ABSTRACT. The research dealt with fortified buildings and the materials used in their construction, focusing on the destructive factors of the explosion and the types of explosions affecting the building.The explosion load was calculated using special equations, and after determining the loads affecting all and analyzed in the structure using the ETAB 2016 program.After taking the results of the analysis from the computer program, then designing the structural elements manually. From the above date, it was noted that with the stability of the charge and the increase in the confrontation distance between the source and the structure, a building with a greater degree of safety is obtained, that is phenomenon of moving away can be adopted as much as possible in protection. المستخلص : تناول البحث المباني المحصنة و المواد المستخدمة في إنشاءها ؛ و تم التركيز على العوامل التدميرية للإنفجار و أنواع الإنفجارات المؤثرة على المبنى . تم حساب حمل الإنفجار بمعادلات خاصة و بعد أن تم تحديد الأحمال المؤثرة على كافة المبنى تمت نمذجتها و تحليلها في الهيكل بواسطة برنامج الإيتابس . بعد أخذ نتائج التحليل من البرنامج الحاسوبي تم تصميم العناصر الإنشائية يدوياً . و من البيانات أعلاه لوحظ أنه بثبات الشحنة و زيادة مسافة المواجهة بين المصدر و الهيكل يتم الحصول على مبنى بدرجة أمان أكبر أي يمكن إعتماد ظاهرة الإبتعاد ما أمكن في الحماية .

ABSTRACT. This study examines the impact of Epoxy materials to minimize the corrosion of steel reinforcement through test program within three types of Epoxy materials that have been painted on the rebar and choose the best type of surface coating in minimizing the corrosion rate of steel reinforcement. It also studies of the impact of this surface coating on the bonding strength between the rebar and the concrete on the one hand, as well as their impact on the flexural strength on the other hand. The study seeks to fill the gap mentioned by suggesting more methods to improve the bonding between steel reinforcement and concrete. Testing program was set up on the two main phases. The first phase included tests to choose the best surface coating material from three types of materials are used and the most prevalent market, while the second covered making the necessary improvements to increase the flexural strength in addition to increasing the bending forces. The corrosion rate result for reinforcement in beams without surface coating after 70 days was more than 50% from its weight. However, the corrosion rate result for reinforcement in beams with surface coating type (C) "Polyurethane resin" after 70 days was 1.6 % from its weight that is the best surface coating. Experiments show the need to use surface coating and admixture to minimize the corrosion rate and improve the flexural strength and bonding between concrete and steel reinforcement.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the linear analysis formulation of thin shell structures which is based on finite element four nodes degenerated shell element (DE4), the element has six degrees of freedom per node. Additional element has been developed of four nodes element, employing the Mixed Interpolation of Tensorial Components approach (MITC) proposed by Bathe to avoid shear locking applied on DE4. This element is used to overcome the shear and membrane lock in lieu of using reduced integration. The verification of linear formulation was based on using a patch test. The DE4 element passes all patch tests except the pure bending test. Further verification was done by using numerical examples, and the elements perform very well when the results are compared with exact ones as they are in good agreement. The problems of shear and membrane locks result in the divergence of the solution for these shells with the increase in the number of elements. A solution is proposed to correct the convergence curve to be asymptotic to the exact solution curve by using extrapolation. This was done by selecting a Weibull model to correlate the displacement and mesh size through the number of joints. The model depends on parameters; the values of which depend on the values of displacements before the divergence occurs. Good results are obtained when applying the method in different numerical examples for the DE4 element.

ABSTRACT. In the present paper, the Enhancing performance of Pre-loaded with axial chord normal force circular hollow section will be investigated. The Enhancing performance of the pre-loaded chord joints is with using external steel plate stiffeners. The investigation will be analytical under axial brace load mode. Results of comprehensive finite element (FE) analyses performed on generated models of stiffened joints are presented. These FE models investigate the effect of external stiffener plate techniques and joint geometry on the static strength of stiffened pre axial chord loaded joint under brace axial compression load. The ultimate capacity and deformed shapes of stiffened pre chord loaded joints are compared. Results indicated that the external stiffener technique can significantly enhance the initial stiffness, ultimate capacity, and considerably improve failure mode of investigated joints. Many techniques are presented for strengthening the tubular steel pre axial chord loaded joints. Strength equations for un-stiffened tubular joints are available in major design codes for steel structures, e.g. CIDECT and AISC. It is necessary to investigate the ductility of these pre axial chord loaded stiffened joints and its structural behavior. The objective of this study as following: I Determine the overall behavior and load capacity of stiffened and un-stiffened pre axial chord loaded joints under axial brace loading using analytical methods. II Provide designers with recommended strength of stiffened pre axial chord loaded joints under brace compression force loading. III Provide curves for the strength of stiffened pre-axial chord loaded joints that can be included in design codes in future.

