecological and socio-economic threats to freshwater ecosystems. In this study the detection of Water Hyacinth and the mapping of its spatial distribution within the Tigris River in Baghdad Province, Iraq, were carried out using three spectral vegetation indices namely CI Green, EVI, and NDVI derived from Sentinel-2 MSI imagery A total of 48 cloud-free Sentinel-2 MSI scenes acquired during the summer season of 2024 (June–September) were processed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform River surface delineation was performed using the MNDWI index (> 0.05), and a 30-meter riparian buffer and floating vegetation island detection procedure were applied to define the final analysis mask Each spectral vegetation index was classified into five land cover classes to quantify the spatial extent of Water Hyacinth.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces a new concept in module theory called Nearly Square Difference Absorbing (NSDA) submodules over a unitary module Τ on a commutative ring Ϝ with identity. The notion is motivated by limitations of square difference factor absorbing (sdf-Absorbing) submodules and provides a broader generalization that preserves key absorption properties. Several characterizations are obtained, particularly in multiplication modules using residual techniques. Moreover, a structural result is established showing that an ideal B is nearly square difference absorbing if and only if the submodule BΤ satisfies the NSDA property.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Hospital wastewater contains complex mixtures of biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical contaminants that pose significant environmental and public health risks and require effective treatment strategies. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of Ziziphus spina-christi bark in treating hospital wastewater and assessing its effect on physicochemical, microbiological, and heavy metal parameters. Wastewater samples were collected monthly from Tikrit Teaching Hospital and Salah Al-Din General Hospital between December 2024 and November 2025. Physicochemical, microbiological, and heavy metal analyses were performed using standard APHA methods, including AAS and MPN techniques. Laboratory-scale filtration experiments were conducted using dried Ziziphus spina-christi bark, and treatment efficiency was evaluated by comparing results before and after filtration. The results of this study demonstrated that treatment with Ziziphus spina-christi bark effectively improved all investigated wastewater quality parameters across the studied hospitals.

ABSTRACT. This article reviews the current global and Iraqi investigations on the application of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Water Quality Index (WQI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for the monitoring of water quality of Euphrates River in Iraq. The research is connected with the evaluation of the efficiency of satellite imaging, geographical analysis and machine learning algorithms to identify river pollution and environmental conditions evaluation. We studied the multiple satellite platforms (Landsat, Sentinel) for critical indicators of water quality, including turbidity, salinity, dissolved solids, suspended particles, sulfate and heavy metals. Research also studied the application of sophisticated AI models like Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks to increase the prediction accuracy of water contamination characteristics. The research investigated showed that the quality of the water of the Euphrates River has degraded dramatically especially in the urban and industrial downstream sections.

ABSTRACT. In this study, two novel ciprofloxacin derivatives, C4-P and C4-M, were successfully synthesized and structurally characterized using FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopy. Evaluation of their biological profiles revealed that C4-P possesses remarkable antibiofilm activity, effectively penetrating the biofilm matrix, preventing bacterial adhesion, and disrupting established biofilm architecture. Crystal violet staining assays demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in biofilm biomass for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Notably, at a concentration of 80 µg/mL, C4-P reduced the OD595 values to 0.14±2.13 for S.aureus. and 0.28± 2.10.for E. coli, respectively, achieving over 90% inhibition of biofilm formation. Furthermore, antioxidant assays indicated that both C4-M and C4-P exhibit dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity across a 20–80 μg/mL concentration range. C4-M yielded scavenging activities of 42.00%, 58.00%, 74.00%, and 79.50%, while C4-P demonstrated marginally higher efficacy at 44.00%, 59.00%, 75.00%, and 80.00%, respectively.

ABSTRACT. Real-time energy management of hybrid renewable energy systems is challenging due to the variability of energy sources and the computational limitations of conventional optimization methods. This study proposes a Machine Learning-Assisted Hybrid Multi-Population Cuckoo Search (ML-HMPCS) algorithm for optimal real-time operation and energy management of pumped-hydro systems integrated with renewable energy sources. The proposed approach combines machine learning with multi-population cuckoo search to enhance exploration, accelerate convergence, and adapt optimization parameters dynamically. Multiple interacting populations maintain solution diversity and reduce premature convergence, while machine learning models identify promising search regions and guide parameter adjustments. Experimental results indicate that ML-HMPCS outperforms conventional cuckoo search and other optimization methods in solution quality and convergence efficiency. The proposed framework offers a promising approach for intelligent real-time decision-making and efficient energy management in hybrid renewable energy systems.

ABSTRACT. Using waste materials can contribute to reducing environmental impacts by providing alternative waste management strategies worldwide. Waste materials like chestnut shells and walnut shells were used as powder for reinforcement oil-well cement (OWC). The chestnut shells and walnut shells waste powder were added separately into OWC at 5,10, and 15 wt.% to evaluate their influence on properties of cement. The particle size analysis was done; X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used to analysis the chemical compounds. Thickening Time Testing (TTT), dry density, porosity, and compression resistance were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphology of the additives alone and the additives with cement. The results shown that the addition of waste materials significantly improves the properties of the oil-well cement by reducing porosity while the density, compressive strength were increased. Overall, the properties of oil-well cement modified with addition of walnut shells better than chestnut shells.

ABSTRACT. Digital technology is being used for communication more and more these days. The emergence of broad applications of graph theory and its importance in various sciences opened the way for researchers to adopt it in the field of encryption. Application developers are always searching for new or improved encryption methods, even though there are many different types of algorithms. In this research, a modified cryptography system based on the idea from graph theory was considered. It converts the plaintext into a cycle graph and represents this graph in matrix form. A shared key, K, is used, which increases the complexity of the ciphertext, which is also represented as a graph.

ABSTRACT. Methotrexate is a widely used antimetabolite drug limited by dose-dependent toxicity mainly caused by oxidative stress and organ damage. Objectives: This study aims to biosynthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Beta vulgaris extract and evaluate their protective effects against MTX-induced toxicity in rats through oxidative stress. Sixty male rats were divided into ten groups (G1 control, G2 MTX, G3 ZnO-NPs, G4 MTX+ZnO-NPs, G5 beetroot extract, G6 MTX+beetroot 100 mg/kg, G7 beetroot 200 mg/kg, G8 MTX+beetroot 200 mg/kg, G9 MTX+nanocomposite 100 mg/kg, G10 MTX+nanocomposite 200 mg/kg). Beetroot extract was prepared from Beta vulgaris and used for green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, which were characterized by UV–Vis, SEM, and zeta potential analysis. ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized using Beta vulgaris extract exhibited a UV–Vis absorption peak at ~270 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation, with a zeta potential of −16.7 ± 0.0 mV indicating moderate colloidal stability.

ABSTRACT. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a prominent food additive that presents safety concerns regarding its effect on the central nervous system. This study investigated the alterations induced by MSG on dopamine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and lipid peroxidation in male albino rats, alongside evaluating the protective role of curcumin. Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned into four groups: a negative control, an MSG-treated group (200 mg/kg), an MSG plus curcumin group (200 mg/kg), and a curcumin-only group, receiving treatments for 60 consecutive days. Results revealed that MSG significantly decreased brain dopamine concentrations and AChE enzyme activity. Furthermore, MSG caused severe oxidative stress, demonstrated by a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain and serum. Conversely, supplementing MSG with curcumin significantly improved all parameters, restoring dopamine and AChE while reducing MDA levels. Curcumin's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects provide a potent protective mechanism against MSG-induced neurotoxicity.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films, containing (0, 2, and 4) wt.% Sb were successfully fabricated on heated glass substrates through the spray pyrolysis method, followed by annealing at 500 oC. The influence of Sb doping on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed that annealing at 500 oC successfully transformed the as-deposited Cd(OH)2 phase into phase-pure polycrystalline cubic structure of CdO thin films with preferred (111) plane orientation. increasing Sb content decreased the crystallite size from 83.16 nm to 50.61 nm and increased lattice distortion and dislocation density.

ABSTRACT. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the resolution of the Weyl module over a field of characteristic zero for the particular case of the Skew-Partition (10, 4,3)/(1,0). The construction is carried out through repeated application of the mapping cone technique, a device borrowed from homological algebra. The principal feature of this approach is that it permits the characteristic-zero resolution, together with its terms and its exactness, to be obtained in a direct manner and in complete independence from the characteristic-free resolution of the Weyl module associated with the same partition. In this way, the desired results are established without any reliance whatsoever on the characteristic-free case for the Skew- Partition (10, 4,3)/(1,0).

ABSTRACT. Background: Breast cancer is one of the most widespread malignant tumors among women. The development of breast cancer is due to the interaction of genetic, hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors, leading together to molecular and cellular changes which contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Material and Method: The study included (80) adult women volunteers, aged 30-60 years, who were divided into a patient group (P), divided into G1, G2, G3, and G4 (20) per group, breast cancer confirmed by a specialist oncology doctor, and a healthy volunteer control group. Blood samples were collected at Kirkuk Oncology Center/ Kirkuk/ Iraq, during the period October 2025 to January 2026. Results: The outcome of the current study serum analyzed by ELIZA, showed a significant increase in interleukin-17 (IL-17), and a significant decrease in

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effect of Nano-Green Alumina (NG) on the mechanical and physical properties of cement mortar incorporating 20% recycled cement mortar (RCM) as a partial replacement of natural sand. Nano-Green Alumina was added at 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of cement. The influence of NG on compressive strength, density, water absorption, and surface hardness was evaluated. The results showed that Nano-Green Alumina improved the performance of mortar containing recycled material compared with the control mortar. The highest compressive strength at 28 days was achieved with 1% NG, reaching 36 MPa, while the highest hardness value (83) was recorded at 3% NG. The enhanced performance is mainly attributed to accelerated cement hydration, pore refinement, and enhanced matrix densification. The results demonstrated that Nano-Green Alumina is an effective Nano-additive for developing sustainable recycled cement mortar with enhanced physical and mechanical performance.

