ICCE 2026: THE 34TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION 2026

This page contains an index consisting of author-provided keywords.

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2D-to-3D transition	Flow Experience in a Scaffolded 2D-to-3D Game Development Transition
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3D design	Predicting 3D Design Performance from Realistic Drawing Performance and Spatial Ability among Design Students
3D environment	Adversarial Thinking Training System with Situation Recommendation to Overcome Limited Perspectives
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abstract syntax tree	A Syntactic Probabilistic Representation of Programming Assignments for Controllable Similarity Analysis
academic achievement	Examining how digital technology predicts student curiosity and academic proficiency in PISA 2022
Academic Advising	A Graph Retrieval-Augmented University Chatbot for Supporting Student Academic Advising in Higher Education
academic emotions	Classifying Academic Emotions Using Changes in Facial Landmark Points over Time
academic hardiness	Academic Hardiness and Peer-Feedback Engagement in Video-Based Peer Assessment
academic quality assurance	From Student Comments to QA Reports: Comparing Direct, Guided, and Hybrid Summarization with Large Language Models for Academic Quality Assurance
academic reading	Two Triggers, Two Directions: Human-AI Co-Regulation in a Multi-Agent LLM Reading Support System
Academic writing	Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Writing Tutor for International Students: Framework Development and Expert Review The Impact of the Use of Generative AI and Internet Browsing towards the Lexical Variety in Timor Leste Students’ Academic Writing Comparative Analysis of Semantic Similarity in Academic Writing of Nursing Students: Internet Search Engines Versus Generative AI Tools Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Tutor to Support International Students' Academic Writing: A Design-Based Research Study
academically productive talk	Calibrating Canonical Disclosure in an LLM Tutor: A Pilot Component Ablation of Pedagogical Dialogue
access log analysis	Tools over Subjects: Tag-Based Exploration and Co-Browsing in a Learning Analytics Case-Sharing Portal
Action Research	Validating a Five-Stage Implementation Framework for Competence-Oriented Interdisciplinary Thematic Instruction in High School Information Technology
Actionability	From Comments to Actions: Multi-task Analysis of Vietnamese Student Feedback for Educational Quality Assurance
Active Learning	Evaluating Human vs. LLM Assessments Through Character Assembling
Active Video Watching	Investigating Explanations for Presentation Skills Learning in Active Video Watching
Activity-Community of Inquiry theory	Who Does the Reasoning? An Activity–Community of Inquiry Analysis of Students’ AI-Mediated Thinking Across Two Pedagogical GAI Agents
Adaptive AI	Implicit Adaptive AI Matching for Nonviolent Communication Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study with Middle School Students
adaptive feedback	Knowing Isn’t What You Think: Designing a Dashboard for Supporting Knowledge Monitoring
Adaptive Scaffolding	Beyond Action Sequences: Temporal Dynamics of Real-Time Learner Interaction Behavior in Immersive VR Learning Environments
Adaptive Self-Assessment	Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Self-Assessment for Intersubjective Evaluation Using Checklists and Rubrics
Adaptive support	Development and Evaluation of a Support System for Structuring Exploratory Hypotheses in Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond Learner Choice: Calibrating AI Support for Young Learners’ Agency and Self-Regulated Learning
ADDIE model	MetaGuru: Computer-Based Learning Environment to Foster Metacognitive Strategies in Engineering Problem-Solving
Adult Learners	Prompting Independence: Preliminary Findings on Large Language Model–Assisted Portfolio of Evidence Development among Alternative Learning System Adult Learners