ABSTRACT. Given that experimental investigations of composites can be limited, very expensive, and time-consuming, this work aims to develop a micromechanical finite element model to predict the mechanical behavior of transversely-loaded unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymeric composites. The major focus herein is on the utilization of material models that are capable of describing the sophisticated behavior of materials occurring in the multi-scale analysis. For this purpose, a representative volume element is used and a user-defined pressure-dependent elastoplastic model is employed to capture the sophisticated material behavior of the polymeric matrix of the composites. The developed multi-scale model is implemented in the general-purpose finite element program Abaqus and then utilized to predict the behavior of an epoxy-based unidirectional composite under transverse loadings (tension, compression, and shear). In comparison to experiments, the results obtained show the accuracy and reliability of the proposed virtual testing tool.

ABSTRACT. The behavior of reinforced concrete RC beams strengthened using fiber reinforced polymer FRP has been studied extensively. The ACI 440.1R3 approach was used to conduct a theoretical investigation of the deflection behavior of FRP RC beams. The deflection of concrete beams reinforced with FRP strips was calculated using a simplified method suggested in this research. The experimental data of the tested specimen were evaluated, and the prediction of the deflection values derived from the simplified approach was validated using a FEM model created with the ABAQUS program. The simplified model's anticipated value agreed well with the experiment findings and the FEM model.

ABSTRACT. Natural plant materials were evaluated for their use as coagulants. Experiments to find out which plant material is effective in the coagulation process. And which is the best in practical operation. To allow immediate transfer of laboratory experience to village needs, optimal conditions for water coagulation of turbidity raw water from the blue Nile and White Nile were worked out in laboratory over two years, so that changes in water quality were taken into account. In attempts to make a scientific assessment of different types of traditional methods identified domestic water coagulation as one of the most promising ways to obtain clear, appetizing water and simultaneously remove high percentage of microbes. The quality improvement was measured after different settling times. The optimum dose was found to be indirect proportion with the initial turbidity of the sample sup the maximum limit. It was found that the barks of Boisica Sengealensis were more effective was found to be higher for samples of lower pH values. The calculated values are in good agreement with the microscopic characteristics and the specific surface area measurements. Finally some advices were recommended.

ABSTRACT. Wastewater contained of several organic and inorganic matter. Total dissolved solids one of the main parameters to consider the quality of water to use in any purposes, so must be reduced it in domestic wastewater by using constructed wetland. On the analytical method that relies on taking water samples from inlet and outlet of constructed wetland during three months. The results indicated that to reduce the total dissolved solids between inlet and outlet 463 – 533 mg/l, 1.53 – 5.36 mg/l respectively.so the study recommended to use constructed wetland with mixture of Zeolite and activated Carbone to reduce the total dissolved solids from domestic wastewater.

ABSTRACT. Wind energy is one of the most reliable and promising sustainable green energy sources. In Sudan, wind speed is classified within the moderate to low wind category. The objective of this research work is to present a systematic approach to suitable-site selection for wind power facilities through Geographic Information System (GIS) data models. Global data sources of derived wind speed from satellite measurements and radar-based topographic Digital Elevation Models (DEM) were used to study the primary influencing parameters of the proposed wind power generation system. The case study of the Nyala locality is selected to illustrate the practicality of such a modelling scheme in supporting master planning and decision making within the region. Eight parameters of the ultimate impact of wind farm site selection were studied for optimized ranking of criteria. Environmental impact assessment through life cycle assessment was conducted to further support the optimization model. The primary output of informed decision-making has an unswerving impact on various sustainable development aspects in the study area.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of raw water in Blue Nile River. The area of study was in Blue Nile State. The samples were taken from different sides of the River and all tests were done in the laboratory of Blue Nile University. The most probable number was used to determine total coliform. The maximum turbidity load in River reached 8580 (NTU) in rainy season, but also can be reduced to dramatic units near acceptable level (7 NTU). pH was in between 6.7 and 8.3 and was observed slight increasing with increases in turbidity. The maximum Electrical conductivity was 215.8µS/cm and the maximum TDS was 129.58 mg/L. The minimum Electrical Conductivity was 105.2µS/cm, and the minimum value of TDS was 63.15 mg/L in between acceptable level of (WHO) guidelines. The total coliform bacteria load correlated with the load of turbidity because the bacteria attach with solids causing turbidity. The minimum load observed at winter was 9 Cells/100 ml when turbidity was 14 NTU and 11 NTU, while at rainy season, the maximum number of bacteria observed was1100 Cell/100 ml and turbidity 1168 NTU. Taste and odor in Blue Nile River water were aesthetically acceptable, but the color was denied.

