ABSTRACT. This study investigates the combined performance of cross-ventilation and double-skin façade (DSF) in an existing STEM classroom in Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt through three-dimensional CFD simulation in Ansys fluent. Five facades configurations were evaluated bulk air-change rate (ACH), pressure distribution, and airflow in the occupied zone (z=1.10 m), for the same boundary conditions. Results revealed a mismatch between the ventilation rates and local airflow distribution. Although ACH for case 1 was the highest (26.58 h-1), 65.4% of the occupied-zone area was still below 0.10 m/s. Case 2 resulted in a 17.7 h-1 reduction of ACH with a 45.0% reduction of low-velocity area. DSF configurations, Case 3 had a balanced performance with ACH 24.05 h-1, highest mean occupied-zone velocity (0.136 m/s) and low-velocity area of 47.8%. Case 5 had low velocity area with 76.3% of the occupied zone under 0.10 m/s. Thus, opening arrangement and airflow pathways matter beyond ACH alone.

ABSTRACT. In this research, five acrylamide derivatives (AC1-AC5), ten azo dyes based on sulfanilic acid and triazole and ten cobalt(II) complexes were prepared and characterized. FT-IR was employed for structural characterization and a number of compounds were also characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR to confirm the functional groups and elucidate the metal coordination geometry. Apparent formation-rate constants were determined by spectrophotometric measurements at 293 K and ranged from 0.0226 to 0.2281 min–1 (half-life 30.6–19.8 min). The temperature-dependent studies from 293 to 333 K showed that the concentration-based stability constants decreased by about 86.5–99.9%. The calculated apparent formation enthalpies were negative (exothermic) and negative Gibbs free energies confirmed spontaneous complexation, according to Van't Hoff thermodynamic analysis. Interestingly, the largest numerical K is for the CAZS4 complex (7.42 × 10¹¹ at 293 K).

ABSTRACT. This study presents a generalized form of the General Emrem Distribution with a Scale Parameter (GMSED). The proposed generalization aims to extend the flexibility of the original model and broaden its potential for statistical modelling. The mathematical formulation of the generalized distribution is established, and its principal statistical properties are derived analytically. These properties include: moments, quantiles, moment generating function, survival function, and hazard rate function. The derived results provide a comprehensive mathematical characterization of the proposed distribution and establish a foundation for further theoretical investigation and potential statistical applications. The study contributes to the literature on generalized probability distributions by extending an existing model and systematically examining its mathematical properties.

ABSTRACT. Coal dust has a negative impact on humans and the environment, however Russia is one of the largest coal exporters and the Russian government plans to increase coal production in the coming years while minimizing the negative impact of the coal industry on the environment. In this paper, we perform computational and experimental simulation of coal dust dispersal. Numerical simulation was performed based on the solution of Reynolds-averaged equations of viscous turbulent motion of an incompressible gas (Navier-Stokes equations) closed by the k-ω SST turbulence model and supplemented by the Euler dispersed impurity model. At the second stage of the work, experimental simulation was performed using a wind tunnel. The main objective of the experimental part of the study was to develop a design solution for the placement of dust screens to prevent the spread of coal dust.

ABSTRACT. Tulipalin A was extracted from Tulipa gesneriana bulbs, purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), characterized by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR), and tested against Penicillium polonicum. Hexane-defatted bulb powder was extracted with 85% ethanol and partitioned with ethyl acetate. The standard and purified fraction eluted at 5.74 and 5.79 min, respectively; the crude extract contained 45.3 mg/g Tulipalin A. Five ¹³C NMR signals supported its identification. Purified Tulipalin A completely inhibited fungal growth at 12.5–75%, with reported MIC and MFC values of 0.015 and 0.017 mg/mL. These findings warrant further efficacy and safety testing and clarification of concentration reporting.

ABSTRACT. The integration of renewable energies into Algeria's energy strategy relies on the establishment of an an incentive legal framework.The country has submitted reports on climate change to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).These actions are part of its national efforts to combat climate change. As part of its climate change mitigation, Algeria has implemented a strategy based in particular on the National Renewable Energy Program and the Energy Efficiency Program. This strategy aims to strengthen the development of solar energy, with a target installed capacity of 15,000 MW by 2035. At the 29th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP29), Algeria consolidated its strategic positioning in favor of climate change mitigation. The public policies presented revolve around multi-sectoral initiatives, encompassing the rehabilitation of the Green Dam, intensive reforestation, the transition of the vehicle fleet to LPG, and the development of green hydrogen sectors.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the design and analytical assessment of a universal retractable cord reel that accepts a user-supplied, plug-terminated outdoor cord and contains no internal conductive path. The cord is anchored at its midpoint on a rotating drum so that both ends pay out together, avoiding cord twisting; a flat spiral spring provides retraction, and a 6-tooth ratchet with a hold-to-release lever locks the extended length. The concept was selected with a weighted decision matrix, modelled in SolidWorks. The checks showed that the baseline spring (maximum 0.48 N at the cord) cannot retract a 15.24 m cord. A constraint-based parametric resizing (drum radius 50 mm, winding width 80 mm, 0.36 × 25 × 6400 mm AISI 301 spring with five preload turns) satisfies the capacity, 10 N ergonomic, and fatigue requirements analytically. The thermal model indicates that a fully wound 1.31 mm² cord must be derated to about 2.6–3.4 A.

ABSTRACT. **Abstract**

This study investigated the use of hydroxyapatite (HAp)/zirconium oxide (ZrO₂)/titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanocomposite coating on 316LVM stainless steel (SS) for biomedical implant applications. The coating was deposited using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to improve corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and osseointegration. The coating was characterized by FE-SEM, tape adhesion test, surface roughness, Vickers microhardness, EDS, and XRD. Corrosion behavior was evaluated in Ringer’s solution using potentiodynamic polarization, while antibacterial activity was assessed against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli*. The optimum deposition condition was 30 V for 1 min, producing a homogeneous, dense, and crack-free coating with high adhesion strength. The coating exhibited a minimum porosity of 0.891% and a corrosion rate of 0.019 mm/y. The Ca/P ratio was 1.66, close to the theoretical value of 1.67. The contact angle decreased to 3.578°, indicating high wettability. Antibacterial inhibition zones reached 17.8 mm and 14 mm against *S. aureus* and *E. coli*, respectively.