adversarial evaluation	Diagnosing Pedagogical Reward Hacking in AI Tutoring: An Evaluation-Time Framework
Adversarial Testing	Assessing LLM Performance in Automated Short Answer Grading for Thai Written Exams: An Adversarial Evaluation
Adversarial thinking	Adversarial Thinking Training System with Situation Recommendation to Overcome Limited Perspectives
Affective AI	What Do Reviews Tell Us About Generative AI and Emotional Engagement in Education? An Umbrella Review
affective computing	Classifying Academic Emotions Using Changes in Facial Landmark Points over Time
Agentic AI	Agentic Educational AI as Cognitive Amplifier or Comprehension Illusion? Where Autonomy Ends: Evaluating Agentic LLM Reliability in Educational Administrative Workflows
Agentic Personalisation	Beyond Prompting: Agentic Personalisation in Korean Elementary Students’ GenAI-Supported Science Learning
agricultural education	Teacher-Case-Driven RAG for Task Classification in Egocentric Agricultural Training Videos
AI	Artificial Intelligence and Child L2 Speaking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis A learning plan review support system that promotes adaptive thinking: Use and evaluation for graduation research
AI agents	AI Agents in Immersive Learning Environments: Types, Techniques, and Implementation Challenges
AI autonomy	Where Autonomy Ends: Evaluating Agentic LLM Reliability in Educational Administrative Workflows
AI chatbot	Integrating AI in Subject Teaching for Pedagogical and Metacognitive Growth: A Location and Direction Writing Chatbot for In-Service English Language Teachers From Chatbot Help to Student Uptake: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Re-analysis of Conversations and Learning-gain Groups
AI chatbot design	Youth Questioning, Trust, and AI Boundaries: A Co-Design Study Informing the Design of AI Guidance Systems in Vocational Education
AI curriculum	Evaluating Game-Based Learning in Asynchronous AI Literacy: Impacts on Cognitive, Behavioral, Affective, and Ethical Development
AI delegation framework	Where Autonomy Ends: Evaluating Agentic LLM Reliability in Educational Administrative Workflows
AI education	Automated Assessment of Constructed Computational Artefacts
AI ethics	Simulations to Teach Teachers LLMs Ethical Governance of Generative AI for Clinical Education: A Policy Analysis of New Zealand Polytechnics
AI feedback	Cognitive Offloading in AI-Supported EFL Writing: A Longitudinal Trajectory Analysis Designing AI Feedback to Visualize Learners' Strategy Achievement in a Strategy-Focused Speaking Practice System and Its Classroom Evaluation Comparing One-Layer and Two-Layer AI Feedback with Human Feedback: The Moderating Role of Feedback Literacy
AI flaws	Hallucinated AI Artifacts for Collaborative Sensemaking – A Quasi-Experimental Pilot
AI governance	Embedding AI Governance into Teacher Professional Development: A Governance-Capability-Curriculum Framework
AI in education	Beyond Access: Guided LLM Scaffolding for Independent Learning in Undergraduate Statistics Agentic Learner–LLM Interaction Framework: Toward a Human-Centered Perspective on LLM-Supported Learning Integrating AI in Subject Teaching for Pedagogical and Metacognitive Growth: A Location and Direction Writing Chatbot for In-Service English Language Teachers Comparing the efficacy of a Single-Agent Workflow against a Multi-Agent Workflow in Personalized K-12 Education
AI integration	Teachers’ Integration of LLMs in Place-Based Education in Aotearoa
AI learning companion	Beyond Learner Choice: Calibrating AI Support for Young Learners’ Agency and Self-Regulated Learning