ABSTRACT. Gezira Scheme has a major impact in Sudan economical and social life since it has been established in 1925 . Scheme recently faced many seasonal water shortage that lead to conflict between stakeholders and reduction in the scheme benefits due to canals siltation and weed infestation, caltivation of areas that is beyond the capacity of canals to deliver , lack of accurate data base of indenting water for crops and weak coordination between different scheme partners. In this study a comparison of three different methods for predicting crop water requirement has been carried out considering Wad Medani Climate. These methods are Blaney-Criddle method , Hargreaves-Samani model and FAO Penmann Monteith model. The results showed that average annual evaportranspiration, ET0 for these methods were 5.79 mm/day, 6.2 mm/day and 6.64 mm/day respectively The Crop Water Requirements (CWR ) per season were found to be for crops cotton , sorghum , groundnut, wheat and vegetables 4236.2 m3 ,2393.2 m3 , 2926.9 m3 , 2689.9 m3 , and 7079.5 m3 respectively with actual CWR daily average 21.5 m3 per fedan. However in contrast the average water productivity were found to be for crops cotton , sorghum , groundnut, wheat and vegetables 23 SDG/ m3 , 40.1 SDG/ m3 , 37.8 SDG/ m3 , 72.5 SDG/ m3, and 118.7 SDG/ m3 respectively .

ABSTRACT. Many articles during the COVID-19 pandemic have been published in several scientific journals, but there is no such bibliometric study published on Covid-19 and climate change. On 22nd Jan 2021, around 405 publications were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and 325 articles is selected for a study after removing irrelevant publications. A bibliometric analysis was performed with the retrieved data from reputable sources harvesting relevant records. This research work concentrated on summarizing publications that addressed the main themes on the topic of climate change and viruses. the present study aimed to review and analyze the publishing trends on climate change literature focusing on top-cited documents, productive countries, institutions, journals, authorship and collaboration, the most frequent keywords used, funding bodies, climate change, climate emergency, climate crisis, climate breakdown, global heating, global warming, and Covid 19-SARS-CoV-2-coronavirus-related concerns among others. Timespan tackled approximately all years. Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded )SCI-expanded(, Social Sciences Citation Index )SSCI(, Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI), Conference Proceedings Citation Index- Science (CPCI-S), Core Collection Citation Index - Social Sciences & Humanities (CPCI-SSH), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Current Chemical Reactions (CCR-expanded), Index Chemicus (IC). The data analysis was performed using various bibliometric software. The statistical-related parameters and indexes are to be related in an integrated pattern. This is in an endeavor to rank entities with top journal articles, the most influential country with the highest Citation Impact, the top journal for climate change studies with the highest number of papers and citation impact, the trend of author publications-author pattern, and published papers dominating domain.

ABSTRACT. The research dealt with the construction projects, and the research focused on the risks that may affect the project goals (cost, time and quality), A questionnaire was designed to collect data and identify the risks that may face the two stages of construction projects and it was distributed to a number of companies and after the risks that these projects may face were identified through the questionnaire from, then these risks were analyzed by the (SPSS) program. The results of the questionnaire showed that most risks affect the cost among the objectives of construction projects. تناول البحث مشاريع التشييد وركز البحث على المخاطر التي قد تؤثر في اهداف المشروع من ( تكلفه وزمن وجودة) , تم تصميم إستبيان لجمع البيانات والتعرف على المخاطر التي قد تواجه اثناء مراحل مشروعات التشييد وتم توزيعها على عدد من الشركات , وبعد ان تم تحديد المخاطر التي قد تواجهها هذه المشروعات عن طريق استمارة الإستبيان، تم تحليل هذه المخاطر بواسطة برنامج spss واظهرت نتائج الاستبيان ان معظم المخاطر تؤثر على التكلفه من بين اهداف مشاريع البناء