ABSTRACT. We study two fundamental operations on free graphic subarrangements of the braid arrangement A_n: the extension (addition of a hyperplane) and the deletion (removal of a hyperplane). For extensions, we prove that A_(G∪{e}) is free if and only if G∪{e} is chordal. For deletions, we prove the stronger result that A_(G\{e}) is always free for every e ∈ E(G), with no combinatorial condition required. Together these results characterize the simplicial complex Δ_n of free graphic subarrangements, identify minimal non-free extensions as those creating induced 4-cycles, and provide a complete projective dimension formula., detailed proofs, and algorithmic applications are included. The proposed framework also provides a theoretical basis for graph-based computational methods in applied mathematics and combinatorial optimization.

ABSTRACT. The general linear group GL(n,F) is important for all topics in algebra because it is a concrete group the dimension of it is n2. Determined the kernel of its determinant map (from this group to its fiels except the zero element) of dimension n2 – 1 which is the non Abelian normal subgroup the special linear group SL(n,F), by the first isomorphism theorem we gain that GL(n,F)/ SL(n,F)  F\{0} . In this work we take it of degree 2 over the field pk where p is prime odd number and k is even number, the group operation for each is the matrix multiplication.

ABSTRACT. Breast cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide, necessitating practical early-detection methods. This study evaluates whole blood Raman spectroscopy for detection of malignancy-associated protein modifications and explore the relationship between these modifications and serum HER2 levels. This study involved Raman spectra and was performed across 27 (stages II–IV) breast cancer patients and 20 healthy subjects for the tests purpose (785 nm excitation). Welch's t-test, ROC analysis and PCA were performed to analyze eight protein-associated regions. For the eight Raman bands, seven of them had significant upward shifts in patients compared to controls (P < 0.0001). Among this population, the bands at 1139 and 1346 cm⁻¹ achieved classification with perfect area under the curve (AUC=1.000, 100% sensitivity/specificity), whereas both the band at 1246 cm⁻¹ also showed an AUC of 1.000 and the band at 1285 cm⁻¹ had a corresponding AUC of 0.985 (90% specificity).

ABSTRACT. This study examined the effects of adding tungsten trioxide nanoparticles (WO3-NPs) to an Polyester resin matrix at different weight percentages (5–25 wt%) for gamma radiation shielding applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the structure. The results showed that pure Polyester was amorphous and that crystalline monoclinic WO3 peaks appeared. These peaks were more intense as the filler amount rose. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis of surface morphology revealed a uniform distribution of WO3-NPs at lower concentrations, but higher concentrations caused agglomeration and the return of nano cracks Gamma attenuation performance was tested using Am-241 (60 keV), Cs-137 (662 keV), and Ra-226 (1120 keV) sources. The study found that WO₃ addition considerably increased the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) for all gamma energies. The shielding efficiency of a 0.5 cm thick sample increased from 6.46%, 3.79%, and 1.58% for pure Polyester to 38.35%, 19.12%, and 9.81%, respectively.

ABSTRACT. HS-open sets constitute a new class of generalized open sets introduced in the framework of bi topological spaces. This study investigates their fundamental properties and establishes their relationships with pairwise cl open sets. Several examples and counterexamples are presented to illustrate the behavior of HS-open sets and to demonstrate that certain classical topological properties are not necessarily preserved within this generalized setting. In addition, the notions of HS-open sets, HS-interior, HS-exterior, HS-boundary, and HS-closure are defined and systematically examined. Various characterizations and basic properties of these concepts are obtained, extending a number of classical topological results to the HS-framework.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the Aloe vera-mediated green synthesis, characterization, and synergistic antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) documented in the file "Fatima Mahdi Sharhan TMREES26-2026.docx". Characterization via XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed pure, crystalline, spherical nanoparticles sized 20 to 50 nm with an absorption peak at 412 to 413 nm. Broth microdilution assays revealed potent standalone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 8.33 µg/mL against Escherichia coli and 5 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Crucially, checkerboard matrices demonstrated comprehensive synergistic interactions (FICI ≤ 0.500) when combining AgNPs with conventional antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin), led by the AgNP-Ciprofloxacin formulation (FICI = 0.250 to 0.270). Agar well diffusion assays validated that this optimal combination expanded zones of inhibition to 21.00 ± 1.00 mm for E. coli and 23.67 ± 1.15 mm for S. aureus.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This work's main aim is to investigate the effect of microwave irradiation power on the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 ferrite, synthesized by microwave-assisted combustion. The structural, optical, and magnetic properties of all as-synthesized samples were studied using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. Phase impurity: the cubic spinel phase is confirmed, with crystallite size increasing from 29.53 nm to 36.96 nm at microwave powers of 500 W and 1000 W, respectively. The FE-SEM image reveals that the particles are on a nanoscale.

ABSTRACT. The Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is widely used for complex optimization problems but suffers from weak local search capabilities and slow convergence due to limited adaptability of the gravitational constant. This study proposes an enhanced GSA incorporating a neural network to dynamically adjust the gravitational constant during optimization. The proposed mechanism balances exploration and exploitation, accelerates convergence, and improves solution quality. By adapting search parameters to optimization dynamics, the neural network enables more efficient agent movements and reduces premature convergence. The algorithm is evaluated on combinatorial optimization benchmark problems using the hypervolume indicator. Experimental results demonstrate superior performance compared with standard GSA, highlighting the effectiveness of neural network-assisted parameter adaptation in improving optimization efficiency and solving complex combinatorial problems.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effect of financial inclusion on inflation in MENA countries, considering the role of financial technology as a moderating factor. Annual panel data for 2004–2023 are used to construct a multidimensional Financial Inclusion Index (FII) based on access and usage indicators, including ATM availability, bank branch penetration, deposit accounts, loan accounts, outstanding loans, and outstanding deposits. A FinTech proxy index (FTI) is also developed using digital connectivity indicators, namely mobile subscriptions, fixed broadband subscriptions, and internet usage. Both indices are constructed through a principal component–factor approach after min–max normalization, with KMO statistics used to assess sampling adequacy.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT: The highlights of this paper include the oscillatory properties of second-order Emden–Fowler delay difference equations. The current work considered the oscillation and the asymptotic behavior of a second order nonlinear neutral difference equation with forcing term. We have achieved efficient and effective results in obtaining the qualitative properties that are the oscillation property and the asymptotic behavior of this type of equations. In addition, we have provided practical examples that prove the accuracy and applicability of the results

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effects of sintering at 700 °C and compositional variations on the structural and mechanical properties of (Ni-Cr-Fe) alloys prepared by powder metallurgy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed no new phase formation, while sharper peaks and reduced full width at half maximum (FWHM) indicated improved crystallinity and increased crystallite size. Optical microscopy showed a grain-size reduction in sample (A) from 145 μm to 95 nm, whereas grain growth occurred in samples (B) and (C). Vickers hardness increased in sample (A) from 243.9 to 263.7 HV, decreased slightly in sample (B), and remained nearly constant in sample (C). The wear rate decreased in samples (A) and (B) but increased in sample (C). Overall, sample (A) exhibited the highest hardness, while sample (B) demonstrated superior wear resistance due to its balanced properties.

ABSTRACT. One of the fib.wi.F-(resp.C-) topological space is one in which the topology is decided through a group of fib. words bundle, in comparison to the usual case in normal, Fib.wi. topological space. The fib.wi. F-(resp.C-) topological spaces draw power from their ability to be used in descriptions of a wide range of mathematical objects. These can be used to describe the topology of a manifold or even the topology of a group. Apart from easy manipulation, the fib.wi. F-(resp.C-) topological spaces yield various mathematical applications, but the one being mentioned here is the possibility for geometric investigation of space or group structure. In this essay, we shall explain what fib.wi.F-(resp.C-) topological spaces are indicated why they are useful in mathematics, and explore some of the uses of this concept. In this paper, an elaboration of what they are, what they involve, and what they mean will be taken.

ABSTRACT. New concepts of fibrewise topolobical spaces atop M are defne and study, namely fibrewise intuitionistic topological spaces atop M Also the fibrewise intuitionistic closed and intuitionistic open topological spaces atop M are president and study. Furthermore prove several proposition concerning with these notions.

ABSTRACT. Background: The blow fly Lucilia sericata is a medically and veterinary important species whose control increasingly requires environmentally safe alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Aim of the study: This study evaluated the effects of 2 insectisized, Malathion and Lambda-cyhalothrin, on the mortality, of L. sericata adults. In addition, the study examined the expression patterns of detoxification-related genes, particularly CYP6 and GST, in treated female flies to understand their possible role in the physiological response and tolerance of L. sericata to malathion and lambda-cyhalothrin. The results showed that mortality increased with dose and time-dependent manner. The highest mortality caused by malathion was 16.6% at 0.05% after 12 and 24 h, whereas lambda-cyhalothrin produced the highest mortality of 23.3% at 0.00025% after 24h. Continuous exposure to 0.05% malathion over three successive generations resulted in a gradual reduction in mortality from 6% in F1 to 2.5% in F2 and 2% in F3 after 24h.

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effects of chromium composition and sintering at 700 °C for 1 h on the structural and mechanical properties of (Co–Cr–Mo) alloys prepared by powder metallurgy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed phase stability in chromium and molybdenum, while cobalt transformed from HCP to FCC. Increased peak intensity and sharpness indicated improved crystallinity. Optical microscopy showed enhanced grain homogeneity, intergranular bonding, and reduced porosity, with sample (C) exhibiting the best microstructure. Vickers hardness increased after sintering in all samples, reaching its highest value in sample (C), attributed to its finer grains and improved density. However, sample (B) demonstrated the lowest wear rate, indicating superior wear resistance. These findings highlight the importance of sintering and compositional optimization in tailoring alloy properties. Sample (C) exhibited superior hardness and microstructure, whereas sample (B) provided the best wear resistance.

ABSTRACT. Novel chlorinated azo phosphazene compounds were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with chlorinated azo phenols. Their chemical structures were characterized using FTIR, ¹H NMR, and elemental (CHN) analysis. The compounds were incorporated at concentrations of 1–5 wt% into epoxy, polyurethane primer, and styrene–butadiene rubber (XSBR). Flame-retardant performance was evaluated using the ASTM horizontal burning test by measuring burning time, insulation index, erosion rate, residual weight, flame height, and average burning length. All synthesized phosphazene derivatives significantly improved flame-retardant properties across the tested materials. The compound with the highest chlorine content demonstrated the greatest improvements in burning time, insulation index, erosion rate, and flame propagation resistance. These findings highlight the potential of chlorinated phosphazene derivatives as effective flame-retardant additives for polymer-based construction materials.