AI literacy	GenAI Literacy and Technology Acceptance Among EFL Learners: A Mixed-Methods Study PIE BRIDGE: Development and Delphi Validation of a VLA-Inspired Physical AI Web Application for Education Development and Validation of an AI Research Literacy Scale for Research-Active Individuals Evaluating Game-Based Learning in Asynchronous AI Literacy: Impacts on Cognitive, Behavioral, Affective, and Ethical Development From Machine Translation Use to AI Literacy: A Mixed-Methods Study of Learner Profiles and Developmental Trajectories in EFL Learning Exploring the Relationships Between Students’ Perceptions of Generative AI and Participation in Collaborative Learning When Plausible Becomes Believed: Possibility-to-Actuality Hallucination and Distributed Confabulation as Challenges for AI Literacy in Learning Ecologies Reimagining AI Learning Ecologies: Government School Children’s Perceptions and Explanations of Artificial Intelligence in India AI Literacy to Role Fluency: Mapping LLM Interaction Roles in Intelligent Learning Ecologies Beyond Cognitive Delegation: A SLAP-FACT Matrix Approach to Critical AI Literacy in Elementary Schools Balancing Engagement and Learning: Effects of Gamified Storybook Reading on Primary Students’ AI Literacy Developing and Piloting an AILit-Based School–Home AI Literacy Program: Pre-Post Changes and Home-Activity Patterns Positioning Indonesia's K–12 Informatics and Artificial Intelligence Education Reconfiguring Teacher Professional Learning Ecologies with GenAI chatbots: A Grounded Theory Study of AI-Mediated Support towards Graduate Teachers in Australian Regional Schools
AI Orchestration	Computational Thinking in GenAI-Integrated Programming Education: From Code Production to AI Orchestration
AI Research Literacy	Development and Validation of an AI Research Literacy Scale for Research-Active Individuals
AI supported learning	Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Writing Tutor for International Students: Framework Development and Expert Review
AI teaching efficacy	Effects of a Generative-AI-Based Instructional Material Development Course on Pre-service Teachers' TPACK and AI Teaching Efficacy
AI technological knowledge	Beyond Using AI: Are Teachers Prepared to Evaluate It Ethically?
AI transformation	Institutional Motivation and Socio-Technical Alignment for AI Transformation in Public Higher Education: A Mixed-Methods Study
AI transformation capability	Institutional Motivation and Socio-Technical Alignment for AI Transformation in Public Higher Education: A Mixed-Methods Study
AI tutoring	Diagnosing Pedagogical Reward Hacking in AI Tutoring: An Evaluation-Time Framework
AI tutoring systems	Borrat: An Infrastructure for Blackboard Occlusion Removal and Restoration for AI Tutoring
AI writing feedback	Direct Output vs. Socratic Questioning: How AI Feedback Modes Differentially Activate Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in University Writing Revision
AI Writing Tutor	Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Writing Tutor for International Students: Framework Development and Expert Review
AI-assited programming	Systems Before Code: Goal-to-Milestone for AI-Supported K‑12 Programming
AI-generated feedback	How Does AI Feedback Composition Shape Reflection? A 6-month Dose–Response Field Study in Elementary Social Studies
AI-integrated learning	Boosting Self-Efficacy through Reflective Learning in Taiwanese High School AI-Integrated Writing Classes
AI-mediated authoring	From Instructor to Author: Vibe Coding as AI-Mediated Instructional Design in Higher Education
AI-mediated communication	Supporting Foreign Guardians Through AI-mediated Interpretation of Japanese School Culture: Preliminary Findings from PAPAMAMA-TOMO Avatar-Anchored Transcription and Translation as AI-Mediated Communication Support in XR-Based Bilingual International Collaborative Learning
AI-mediated thinking	Who Does the Reasoning? An Activity–Community of Inquiry Analysis of Students’ AI-Mediated Thinking Across Two Pedagogical GAI Agents
AI-NPC	TextQuest AI: A Teacher-Oriented AI-NPC Storyworld Authoring Environment
AI-supported feedback engagement	Acting Upon Peer Feedback Under Different AI-Support Conditions: An Exploratory Sequential Analysis
AI-supported formative feedback	AI-Supported Formative Feedback for Multimodal Student Reports: Evidence from a Real Classroom Deployment
AI-TPACK	Beyond Using AI: Are Teachers Prepared to Evaluate It Ethically?