ABSTRACT. This exploratory study examines how a Fourier-basis functional representation changes scalar distributional diagnostics in a 2013 exchange-rate dataset organized as 12 monthly columns with four observations per month (48 values). The four temporal profiles were represented over the monthly grid using seven Fourier basis functions and then evaluated at the original 12 time points. Shapiro-Wilk tests were applied month by month to the four values before and after functional reconstruction. All 12 p-values exceeded 0.05 at both stages; however, with only four observations per month, non-rejection does not establish Gaussianity. The median p-value changed from 0.4089 to 0.4789, increasing in eight months and decreasing in four. The largest increases occurred in October and February, whereas the largest decrease occurred in June. These results show that Fourier-basis reconstruction can materially alter local normality diagnostics in a nonuniform manner.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a PRISMA 2020 systematic review evaluating sustainable adaptive reuse strategies for war-damaged courtyard houses in Baghdad and Mosul, Iraq. The study aims to establish the Palm-Digital-Carbon (PDC) framework—a proposed integration of date-palm-fiber materials, sensor-based HBIM ventilation control, and whole-life carbon accounting. Findings indicate that field measurements (1972) documented courtyard nighttime cooling in Baghdad, while calibrated simulations in Cairo demonstrated a reduction in annual energy use from 46.9 to 20.5 kWh/m² via combined thermal strategies. Additionally, low-emissivity secondary glazing reduces window heat loss by over 60%. Although 124 Mosul heritage houses were rehabilitated by late 2024, published energy data remains absent. Because no reviewed sources directly tested PDC components in Iraqi heritage contexts, preliminary estimates demonstrate that a 30 mm palm-fiber lining decreases wall U-values from 1.13 to 0.64 W/m²K, offering payback periods between 3 years (unsubsidized) and several decades (subsidized).

ABSTRACT. The results revealed that the majority of participants had pre-university education and were non-consanguineous, with blood group O and Rh-positive status being the most prevalent; furthermore, although mean hematological parameters were within reference ranges, a considerable proportion exhibited abnormal values, and males demonstrated significantly higher hematocrit, hemoglobin, and HbA1c levels compared with females, despite no statistically significant associations between hematological indices and ABO or Rh blood groups. Ultimately, premarital couples in Al-Duluiya generally exhibit normal hematological profiles with observed gender-related differences but no blood group-related variations, highlighting the need for broader multicenter and molecular investigations to enhance genetic screening programs.

ABSTRACT. Cryogenic air separation remains the reference technology for large-scale, high-purity oxygen, nitrogen and argon production, while air separation units (ASUs) are increasingly viewed as flexible electrical loads and cryogenic assets for low-carbon industry. This critical review combines literature synthesis with quantitative comparison to examine energy benchmarks, exergy destruction, advanced flowsheets, flexible operation and system integration. Three reference quantities are distinguished: the classical ideal-mixture minimum work for complete separation (approximately 0.075 kWh Nm⁻³ O₂ at 298 K), the minimum thermodynamic energy evaluated at specified oxygen purity and recovery, and the minimum separative energy. For oxygen purities of 90–99.9% and recoveries of 50–99%, minimum separative energy has been reported to be 1.3–2.5 times the corresponding minimum thermodynamic energy and provides a more realistic process benchmark, although it is not an absolute thermodynamic limit.

ABSTRACT. This study examines how the liquid medium influences the optical properties of silver–gold (Ag–Au) nanoparticles synthesized through pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL). Silver and gold targets were sequentially irradiated with a 1064 nm nanosecond laser in distilled water and a poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/acetone solution. UV–Vis spectroscopy was used to analyze the optical absorption, while FTIR spectroscopy explored the vibrational features of the polymer-based sample. The results showed noticeable differences in the absorption spectra between the two media. In distilled water, the Ag@Au sample exhibited an absorption band around 400–420 nm, whereas the PMMA/acetone sample showed a broader absorption feature around 530–550 nm and higher absorbance over most of the investigated wavelength range. The FTIR spectrum revealed absorption bands at approximately 766 and 908 cm⁻¹ associated with vibrational modes of the PMMA matrix.

ABSTRACT. Cu doped NiO (NiO:Cu) nanocrystalline thin films were deposited using the chemical bath deposition technique at various Cu doping. The nanocrystalline NiO:Cu thin films were characterized using XRD and FE-SEM. Both techniques revealed the significant impact of varying the Cu doping on the structural properties of the prepared films; all NiO:Cu thin films were found to be polycrystalline, and increasing the Cu doping led to enhanced crystallinity, a finding confirmed by crystallite size measurements. FE-SEM images revealed the presence of pores and clusters of varying sizes within the prepared samples; the dimensions of these features changed with the Cu doping level, which, in turn, helps increase the sensitivity of the sensor intended for fabrication. This paper also demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating CO₂ sensors using these nanocrystalline NiO:Cu thin films, which exhibit good sensitivity response time, and recovery time for various CO₂ concentrations (2, 4, and 6 ppm).

ABSTRACT. Rapid,poorly regulated urban expansion in Iraqi second-tier cities has outpaced school provision. This paper examines how it affects the sustainability of educational services in Abu Ghraib City, west of Baghdad, whose residents increased 4.11% annually between 2009 and 2026. It integrates a GIS comparison of the 1991 and 2017 master plans,an inventory of 96 schools (2025–2026), and a multiple linear regression on an expert survey with four predictors: population growth, transport and access, spatial-physical extension, and planning policy. Some 32.3% of schools lack their own building, class sizes average 41 pupils, and seventeen neighbourhoods have no kindergarten. The planned area increased from 27.4 to 36.8 km², while most new school land occupies one eastern block. The model is significant overall (R²=0.285, p=0.034), though no predictor is significant alone; planning policy (β=0.317) and population growth (β=0.238) carry most weight. School sites should be planned with growth, not after it.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates a two-dimensional mathematical model for the spreading and stability of a thin film of an incompressible Newtonian liquid on a rigid horizontal plane. Utilizing the lubrication approximation, the model is formulated through a nonlinear fourth-order thin-film equation that describes the primary physical forces acting on the film, namely capillary pressure, gravity, and intermolecular forces incorporated through an explicit disjoining-pressure term. The dimensionless equation reveals that the Bond number, which represents the relative role of gravity, is the only important remaining parameter. The results indicate that surface tension and gravity stabilize the film by suppressing disturbance growth, while attractive van der Waals forces can amplify long-wave disturbances and may lead to spinodal dewetting

ABSTRACT. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) needs biomarkers to complement conventional serological markers while better reflecting immune activation and persistent inflammation Note that therefore the goal of this study was to compare relative expression levels of miR-155 and serum concentrations Galectin-3 suPAR CRP ESR among RF positive patients (RP) CCp=positive patients (AP) and healthy volunteers. Methods: A total of 90 subjects were recruited, with equal allocation between RF-positive rheumatoid arthritis (n=30), Anti-CCP-positive rheumatoid arthritis (n=30) and healthy control groups (Individuals age >18 years O.Cursors. The diagnosis was performed according to both the criteria from American College Rheumatology as well International League Against Rheumatism.) Galectin-3 and suPAR were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) whereas relative miR-155 expression was determined using one-step reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) with U6 as the endogenous reference, followed by analysis via 2−ΔΔCt method..