ABSTRACT. The global war on Syria targeted humans and stones for more than ten years. Reconstruction needs a well-studied strategic plan. After the war challenges of physical-economic reconstruction, and securing sources of funding for reconstruction while benefiting from experiences. A regional and sectoral development vision must be developed for demographic change, industrial, and residential slums. Alternatives to secure financing for reconstruction include internal sources and external sources. Dependence on friendly countries grants to be paid by friendly countries, and foreign direct investment compensation can be paid by countries that contributed to war and destruction. The management of the reconstruction process is through the necessity of forming a supreme administration for the reconstruction process with wide powers. Destruction waste needs a well-studied scientific plan, to create programs and executive mechanisms to employ it economically. The products of recycling demolition and destruction waste are used in the infrastructure of roads and squares. In fences and floors, recycled gravel can be used in ordinary buildings. It is preferable to use a crasher and special sorting for mobile debris, where rubble materials are collected and sorted on-site, and what is suitable for recycling. National policies and government-supported programs must be developed to reuse construction and demolition waste. This development aims to reduce environmental pollution, establish factories, train contractors and human cadres, and adopt modern urban planning. Despite the steadfastness achieved, external pressures and economic blockade are more dangerous, which induces a great challenge that requires concerted efforts.

ABSTRACT. Construction projects are initiated in complex and dynamic environments resulting in circumstances of high uncertainty and risk. Risks always exist in construction projects and often cause schedule delay, cost overrunand poor quality.The main problem is that there is a gap of knowledge of the risk management in construction projects. Thisgap of knowledge represented in the lack of different strategies for managing risks in construction projectsand their techniques and application on the ground.The objectives of this study are to know the main gap in the knowledge of risks in construction projects, and to identify and assess risk factors affecting the construction projects in Darfur States and to know the most influential factors of risks. The study methodology relied on the reference of research literature and a questionnaire with specialists in the construction industry. Thisstudy found that120 factorsresponsible for risks in construction projects.The research showed thatthe highly influential factors are “not storing sufficient quantities of required materials on the site” and “Changes in building materials prices and operating costs due to inflation”. Mediuminfluential factors are “Instability in project management”and “Risks related to poor design plans in terms of lack of clarity or completeness of plans or lack of detailed designs”.

ABSTRACT. The revolution in personal computer’s technology during the last decades has led to more complex structures. Since then, projects have been prone to more uncertainties than ever. This paper researched the degree qualitative risk management assessment has been integrated into conventional construction planning operations in the Sudan. It was found that the average responding organization has no structured methodology to address risks which contrasted the fact that (85 %) of the risks identified required proactive management. Moreover, (61 %) of the respondents had never been trained in the field of risk management. However, (21 %) of un-trained respondents invented un-structured risk register, issue log and requirement documentation, contrasting that (32 %) of the respondents failed to describe the probability of risk occurrence or its impact on project constrains. Finally, it was recommended to impose project risk management on all project management curriculums and clients are advised to use pre-determined project managers’ selection criteria.

ABSTRACT. Government financial support for Public-Private Partnership projects (PPP) can be provided through three basic types of instruments: subsidies, financial investment (debt or equity), or guarantees. Direct subsidies and financial investment are straightforward and therefore can be directly budgeted and valued. Unlike subsidies and financial investment, government guarantees are difficult to value. This study identifies the different cases in which government support is justified, examines the impact of some common guarantees on both project cash flows and the government risk exposure. The study uses The Capital Asset Price Model (CAPM) as a theoretical framework. A case study has been conducted to examine the impact of above mentioned guarantees on a BOT project’s Net Present Values (NPV) (from equity viewpoint), and the government risk exposure. The valuation of guarantees is conducted based on stochastic simulations with application of Latin Hypercube sampling technique. The study results show that a guarantee is a risky cash flow from the government’s perspective. Most of governments fail to treat guarantees accurately in their budgets while a guarantee can be very expensive tool for the government, this study discusses and suggests a variety of instruments that can be used by the government to ensure that its risk exposure does not grow rapidly and to insure that it supports the right project.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates utilizing local materials (Arabic gum, Limestone powder and natural Pozzolana) to produce self-compacting concrete suitable for tropical climates. It presents results of fresh properties for different mix formulations with maximum cement content 400 Kg/m3. Also it investigates hardened concrete strength properties, namely compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths. Furthermore, it presents results of elasticity modulus and shrinkage. The research results concluded that blending local materials does not impair the fresh concrete self compactibility and general properties of hardened concrete.