AIED	Information Retrieval in Learning Materials: Which Language Models Work Best and How to Improve Them
Algorithm Visualisation	Gamifying the Learning of Data Structures and Algorithms in Python
algorithm visualization	LLM-Agent-Assisted AI Learning in Moodle: The “AI Garden” Case Study
alternative assessment	An Analysis of Teachers’ Assessment Design in Generative AI and Knowledge Building Environments
Alternative Learning System (ALS)	Prompting Independence: Preliminary Findings on Large Language Model–Assisted Portfolio of Evidence Development among Alternative Learning System Adult Learners
Alzheimer’s disease	The Long Goodbye: A Game About Alzheimer’s Disease Patients’ Struggles with Remembering Places and Faces
analogical transfer	CodeExemplar: Example-Based Scaffolding for Introductory Programming in the GenAI Era
Annotation quality	When LLMs Disagree with Human Annotations: A Manual-Grounded Analysis of TalkMoves Coding
anomaly detection	Identity Flagging from Cursor Traces via Disentangled Identity Embeddings and Clustering Methods
anthropomorphism	Reorganizing Collaborative Problem Solving through Anthropomorphic Affective-Cognitive Support: Evidence from a Virtual Pedagogical Agent in CSCL
Anti-Over-Accommodation Mechanism	Effects of an Anti-Over-Accommodation Mechanism in Generative AI Counseling Training on the Cross-Context Behavioral Transfer of Empathy Strategies: Evidence from Lag Sequential Analysis
Architecture-dependent sensitivity	How Strict Should Mastery Be? Architecture-Aware Threshold Calibration Across Knowledge Tracing Models
argumentation	Effects of Integrating GenAI, Embodied Cognition, and Argumentation-Based Instruction on Students’ Learning Effectiveness, Metacognition, and Behavioral Patterns
Artifact-mediated participation	Co-Creating Artifact-Mediated Participation Infrastructure for Language and Context-Responsive Science Teaching
Artificial Intelligence	Cognitive Engagement in AI-Assisted versus Independent Problem Solving: Evidence from an EEG Study Communicating Urban Environmental Data: A Scoping Review of Citizen-Facing Environmental Dashboards A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Artificial Intelligence Readiness Among Saudi TVET Faculty Members Using Machine Learning Approaches Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Tutor to Support International Students' Academic Writing: A Design-Based Research Study
Artificial intelligence (AI)	IAIDL—A Framework for Harnessing AI and GPS Technologies in Support of Outdoor Inquiry Learning in Design Education
Artificial intelligence agents	Artificial Intelligence Agents in Language Learning: A Scoping Review of SSCI-Indexed Web of Science Research (2016-2026)
artificial intelligence education	LLM-Agent-Assisted AI Learning in Moodle: The “AI Garden” Case Study
Artificial intelligence in education	Beyond Using AI: Are Teachers Prepared to Evaluate It Ethically?
Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED)	From Organizational Innovation to Cognitive Mediation: A Cross-Case Analysis of AI in Education
artificial intelligence literacy	Evaluation of a foundational artificial intelligence course on machine learning for executive professionals
Artificial intelligence-supported learning	Making Verification Visible in AI-Supported Engineering Education: A Mixed-Methods Design Case in a UAV Perception Course
arts-based pedagogy	Mapping the Intellectual Landscape of Creative, Arts-based, and AI-Enhanced Pedagogies in Health Professional Education: A BERTopic Analysis
aspect analysis	From Student Comments to QA Reports: Comparing Direct, Guided, and Hybrid Summarization with Large Language Models for Academic Quality Assurance
assessment assurance	Embedding AI Governance into Teacher Professional Development: A Governance-Capability-Curriculum Framework
Assessment Blueprint	Predicting Item Difficulty and Discrimination from Question Structural Features: A Longitudinal Study in a Large-Scale Online Degree Programme
asynchronous learning	Evaluating Game-Based Learning in Asynchronous AI Literacy: Impacts on Cognitive, Behavioral, Affective, and Ethical Development
At-Risk Student Prediction	Differential Features for Mitigating Non-IID Effects in Federated Learning for At-Risk Student Prediction