ABSTRACT. This critical review synthesizes high-temperature superconductor (HTS) progress by screening 205 candidate papers, retaining 200, and prioritizing 50 key studies across nine fundamental axes including composition, strain, interfaces, and cost. Findings reveal that microstructural control is more pervasive than any single material family. Five experimental cuprate studies demonstrate that optimal composition, rather than dopant volume, provides the primary design signal: Al-substituted Bi-2223 increases Tc from 105 to 116 K; Ag-doped Bi-systems show Tc(1)/Tc(2) transitions of 137.7/162.5 K; In-doped Y-123 achieves an offset Tc of 104.8 K at x = 0.3; Sr-modified Hg-1223 yields an onset Tc of 139 K; and Zn-modified Hg-1223 reaches a 123 K offset while narrowing transition width from 23 to 9 K. Structurally, REBCO leads coated conductor deployment, iron-based systems balance high-field demands, and hydrides require ambient stabilization. Artificial intelligence can accelerate discovery when integrated with standardized data, synthesis, magnetic characterization, and lifecycle analysis.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. In this paper presents a new approach to study two important, Graph Polynomial and Topological Indices. Numerical descriptors based on graph structure are known as topological indices, and a M-polynomial can yield multiple degree-based indices. we investigate the M-polynomial for two chain graphs constructed from quadrilaterals. The first is a chain of n connected quadrilaterals, and the second is a chain of k rhombic units, each with a diagonal. Using the polynomial, the first and second Zagreb indices were derived. Additionally give a graphical analysis of the results and a short regularity analysis of both graphs. The results show how these indices grow linearly with the length of the chain

ABSTRACT. In this paper, we obtain explicit generation-dependent expressions of six degree-based Sombor-type descriptors such as diminished Sombor (DSO), complementary diminished Sombor (CDSO), reverse Sombor (RSO), reverse elliptic Sombor (RESO), reverse Euler Sombor (REU), and parametric mean Sombor (mSO_α of the polyphenylene dendrimer D_4 [n] The four edge-degree classes are established and induction conditional on the standard dendrimer construction leads to exact edge counts and closed expressions. We obtain power-mean bounds, asymptotic edge proportions, normalised limits, and numerical evaluations. The conclusions are about graph invariants, no physicochemical prediction is made without external data on properties.

ABSTRACT. The classical domination numbers of cylindrical grids P3 ⊔ Cn and P4 ⊔ Cn, along with the established bounds for P5 ⊔ Cn, were previously proved by Nandi, Parui and Adhikari (2011); they are not new theorems of this work. Instead, this study supplies a fully specified, independently executable finite-state benchmark for ordinary domination and three related parameters. We prove the exact correspondence between dominating sets and minimum-weight closed walks in a subset-pair transfer graph, explicitly stating cyclic initialization and terminal conditions. Exhaustive transfer calculations determine ordinary domination for k ∈ {3,4,5} and 3 ≤ n ≤ 40, with selected instances cross-checked using an independent mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation. We also compute numerical profiles for total, independent, and strong domination for n = 3 to 10. The results reproduce prior formulas, correct incomplete notation, and emphasize finite certification and reproducibility.

ABSTRACT. Share prices of insurers on small, thinly traded exchanges are hard to explain with linear models, because the link between accounting fundamentals and value is rarely proportional. This study compares a stepwise multiple linear regression with five machine-learning models, namely Random Forest, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), in predicting the share market value of the five insurance companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. Nineteen financial-performance indicators were compiled for 2014–2023, giving 50 firm-year observations, and the models were assessed with a chronological train–test design using root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). In this sample XGBoost gave the lowest errors (RMSE = 0.110 dinar; MAE = 0.080 dinar, about 12% of the average share value).

ABSTRACT. In this paper, we establish a definitive classification of the real diagonal solvable class within six-dimensional real Lie algebras possessing three-dimensional derived subalgebras, based on Schöbel’s standard classification. An algebra is defined to belong to this class if its derived subalgebra L^((1)) is abelian and the adjoint actions ad_x of its extending elements are real-diagonalizable over R. We rigorously prove that among the thirty canonical cases, exactly six algebras say L_1,L_2,L_3,L_6,L_18, and L_19 satisfy this condition. The remaining twenty-four algebras are systematically excluded due to non-solvability (L_24,L_25) the presence of irreducible rotation blocks with complex-conjugate eigenvalues (L_4,L_20,L_21,L_27,L_29), or incomplete eigenspaces formed by non-trivial Jordan blocks. An explicit change of basis is constructed for L_19 to realize its diagonal form.

ABSTRACT. Pregnancy is accompanied by extensive physiological remodeling involving endocrine, metabolic, peptide-processing, serotonergic, and redox-regulatory systems. Although individual components of these pathways have been investigated, the simultaneous variation of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), serotonin transporter (SERT), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) across gestation and the postpartum period remains insufficiently characterized. A total of 120 serum samples were obtained from women attending Kirkuk Maternity and Obstetrics Hospital and equally allocated into four groups: first trimester, second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum up to three months (n = 30 per group). Serum POP demonstrated a pronounced stage-dependent pattern, decreasing from (2.47 ± 0.53) ng/mL in the first trimester to 1.55 ± 0.58 ng/mL in the second trimester, followed by an increase to (2.41 ± 1.23) ng/mL in the third trimester and a marked elevation to (6.61 ± 1.66 ng/mL) during the postpartum period.

ABSTRACT. Plastic waste accumulation is a growing environmental problem in Iraq. This study investigates the reuse of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste to produce sustainable building bricks with improved mechanical and sound insulation properties. PET was used in untreated form and chemically treated through glycolysis using ethylene glycol and nano-magnesium oxide to produce DPET. Both materials were incorporated into modified bitumen and combined with sand and gravel to manufacture bricks.

Hardness tests identified an optimal modified bitumen composition of 60% bitumen and 40% PET or DPET. Compression tests showed that PET-modified bitumen achieved 20% compression at 7 MPa, while DPET-modified bitumen exhibited better compatibility due to its functional groups. FESEM and FTIR analyses supported the material characterization. The proposed bricks offer a sustainable alternative to conventional building materials, provide sound insulation, and can be bonded using heat without cement.

ABSTRACT. The construction sector is a major consumer of natural resources and a significant source of waste, contributing to environmental degradation, greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing pressure on primary raw materials. Transitioning to a circular economic model is essential. Closed-loop construction systems play a key role in mitigating the impacts of construction and demolition waste (CDW). This review examines the literature focussing on demolition waste upcycling, secondary material flows, and reuse technologies. It explores circular economy (CE) principles in construction, distinguishes between recycling and upcycling, and evaluates the potential of secondary raw materials. It analyses emerging recovery and reuse approaches, including selective demolition, design for disassembly (DfD), Building Information Modelling (BIM), material passports, artificial intelligence, and robotics. Circular supply chains and secondary material markets are assessed, emphasizing reuse hubs, material banks, and urban mining platforms. The analysis identifies persistent technical, regulatory, economic, and behavioural barriers, and outlines research and policy priorities.