ABSTRACT. The growth and raise of civilizations is linked to the development of local and rural communities. The development of these communities go through different stages, from pastoral to agricultural communities and then turn into productive industrial societies. The basis of this transformation depends on the stability of water supply to help these communities in settlement, and then working on establishment of major development projects, such as irrigation and animal production projects. Development of such projects contribute significantly to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This could be achieved in terms of new jobs offered, as well as sufficient food production, through the adequate food industry, animal production programs, and exports and trading activities. Sustainable water supply to rural communities depends on different options such as pumping groundwater, diverting river water, and through rainwater harvesting projects. Water sector is the cornerstone of sustainable development for rural communities, on which the lifestyle changes through establishment of schools and health centers, and the society gradually moves to a better position in terms of economy, education, health and security.

ABSTRACT. يتميز الوقت الحالي بأزمات كثيرة في مجال المياه، من بينها مشكلة مياه بورتسودان تلك المدينة المهمة نظرا لموضعها الاستراتيجي على ساحل البحر الأحمر بصفتها الميناء الوطني الرئيس، بالإضافة لكونها وجهة السياحة الاولى، التي ما فتئت تتناقص تدريجياً لعدة اسباب، من بينها شح المياه العذبة والصحية بالمدينة. من ثم قامت هذه الدراسة بهدف جمع المعلومات عن سد اربعات والتقاط نقاط القوة والضعف والمخاطر والفرص، سيما ويتميز أربعات بمياه عذبة تنبع من سلسلة جبال البحر الاحمر، ويفيض بكميات مياه كبيرة اتضحت من المؤشرات الاولية لهيدروجيولوجية الوادي والحوض الجابي للسد والبيانات الهيدرولوجية المتوفرة من الدراسات السابقة، حيث يبلغ ايراد الوادي 91.5 مليون م3، بتصريف يفوق 1000 م3/ث، والذي وصل في عام 1987م الي 190 مليون م3، وانشاء هذا السد في عام 2003م بسعة تخزينية تبلغ 16.537 مليون م3. وفي الآونة الأخيرة شهد انحسارا في سعته التخزينية بسبب تراكم الطمي. ووضح من خلال المسح المائي في العام 2018م ان سعته التخزينية أضحت 9 مليون م3. كما وتهدف الدراسة الي التنبؤ بالتخزين المستقبل للسد في حالة تعليته لامداد المدينة بمياه شرب كافية ومستدامة، مع ضرورة ازالة الطمي بصورة مستمرة (كما يحدث في سد الرصيرص)، للاستفادة منه في عدة مجالات اخرى كصناعة الطوب وتخصيب الاراضي الزراعية خصوصا واكدت العينات التي اخذت منه هذه الجوانب الإيجابية. كما جمعت بيانات المطر، بالإضافة لعمل دراسة لتركيب مضخات رفع واحواض ترسيب وترشيح بغية إنتاج مياه ذات عكارة قليلة جدا تمنع الترسيب بالخط الناقل. واخيرا عملت دراسة لخط ناقل بسعة كبيره لإيصال هذه المياه الي محطة المدينة واكمال عملية التنقية من ترويب وتطهير وتخزين وامداد.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential ethanol-methane coupling fermentation from food waste (FW). In the first stage FW was successfully utilized for ethanol generation, then in second stage wastewater of ethanol distillation was used as a substrate for methane fermentation under optimum conditions of pH 7 and temperature 37°C. The anaerobic digestion effluent was reused for diluting FW in the later batch of ethanol fermentation. The stillage of ethanol production was completely digested within 20 days with maximum methane yield of about (569 ml/g VS). In addition, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alkalinity concentrations had no inhibition effect because of the stable pH range of (7 to 8.02) in the favoring of methane production. Ammonium-nitrogen concentration showed remarkable inhibition for methane production in the coupling system after 20 days of progress. This resulted in a decrease of methane yield. Interestingly, in spite of relatively lower ethanol production (37g/l), compared to conventional system using tap water (49.5g/l), the proposed coupling fermentation system revealed clear superiority and potential application.