ABSTRACT. HS-open sets introduce and additional framework within the family of generalized open sets defined on bitpological spaces. This study examines their essential characteristics and clarifies how they interact with several existing forms of generalized open sets. Building on the concept of HS-open sets, the study develops a new framework of separation axioms by introducing the notions of HS-Hausdorff, (HS-T₂), HS-regular, and HS-normal spaces, together with their fundamental properties and relationships with the corresponding classical bito. sp. In addition, the concept of HS-continuous functions is introduced, and several characterizations and preservation results are established. These findings extend the theory of generalized openness and provide a broader foundation for the study of separation axioms and continuity in bito. sp.

ABSTRACT. some new benzodioxolyl isoxazoline and benzodioxolyl isoxazole derivatives (a1-4) have been synthesized from cyclization of some chalcones successfully. The prepared compounds have been confirmed using FT-IR, 13CNMR and 1HNMR. The synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial towards Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacteria) and pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (gram negative bacteria). Additionally, the free radical scavenging activity of the synthesized isoxazoline and isoxazole (a1-4) were assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as antioxidant. The results showed a lack for the antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This is could be related to penetrating of bacterial cellular targets insufficiently. In the case of antioxidant test, the reason can be described to unavailability of some good electron-releasing substituents such (SH, NH, OH) to neutralize free radicals. These prepared chemical derivatives don’t give any promise about active biomaterial characteristics, only (a4) demonstrated antioxidant activity at high concentrations.

ABSTRACT. In this work, the problem of collision avoidance was considered among a set of multiple robots operating in a common environment. For engineering convenience and to capture its dimensions and external boundaries accurately, each robot is represented with convex polygons. In different situations, the proposed method continuously computes the distances between robots, e.g., head-to-head, head-to-edge, and edge-to-edge distances. This means that possible collisions can be detected before they happen. If a hazard is detected or the distance between two robots approaches the safe limit, then a collision avoidance algorithm is applied. In this algorithm, the orientation of one of the robots is changed at a proper angle, and its path is redirected out of the hazard zone with smooth motion and minimum deviation from the original path.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Background: Tonsillitis is one of the most frequently occurring upper respiratory tract illness in children and adults. Objectives: This study was conducted to detect the virulence gene (SAP10) and (scpA) and identification of Candida albicans and Streptococcus pyogenes by phenotypic and molecular techniques. Materials and methods: In 200 tonsillar swab samples were taken from patients who had acute, chronic and recurrent tonsillitis. Also 20 samples of the tonsils were taken from healthy people who were used as a control group. The genomic DNA was isolated by Wizard Genomic DNA purification kit (Promega, Madison, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. Five molecularly confirmed DNA Candida albicans (SAP10) isolates were selected, and the gene was amplified by PCR. Five molecularly confirmed S. pyogenes were also analysed for the presence of the scpA gene

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to identify the bacterial aetiology of sinusitis and to assess the powerful antibacterial activity of the extracts of Echinacea purpurea against the clinical isolates. A total of 115 NP swabs were taken from patients with both acute and chronic sinusitis in Tikrit Hospital. All bacteria were identified by conventional biochemical tests, as well as by the automated Vitek 2 System. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Echinacea were evaluated for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method. Positive bacterial growth was observed in 86.95% of the samples. Most of the bacteria were gram-positive and Staphylococcus aureus (36%). Gram-negative species comprised 33%. In addition, 92% of the S. aureus and 100% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed β-hemolysis. The alcoholic extract was very effective against Gram-positive strains with maximum inhibition of 27 mm for Staphylococcus epidermidis.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The current study aimed to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection using several diagnostic methods, including the Rapid Urease Test, serological detection of antibodies, stool antigen testing, histopathological examination, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The study included 198 patients with recurrent gastrointestinal disorders, and the study period extended from December 2024 to November 2025. Participants were of both sexes and ranged in age from 10 to 80 years (87 males and 111 females). The examinations involved obtaining three antral gastric biopsies from a region 2–3 cm anterior to the pylorus. The first biopsy was placed in a Rapid Urease Test (RUT) cassette, while the second was preserved in formalin solution for histological examination. The third biopsy was placed in TRIzol solution for molecular analysis. Five milliliters of venous blood were drawn from each patient for immunological and molecular testing.

ABSTRACT. Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to isolate and identify oral Candida species and evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Lentinula edodes extract.

Materials and Methods: A total of 169 oral swabs were collected from three hospitals in Kirkuk, Iraq, between January and August 2025. SeNPs were synthesized using shiitake extract and characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Antifungal and antibiofilm activities were assessed using standard laboratory methods.

Results: Candida species were isolated from 81 samples (47.93%). UV–Visible spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 420–430 nm, while XRD confirmed crystallinity. SeNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis, with MIC values of 8–16 µg/mL. Biofilm inhibition ranged from 71.25% to 94.53%.

Conclusion: Green-synthesized SeNPs demonstrated promising antifungal and antibiofilm activities against oral Candida species, warranting further investigation into their therapeutic potential.

ABSTRACT. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease caused by various species of Leishmania, and poses a threat to public health in endemic regions of Kirkuk province 'north-eastern of Iraq'. Plants have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times due to their active constituents, which are effective in treating diseases, and because they are safe to use with no significant toxic side effects. This study was conducted to evaluated the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic and aqueous Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) extracts, both separately and synthesized with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The inhibitory effects of varying concentrations of these extracts and their synthesized Ag NP were monitored promastigotes over 9-days. PCR was used for molecular identification of Leishmania sp. through specific DNA sequences, as well as GC/MS used to identify specific phytochemical constituents within the extracts.

ABSTRACT. A theoretical evaluation study of hybrid standalone system of solar panels (SP) coupled with solar still (SS) for green hydrogen production using proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and green ammonia via Haber Bosch reactor system under climatic conditions of Sharm el-Sheikh, Assiut, Cairo, and Alexandria is presented. The system mathematical model is constructed and solved using MATLAB. The outcomes state that Assiut has the highest freshwater, SP power, hydrogen, and ammonia yield despite having the lowest SP, PEM, and overall system efficiency, and conversely, Alexandria. The summer months have the highest hydrogen and ammonia yield and SS efficiency and the minimum SP, PEM, and ammonia reactor efficiency. The maximum obtained monthly freshwater, SP energy, hydrogen, and ammonia yields are 191.4kg/m2 of SS area, 75.32MJ/m2, 0.407kg/m2, and 2.29kg/m2 of SP area, respectively. The maximum average monthly SS, SP, PEM, and overall efficiencies are 25.27%, 12.5%, 73.5%, and 5.4%, respectively.

ABSTRACT. Fuzzy set theory can be used to handle the difficulty of estimating the parameters of a nonlinear regression model when the underlying data is ambiguous, imprecise, or only partially known. This paper discussed and compared five estimation for fuzzy nonlinear regression: the One-Step Overall Existence Ranking Index, the Two-Step OERI, the fuzzy least-squares based on shape-preserving operations, the fuzzy least absolute value deviations regression, and a Proposed Ridge Fuzzy Nonlinear Regression that combines a K-fold optimized cross-validation adaptive ridge-regularization scheme within a unified L-R fuzzy number framework. The study aims to provide researchers with fuzzy nonlinear regression estimates by multiple indexes with a comprehensive methodological reference.

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effect of peripheral limb resistive torque training using restrictive elastic bands on biomechanical , physiological parameters and 200m sprint performance in U20 athletes. A single group experimental design was applied to six sprinters who underwent a 10 week program (3 sessions / week). The intervention focused on dynamically altering the elastic band's "resistance arm" by changing attachment points across body joints . Results showed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in transitional speed across all 50m segments with peak velocity increasing from 10.21 m/s to 10.45 m/s. Stride length improved significantly throughout the race while stride frequency notably increased during the speed endurance phases (third and fourth 50m). The loss of linear momentum significantly decreased (e.g., from 38.45 to 29.65 kg.m/s) and the lactate capacity index improved from 14.25 to 10.30.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The current study aimed to evaluate some physiological variables in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study was conducted from October 2025 to February 2026 at Tal Afar General Hospital in Tal Afar, Nineveh Governorate. Ninety women were included in the study, while 30 healthy women without PCOS served as a control group. The results showed a significant increase in blood glucose, insulin, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (P ≤ 0.01) in the PCOS patients compared to the healthy control group. However, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), estradiol, and testosterone levels in women with PCOS were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) compared to the healthy control group.

ABSTRACT. This study examined the effect of concurrent mental training on electromyographic measures including wave area (μV·s) and peak amplitude (μV) during wheel skill acquisition in men's artistic gymnastics across the gross, fine and automated stages of motor learning. 22 male students were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) receiving combined mental and physical training or a control group (CG) receiving traditional physical training over 16 training units. Wireless surface electromyography recorded bilateral deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle activity during pretest, midtest and posttest assessments. No significant between-group differences were observed at baseline. Significant differences emerged at midtest and posttest (p < 0.001). The EG demonstrated progressive reductions in wave area and optimized peak amplitude indicating reduced antagonistic co-contraction and improved neuromuscular efficiency. These findings suggest that combining mental and physical training may accelerate neuromuscular adaptation and reduce physiological energy expenditure during motor skill acquisition in artistic gymnastics.

ABSTRACT. This study employed solar-cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) simulation to investigate the effects of bulk defect concentration, absorber thickness, and operating temperature on the carrier lifetime, current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics, quantum efficiency (QE), and photovoltaic parameters (Voc, Jsc, FF, and η) of SnS₂/ZnSnN₂/Cu₂O solar cells. Increasing the bulk defect concentration from 10¹² to 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ reduced the carrier lifetime from 10⁵ ns to 10 ns and decreased the efficiency from 33.38% to 19.91% due to enhanced SRH recombination. The optimum ZnSnN₂ absorber thickness was found to be 0.8 µm, yielding Voc = 0.981 V, Jsc = 31.71 mA cm⁻², FF = 84.90%, and η = 26.44%. Thermal analysis (273–333 K) showed a decrease in efficiency from 27.89% to 24.63%, while QE remained nearly unchanged. These findings identify the critical design limits and demonstrate the potential of SnS₂/ZnSnN₂/Cu₂O solar cells for stable high-performance photovoltaic applications.