Attention	Using Eye-Tracking Learning Analytics to Examine How Student Activity Sheets Support Micro-Course Learning
Attention mechanisms	Rhythm Matters More Than Actions: An Interpretable Multimodal Framework for Understanding Student Dropout via Time-Interval Dynamics
attitude	Teachers’ Integration of LLMs in Place-Based Education in Aotearoa
Audio quality assessment	COREference: Building an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus for Teacher Reference and Secondary Analysis
Audit framework	When Accuracy Is Not Enough: Auditing LLM Dialogue Coding for Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Authentic inquiry	Designing Tablet-Based Augmented Reality Resources to Support Mobile and Authentic Inquiry in Primary Science: A Design Case Study on Simple Machines
authoring environment	TextQuest AI: A Teacher-Oriented AI-NPC Storyworld Authoring Environment
Automated assessment	Automated Assessment of Constructed Computational Artefacts
Automated Classification	Investigating Oddness Annotation Ambiguity in LLM-Generated Stories for Elementary School Kanji Learning
Automated grading	Beyond Score Accuracy: Examining the Diagnostic Quality of LLM-Generated Structured Assessment in Higher Education
Automated Short Answer Grading (ASAG)	Assessing LLM Performance in Automated Short Answer Grading for Thai Written Exams: An Adversarial Evaluation
Automatic Coding	NLP-based Auto-coding and Sequential Analysis of Cognitive Engagement in Elementary Science Classes
Automatic Evaluation	“Vesper”: An Automatic Evaluation System for Visual Elements in Statistical Posters Using CNN
automatic feedback	An EFL Writing Support System Using AI-Generated Image Feedback to Inspire Writing
automatic item generation	Automatic Generation of Reading Comprehension Items with Large Language Models: A Case Study of HSK Level 4
automatic question generation	Empowering Learner Autonomy: The Impact of Selectable Generative AI Models in Math Scaffolded Question Generation
Automatic speech recognition	COREference: Building an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus for Teacher Reference and Secondary Analysis
autonomy	Empowering Learner Autonomy: The Impact of Selectable Generative AI Models in Math Scaffolded Question Generation
Avatar-anchored real-time transcription and translation	Avatar-Anchored Transcription and Translation as AI-Mediated Communication Support in XR-Based Bilingual International Collaborative Learning
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Basic Psychological Needs	Understanding ChatGPT’s Influence on Trainee Teachers’ Learning: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective
behavioral engagement	Temporal Dynamics of Disengagement in E-Learning: Self-Regulated Reflections, Collapse Timing, and Learner Profiles
Behavioral Intention	Privacy Perception and University Students’ Acceptance of Learning Technologies: A Case Study in Japan
BERTopic	Mapping the Intellectual Landscape of Creative, Arts-based, and AI-Enhanced Pedagogies in Health Professional Education: A BERTopic Analysis
Big Five	Development and Evaluation of a Personality-Based Serendipity-Oriented Location Recommendation Chatbot
bilingual collaborative learning	Avatar-Anchored Transcription and Translation as AI-Mediated Communication Support in XR-Based Bilingual International Collaborative Learning
biology	BioQuest: Indonesian GenAI-Supported Interactive Biology Learning Platform for Middle School Students
Bland-Altman analysis	Human–AI Collaboration in Higher Education: Tri-Rater Assessment and AI Learning Scaffolds
Blended learning	Nonlinear Evolution of Student Engagement in Blended Learning: A Longitudinal Study from a Dynamic Systems Perspective
blended synchronous learning	Developing an AI-Powered Video Analytic Tool for Monitoring Online Learner Emotional Engagement
block-based programming	Semantics-Aware Augmentation of Educational Robotics Programs
Bloom’s Taxonomy	Structured and Unstructured GenAI-Supported Reflection: Students’ Learning Performance, Cognitive Engagement, and Self-Review
BookRoll	LEAD and BookRoll: A Learning Analytics Approach to Technology-Enhanced Reading in Thailand
Brain wave	Cognitive Engagement in AI-Assisted versus Independent Problem Solving: Evidence from an EEG Study