ABSTRACT. Abstract Sinnar Dam supply water to Gezira Irrigation Scheme according to water indenting from Scheme Divisions which collected from Gezira and Managil branches at Wad alNaw (kilo 57 ) and sent to Sinnar Dam as final crop water requirets( CWR ) for agiven period . In this Study a comparison of levels in Gezira and Managil main canals in specific month every 10 years in period from 1980 to 2019. Results shows that in Gezira main canal level was increased in range (1.2 to 1. 52 m), while Managil main canal increased in range (0.56 to 0.75 m) Also Study for actual Sinnar Dam water release to Gezira Scheme for period 1970 to 2019 shows that % age of water released from Dam to CWR for irrigated cultivated area varies from 72% to 112% for the period from 1970 to 1996 ( average 86% ) while it was varies from 97% to 172% from 1997 to 2019 ( average135 %), while in the same period there was down decreasing in related cultivation irrigated area .

ABSTRACT. Storage of hazardous materials at the Seaport has impacts and serious environmental, socio-economic, ethical, and governance issues. Risks and hazards related to unauthorized storage of such dangerous materials and communicable diseases, exposure to chemical substances may be fatal and grave to individuals, public communities, and related sectors. Factors that merit serious consideration to avoid any ailments and health risks include warehouses, quality and quantity of material stores, evacuation and unloading patterns and frequencies, storage environs and characteristics, community awareness, and official administrative policies and protocols. Use of a RASE model (Resources, Activities, Support, Evaluation) is suggested to apply computer programming and modelling, and the use of social media and online material/content, to the storage of hazardous materials at a port. The unified pattern of coordination and collaboration between involved stakeholders influencing the storage of hazardous materials at the Seaport environs is advocated.

ABSTRACT. The main objective of this research paper is to suggest appropriate methods to cater for suppressing the spread of Covid-19 or its strands and variants with convenient methods locally adapted to a developing world. Household-produced non-hazardous waste together with approximately 75-90% of the waste generated by healthcare facilities (such as administration, kitchen, and housekeeping functions), research centers, and laboratories related to medical procedures will have a negative environmental impact if not managed well. Part of the medical waste produced is classified as biologically hazardous waste, which poses significant environmental risks and health problems. It is noted that the composition of healthcare waste during the COVID-19 pandemic is somewhat similar to that generated under normal conditions, except for the generation of a huge amount of plastics and microplastics, which exacerbated the increasing amount of waste. This situation makes it imperative to work on reconsidering methods of collection, sorting, reuse, recycling, and sustainable, safe, and correct management, especially during combating the ongoing epidemic. The situation is aggravated because the Coronavirus can live through materials that a person directly touches or other materials like cardboard, paperboard, plastic, and related medical waste disposal. Therefore, the magnitude of the threat is great to those who deal with medical waste contaminated with the COVID-19 virus, including health workers, employees, medical staff, transporters of medical waste, waste pickers and scavengers, the general public and other health care workers and those involved in the care of patients infected with COVID-19. This calls for appropriate measures to be taken for any accumulation, collection, and final disposal of medical waste without any drawbacks. It should be noted that improper treatment and disposal of medical and health waste poses a serious risk of transmission of secondary diseases due to exposure to infectious agents among waste pickers and scavengers. The daily production per hospital bed is estimated at 0.5 kg depending on national per capita income, the basic composition of waste, appropriate technologies available, waste management system, control guidelines, periodic training programs, monitoring and evaluation, continuous improvement, virus mutations, associated medical waste, association with natural disasters and epidemics, health crises and other influencing factors. The general recommendations for people to avoid getting infected include minimizing contact with other people, maintaining social distancing outside the home (at least 2 meters from other people), mask-wearing, and hands frequent washing. This is a real challenge in a developing environment suffering from good housing conditions and a lack of wholesome, clean, and palatable water. Such conditions demanded this research work which aims at suggesting a somewhat reasonable and adaptable framework for implementation in the developing regions.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: The design of concrete mixes requires the proportion of the three basic ingredients (water,cement, aggregates), the procedure for this mix design method is applicable to concrete for most construction purposes. This paper presents an EXCEL-VBA modules as a concrete mix calculator according to British method. Since it is a tedious task to perform these calculations manually. Excel-VBA modules was used to decrease the computational time, and offer data abstraction and human error prevention. The results of proposed calculator have been successfully verified using different types of concrete grades. The output results are compared with manual computation.