ABSTRACT. M is a unitary left module over a commutative ring R with identity . The concept of S. Pseudo 2. Absorbing module as a generalization of 2. Absorbing module and End2.Absoring module. S. Pseudo2. Absorbing module is a new item of modules, that is a strong form of Pseudo2.Absorbing module. And given many new characterizations, properties, basic concepts and examples that is related of this concept.

ABSTRACT. The study examined the effects of Ball Mass Manipulation (BMM) combined with augmented visual feedback (AVF) on shooting kinematics and accuracy in U18 basketball players. Based on the Constraints-Led Approach the intervention addressed limitations of conventional verbal instructions. 20 right-handed male players from Al-Shorta Sports Club participated in an eight-week quasi-experimental study using a pretest–posttest control group design. Participants were divided into experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. The EG received BMM training with AVF whereas the CG practiced with a standard basketball and verbal instructions. Pretest and posttest assessments measured release angle, elbow flexion angle, release velocity and shooting accuracy. Statistical analyses revealed greater improvements in all measured kinematic variables and shooting accuracy in the EG than in the CG . These findings indicate that combining BMM with accessible AVF offers a cost-effective approach to enhancing shooting performance and supporting evidence informed coaching among youth basketball players .

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effect of tungsten oxide (WO₃) doping on the optical properties of yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Films containing 0, 3, 6, and 9 wt% WO₃ were annealed at 600 °C for 2 h. UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed increased absorbance and decreased transmittance with increasing WO₃ concentration. The optical band gap changed from 2.480 eV for the undoped film to 2.504, 2.172, and 2.138 eV for films containing 3, 6, and 9 wt% WO₃, respectively. These changes suggest that WO₃ incorporation modifies the electronic structure of Y₂O₃ and may introduce localized energy states that enhance light absorption. The results highlight the potential of WO₃-doped Y₂O₃ thin films for optoelectronic applications, particularly solar energy conversion and optical sensing.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The effect of substitution of Co+2 by Ni+2 on the structural, magnetic and optical properties of as-synthesized Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 samples were investigated. Synthesized samples were analyzed through various experimental techniques. The formation of phase cubic spinel structure is confirmed with a crystallite size first increased up to δ=0.2 then decrease at δ = 0.6 . The FE-SEM image demonstrates that the particles in nanoscale are agglomerated, high surface energy and exhibiting porosity. Analysis of optical properties observed that the optical band gap increase at δ=0.2 then it is decrease at δ=0.6. It was found that this substitution enables variable modifications to cobalt zinc ferrite's magnetic properties. Notably, saturation magnetization increases with an increase in Ni+2 substitution, enabling adjustable modifications in magnetic properties of cobalt zinc ferrite.

ABSTRACT. We use the nuclear shell model to study the isotopes (⁵0Cr,52Cr,54Cr), with and without including core polarization effects on the nuclear structure. SU3FP interaction was applied for the calculations to be carried out in the fp-shell model space. Different values of effective charges for protons and neutrons were used to evaluate the nuclear form factors. The resulting theoretical values were compared to known experimental data, which also was in significant agreement. Also, the harmonic oscillator potential has been used to calculate radial wave functions of single-particle matrix elements in a realistic nuclear interaction representation. Core polarization effects were found to significantly increase the accuracy of shape factor calculations by providing further improvement towards agreement with experimental results.

ABSTRACT. In statistical modeling, forecasting uncertain and nonlinear time series still an essential issue. In particular, when observation variables show seasonal behavior, slight noise, regional variation, or linguistic uncertainty. In this work, a framework of fuzzy time series forecasting guided by entropy, was developed and evaluated. This framework combines between classical fuzzy time series modeling with information theoretical segmenting. The given simulation analysis compares four experiments: a classical fuzzy time series model with equal intervals experiment, an entropy-weighted fuzzy time series model with equal intervals experiment, a classical fuzzy time series model based on a Minimum Entropy Partition Approach (MEPA) experiment, and an entropy-weighted MEPA-based fuzzy time series model experiment.

ABSTRACT. This research aims to develop an analysis method using high-performance chromatography (hplc) technology for semi-quantitative detection of phenolic compounds in the grass plant opuntia ficus-indica. The plant extract was prepared using an aqueous-alcoholic solvent system (ethanol:water ratio 70:30) in order to obtain organic elements. Chromatographic separation was performed using a zic-hilic column, with a stirrer consisting of horse acetonitrile acidified with 0.1% formic acid, with a constant flow regime, at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min, while detecting at a wavelength of 280 coulombs. Since the results are mainly chromatograms with specific and well-separated peaks belonging to phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, catechin, and quercetin, they were identified based on the retention times and do not exist with the standard materials.

ABSTRACT. Throughout this work, the analysis is carried out in uniformly smooth and reflexive Banach spaces endowed with a weakly continuous duality mapping. This work presents a novel modified four-step Halpern-type iterative sequence for the generalized (α,β,γ,δ)-nonspearding mappings and examining its behavior of convergence to a fixed point. This modification is obtained by integrating the μ-Krasnosel’skii operator into the structure of the original four-step iterative scheme. A strong convergence result is established for the resulting RS-iteration under the stated assumptions. The convergence performance is examined through a numerical experiment, and the corresponding outcomes are displayed in numerical and graphical forms. To demonstrate the practical relevance of the theoretical findings, the developed iterative framework is applied to an SEIR epidemic system described by a Caputo fractional differential model. These results extend the available convergence theory for fixed-point algorithms and illustrate its potential usefulness in mathematical modelling.

ABSTRACT. Scheduling problems often involve multiple conflicting objectives, requiring robust optimization strategies. This study presents an optimization framework for single-machine scheduling that simultaneously addresses two key performance measures: total earliness (∑E_j) and maximum lateness (L_max). The framework is designed to handle both problems with separate criteria and problems combining these objectives into a single evaluation, integrating exact methods including the Complete Enumeration Method (CEM) and Branch and Bound (BAB) alongside heuristics such as MST-EDD and Dominance Rule. Computational experiments on problem instances ranging from 3 to 4500 jobs provide insights into algorithm performance. CEM efficiently solves instances up to 11 jobs, while BAB handles up to 35 jobs. For larger instances, heuristic methods perform better, with MST-EDD outperforming the Dominance Rule. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in optimizing multiple objectives simultaneously, providing valuable insights for complex single-machine scheduling scenarios.

ABSTRACT. Transportation routing optimization under uncertainty involves conflicting objectives and variable operational conditions. This study proposes a fuzzy bi-objective Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) model using the Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm (AHA) to minimize transportation costs and travel distances simultaneously. Fuzzy set theory represents uncertainty in transportation parameters, while AHA efficiently explores feasible routes and mitigates premature convergence. The proposed framework is evaluated using benchmark routing instances and compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Simulated Annealing (SA) approaches. Experimental results indicate that AHA achieves faster convergence, improved solution quality, and greater robustness under uncertain conditions than the comparative methods. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating fuzzy multi-objective optimization with nature-inspired metaheuristics for solving complex transportation routing problems in uncertain environments.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces a new class of sets, called R_(i^* )-open sets, within the framework of ideal topological spaces. In addition, it defines several types of R_(i^* )-open and R_(i^* )-closed functions and develops a generalized notion of continuity based on these sets. The main focus of this study is the concept of continuity, where new classes of 〖R 〗_(i^* )-continuous functions are introduced, examined, and systematically analyzed. The paper thoroughly investigates the fundamental properties of these functions and explores the relationships between these newly defined forms of continuity and other well-known types in topology. Furthermore, it demonstrates that R_(i^* )-open sets play a significant and central role in characterizing, extending, and unifying the concept of continuity in ideal topological spaces. Several illustrative results and observations are provided to clarify these relationships.

ABSTRACT. Assume that and are non-empty subsets of a quasi2-normed space . Since the non-self-mapping does not necessarily have a fixed point, it is crucial to explore the existence of an element , that is as close as possible to , such that the error is minimized. Best proximity point theory provides techniques for determining the approximate optimal solution, called the best proximity point, of the equation , which is likely to have no solution when is a non-self-mapping. This paper proves the best proximity point theorems for types of proximal contractive mappings, thereby extending some fixed-point theorems. In particular, extending the origin of these theorems, namely Banach’s theorem and some of its generalizations and variations, can be realized as special cases of the aforementioned best convergence point theories.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of epoxy composites reinforced with eggshell powder to develop sustainable and cost-effective industrial materials. Utilizing a simple hand-molding technique, epoxy was reinforced with varying weight fractions of eggshell waste and subjected to different thermal treatments ranging from 7°C to 150°C. Mechanical evaluations revealed that small additions of eggshell powder, specifically between 1 and 3 wt%, significantly improved the impact resistance, hardness, tensile strength, and compressive strength of the matrix. The optimal mechanical performance was consistently observed at a curing temperature of 50°C, where the material achieved maximum cross-link density. Conversely, higher filler concentrations led to particle agglomeration and structural defects, which degraded mechanical integrity. Morphological and structural analyses using SEM, EDX, and XRD confirmed the homogeneous distribution of the filler at low concentrations and verified the presence of the thermally stable calcite phase of calcium carbonate.

ABSTRACT. This study introduces and investigates SRI-open sets as a new class of generalized open sets in ideal topological spaces. Their fundamental properties are established and supported by illustrative examples that clarify their behavior within the ideal framework. Several associated classes of functions are also examined, including SRI-continuous, strongly SRI-continuous, and SRI-irresolute mappings, together with their properties and relationships. Furthermore, new covering properties, namely SRI-compactness and SRI-Lindelöff spaces, are introduced and investigated, and their connections with the corresponding classical topological concepts are established. In addition, a new notion of connectedness, called SRI-connectedness via SRI-open sets, is defined and characterized through several equivalent results. The relationships between this generalized connectedness and classical connectedness are also discussed. The obtained results enrich the theory of ideal topological spaces, extending generalized topological structures and providing a broader framework for studying generalized open sets, generalized continuity, covering properties, and connectedness, offering promising directions for future research.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. In this research, alternative models are proposed for predicting time series of health phenomena using some artificial intelligence techniques to increase accuracy and improve estimation. These are based on artificial intelligence methods, namely support vector machines (SVM) and artificial neural networks (NNs) to deal with nonlinear phenomena, in addition to estimating the well-known traditional models represented by the autoregressive model (AR), the moving mean model (MA), the autoregressive-moving mean model (ARMA), the autoregressive-integral model (ARIMA), and the autoregressive model with exogenous variables (ARX). Simulation experiments were conducted on experimental data, and a real data set represented by the number of cancer cases was applied. It was found that traditional models perform predictions quickly but with less accuracy, while artificial intelligence-based models are characterized by high accuracy and speed.