brainstorming	Implementation of an Operational State Recognition Function in an English Paragraph Writing Support System
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calibration reference	Human–AI Collaboration in Higher Education: Tri-Rater Assessment and AI Learning Scaffolds
CALL	Question Type, Cognitive Load, and CEFR Alignment: Evaluating LLM-Generated EFL Grammar Drill Exercises
Career Vision	Pilot Trial of Linking Knowledge Maps with Digital Skill Standards for Career Vision Development
Causal discovery	Causal Discovery from Real-World Educational Data via LLM-Informed Methods
CEFR-J	Question Type, Cognitive Load, and CEFR Alignment: Evaluating LLM-Generated EFL Grammar Drill Exercises
Chain-of-Thought (CoT) Prompting	Comparing the efficacy of a Single-Agent Workflow against a Multi-Agent Workflow in Personalized K-12 Education
chatbot	Effects of Emotional Granularity and Task-Fit on User Trust in Chatbots
ChatGPT	Understanding ChatGPT’s Influence on Trainee Teachers’ Learning: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Checklists	Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Self-Assessment for Intersubjective Evaluation Using Checklists and Rubrics
Child L2 Learning	Artificial Intelligence and Child L2 Speaking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
children perceptions	Reimagining AI Learning Ecologies: Government School Children’s Perceptions and Explanations of Artificial Intelligence in India
Chinese language discipline	Research on Teaching Strategies for Promoting Chinese Language Classroom Interaction in Smart Classroom Environments
Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK)	Automatic Generation of Reading Comprehension Items with Large Language Models: A Case Study of HSK Level 4
circuit analysis	MetaGuru: Computer-Based Learning Environment to Foster Metacognitive Strategies in Engineering Problem-Solving
citizen engagement	Communicating Urban Environmental Data: A Scoping Review of Citizen-Facing Environmental Dashboards
citizenship education	How Technology-Supported Outdoor Learning Promotes Self-Directed Learning in Citizenship Education
Classification accuracy	Efficiency and Classification Accuracy of Standard Error and Confidence Interval Stopping Rules in Computerized Adaptive Licensure Testing
classroom assessment	A Multimodal Evaluation Framework for Classroom Instructional Support: Development and Validation
Classroom deployment	Designing Tablet-Based Augmented Reality Resources to Support Mobile and Authentic Inquiry in Primary Science: A Design Case Study on Simple Machines
Classroom discourse	When LLMs Disagree with Human Annotations: A Manual-Grounded Analysis of TalkMoves Coding
classroom interaction	Research on Teaching Strategies for Promoting Chinese Language Classroom Interaction in Smart Classroom Environments
classroom observation	Can Generative AI Approximate Selected Aspects of Human Instructional Coaching Feedback? An Exploratory Comparative Analysis
Classroom Orchestration	Team-based Learning to Teach AI in Large Classes: Case Studies of an Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Course and a Postgraduate Engineering Course
Classroom video corpus	COREference: Building an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus for Teacher Reference and Secondary Analysis COREference: Supporting Teacher Professional Learning and Inquiry through an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus
Clinical Education	Ethical Governance of Generative AI for Clinical Education: A Policy Analysis of New Zealand Polytechnics
Cluster Analysis	Using Log Data to Interpret Gender DIF in a Performance-Based Digital Literacy Assessment
Cluster Classroom	Effectiveness of Cluster Classroom Design on Foundation Students’ Non-Cognitive Learning Outcomes
CNN	“Vesper”: An Automatic Evaluation System for Visual Elements in Statistical Posters Using CNN
co-regulation	Two Triggers, Two Directions: Human-AI Co-Regulation in a Multi-Agent LLM Reading Support System Unveiling the Dialogic Loops: An Exploratory Lag Sequential Analysis of Learner-AI Interaction in GenAI-Mediated English Debate Training
CoCot	Does a Teachable Agent Moderate the Influence of Mind Wandering Tendency on Constructive-Interactive Activities in Collaborative Learning?
