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![]() Title:Exact Chromatic Polynomials of Fₙ □ P₃: a Two-State Spectral Framework Conference:TMREES26Lb Tags:boundary-state decomposition, cartesian product, chromatic polynomial, chromatic roots, computational mathematics, friendship graph, linear recurrence and spectral methods Abstract: We determine the chromatic polynomial of Gn= Fₙ □ P₃, where Fₙ is the friendship graph with n triangles and P₃ is the three-vertex path. Conditioning on proper colorings of the central path yields two inequivalent states, depending on whether the endpoint colors are distinct or equal. In either state, the remaining graph decomposes into n independent isomorphic six-vertex blocks. Exact enumeration of one block produces two degree-six local factors that yield an explicit two-term closed form and constitute the eigenvalues of a two-dimensional transfer operator. Cayley–Hamilton then gives a second-order linear recurrence for Pn(k). For real k > 3, λ1(k) is strictly dominant, while λ0(3) = λ1(3) = 2, determining asymptotic growth and per-vertex chromatic entropy. Sturm-sequence analysis shows that λ0has no real zeros and λ1has exactly two. Every non-fixed accumulation point of chromatic roots lies on the equimodular set |λ0(k)| = |λ1(k)|. Exact Chromatic Polynomials of Fₙ □ P₃: a Two-State Spectral Framework ![]() Exact Chromatic Polynomials of Fₙ □ P₃: a Two-State Spectral Framework | ||||
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