ABSTRACT. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of infections due to its high virulence plasticity, where hemolysins (alpha, beta, and gamma) and biofilm formation facilitate host cell damage, immune evasion, and persistence. Exposure to sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations can alter bacterial growth and modulate virulence-related phenotypes. This study characterized the hemolytic activity, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm-forming capacity of thirty non-duplicate clinical S. aureus isolates (13.3% MRSA) from Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital. Additionally, it quantified the impact of sub-inhibitory (1/2 MIC) oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin on the expression of major hemolysin genes (hla, hlb, and hlg) using RT-qPCR. Isolates showed high resistance to erythromycin (96.7%) and penicillin (86.7%), with biofilm formation strongly correlating with gamma-hemolytic phenotypes (P < 0.0001).

ABSTRACT. Background: Cytokines have been suggested as having a role in the immunopathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but the correlations between them and clinical features of disease severity have not been well determined. Objectives: This paper investigated the plasma concentrations of IL-1 cytokine, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10 and TNF-cytokines in patients with simple steatosis (NAFL) and biopsy-confirmed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and assessed the relationship of cytokines with clinical outcome in order to determine the potential cytokines of non-invasive predictors of disease progression. Procedures: The cytometric bead arrays were used to measure plasma cytokines. Inflammatory patterns in groups were evaluated by cytokine heatmap, signature curve analysis and integrating correlation net. The Spearman coefficient was used to calculate the correlations with metabolic, biochemical, and fibrosis-related parameters.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the research is to find and construct the inflexion points and projective linear codes on sixteen inequivalent cubic curves in projective plane over finite field of order five PG(2,5). The length of codes and dimension of codes with the minimum distance of codes have been calculated. Many abelian groups from and related codes have been constructed. Also the vector spaces from and the projective linear codes have been represented.

ABSTRACT. ChemOffice software was used to study the effect of different substituent groups on the reactivity of the investigated molecules. Theoretical molecular descriptors were calculated and correlated with experimental oxidation rate constants (k) using multivariate statistical analysis in SPSS. For each quantum mechanical method, the best predictive model was selected based on the highest correlation coefficient (R) and lowest standard deviation (SD). Predictive equations were then developed to estimate oxidation rate constants theoretically. The results showed that rate constants predicted by the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method were in excellent agreement with experimental values, outperforming the semi-empirical AM1 method. The superior predictive performance of DFT reflects its greater reliability in describing electronic properties and reactivity.

ABSTRACT. This paper aims to study and find the conditions for the orbital stability of a limit cycle of Weibull autoregressive model that based on the Weibull cumulative distribution function. We find the conditions of orbital stability of a limit cycle of period greater than 1 for first order Weibull autoregressive model; WAR (1) by using a local linearization technique which is a dynamical methodology .Then, these stability conditions are generalized to the higher orders of the model WAR(p) ,p>1. Two illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the verified the obtained conditions and to ensure the orbital stability of the model trajectories are plotted using different initial values.

ABSTRACT. This study analyzes the relationship between atmospheric pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx, O3) and meteorological variables in five monitoring stations in Bogotá, Colombia, during January to April 2024, a period in which several fires occurred near the city. Following the imputation of missing data to ensure time-series continuity, a descriptive and temporal analysis was conducted using hourly diurnal profiles and boxplot distributions. The results reveal a strong coupling between mobile source emissions and NOx peaks during rush hours, while O3 concentrations exhibited a characteristic unimodal photochemical cycle peaking at midday. Significant spatial variations were identified, with higher PM and precursor concentrations in the western and industrial corridors (Fontibón and Puente Aranda) compared to the northern periphery (Guaymaral).

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a computational method using the fuzzy Newton–Gregory formula combining with fuzzy Taylor expansion and fuzzy Euler predictor-corrector. for the solution systems of non-linear fuzzy integro-differential with different orders. This came in context the systems of non-linear fuzzy integro-differential equations have received considerable attention recently since it represents important mathematical models for many phenomena with uncertainty and imprecision. The parametric description of fuzzy numbers is utilized to transform the fuzzy system into crisp system suitable for numerical treatment. To demonstrate the capability of the developed method, several nonlinear illustrative examples are examined. The computed results are compared against the corresponding exact solutions; The obtained results show that the proposed method provides accurate approximations and exhibit good agreement with the analytical solutions. The efficiency and robustness of the method are illustrated within tables and graphical results.

ABSTRACT. There is growing recognition of the fuzzy equations as one of the important tools to arise in many applications of diverse science, and it can be take a system of the integro differential form. Thus, there is a need to investigate the existence solution of these equations simultaneously with its uniqueness. This is accomplish by demonstrating under Lipschitz conditions on the nucleus in the fuzzy state using Banach's in entire metric space. Our strategy is to prove this aim in generality, which seems new, always shown it, is appropriate for a system of m order for derivative and malty integrals.

ABSTRACT. Geographic provenance can shape plant phenotype and specialized metabolism, yet evidence for Iraqi Erodium remains limited. This study compared five populations of E. glaucophyllum, E. moschatum, and E. cicutarium from Salah al-Din and Erbil using soil characteristics, morphology, ethanol-extract GC–MS profiles, and antibacterial screening of alkaloid- and saponin-enriched extracts. Salah al-Din soils had higher electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, whereas paired Erbil soils had higher nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter. Erbil populations of E. moschatum and E. cicutarium generally showed larger vegetative and reproductive dimensions. GC–MS fingerprints differed among populations. Saponin-enriched extracts from Salah al-Din produced the highest mean inhibition zones for E. cicutarium (19.3 mm) and E. moschatum (18.7 mm); the maximum was 33.6 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was among the least responsive bacteria. These patterns identify geographic provenance as a consideration in future phytochemical studies of Iraqi Erodium.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were applied to commercially dried black and yellow lemon (Citrus aurantifolia, locally known as Noomi Basra) to examine calcium signatures. LIBS spectra were recorded over the 200–900 nm range and calcium lines were matched with the NIST Atomic Spectra Database. Relative calcium concentrations derived from the LIBS spectra were 2.8493 for yellow dried lemon and 3.5574 for black dried lemon in the reported relative-concentration scale. XRF analysis of the same pelletized material

ABSTRACT. This work discusses the housing shortage in Al-Diwaniyah City in 2025 using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A suitability model was developed using seven criteria, such as nearness to infrastructure, environmental limitations, and protection of agricultural lands. The 2025 housing land deficit is 11.77 km2. Total residential land demand is projected to reach 59.16 km2 by 2033, requiring an additional 22.75 km2 relative to the existing 2025 residential area. In addition, the spatial analysis of the revised Master Plan indicates that 9% (3.23 km2) of the planned residential areas are in the appropriate zones while another 30.66% (11.0 km2) are in inappropriate zones. These results underline the importance of aligning the spatial suitability maps with urban development plans to address the housing shortage according to the Iraqi planning standards.

ABSTRACT. This exploratory case study compares a global median baseline (R.M.) with a trailing three-observation moving-average baseline (R.M.A.) using 12 monthly maximum water-level observations from Al-Sharqat station on the Tigris River in 2023. Chronological residual plots, Tukey box-plot screening, and dispersion measures are used to evaluate residual behavior. Using unrounded fitted values, the mean squared residuals are 0.624075 for R.M. and 0.337336 for R.M.A., corresponding to a 45.95% reduction in in-sample squared residual magnitude. The residual standard deviations are 0.7608 and 0.5922, respectively. Under the 1.5×IQR rule, April and December are flagged for R.M., whereas April and June are flagged for R.M.A. Overall, the local smoother represents short-term intra-annual variation more closely than the constant median baseline for this dataset. The analysis is descriptive rather than predictive because only one annual cycle of monthly maxima is available and the moving average includes the current observation; therefore, stable seasonality is not established.

ABSTRACT. The Hosoya polynomial is crucial in graph theory, particularly for calculating distance-dependent indices like the Wiener index. This study concentrates on determining the Hosoya polynomial for the structure formed by the coronal product, or corona product, between the C_n cycle and the P_2 path, which is denoted as C_n ⊙ P_2. Based on the examination of vertex pair distances in this intricate diagram, an accurate formula for the Hosoya polynomial was developed. Moreover, formulas are outlined for determining the Wiener index for the structure C_n ⊙ P_2, with separate considerations for scenarios where the number of cycle endpoints n is even and where it is odd. he study investigates the recognition of corona product graphs and develops an algorithm.

ABSTRACT. Data clustering is widely applied in bioinformatics, medical diagnosis, image analysis, and intelligent decision support. However, obtaining compact and well-separated clusters remains challenging for high-dimensional heterogeneous data. This study proposes a Machine Learning-Assisted Hybrid Differential Evolution with Adaptive Neighborhood Search (ML-DE-ANS) algorithm. The method combines the global search capability of Differential Evolution (DE) with Adaptive Neighborhood Search (ANS), which refines promising solutions using four local search operators. A Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) mechanism adaptively selects neighborhood operators based on their performance to improve the exploration–exploitation balance. The algorithm is evaluated on eight UCI benchmark datasets and compared with K-means, GA-based clustering, Simulated Annealing, DE, and FA-VNS. Performance is assessed using intra-cluster distance, Calinski–Harabasz index, F-measure, and entropy. Experimental and statistical results indicate that ML-DE-ANS produces compact, well-separated clusters with improved performance and stability.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the impact of the built environment on movement flow in Al-Yarmouk District, Baghdad, focusing on urban form, open spaces, and network flexibility. A mixed analytical approach was adopted, integrating GIS-based land-use analysis, Space Syntax analysis using DepthmapX, field observations, and expert evaluation. Three spatial measures Integration, Angular Choice, and Connectivity were used to assess the configuration and potential movement structure of the street network. A purposive sample of 25 experts in urban planning, GIS, and urban design was also surveyed using a five-point Likert scale. Results showed that principal street corridors have higher integration and connectivity, while internal residential streets are less accessible. Expert evaluations identified building density as an influential planning factor, confirmed the role of open spaces in supporting pedestrian mobility, and highlighted limited network flexibility as a challenge. The study recommends integrated interventions in land use, density, connectivity, pedestrian spaces, parking, and traffic management.