ABSTRACT. Late deliveries in workshops that repair heavy machinery for the mining sector reduce the availability of client fleets and trigger contractual penalties that threaten the supplier's profitability. This paper analyzes a Peruvian maintenance workshop whose on-time delivery (OTD) rate reached only 34.21% across 38 work orders, 50.79 percentage points below the 85% achieved in an analogous case, with penalties equivalent to 9.24% of net revenue. The analysis combined work-order records, field time studies, inventory audits, and maintenance logs; a frequency–impact criticality matrix ranked six root causes grouped into three mechanisms: spare-part disorganization in the warehouse (40%), reactive maintenance of welding and grinding equipment (32%), and degradation of the plasma CNC and the lathe (28%). The innovative proposal integrates three Industry 4.0 components: a Data Matrix-based warehouse management system, an Edge-IIoT monitoring system with unsupervised anomaly detection, and a TPM scheme supported by an ISO 23247 digital twin.

ABSTRACT. study provides a unified analytical and numerical comparison between a classical clean stress-free thin-film interface and a strictly locally inextensible interface while retaining the same capillary.The resulting thickness evolution is coupled to a variable-coefficient elliptic equation for λ. Linearization about a uniform base film reduces the constrained mobility to one quarter of the clean-interface mobility; consequently, every nonzero constrained Fourier mode has one quarter of the corresponding clean-interface growth or decay rate, while the neutral condition, cutoff wavenumber, and most amplified wavenumber remain unchanged. Small-amplitude capillary levelling is retarded and the reported logarithmic slopes are consistent with the one-quarter linear-rate benchmark. In the molecular-force-driven calculation, the stated rupture threshold is crossed at 1.62 s for the clean surface and 6.48 s for the inextensible surface, giving a ratio of 4.00 for that specified setup. Gravity remains stabilizing in the supported horizontal geometry, but the constrained surface relaxes more slowly.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the structural performance of exterior beam–column joints using a hybrid Polyvinyl Alcohol–Steel Fiber Engineered Cementitious Composite (PVA-ST ECC) under monotonic loading. Six specimens were tested: one conventional concrete control and five incorporating PVA-ST ECC in the joint region, varying transverse reinforcement spacing and ECC extension lengths. Experimental results reveal that integrating PVA-ST ECC significantly enhances load-carrying capacity, ductility, energy absorption, and initial stiffness while mitigating shear failure risks. The specimen with PVA-ST ECC extending into both the beam and columns exhibited the highest ultimate load capacity (92.89 kN) and superior cracking resistance, compared to the control capacity of 31.40 kN. Under the tested monotonic loading conditions, incorporating PVA-ST ECC in the joint core maintained a ductile beam flexural failure mode even when joint transverse reinforcement was reduced or completely omitted, offering a promising solution to mitigate joint reinforcement congestion in critical connections

ABSTRACT. This study aims to synthesize (Cu-Al-Ni-Fe) alloy composite coatings reinforced with alumina (Al2O3) particles at weight fractions of 0 wt%, 3 wt %, and 6 wt%, deposited on AISI 304L stainless steel substrates using the flame thermal spraying technique. The coatings were evaluated by measuring surface roughness and adhesion strength, alongside microstructural and elemental characterization via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The SEM results revealed that the surface roughness of the samples increased from 5 to 8 µm and the adhesion strength increased from 22±0.655 Mpa to 26±0.818 Mpa As the Al2O3 content was increased, SEM micrographs showed reduced porosity and microcracks and improved homogeneity of the microstructure. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) the presence of the main constituents of alloy (Cu,Al,Ni,Fe) and elements associated with the Al2O3 reinforcement.

ABSTRACT. In this paper, a new hybrid optimization algorithm combining the Dixon Conjugate Gradient method and the BFGS method, named Hybrid Dixon-BFGS MLE, is proposed to address the numerical complexity and non-linear structure of Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). To evaluate the algorithmic efficiency and numerical performance, a novel Double Transformation Cosine-Exponential (DT-Cos-Exp) distribution is introduced as a flexible testing model, and its main structural properties are derived. A Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted under various sample sizes and parameter setups to assess estimation accuracy, stability, and convergence behavior. Furthermore, an empirical application on a real-world dataset was performed to evaluate the proposed algorithm against standard optimization algorithms (Standard CG, L-BFGS-B, SANN). Both simulation and empirical results demonstrated that the Hybrid Dixon-BFGS MLE algorithm outperformed the other methods, achieving superior goodness-of-fit metrics (AIC, BIC, CIAC, HQIC) with enhanced computational stability.

ABSTRACT. Indoor radon concentrations (Ca) were measured in 27 liquid paint samples from Kirkuk, Iraq, using CR-39 detectors and RAD7 monitoring. CR-39 Ca values ranged from 43.83 to 163.39 Bq/m3, while RAD7 values ranged from 0.0 to 144.0 Bq/m3. Radon concentrations in paints (Cs) ranged from 5235.28 to 19513.31 Bq/m3. Radium (CRa) and uranium (CU) concentrations ranged from 873.60 to 3256.14 Bq/kg and 8.10 to 30.19 ppm. Surface (ES) and mass (EM) exhalation rates ranged from 10.357 to 38.604 mBq/m2/h and 0.796 to 2.969 mBq/kg/h. Potential alpha energy concentration ranged from 4.739 to 17.644 mWL. Annual effective dose ranged from 1.105 to 4.122 mSv/y, and excess lifetime cancer risk was 1.99x10^-5 to 7.42x10^-5.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the Dominance Shadow Topology ($\tau_{\text{shadow}}$), generated from a graph via a subbase where vertex $u$ is in $v$’s shadow if $u$’s degree equals or exceeds their graph distance. We show this topology strongly tends toward extreme collapse (indiscrete or discrete) rather than intermediate structures. For cycles $C_n$, we prove a complete dichotomy: $\tau_{\text{shadow}}$ is indiscrete for $3 \le n \le 5$ and fully discrete for $n \ge 6$. Dense graphs satisfying Dirac’s condition collapse to the indiscrete space. Graph disconnection always forces topological disconnection, while the converse generally fails for regular graphs. Furthermore, $k$-regularity is sufficient, but not necessary, for symmetry of the shadow matrix. Extended to directed graphs, discreteness occurs even faster: directed cycles become discrete at $n \ge 3$, and out-regularity loses its matrix symmetry guarantee. Finally, a MATLAB implementation computes the subbase, basis, and topology for any graph.