code comprehension	Exploring Connections between EFL Structural Literacy and Programming Readiness among Novice Informatics Learners
CodeRunner	Automated Assessment of Constructed Computational Artefacts LLM-Agent-Assisted AI Learning in Moodle: The “AI Garden” Case Study
CodeRunner Agent	CodeRunner Agent: An Open-Source Moodle Plugin for LLM-Powered Self-Regulated Learning Support in Programming Practice
Codex	LLM-Agent-Assisted AI Learning in Moodle: The “AI Garden” Case Study
coding	Automated Behavioral Coding of Learner—Object Interactions Using Vision Language Models
Cognitive Agency	Beyond Cognitive Delegation: A SLAP-FACT Matrix Approach to Critical AI Literacy in Elementary Schools
Cognitive Alignment	From Low-Level Tasks to Higher-Order Thinking: Uncovering Cognitive Misalignment in Instructional Design via Computational Text Analysis
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy	A learning plan review support system that promotes adaptive thinking: Use and evaluation for graduation research
Cognitive Conflict	Unexpected Information with Cognitive Conflict and Surprise for Reactivating Web-Based Investigative Learning
cognitive engagement	Structured and Unstructured GenAI-Supported Reflection: Students’ Learning Performance, Cognitive Engagement, and Self-Review Designing GaMINLab: A design-based approach to Content Gamification for cognitive engagement in science inquiry practices NLP-based Auto-coding and Sequential Analysis of Cognitive Engagement in Elementary Science Classes
cognitive load	Behind the Feedback: How Self-Efficacy and Cognitive Load Influence Feedback Quality and Literacy in Peer Assessment Calibrating Canonical Disclosure in an LLM Tutor: A Pilot Component Ablation of Pedagogical Dialogue How Technology-Supported Outdoor Learning Promotes Self-Directed Learning in Citizenship Education Cognitive Load and Pointer Behavior in Data Literacy Education: An EEG and Mouse Trajectory Analysis Comparing Mouse and Touchpad Operations Unfolding Cognitive Process in Knowledge Building
cognitive load theory	Borrat: An Infrastructure for Blackboard Occlusion Removal and Restoration for AI Tutoring Agentic Educational AI as Cognitive Amplifier or Comprehension Illusion? Balancing Engagement and Learning: Effects of Gamified Storybook Reading on Primary Students’ AI Literacy
cognitive offloading	Cognitive Offloading in AI-Supported EFL Writing: A Longitudinal Trajectory Analysis How Does AI-Empowered Socratic Questioning Influence Students’ Trust and Reliance?
Cognitive Psychology	A Cognitive-Model-Based Workflow for AI-Generated Visual Resources Supporting Literary Reading
Cognitive Scaffolding	A Design of a Data-Logic Fusion-Based Intelligent System Educational Program: Focusing on the 'Smart Class Agent' Project
Collaboration	Hallucinated AI Artifacts for Collaborative Sensemaking – A Quasi-Experimental Pilot
Collaborative Learning	Team-based Learning to Teach AI in Large Classes: Case Studies of an Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Course and a Postgraduate Engineering Course When AI Joins the Group: Sequential Discourse Dynamics in Speech-Based AI-Mediated Collaborative Learning Does a Teachable Agent Moderate the Influence of Mind Wandering Tendency on Constructive-Interactive Activities in Collaborative Learning? From Machine Translation Use to AI Literacy: A Mixed-Methods Study of Learner Profiles and Developmental Trajectories in EFL Learning Visualizing Student Contributions in Group Discussions Through LLM-Based Network Analysis Exploring the Relationships Between Students’ Perceptions of Generative AI and Participation in Collaborative Learning Effects of gamified chatbot intervention on primary school students’ engagement across different instructional modes
Collaborative making	Characterising Persistence in Collaborative Electronic Making
collaborative problem solving	Reorganizing Collaborative Problem Solving through Anthropomorphic Affective-Cognitive Support: Evidence from a Virtual Pedagogical Agent in CSCL
communication strategy	Communicating Urban Environmental Data: A Scoping Review of Citizen-Facing Environmental Dashboards
Communities of Practice	Co-Creating Artifact-Mediated Participation Infrastructure for Language and Context-Responsive Science Teaching
Competence Authentication	Towards Credential Evolution to Competence Authentication: A Taxonomy-Based Analysis of Japanese University Micro-Credentials
competitive game	Designing Robot Roles for Effective Reflection on Shogi Matches