ABSTRACT. أن الطلب المتزايد على الأسمنت في السودان وارتفاع أسعاره، و استخدامه في جميع تطبيقات البناء في شكله النقي دون أن يخلط مع أي إضافات رخيصة مثل البوزولانا و رغم إمكانية استخدام البوزولانا لاستبدال الأسمنت بنسب تصل إلى 50٪ في التطبيقات الإنشائية حسب نوع الاستخدام النهائي. لذلك هدفت هذه الورقة إلي تقييم الخواص البوزولانية للرماد البركاني بمنطقة جنوب غرب جبل مرة ومقارنتها مع المواصفات العالمية ومع عينات أخري تمت دراستها سابقا من شرق, جنوب, و ووسط جبل مرة ومن ثم دراسة مدي ملائمتها لإنتاج الاسمنت البوزولاني والبورتلاندي البوزولاني في هذا البحث تمت دراسة ثلاثة عينات (FDVA1,FDVA2,FDVA3 ) من الرماد البركاني بمنطقة فوقو ديكو جنوب غرب جبل مرة وذلك بغرض تقييم فعاليتها كمواد مضافة للاسمنت البورتلاندي. وقد تم تحديد الخواص الكيميائية , الفيزيائية ومن ثم تم استخدام هذه المواد في إعداد خلطات باستخدام نسب إحلال مختلفة للاسمنت البورتلاندي 10. 20، 30، 40، و 50٪ . ، وأجريت عليها عدة اختبارات لتحديد مدى مطابقتها للمواصفات أظهرت نتائج الاختبارات الكيميائية ، الفيزيائية مطابقتها للمواصفات العالمية كما أظهرت نتائج اختبار الفاعلية البوزولانية مع الاسمنت نسبة 94، 82، و 81% للعينات الثلاثة علي التتالي مقابل 75% و80% مطلوبة في المواصفة الأمريكية والهندية علي التتالي . وأخيرا، يمكن الاستنتاج من نتائج الدراسة الحالية والدراسات السابقة أن الرماد البركاني بمنطقة جبل مرة يمكن استخدامه مع نسب إحلال 25- 20% لإنتاج الاسمنت البوزولاني في الخرسانة المسلحة ونسب إحلال حتى 50 % لإنتاج الاسمنت البوزولاني للاستخدام في الطوب ألبلك., الخرسانة البيضاء , الأساسات, و مونه البياض والمباني

ABSTRACT. This study was conducted to examine cement kiln dust (CKD), which comes as a by-product from the cement industry, as it is considered one of the most solid industrial wastes in the world. Industrial waste management is considered one of the most important axes of sustainable development goals (SDGs), and extensive studies are being carried out on the possibility of recycling it to reduce its quantities and the side effects resulting. Therefore, this investigation aims to raise awareness and the importance of recycling cement dust. The chemical and physical properties of cement dust were studied and presented. Thus, cement mortar and concrete cubes were prepared with 0%, 30% and 40% CKD, replacing the Ordinary Portland cement in the mixes. The compressive strength test was done according to the ASTM codes, and through the experimental results of the study, 30% was taken as an optimal percentage.

ABSTRACT. Stabilized soil Blocks (SSB) is comparatively new, eco- friendly, low cost to fired brick (FB) and concrete hollow blocks (CHB). The most common stabilizers used for SSB production are Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and lime. Cement is energy intensive and costly material in Nyala city. This study was performed with the aim of finding the suitability of pozzolanic cement (PC) as the stabilizer for SSB produced from locally available materials around Nyala city. Clayey soil sample was collected and tested for optimum moisture content (OMC), particle distribution, Atterberg limits, and linear shrinkage. Volcanic ash (VA) pozzolana from Jebel Marra was tested for its chemical and physical properties and used in PC. PC with 70% OPC: 30 VA were used as stabilizers with (1:10, 1:12, and 1:16) (stabilizer to soil ratio). Cement-stabilized blocks with the same ratios were prepared for comparison purposes. Then the produced SSB were tested for dry density, water absorption, wet and dry compressive strengths, and abrasion. The experimental results illustrate that, PC did not give sufficient compressive strength of SSB at 28 days comparing with OPC alone, whereas the addition of PC increase the compressive strength at 91 days curing. It’s clear that at all ages of curing PC increase the Water Absorption and decrease the abrasion of SSB Comparing to cement stabilized blocks. The delay of strength gain and the increasing of water absorption may explained by low hydration process of PC and the higher fineness of pozzolana respectively.