ABSTRACT. Thin films polycrystalline Ag2S0.8Se0.2 were deposited through thermal evaporation method, Subsequently, annealing was performed in air at )423 K and 573 K (for one hour to study the effect of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of silver sulfide (Ag2S0.8Se0.2). The structural properties for thin films were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that all films crystallize in the monoclinic structure. Atomic force microscopy displayed increasing the grain diameter and the surface roughness nm through annealing. UV–Vis spectrophotometry displayed a red shift of the absorption edge, and decreasing the direct optical energy gap (1.84 eV 1.78 eV), while the absorption coefficient at λ = 500 nm increased. These results establish that thermal annealing plays a significant character in adapting the properties of structural and optical of Ag2S0.8Se0.2. These results establish that annealing is an effective approach for enhancing the properties of the films Ag2S0.8Se0.2 for photovoltaic applications.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a composite objective function for minimizing total completion time, maximum earliness (Emax) and maximum lateness through a multi-criteria single-machine scheduling model (MSP). But the problem is itself NP-hard and combinatorial in nature. A formal mathematical formulation is put together, and a Dominance Rule (DR) defines what solution strategies are effective. Two metaheuristic algorithms, namely SHO and GWO are implemented for problem instances containing 100 jobs to obtain high-quality Pareto-optimal solutions. Computational experiments show that both algorithms produce good approximations in reasonable computing time. The outcomes also show that the proposed metaheuristic methods provide a practical alternative for exact approaches, especially on larger size problem instances in which the complete optimization will be computationally infeasible. In summary, the proposed framework supports solving multi-criteria single-machine scheduling problems in a highly efficient way and for several (commonly studied) objectives while keeping a balance amongst them.

ABSTRACT. The radial wave functions of modified harmonic-oscillator potential were applied to evaluate the nuclear charge densities and differential cross sections of elastic electron scattering off some stable nuclei in sd-shell (〖(_12^24)Mg〗_12, 〖(_13^27)Al〗_14, 〖(_14^28)Si〗_14, 〖(_15^31)P〗_16, 〖(_16^32)S〗_16, 〖(_19^39)K〗_20 and 〖(_20^40)Ca〗_20 nuclei). The nuclear shell model was used. The parameters for the chosen potential were fixed to produce the experimental charge size radii. Besides, the mixing parameters different from the usual filling numbers as predicted by independent-particle model were utilized to investigate the ground state properties. Such mixing parameters highly affect the theoretical findings. The theoretical results were compared with available experimental values. Very good results were obtained.

ABSTRACT. This study used a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, a repetition rate of 3 Hz, a pulse duration of 10 ns, and a spot size of 4 mm to produce titanium plasma in air at atmospheric pressure. Four laser fluences (2.23, 2.71, 3.18, and 3.66 J/cm2) were used. It was observed that increasing laser fluence enhanced the intensity of the emitted plasma spectrum. The plasma emission spectra were recorded using an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). The spectral data were used to determine the electron density and electron temperature. Other plasma parameters, including Debye length, plasma frequency, and Debye number, were calculated using the obtained values. The results showed that electron temperature and density varied with laser fluence. These findings provide important plasma parameters for optimizing laser-induced plasma treatment of Ti6Al4V alloy for biomedical applications.

ABSTRACT. This critical literature review synthesizes fragmented evidence on (GAI), sustainable supplier selection, and smart supply-chain optimization. Its purpose is to distinguish empirically demonstrated outcomes from conceptual claims and to identify conditions under which GAI can credibly support sustainable procurement. A thematic synthesis was organized around eight dimensions: ISC and digital integration; data quality and collaboration; forecasting and optimization; resilience, risk, and security; sustainability, carbon, ESG, and life-cycle assessment; circularity and reuse; adoption, readiness, and governance; and GAI, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), explainable AI, and digital twins. Studies were appraised according to construct validity. A critical gap is the absence of controlled, supplier-level evaluations of end-to-end GAI systems that retrieve verifiable evidence, assess multi-dimensional sustainability criteria, explain recommendations, and track post-award performance. The review contributes a methodological bridge connecting AI capabilities, circularity, resilience, and adoption to a falsifiable research agenda for sustainable SCM.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a general two-point implicit block method (2PBIM(6)) of order five for the direct numerical solution of sixth-order ordinary differential equations. The proposed method is constructed using a Hermite interpolating polynomial to approximate the solution. The method computes the numerical solution at two points simultaneously, providing an efficient approach for solving sixth-order initial value problems directly without reducing them to a system of first-order differential equations. The consistency, zero-stability, and convergence properties of the proposed method are established. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method provides accurate and reliable approximations and performs effectively when compared with existing numerical methods. Therefore, the developed 2PBIM(6) offers an efficient and accurate technique for the direct numerical solution of sixth-order ordinary differential equations.

ABSTRACT. In the present study, the total stopping power is investigated for a wide range of energies of the incident charged particles. In the frame of the outlined objective, the relativistic Bethe equation was programmed using MATLAB. Selected nuclear reactions that result in proton and alpha particle emission were used as the basis of the study. Two different materials – acetone and urea. Their electronic properties were studied by Density Functional Theory (DFT). HOMO/LUMO energy levels, ionization potential, etc. were calculated. nuclear, and total stopping powers were then computed for protons and α-particles were calculated using both the energies emitted from radioactive decay and accelerated particle energies in the range of 1–10,000 MeV. The accuracy of the proposed model was measured by evaluating the calculated outcomes with available experimental data from the SRIM program. It was noted that the calculated values agreed well with the experimental SRIM data

ABSTRACT. The present study investigated the prevalence, virulence characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecalis in women with vaginitis during 2024. Of 100 samples, 65 strains were identified. Vaginal discharge was reported in 75% of patients, while 62% experienced discomfort. The isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, particularly to erythromycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, and minocycline, with notable resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. In contrast, linezolid, tedizolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and tigecycline demonstrated high in-vitro activity. Biofilm formation may contribute to bacterial persistence and antimicrobial resistance, highlighting its clinical significance. Molecular analysis of ten selected isolates revealed cylA and ermB in 100% of isolates, blaTEM in 100%, and blaSHV in 70%. These findings demonstrate the coexistence of virulence-associated and antimicrobial resistance determinants in E. faecalis, emphasizing the importance of continued surveillance, accurate diagnosis, and evidence-based treatment strategies to improve vaginitis management and address emerging antimicrobial resistance

ABSTRACT. Degeneration is one of the most significant concepts that has been motivated by numerous applications in physics and mathematics. In the present study, the degenerations of associative algebras are taken into consideration. We concentrate on the variety of four-dimensional complex nilpotent associative algebras. To determine whether a degeneration may exist for every pair of associative algebras, a variety of invariance arguments are assembled, and new invariances are established. One of the essential invariances is using the cohomology groups with low dimensions.