ABSTRACT. Groundwater filters were fabricated using of sand, gravel, brick, and limestone powders, using particle size 75,125,212,and 250μm. The powders then have been pressed and sintered at 700°C to obtain the final mechanical features. Seven specimens were selected based on their ability to demonstrate effective water filtration capabilities. The filtered water results were tested to measure the suspended and dissolved impurities. Test results indicated that all the filters improved the quality of the groundwater results, but to varying degrees, with Sample No. 47 achieving the best overall performance among the tested specimens. where the total dissolved solids were reduced from 2,793 (unfiltered groundwater) to 1,968 and the electrical conductivity from 4,280 to 3,972 µS/cm. Additionally, the filters decreased the rates of calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulphate ions while maintaining a neutral pH level. In addition to ensuring that the prepared specimens do not deteriorate, or become damaged.

ABSTRACT. Zero-inflated count time series arise when discrete observations exhibit serial dependence together with more zeros than a conventional count distribution can accommodate. This paper develops a Bayesian dynamic zero-inflated INGARCH framework in which the conditional count intensity and the probability of a structural zero evolve jointly. The count component follows an INGARCH(1,1) recursion, while the zero component is modeled through a logistic dynamic equation driven by the preceding zero state and, in the general formulation, exogenous covariates. Posterior inference is implemented through adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). A compact simulation experiment illustrates finite-sample parameter recovery and the behavior of the two dynamic mechanisms.

ABSTRACT. In this study, a Ge₇₀Sn₂₀P₁₀ alloy was prepared using the rapid cooling (quenching) technique with high purity (99.999%); samples (A) and (B) were prepared with identical weight ratios and matching dimensions in terms of thickness and diameter. Sample (B) was exposed to gamma radiation at a dose of 0.168 Gray, while sample (A) was left unexposed. The physical properties of both samples were studied, and the results showed that behavior of the two samples, is an increase in electrical conductivity with increasing temperature. An increase in electrical conductivity was observed for the irradiated sample compared to the unirradiated sample. As for the dielectric properties, the study showed that this alloy has radiation stability at high frequencies, as the dielectric properties did not change significantly. This alloy may be suitable for electronic circuits of devices located in the irradiated environment of the studied area.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a new contrast enhancement and a turbulence mitigation method that utilizes a fusion of color information to improve the image quality during atmospheric turbulence. There are two steps involved in this method. The first one is the color space conversion of the degraded image from RGB space to YIQ and HIS color space. In this step, the luminance component Y in YIQ space and the intensity components I in HIS space are enhanced using the Contrast Limited (CLAHE) separately. The second step is the contrast improvement. The contrast of the image is (PSNR) parameters of the image are used to improve the performance. An experimental test showed that this fusion technique (image add) could eliminate very well the image blur and distortion, enhance the details of the image, and thus recover image clarity.

ABSTRACT. Zemax software program was used to simulate human skin, comprising seven basic layers. Photovoltaic blood volume analysis was employed to study the effect of light on skin tissue by examining the absorption coefficient, scattering, and asymmetry. A light source with varying wavelengths and a photodetector at the light source side were used to measure the intensity of light reflected from the skin layers. The thickness of the skin layers was considered in relation to several physiological and environmental factors, including age, sex, weight, and the individual's health status. The absorption coefficient was the primary focus of this study as it is the most significant factor influencing the change due to the presence of essential, variable components such as blood, oxygen, water, and melanin pigment in the skin layers. T

ABSTRACT. Cyrtopodion scabrum, or rough-scaled gecko, is a small gecko of the family Gekkonidae distributed in West Asia. This study aimed to characterize the dorsal lingual surface of C. scabrum using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fifteen adult specimens were collected from different areas of Baghdad, Iraq. Their tongues were removed and examined by SEM to investigate tongue morphology, lingual papillae, microridges, and glandular openings. The tongue consisted of three regions: apex, body, and root, with the entire dorsal surface covered by lingual papillae. Papillae were mushroom-shaped at the apex, leaf-shaped on the body, and broad and wing-shaped at the root. Imbricated papillae resembling fish scales were observed at the apex and lateral root. Numerous micropores in the root papillae suggest that this region may represent the main site of lingual gland secretion.

ABSTRACT. , to evaluate replacing wheat straw with soybean hulls on growth performance, rumen fluid characteristics, and blood parameters of Awassi lambs. Twenty-four lambs aged 3–4 months, averaging 22.54 kg, were used for 90 days. Lambs were randomly assigned to four treatments. The control received a standard diet of concentrate feed and wheat straw, while soybean hulls replaced wheat straw at 25%, 50%, and 75% in the other treatments. No significant differences were observed in final body weight or total and daily weight gain, although significant differences (p≤0.05) occurred during weeks 4, 8, 10, and 12. Rumen ammonia concentration before feeding increased significantly in the 25% and 50% treatments, while pH and bacterial counts were unaffected. Significant differences were also observed in serum total protein and urea. Overall, soybean hulls effectively replaced wheat straw without adverse effects on lamb performance, rumen fermentation, or physiological stability.

ABSTRACT. Flood hazards pose significant threats to natural heritage in UNESCO mountain watersheds, yet comprehensive analysis is lacking. The research mapped the degree and intensity of flood hazard using GIS-based analysis, considering slope, aspect, drainage density, distance to streams, land use/cover, and flow accumulation as flood causative factors. Zonal statistics (Spatial Analyst Tools) in ArcGIS Pro 3.0 software extracted the mean values of the flood causative factors for each sub-basin, standardized using max-min normalization, weighted, and aggregated into compound flood hazard scores to develop the flood hazard map, which indicates that 35.5% of the area is highly vulnerable, and 16.8% of the area is safe from flood hazards. Sub-basins 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9, covering Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Bulembia and Nyamwamba divisions, Nyamwamba catchment, require urgent intervention. Structural, non-structural, community-oriented, and integrated flood risk mitigation measures were developed to achieve SDGs 11, 13, and 15.

ABSTRACT. The Khasib Formation is a major carbonate reservoir in central Iraq. Its microfacies, depositional environments, and diagenetic evolution were investigated using 49 thin sections from five wells in the East Baghdad and Ahdeb oil fields. Six main microfacies and eight sub-microfacies were identified, dominated by rudist debris and benthic-planktonic foraminifera, indicating shallow-marine deposition. Four depositional environments were recognized: restricted hypersaline evaporitic, restricted-circulation shelf, back-reef to open-marine, and fore-reef settings. Diagenetic processes included micritization, marine cementation, dissolution, mechanical and chemical compaction, dolomitization, and hydrocarbon emplacement. Dissolution was the main porosity-enhancing process, generating intraparticle, interparticle, moldic, vuggy, channel, and fracture pores, whereas cementation and compaction reduced pore space. Dolomitization had variable effects, enhancing or preserving porosity in grain-supported facies but reducing it in mud-dominated intervals. Hydrocarbon residues indicate post-burial oil migration through the pore network. The integrated facies and diagenetic framework clarifies spatial variations in reservoir quality across the studied fields.

ABSTRACT. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were prepared by sodium borohydride reduction and by a Moringa oleifera leaf-extract route, followed by hydrothermal treatment. The materials were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, zeta potential, UV-visible, and FTIR spectroscopy. The chemical and plant-mediated samples showed distinct rod-like and predominantly rounded morphologies, with mean sizes of 80 and 89 nm. The plant-mediated preparation had a more negative zeta potential and a lower HepG2 cytotoxicity IC50 compared to the chemical variant. Thirty male local rabbits (6-8 months; 1-2 kg) were randomly assigned to six groups (n=5) and studied for 42 days. Heat exposure was 28-30 °C for six hours daily; treated groups received either preparation at 0.2 or 0.3 mg/kg/day. Overall group differences were detected for ACTH and cortisol levels. Conversely, T3, T4, TSH, and testosterone did not differ significantly, and malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione showed no statistically significant group differences (P > 0.05).

ABSTRACT. Microfacies analysis provides detailed knowledge of reservoir heterogeneity and identifies the best carbonate facies in the Mishrif Formation, supporting development planning in major Iraqi oil fields. Microfacies and diagenetic studies were conducted on selected wells from the North Rumaila (R-56, R-436) and Nasiriyah (NS-7, NS-8) oil fields in southern Iraq. Thin-section petrographic analysis identified five microfacies: homogeneous non-foraminiferal micrite (lime mudstone), bioclastic wackestone, packstone, grainstone, and rudist boundstone, with five sub-microfacies variants. Their spatial distribution and composition indicate deposition on a shallow-marine carbonate platform, ranging from a restricted platform interior (FZ-8) to a platform-margin reef (FZ-5), above the Fair-Weather Wave Base. Diagenetic processes were classified as constructive and destructive. Constructive processes include dolomitization and cementation by drusy, blocky, and granular calcite. Destructive processes include physical and chemical compaction, dissolution, stylolitization, and development of fabric-selective pores (interparticle, intraparticle, and growth-framework) and non-fabric-selective pores (vugs, channels, caverns, and fractures).

ABSTRACT. This study examined associations between physical abilities and technical performance in the 100 m butterfly among Iraqi national swimmers. A descriptive correlational design was employed with 15 elite swimmers. Physical abilities included upper-limb strength, lower-limb power, core strength, flexibility and neuromuscular coordination. Technical performance was assessed via a composite score (stroke length, frequency, body alignment, arm-leg coordination, breathing rhythm) using 2D video analysis. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and an exploratory regression. Significant associations were observed between technical performance and neuromuscular coordination (r = .77) and upper-limb strength (r = .71). The model indicated physical abilities accounted for 74% of technical performance variance (R² = .74, Adjusted R² = .60) with no multicollinearity (VIF = 1.40–1.81). Due to the small sample-to-predictor ratio (n=15, 5 predictors, 9 residual degrees of freedom) findings are interpreted as explanatory rather than confirmatory highlighting the value of integrating physical and technical development.