ABSTRACT. The work undertaken sheds further light on COVID-19 transmission, propagation, and suppression within a community’s sanitation system. the objective of the work is to establish a suitable practical trajectory to be adopted by low-income countries while trying to suppress the spread of the virus during its successive waves (now reaching its fourth phase). The intervening parameters governing the pandemic transmission, growth and suppression, sanitation-water status and relations, health coverage and interactive scenarios for abetment of the virus, UN SDGs level of achievements, national regulations, and country’s vision were of paramount importance in affecting strategic and action health-engineering agenda and plans.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 genetic materials in wastewater offered an economic and fast technique to detect the presence of the disease in the area and its concentration, which can be used to determine if the disease exceeded the threshold amount from which it makes its way to a majority of residents, resulting in the uncontrolled spread of the illness.

ABSTRACT. Tuti Island is one of the Sudanese islands, located in the state of Khartoum at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles, with an area of 472.3 hectares, and residential areas occupy approximately 70% of this area. The population of the island is estimated to be about 18,000. The island suffers from a problem in the solid waste system. This study aims to evaluate the solid waste management system to know the respondents' opinions on the level of service provided, moreover to gaining the components of these wastes, and calculating their percentages. In order to reach the previous objectives, data were collected in different ways. Questionnaires were used with 100 families, personal interviews with system administrators and observation also used as a tool for data collection and evaluation of the current system. The study found that most Tuti residents use plastic bags to store waste, and It is their responsibility to take out their waste on the appointed day. There is also a difference in the respondent's opinion about the service's quality and the fees paid for this service. Waste analysis showed that the organic and plastic waste had the highest percentage of waste components. The study concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of conducting a detailed study of Khartoum's solid waste management system. Moreover, all members of the community must be included to help manage and reduce solid waste and how to benefit from it by recycling after separating its components.

ABSTRACT. This research aims to address the treatment of hospital wastewater with an anaerobic biological method in the expanded bed reactor using three types of fillers (activated carbon, apricot pulp, and olive pulp). The process of starting the reactor was studied by monitoring the concentration of COD, which was fixed on the day (40, 50 60) from launch for activated carbon, apricot pulp, and olive pulp, respectively. The removal efficiency of COD reached values of (92.5%, 91.12%, and 97.4%) for each of the previous fillings, respectively. Likewise, the treatment process was studied using different residence times. The optimum residence time to reach the permissible concentration for irrigation of agricultural lands according to the Syrian standard was (7 hours, 9 hours, and 11 hours) for each of the activated carbon filling, the apricot pulp filling, and the date pulp filling, respectively. The kinetics for biological treatment of wastewater from Al-Bassel Hospital and obstetrics were studied in the extended bed, including the study of the biological growth mechanism inside this bed and on its granules.

ABSTRACT. This research evaluated the performance of ElKadro meat slaughterhouse industrial wastewater treatment plant. Potentialities were explored for sustainably disposing of treated effluent in large quantities. Disposal is governed by the efficiency of a treatment plant in improving the quality of effluent. Random samples were taken from pre-defined points of the wastewater before and after treatment. Laboratory results were compared with guidelines for using treated effluent in agricultural irrigation or discharge into the public sewerage network. Recommended intrinsic measurements included pH, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, dissolved materials, greases, oils, and minerals. Results and performance indicators include: o Total dissolved solids reduction to permit disposal in sewerage network, but not for agricultural irrigation use. o Removal of impurities allowing drainage into sewerage network or use in agriculture. o Partial removal of organic matter for the effluent to be disposed of in municipal sewerage network, but not for agricultural use. o compatibility of pH values ​​permitting disposal in the network or use in irrigation. o Partial removal of grease and oils negates the possibility of effluent use in agriculture or discharging it into the sewerage network. The study confirmed the significance of using treated effluent in agricultural irrigation as a non-conventional source. Such use increases crop productivity with an absence of heavy metal in concentrations exceeding permissible safe limits. It is recommended to verify the use of the resource in different sectors such as tourism, industry, green spaces, irrigation of gardens and parks and walkways, forest reclamation, and others.