Consequently, we provide an exhaustive list of low-dimensional complex nilpotent associative algebra degenerations and non-degenerations.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Digital transformation in architectural design environments depends on more than digital tools; it also needs an integrated management framework that brings human and governance capabilities together. This study examines three digital management capabilities, namely how human resource and knowledge management and digital governance relate to integrated digital transformation management, and how this capability relates to architectural design performance. The model draws on dynamic capabilities theory, and digital sustainability, understood as an organization’s ability to sustain, develop, and keep benefiting from its digital transformation, is used as the conceptual framework. Survey data from 75 respondents in public and private architectural engineering institutions in Iraq were analyzed with partial least squares structural equation modeling in SmartPLS 4. Human resources (β = 0.465, p < 0.001) and governance (β = 0.456, p < 0.001) were positively associated with integrated digital transformation management and together explained 76.1% of its variance, and integrated management was positively associated with design performance (β = 0.574, p < 0.001) in the hypothesized model. This last association, however, depended on the model: once direct paths from human resources and governance to design performance were added, the path from integrated management to performance and both indirect effects were no longer significant, while human resources stayed directly associated with performance. The mediating role of integrated management was therefore not supported. Because all measures are perceptual and cross-sectional, the results show associations, not causal effects. Integrated digital transformation management may offer an organizational foundation for digital sustainability, which served here as a conceptual lens rather than a measured variable.

ABSTRACT. A series of thiourea–chalcone hybrids (A1a–A1h, A2d, and A3d) was synthesized by nucleophilic addition followed by base-catalyzed Claisen–Schmidt condensation. Structures were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. Glide docking against human SIRT1 (PDB ID: 4I5I) gave scores of −6.346 to −8.929 kcal/mol, compared with −5.437 kcal/mol for Selisistat; A2d (−8.929 kcal/mol) and A1h (−8.919 kcal/mol) scored most favorably. In an MTT assay after 24 h, four selected derivatives reduced HT-29 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Their IC₅₀ values were 49.64 µM for A1h, 84.23 µM for A1g, 125.16 µM for A1d, and 378.72 µM for A1e. A1h was the most active compound within the tested series and contained a para-hydroxyl substituent. The biological comparison was limited to four compounds and did not include a reference anticancer drug or a non-malignant cell line.

ABSTRACT. We introduce pre-D_{\mathcal{I}} open sets in an ideal topological space X,τ,I. A set A is pre-D_{\mathcal{I}} open if A-\mathrm{PreCl}\left(A\cap H\right)\in \mathcal{I} for some open set H different from X and ∅. Every open set other than X has this property. The family is closed under finite unions when no two proper non-empty open sets cover X, but in general it is closed neither under unions nor under intersections, and it is independent of the family of pre-open sets. With this family we define three kinds of open functions, three kinds of closed functions and three kinds of continuous functions, prove the implications among them, and give an example for every implication that does not reverse. For finite spaces we give a flowchart that decides whether a subset is pre-D_{\mathcal{I}} open and lists the whole family.

ABSTRACT. The black hole information paradox remains one of the most fundamental and unresolved problems in modern theoretical physics, emerging from the deep incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics. While general relativity predicts that information falling into a black hole is irreversibly lost at the spacetime singularity, quantum mechanics enforces the principle of unitarity, which strictly forbids information loss. This apparent contradiction challenges the consistency of physical laws and raises critical questions about the nature of spacetime, entropy, and quantum information. This study presents a comprehensive and structured analytical review of the black hole information paradox, focusing on its theoretical origins and subsequent developments.

ABSTRACT. Truncated probability distributions provide a useful framework for modelling random variables whose observable values are restricted to a specified range. This study introduces a right-truncated version of the Uma distribution to extend its applicability to datasets in which observations are limited by an upper truncation point. The probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the proposed model are derived, and its fundamental statistical properties are investigated. These properties include the survival function, hazard rate function, moments, mean, variance, and other relevant measures. The effects of the truncation point on the probabilistic behaviour and statistical characteristics of the proposed distribution are also examined. The resulting model provides a mathematical extension of the original distribution and may offer a suitable alternative for analysing data subject to right truncation. The proposed formulation contributes to the development of flexible probability models for statistical applications in which the observation mechanism imposes an upper limit.

ABSTRACT. Riverfront redevelopment in Iraqi cities has largely prioritized physical improvements over human experience. This study integrates Soft City principles with established riverfront indicators to develop a qualitative assessment framework comprising five dimensions: everyday experience and accessibility, physical and psychological comfort, human-scale mobility, sensory and visual experience, and social interaction. The framework is tested against the Chicago Riverwalk and applied to the Shatt Al-Hilla Corniche in Hilla, Iraq, divided into three frontages. Frontages 1 and 2 perform strongly in everyday experience and social interaction, while Frontage 1 benefits from heritage landmarks that enhance sensory and visual qualities. Human-scale mobility is weak across all frontages. Physical and psychological comfort is weak in Frontages 1 and 2 and moderate in Frontage 3, which also has the lowest diversity of uses. Overall, the Corniche has a strong physical structure but lacks greenery, comfort, and pedestrian-scale mobility.

ABSTRACT. A crucial closed-form Routh–Hurwitz, whose violation indicates imbalance, is derived for local exponential stability of the operating point. Its dependence on the operating inflow is made explicit. For uncertainties involving parametric variables, a conservative interval test is conducted along with an exact test for the physically consistent cases in which the uncertainty enters through one lumped coefficient. As for nonlinear models near equilibrium, a Lyapunov-equation certificate is provided. Stability is lost through a Hopf bifurcation at the critical integral gain. The direction of constant storage area is governed by the first Lyapunov coefficient, which is considered negative (supercritical) for the illustrative parameters and for 99.8% of a random parameter sample. The growth of the resulting oscillation amplitude is comparable to the square root of the gain excess, so that gate saturation is reached at a small excess of the gain. Numerical simulations confirm the predictions where the parameters are illustrative.

ABSTRACT. The major objective of present manuscript is to consider and study numerous classes of extended supra mappings in supra topological spaces namely, supra δ-ß-open and supra quasi δ-ß-open mappings involving the notion of supra δ-ß-open sets. Various fundamental properties and several interesting characterization related to these kinds of supra extended mappings have been introduced and verified. Additionally, the relationships among such of these forms of extended supra mappings and other of renowned forms of extended supra mappings are investigated. As well, some appropriate examples to highlight the superiority of our major outcomes have been supported.

ABSTRACT. Global water, food, and energy security across African landscapes face severe pressures from climate and anthropogenic changes. This study introduces a novel framework that bridges regional hydro-climatic simulations with actionable policy by coupling isotope-enabled hydrological and biophysical models (HBSM, J2000-iso, SWAT+) with standardized carbon accounting. To overcome the gap between regional modeling and local decisions, the framework integrates high-frequency weather station observations—such as peak temperatures of 29.5°C, solar radiation up to 662 W/m², and VPD reaching 2.74 kPa—as real-time boundary constraints. Furthermore, organizational greenhouse gas emissions are quantified using Carbonhound under the GHG Protocol. The operational design delivers two core outputs: Output A maps biophysical outputs directly to SDGs 2, 6, 7, and 13, while Output B tests multi-functional land-use configurations across Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) to conduct climate stress tests and evaluate resource trade-offs.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the techno-environmental and economic performance of a photovoltaic-powered proton exchange membrane electrolyzer across Alexandria, Nairobi, and Tokyo. Hourly meteorological modeling, life cycle assessment (LCA), and financial analysis revealed distinct seasonal disparities. Alexandria and Tokyo achieved peak summer hydrogen yields (0.0196 and 0.0179 kg/day), whereas Nairobi provided stable year-round output (0.0178 kg/day). LCA scores were strongly influenced by local thermal derating and particulate soiling. Economically, Nairobi optimized off-grid deployment, while summer-dominant regions yielded higher peak profit margins. To boost internal rates of return and environmental profiles, lower-performing sites must implement automated dust mitigation and circular wastewater reuse (about 8.94 kg H2O/kg H2). Advancing hydrogen production and use directly fulfills SDGs 6, 7, and 9. Additionally, evaluating the carbon footprint and LCA impacts aligns clean-tech deployment with SDG 13 by mitigating climate risks and public health burdens across diverse microclimates.