ABSTRACT. Early FCEV markets face a coordination problem: dependable refueling must precede established utilization, while investment follows demand. We evaluate a standalone BEV-charging/hydrogen station in Egypt’s Suez Corridor across 20/30/45-min service-reach scales. Fleet projections plus a fixed early-market FCEV analogue yield 344.4–1,878.3 MWh/y BEV and 16.899–63.693 t/y H₂ demand. Twenty-three HOMER candidates expand via R0–R4 to 115 configurations, undergo 8,760-h chronological screening and 60 routine events, leaving 13 minimum-reserve designs for 30-year economics and seven-criterion stochastic MCDM; Alt01-R1 is selected in all cases. CAPEX is 4.90–12.76 MUSD and H₂ break-even 35.26–43.19 USD/kg. On identical R1 hardware, inputs, initial states and 30% bulk-H₂ reserve, Controller M preserves 59/60, 60/60 and 59/60 compliance, cuts generator electricity 1.51%, 16.14% and 14.06%, and NPC 0.12–1.33%. Warm-up cycling gives repeatable zero-shortage NC annual states; no 6–12 USD/kg H₂ scenario pays back within 30 years.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces a new spherical, multi-layered structure made from low-loss concentric dielectric materials with double negative electromagnetic properties (negative permittivity and permeability). Using the finite element method in COMSOL 6, the study numerically analyzes how adjusting the refractive indices—especially in the outer layers—impacts wave propagation, resonance positions, electromagnetic confinement, and energy distribution. The findings show that precise control of each layer’s refractive index enables tuning of the spectral range for negative permittivity and permeability, optimizing the bandwidth of the negative refractive index in the visible spectrum. The structure achieved a maximum bandwidth of 115.22 nm and a largest negative refractive index of -7.82 at the fourth layer, each in different visible spectrum regions. Notably, the five-layer system provides more design flexibility and a broader electromagnetic response compared to earlier three-layer models, allowing improved synchronization of resonances and a wider meta-response.

ABSTRACT. Low-cost ceramic membranes offer strong potential for wastewater treatment but suffer from fouling. To overcome this, a sintered ceramic membrane was upgraded via in-situ growth of cobalt and iron metal-organic frameworks (Co-MOF and Fe-MOF) using terephthalic acid. SEM confirmed distinct internal growth discrete rod-like crystals for Co-MOF versus an interconnected lamellar needle-like network for Fe-MOF while FTIR verified carboxylate retention. Methylene blue filtration across varying pH levels revealed a striking flux stability trade-off. The Fe-MOF membrane achieved higher permeate flux and initial dynamic adsorption capacity due to its interconnected surface architecture. Conversely, the Co-MOF membrane displayed superior long-term stability, maintaining nearly 100% dye removal over 180 minutes at pH 6 and 12, though strongly acidic conditions impaired long-term efficiency for both. Overall, in-situ MOF functionalization provides a powerful strategy to enhance ceramic membrane performance

ABSTRACT. Excessive heat limits the efficiency and lifespan of photovoltaic (PV) panels, which lose roughly 0.4–0.5% of output power per degree above 25°C. Active cooling can counter this but adds energy demand, mechanical complexity, and maintenance. This study evaluates a passive alternative: a hydrogel layer that harvests atmospheric water at night and releases it through evaporative cooling during daytime. A transient one-dimensional heat and mass transfer model of the PV/hydrogel system was developed and solved with the finite difference method in Python. Results indicate that an initial hydrogel thickness of 6 mm best balances total water inventory against conductive heat resistance. Internal moisture transport also strongly affects performance: a water vapour diffusion coefficient of 1 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s effectively removes internal mass transfer resistance, limiting peak panel temperature to about 42°C and giving a maximum temperature reduction of 7°C relative to an uncooled panel, with a corresponding gain in electrical efficiency.

ABSTRACT. This study proposes a data-driven process improvement model for the plastic injection molding process in an automotive clip manufacturing facility, aimed at mitigating high waste levels that impair operational efficiency and elevate cost structures. Initial root cause and waste analysis revealed that mold failures, improper machine calibration, and non-standardized color preparation procedures serve as primary drivers for product defects, raw material losses, and high rework frequencies. To address these operational inefficiencies, an integrated Management Information System framework is developed through a closed-loop architecture that bridges the data-prediction-action gap. The model combines Predictive and Autonomous TPM with PLC/HMI telemetry to structure process, maintenance, and quality data. Leveraging Machine Learning for cycle-level defect risk estimation, the system automatically feeds predictions into an Advanced Process Control (APC) supervised pathway for real-time parameter adjustments, closing the loop with final quality inspection feedback.

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effect of a space- and time-regulated circuit training program on agility and defensive movement performance in 3×3 basketball players. A randomized controlled pretest–posttest design was employed with 30 male players from three basketball clubs assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15). The experimental group completed 24 training sessions over 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, whereas the control group continued basketball training. Agility was assessed using the T-Drill Agility Test, while defensive movement was evaluated using a basketball-specific lateral movement test. After intervention, agility performance time decreased by 9.74% (p < 0.001) and defensive movement performance time decreased by 10.94% (p < 0.001). Mixed ANOVA revealed significant group × time interactions for agility (F = 68.45, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.71) and defensive movement (F = 54.82, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.66).

ABSTRACT. Replacing material-dependent masses by one fitted mass simplifies heterogeneous quantum-confinement models, but agreement on one calibration energy does not guarantee transferability to collective observables. We quantify this limitation in an ideal three-dimensional simple-cubic array of cubic quantum dots using a divergence-form BenDaniel-Duke Hamiltonian, conservative finite differences and Bloch boundary conditions. A uniform mass is fitted at each geometry and grid spacing to reproduce the lowest Gamma-point energy of the piecewise-mass model. For an 8 nm dot and barriers from 2 to 10 nm, the fitted model overestimates the first-miniband width by factors of 1.41-9.15 on the common 0.20 nm grid, while the absolute excess decreases from 29.99 to 0.11 meV. The first-excited-triplet error changes sign, and the density of states remains different after refinement. Ground-energy calibration is therefore observable- and geometry-dependent within the stated scalar model. The results do not constitute material-specific optical or photovoltaic-device predictions.

ABSTRACT. Multi-bandpass filters are essential components for modern visible-spectrum technologies. This study discusses the design of powerful multi-bandpass filters based on a sequential stack of dielectric thin-film layers, including zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) as the high-refractive-index material and magnesium fluoride (MgF₂) as the low-refractive-index material. The proposed designs exhibit superior optical performance, characterized by high transmission and sharp spectral cutoffs. Furthermore, these filters provide significant flexibility in controlling spectral properties, with FWHM ranging from 5 nm up to 50 nm. Given the capabilities of these filters, they are suited to numerous advanced applications.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates recycled EVA–rice husk (rEVA–RH) composites as panel liners. The formulation comprised 40 wt% post-consumer EVA, 40 wt% post-industrial EVA, 20 wt% rice husk (250–500 µm), and 5 phr Vistamaxx 8880. Processability was assessed by torque rheometry (120 °C, 90 rpm), while mechanical properties were evaluated through bending and hardness tests. Compared with unfilled EVA, stabilized torque, estimated apparent viscosity, and specific mechanical energy increased by 27.3%, 20.7%, and 6.3%, respectively. The composite exhibited a modulus of rupture of 0.10 MPa, modulus of elasticity of 3.91 MPa, and hardness of 50.5 Shore A. An assembly incorporating recycled polyurethane agglomerate achieved 1.31 MPa, 7.08 MPa, and 68.5 Shore A, highlighting substrate contributions. These findings suggest potential as a waste-derived alternative to conventional thermoset decorative laminates. Further evaluation of other agglomerated substrates, alongside standardized adhesion, flammability, and surface-performance tests is needed for specific particleboard and fiberboard applications.

ABSTRACT. Biodiesel offers an alternative to petroleum, reducing fossil fuel depletion and environmental impacts. However, microscale mixing enhances its production more than batch reactors. This study investigates cross-T entrance geometry and branch spacing effects on multiphase hydrodynamics in a BSAR reactor. The branched micro-reactor was optimized under constant simulation conditions and total time of 10 s. The optimized inclined cross-T configuration promoted rapid interface pinch-off and stable, monodispersed Taylor slugs, giving an interfacial area of 2.95338*10-6 m2 at the iso-surface. Reducing the junction width to 0.4 mm increased slug generation and interfacial area. Branch spacing was investigated, with increasing spacing from 1 to 2 mm raising the iso-surface area from (1.15892 to 1.32656) *10-5 m2, an approximately 14.5% increase. At 4 mm spacing, the area decreased to 1.27389 *10-5 m2. Overall, increasing spacing to an optimum value as 2mm provides the balance between phase segmentation and interfacial development.

ABSTRACT. Nisin-loaded niosomes (NLN) prepared by thin-film hydration were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis isolated from 100 human and bovine urine specimens (identified via culture and VITEK 2). Across three formulations, particle size was 357.8–799.1 nm, encapsulation efficiency 54.9–67.7%, loading capacity 13.7–32.3%, and zeta potential −8.6 to +7.0 mV, supported by FTIR and TEM characterization. After 40 days of storage, particle size increased by 18% (at 4 °C) and 35% (at 25 °C), while efficiency dropped from 64.8% to 47.7% and 45.2%, respectively. Antibacterial and antibiofilm responses declined as NLN concentration increased; antibacterial curves reached 0% at 50 µg/mL. At 100 µg/mL, antibiofilm response was 3.75% for E. coli and 0% for the others. Lacking normalization and variance data, these descriptive curves cannot establish MIC/MBIC thresholds, supporting only further controlled in vitro testing, not clinical or veterinary efficacy claims.

ABSTRACT. Hyperthyroidism alters hemostasis by changing circulating coagulation proteins. This case-control study compared plasma antigen concentrations of coagulation factors VII (FVII), VIII (FVIII), and IX (FIX) in 60 adults with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism and 30 healthy controls. Factors were measured via sandwich ELISA using sodium-citrate plasma. Thyroid-function data and diagnostic autoantibody markers were obtained from Al-Kindi Hospital in Baghdad. Analysis showed that mean concentrations of FVII, FVIII, and FIX were significantly higher in hyperthyroid patients compared to controls (351.39 vs 65.54 pg/mL; 5.10 vs 0.96 ng/mL; and 516.74 vs 95.94 pg/mL, respectively; P < 0.001). Furthermore, BMI- and sex-adjusted geometric-mean ratios exceeded 5.0 for all three factors. Patients exhibited lower TSH and elevated T3, T4, anti-TPO, and anti-thyroglobulin. Notably, anti-TPO levels positively correlated with FVII, FVIII, and FIX. These findings clearly demonstrate that newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism significantly increases coagulation-factor antigens, reflecting a distinctly altered hemostatic profile.