ABSTRACT. Selecting suitable locations for drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in rapidly expanding riverine cities requires balancing hydraulic, engineering and urban-planning requirements. This study develops a GIS-based spatial decision-support framework to evaluate four existing DWTPs in Baghdad: Al-Karkh, Al-Zuhoor, Al-Rusafa Al-Kabir and East Al-Qanat. Five indicators were used: road accessibility, population density, land use/land cover, distance from the Tigris River, and river cross-sections measured by DGPS and a single-beam echo sounder. The indicators were standardized in ArcGIS 10.8 and combined by weighted overlay, using weights from a questionnaire answered by 20 experts (24.20%, 20.70%, 20.06%, 18.79% and 16.24%, respectively). Expert agreement was significant (Kendall’s W = 0.248, p < 0.001). The Composite Spatial Suitability Index ranked Al-Karkh first (0.88), followed by Al-Rusafa Al-Kabir (0.82), Al-Zuhoor (0.74) and East Al-Qanat (0.65). Integrating GIS, field measurements and expert knowledge supports sustainable planning of water infrastructure.

ABSTRACT. Traditional techno-economic assessments evaluate hydrogen pathways solely on direct sales, artificially favoring grey hydrogen while ignoring societal externalities. This study addresses this gap by integrating shadow pricing, the Cost of Illness (COI), and the Travel Cost Method (TCM) to account for human health and coastal tourism damages under carbon taxation. We evaluate three pathways: grey hydrogen (SMR baseline), blue hydrogen (ATR + CCS), and methane pyrolysis (MPCCS). Total abatement costs—including CapEx, OpEx, logistics, and upcycling—are balanced against direct hydrogen sales and indirect revenues from energy recovery, solid carbon sales, carbon tax savings, and shadow-pricing credits. Results show that internalizing societal benefits transforms project economics: grey hydrogen becomes unviable under tax penalties, whereas ATR + CCS overcomes capital intensity to deliver superior Net Present Value (NPV) and shorter payback. Crucially, monetizing these externalities elevates the Internal Rate of Return above commercial bank interest rates, driving private capital into clean hydrogen infrastructure

ABSTRACT. The selection of suitable drinking water intake locations requires accurate evaluation of river hydraulic and morphological characteristics. This study presents a three-dimensional (3D) cross-section analysis of the Tigris River to evaluate drinking water intake locations in Baghdad, Iraq. Hydrographic survey data collected using differential GNSS and a single-beam echo sounder were processed to develop a 3D riverbed model and extract key morphological parameters, including river width, maximum depth, bed configuration, and thalweg position. The results demonstrated considerable variations in river morphology among the investigated intake locations due to differences in sedimentation, flow conditions, and channel geometry. Sections with adequate depth and stable morphology showed more favorable conditions for intake operation, while shallow and irregular areas require continuous monitoring and maintenance. The proposed approach provides an effective engineering tool for assessing existing intakes and supporting future drinking water infrastructure planning.

ABSTRACT. Small and medium-sized metalworking enterprises often experience production losses due to breakdowns and prolonged setup times. This study examines a Peruvian SME engaged in rubber lining, with an initial machine availability of 62 %, whose main operational constraints are mechanical failures and setup times. An integrated model combining SMED to reorganize setup activities and Total Productive Maintenance 4.0 (TPM 4.0) to support condition-based maintenance planning was designed. The proposal includes advance material preparation, changeover standardization, vibration and pressure monitoring, and operational alerts. Its expected effects were assessed using discrete-event simulation in Simio, with 30 replications of the current (AS-IS) and proposed (TO-BE) scenarios. The simulated results indicate a weighted availability of 94.40 %, a 29.98 % reduction in setup times, and a 43.59 % decrease in mean repair time. These findings suggest that an integrated solution adapted to limited resources could improve equipment utilization.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. In this work, we give new forms of KC spaces namely FKi ,i=1,…,n ,the relationship between those types has been studied. Also many facts, properties, results and examples have been given to support our work

ABSTRACT. This study investigates Romanian consumers’ attitudes toward renewable energy technologies, focusing on financial benefits, environmental impacts, public awareness, social norms, and technical barriers. Data were collected through an online questionnaire using non-random convenience sampling and snowball recruitment among organizations, educational institutions, and social media users. Results show that only 26.95% of respondents have implemented environmental solutions in their homes, while 52.10% would consider investing in green energy within five years. The main barriers are high initial costs (47.31%), lack of information (20.36%), and installation difficulties (14.37%). Despite growing interest in renewable energy, financial and technical obstacles continue to limit adoption. The findings highlight the importance of consumer education, accessible financing, government incentives, and simplified installation processes to encourage household investment in green technologies. However, the study’s non-random sampling, cross-sectional design, and self-reported data limit generalizability. Future research should employ longitudinal approaches, random sampling, and objective behavioural measures to strengthen validity.

ABSTRACT. The hand – casting method was employed to prepare polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) specimens using methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer at a ratio of (2:1). Specimens with different dimensions were fabricated in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The specimens were annealed at different temperatures (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C) to investigate their thermal conductivity and hardness. The thermal conductivity (K) results of PMMA revealed a decrease in thermal conductivity with increasing annealing temperature, reaching a value of (19.1007602 mW/m.K) at an annealing temperature of (100 °C). Also, the hardness test results exhibited relative stability at lower the annealing temperatures and then increased noticeably at higher annealing temperatures, reaching a maximum hardness value of (89.36 Shore – D) at (100 °C) .