ABSTRACT. To reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers in medicinal herb cultivation, this study evaluated the interactive effects of foliar-applied green nanosilica, Azolla extract, and tryptophan on wild thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) using a Randomized Complete Block Design. Combining these biostimulants provided a superior biological alternative to conventional fertilization practices. The highest combination, designated as S2A2T2 (60 mg.L⁻¹ nanosilica, 80 mg.L⁻¹ Azolla extract, and 40 mg.L⁻¹ tryptophan), demonstrated a profound synergistic effect. This optimized treatment achieved an 82% increase in essential oil yield (2.640%) and improved oil quality markers, including a density of 0.971 g/mL and a refractive index of 1.575. Additionally, S2A2T2 maximized macronutrient content: Nitrogen (3.11%), Phosphorus (0.149%), and Potassium (3.12%), while significantly boosting micronutrient accumulation: iron (61.30 mg/100g), copper (3.122 mg/100g), and zinc (6.220 mg/100g). Ultimately, this tripartite, eco-friendly approach enhances plant resilience and therapeutic grade, offering a sustainable strategy for commercial thyme production.

ABSTRACT. Polymer nanocomposite have gained attention across industrial applications owing to their exceptional properties. In this study, the electrospinning technique was employed to fabricate polyvinylalcohol nanofiber films embedded with varying percentages (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10)wt% of (Ag2O NPs). SEM analysis revealed uniform morphology, with the average fiber diameter (80 nm) for the PVA/10 wt% Ag2O nanocomposite film. Electrical characterization enhanced in both DC and AC electrical conductivity upon nanoparticle incorporation.The DC conductivity increased from 3.7×10-7 S/ cm for pure PVA to 1.18×10-2 S/cm for 10 wt% Ag2O composite film, while the AC conductivity exhibited a similar upward trend ranging from 1.18×10-6 S/cm to 1.70 S/cm. Conversely, the activation energy and relaxation factor decreased with increasing Ag2O concentration. tensile response affects with inclusion of Ag2O NPs, reducing the elastic modulus from 550 MPa (pure PVA) to 440 MPa (PVA/8 wt% Ag2O), making it stiffer with brittle behavior

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to examine the relationships between arm length, selected kinematic variables and lunge accuracy in wheelchair fencers using the foil. A descriptive correlational design was employed with 10 wheelchair fencers from clubs in northern Iraq. Arm length, weapon-tip linear velocity, elbow angular velocity and trunk inclination angle were assessed using standardized anthropometric procedures and two-dimensional video analysis. Lunge accuracy was evaluated using an electronic target across 10 attempts. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Arm length, weapon-tip linear velocity and elbow angular velocity showed significant positive correlations with lunge accuracy whereas trunk inclination demonstrated a weaker non-significant relationship. The exploratory regression model explained 78.8% of the variance in lunge accuracy although the overall model was non-significant. Findings provide preliminary biomechanical evidence regarding factors associated with lunge accuracy but should be interpreted cautiously due to the small sample and lack of validation.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the metabolic disruptions caused by cabergoline, a prolactin-lowering drug, and the potential protective effects of vitamin C co-administration in female albino rats. Over 40 days, twenty rats were divided into four groups: control, vitamin C, cabergoline, and a combination of both. While cabergoline effectively reduced serum prolactin by 59.6%, it induced adverse metabolic changes, including elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6), increased HMG-CoA reductase activity, suppressed adiponectin, and hepatic steatosis. Crucially, the co-administration of vitamin C partially reversed these metabolic disturbances. The combination therapy significantly lowered IL-6 and HMG-CoA reductase levels, partially restored adiponectin, and preserved hepatic architecture without compromising cabergoline's primary prolactin-lowering efficacy. These findings suggest that vitamin C serves as an effective adjunct therapy to mitigate cabergoline-induced dyslipidemia and liver inflammation.

ABSTRACT. Efficient thermal management is essential for the safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion phosphate batteries. This study developed and validated a three-dimensional transient model of a forced-air-cooled prismatic battery module in COMSOL Multiphysics. Mesh-independence and Reynolds-number analyses were used to select suitable numerical and turbulence settings. The coupled electrochemical thermal-fluid model was validated against published voltage, surface-temperature, and natural-convection data, with deviations below 3%. The model was then used to examine inlet position, air velocity from 0.5 to 6 m/s, and discharge rate from 0.25C to 1C. The bottom inlet provided the best thermal uniformity (ΔT = 2.64 °C) but produced the highest pressure drop (34.89 Pa). Forced-air cooling reduced peak module temperature by 19% compared with natural convection. Increasing velocity beyond 2 m/s gave only marginal thermal improvement while pressure drop increased sharply, and ΔT rose from 0.41 °C at 0.25C to 2.64 °C at 1C.

ABSTRACT. . Canine aspergillosis, primarily caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, poses significant clinical challenges due to rising antifungal resistance and fungal virulence factors like gliotoxin. Evaluating 80 symptomatic samples (50 cutaneous, 30 oral), a recent study revealed a 51.25% infection prevalence, with a pronounced male predisposition of 70.73%. Among 21 confirmed A. fumigatus isolates, 38.09% exhibited resistance to Amphotericin B, with molecular testing confirming a 100% presence of the GLIP and GLIZ virulence genes in these resistant strains. Crucially, synthetic beta-carotene at a concentration of 32 µg/mL demonstrated potent in vitro antifungal activity, inducing a 32% decrease in total RNA yield. RT-qPCR analysis revealed a dramatic downregulation of both key virulence genes post-treatment, suppressing GLIP and GLIZ expression by 89.1-fold and 107.4-fold, respectively. Ultimately, synthetic beta-carotene effectively dismantles drug-resistant A. fumigatus at the genetic level, serving as a promising targeted molecular therapeutic alternative for managing refractory veterinary fungal infections.

ABSTRACT. Raising pyrolysis temperature improves the heating value of biochar but lowers the share of feedstock energy kept in the solid. This study quantified that trade-off for acid-washed sugarcane bagasse by re-analysing biochar yields and elemental compositions previously reported for a 14-run face-centred central composite design (573–973 K, 0.5–2 h); no new pyrolysis experiments were performed. The higher heating value (HHV) was estimated with the Channiwala–Parikh correlation, and energy recovered (ER) was defined as biochar yield × HHV, i.e. the energy retained in the biochar per kilogram of dry feedstock. Estimated HHV rose from 24.09 to 32.25 MJ/kg (quadratic model, R² = 0.9995), whereas ER fell from 17.71 to 6.84 MJ/kg (reduced cubic model, R² = 0.9986). Temperature dominated both responses, and a temperature × time interaction made residence time costly for ER at 573 K but negligible at 973 K. Desirability optimisation with equal importance predicted a compromise at 681 K and 1.10 h (HHV 28.2 MJ/kg, ER 12.1 MJ/kg, D = 0.494), and the Pareto front showed a nearly linear trade-off of 1.2–1.4 MJ/kg of ER per MJ/kg of HHV. At an off-design check point (873 K, 1.5 h), predictions differed from values calculated from measured data by 0.96% (HHV) and 2.38% (ER). The predicted optimum and calorimetric HHV values remain to be verified experimentally.

ABSTRACT. This study aims to measure radon concentrations and associated hazard parameters in several areas of Baghdad, Iraq, using a CR-39 nuclear track detector. Thirty-six detectors were suspended at a height of 165 cm above ground level in cement, ceramic, and gypsum warehouses and showrooms in five areas of Baghdad (Bob Al-Sham, Al-Amiriya, Al-Ghazaliya, Al-Qahira, and Jamila) to record alpha particle tracks for 60 days. The results of the radon concentration found that the highest value was in the Bob Al-Sham area at a cement store, reaching 51.36 ± 5.80 Bq.m^-³, while the lowest was 2.58 ± 1.17 Bq.m^-³ in the Bob Al-Sham area at a ceramic store. The average radon concentration was 14.29±2.43 Bq.m^-³, which is lower than the internationally permissible limit of 100 – 300 Bq.m^-³ reported by the ICRP. Furthermore, radiological health hazard parameters, such as the annual effective dose (AED), exposure to radon progeny (EP), lung cancer cases per million people per year (CPPP), and potential alpha energy concentration (PAEC), were calculated to assess the health risks. All evaluated hazard parameters were within safe global limits, indicating no significant radiological health risks for workers or visitors in these locations during the study period; however, there must be periodic studies and monitoring of these areas to ensure the safety of workers.

ABSTRACT. The macrofungal sample was collected from dead trunks of willow trees (Salix sp.) during April 2025. The selected fungus was identified based on morphological, microscopic, and molecular characteristics. ITS sequence analysis confirmed the fungus as Trametes trogii, and the sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession number PZ427876.1.The fungal extract was used for the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were applied at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% for the treatment of contaminated well water used to irrigate wheat and barley plants. Germination percentage, plant growth parameters, and selected physiological traits were evaluated. The treated plants showed improved germination, plant height, root length, biomass production, and carbohydrate, potassium, and phosphorus contents compared with untreated controls. Barley exhibited a better response than wheat, and the 20% treatment showed the most favorable overall performance. Significant differences were observed among treatments for most growth parameters.

ABSTRACT. In this study some of the estimation methods for the stress-strength reliability of the Generalized Inverse Rayleigh Distribution (GIRD) were used. The methods we consider are the maximum likelihood estimator, the method of moments (MOM), and three shrinkage estimators: the shrinkage weight function estimator, the modified Thompson-type shrinkage estimator, and the squared shrinkage estimator. In this paper, we carry out Monte Carlo simulation in order to evaluate and compare the performance of these estimators in terms of mean squared error (MSE) in different experiments. The results show that the shrinkage weight function estimator is good in the simulation and provides more accurate reliability estimates in the case considered.