ABSTRACT. The pollen grains of nine species of the genus Avena L. studied using a light microscope and scanning electron microscope .The result showed that pollen grains were Monoporate with an annulus and operculum , Isopolar. pollen grains of the investigated samples were medium to large in size . It has circular to subcircular shape in polar view and their six species : A. sativa , A. sterilis , A. ludoviciana , A. eriantha , A .barbata , A. abyssinica were Subproplate, three species : A. fatua , A. clauda , A. wiestii were Prolate-spheroidal in the equatorial view .the pollen grains of all the species studied exhibited a microverrucate exine ornament

ABSTRACT. In this research, the dependent of energy losses and electronic stopping power on the velocity of alpha particles and protons were examined through fully ionized plasma. Stopping power as well as energy loss of particles have been studied from theoretical perspective, in terms of the speed of the particles during their interaction with matter in the plasma state. Dielectric-response theory and random-phase approximation were used to describe the process of electronic stopping resulting from the interaction of high-energy charged particles with bound and free electrons in the plasma.The results indicate that the energy loss of alpha particles decreases monotonically with increasing velocity over the investigated range. In contrast, the electronic stopping power of protons increases initially, reaches a maximum, and then decreases at higher velocities. These behaviors reflect the complex relationship between projectile velocity and energy-transfer mechanisms in plasma.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates employee resistance to organisational digitalisation and strategies to facilitate technology adoption. A quantitative case study was conducted with 120 employees from medium and large Romanian companies, using JASP for data analysis. Results reveal a paradox: although 81.7% of respondents show high individual openness to innovation, 65.9% report collective resistance within their work groups. Organisational factors, rather than individual barriers such as insufficient training or skills, emerge as the main drivers of resistance, accounting for 63.3% of responses. Employees favour targeted training (55.0%) and continuous technical support (50.8%) over traditional financial incentives. Furthermore, 79.2% are motivated to adopt new technologies primarily when these save time in daily tasks. These findings highlight the importance of aligning digital transformation with employees’ practical needs. The study offers actionable recommendations, emphasising transparent communication, psychological safety, continuous learning, and collaborative implementation over top-down approaches to ensure successful organisational digitalisation.

ABSTRACT. Improper disposal of aquaculture processing residue (APR) generates high-strength effluents with carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios too low for stable mono-digestion. This study evaluates anaerobic co-digestion of APR with cattle manure (CM) under moderate-temperature (35 °C) batch conditions. A face-centered central composite design (12 runs) investigated the effects of blending ratio (25–75% APR) and initial pH (6.5–8.5) on cumulative biogas production, biomethane fraction, and specific biomethane yield. R2 values were 0.972, 0.989, and 0.980. The optimum was 44.6% APR at pH 7.98, yielding 195.9 mL CH4 g−1 VS. A simplified life cycle assessment indicated a net global warming potential (GWP) of −58 kg CO2-eq per tonne of APR treated, driven by avoided waste-treatment and electricity credits. Techno-economic modeling of a 10 t d−1 plant gave a net present value (NPV) of USD 340,135 and a payback period of 2.0 years, confirming the economic viability of decentralized co-digestion.

ABSTRACT. This research aims to expand upon and study the complexities of more intricate divisions ,specifically the division (9,3,3). The analysis is carried out by extracting the differentials of the complex through the expansion of the Jacobi-Trudi determinant , the position of these differentials are then determined based on the lengths of the corresponding permutations . Next ,the associated symmetric diagrams are constructed and the concept of the mapping cone is applied to establish the commutativity of the diagrams and ultimately prove the algebraic structure of the complex.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a drug compound prepared from aspirin and cellulose on the kinetics of cholinesterase enzyme isolated and purified from the serum of patients with type 2 diabetes. Blood samples were collected from 80 patients with type 2 diabetes. The pharmaceutical compound was prepared by loading aspirin onto the surface of cellulose nanocrystals, and the resulting compound was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy. Cholinesterase enzyme was isolated and purified using a series of techniques including brine precipitation, dialysis, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography, and its purity was verified by SEC-HPLC. The results indicated high specific activity in the final stage, reaching 7.332 U/mg in the gel filtrate product, while in the crude serum it was 1.76 U/mg. The product also showed high purity with a single band in the enzyme solution chromatogram.

ABSTRACT. This paper study the Lascoux complex in partition (8,4,3), we employed technique of mapping cone, divided power of place polarization, and capllie identities, the mapping cone

ABSTRACT. Water contamination is a significant worldwide issue, particularly concerning freshwater bodies like rivers and lakes. The research sought to evaluate several chemical and nutritional factors, as well as heavy metal concentrations, at specific locations along the Tigris River in Salahadin Governorate. The current study was conducted in Iraq, specifically in Salah ad-Din Governorate, north of Baghdad. Water samples were collected from the five designated study stations from October 2025 to March 2026, at a rate of one sample per month. Dissolved oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, silica and heavy metals were measured for each station. The analysis showed the temporal and spatial differences in water quality parameters. The dissolved oxygen levels were between 6.6 and 14 mg/L, and BOD₅ levels were 0 to 8.2 mg/L, with both varying across the study period.

ABSTRACT. The consideration of the complex of Lascoux for (14,7,3;1) by usage the divided power (d.p.) of the place polarization (p.p.)., diagrams (dig.) and Capelli identities. The k^th d.p. of p.p. from place 1 to 2 is (∂_21^((k) )), e^th d.p. of p.p.from place 2 to place 3 (∂_32^((e) )), j^th d.p. of p.p.from place 1 to place 3 (∂_31^((j) )).

ABSTRACT. The Weyl modules are exemplary for the study of the algebraic and indexed by partitions. They play a fundamental in representation theory of the general linear group. The properties of the partitions decree the structural, homological properties, and dimensions of their corresponding Weyl modules. By applying the contracting homotopy for the maps define for the partition (14,7) we prove the exactness of the sequence (seq.) of the elements of Weyl resolution (reso.) of characteristic free studied in this essay.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. In this paper, we study the preservation of differential properties for the class of univalent close-to-convex functions f∈CL within the open unit disk through the differential condition with f^'= Υ^' (z) g^' (z), where R[Υ^' (z)]>0 , utilizing the Libera integral operator with and g(z)=2/z ∫_0^z▒〖f(t)〗 dt. Additionally, we derived a sharper lower bound for the real part of the function R[〖 ( 1-z^2 )f〗^' (z)-2zf(z)]>〖(2)〗^(3/2)/3 (δ^2-δγ)that is close to convex, concluding that the optimal constant is 〖(2)〗^(3/2)/3 . This result enhances our understanding of the geometric limits of convex functions and their distortion behavior influenced by differential operators associated with parameters δ and γ.

ABSTRACT. Many applications can be apply for the skew shape (11,7,3) in this search we emply the mapping Cone (map.Co.) to gain the sequence (sequ.) of the elements of the Weyl module (We.mo.) resolution (reso.) for Lascoux (L.) is exact by inusage the diagrams (diag.) of map.Co. and employing the Capelli identities.

ABSTRACT. The non-zero homomorphisms between distinct Weyl modules depend heavily on combinatorial properties of the partitions coupled with the characteristic of the field. Over the characteristic zero of this field the Weyl modules are irreducible of with the irreducible polynomial representations of the general linear group, also every partition gives a unique irreducible module. By applying the commutative of the scheme and Capelli identities and the definition of the divided power (div.po.) of the place polarization (pla.pol.) for the chain of the elements of characteristic zero (cha.z.) we proved that it is complex.