Component-based reconstructive learning	Theoretical Positioning of Component-Based Reconstruction as a Constructive Learning Design: An Externalization-Based Framework
comprehensibility and accentedness	Examining How Musical Aptitude and Technology-Assisted Music Training Influence L2 Speech Processing
Computational artefacts	Automated Assessment of Constructed Computational Artefacts
Computational thinking	Developing Computational Thinking through Gamified Learning: A Mixed-Methods Intervention Study among Teacher Trainees Computational Thinking in GenAI-Integrated Programming Education: From Code Production to AI Orchestration
Computer assisted language learning	Designing AI Feedback to Visualize Learners' Strategy Achievement in a Strategy-Focused Speaking Practice System and Its Classroom Evaluation
Computer science education	Beyond Score Accuracy: Examining the Diagnostic Quality of LLM-Generated Structured Assessment in Higher Education Balancing Scaffolding and Student Agency in Research Formulation with GenAI
Computer-assisted language learning(CALL)	Artificial Intelligence Agents in Language Learning: A Scoping Review of SSCI-Indexed Web of Science Research (2016-2026)
computer-based learning environment	MetaGuru: Computer-Based Learning Environment to Foster Metacognitive Strategies in Engineering Problem-Solving
Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning	Towards a Pedagogical Sandbox for TPD: A Tri-Level Alignment Study of a Data-Grounded LLM Simulator in CSCL Simulated Students in the Generative AI Era: A Data-Grounded Simulation Paradigm for CSCL
Computerized adaptive testing	Efficiency and Classification Accuracy of Standard Error and Confidence Interval Stopping Rules in Computerized Adaptive Licensure Testing
computing education	A Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship between Novice Programmers’ Feedback Use and Performance within the RunCode Learning Platform Detecting GenAI-Disguised Programming Plagiarism on GenAI-Assisted Data Science Assignments
Computing Thinking	A Design of a Data-Logic Fusion-Based Intelligent System Educational Program: Focusing on the 'Smart Class Agent' Project
Concept map	Theoretical Positioning of Component-Based Reconstruction as a Constructive Learning Design: An Externalization-Based Framework
concept mapping	Unfolding Cognitive Process in Knowledge Building
Concept maps	Impacts of a Generative AI-Supported Concept Mapping Approach on Students’ Python Programming and Self-Efficacy
Confidence interval rule	Efficiency and Classification Accuracy of Standard Error and Confidence Interval Stopping Rules in Computerized Adaptive Licensure Testing
constraint-based modeling	Self-Regulated Learning Profiles in SQL-Tutor: Trace-Based Learner Modelling of Repair and Progress
Construct Validation	Development and Validation of an AI Research Literacy Scale for Research-Active Individuals
content gamification	Designing GaMINLab: A design-based approach to Content Gamification for cognitive engagement in science inquiry practices
Context-aware learning environment	AllerColler: An LLM-Empowered Reflection Support System Bridging Classroom and Field-Based Learning
Conversational agent	Harnessing LLM as Partner and Mentor in Human Pragmatic Competency Training
Conversational Agents	Development and Evaluation of a Personality-Based Serendipity-Oriented Location Recommendation Chatbot
Convolutional neural network	An Ensemble CNN-LSTM Model for Student Dropout Prediction with Sequential Data Transformation
Core Competencies	Validating a Five-Stage Implementation Framework for Competence-Oriented Interdisciplinary Thematic Instruction in High School Information Technology
Correcting peers’ incorrectly answered questions	Theory-Guided Error-Correction Learning Activity Design and Its Educational Potential: Addressing Peers’ Most Frequently Missed Questions
creative coding	Systems Before Code: Goal-to-Milestone for AI-Supported K‑12 Programming
Creativity	Evaluating Human vs. LLM Assessments Through Character Assembling
Credentialing Evolution	Towards Credential Evolution to Competence Authentication: A Taxonomy-Based Analysis of Japanese University Micro-Credentials
crime prevention	Adversarial Thinking Training System with Situation Recommendation to Overcome Limited Perspectives
Critical AI Literacy	Beyond Cognitive Delegation: A SLAP-FACT Matrix Approach to Critical AI Literacy in Elementary Schools
critical thinking	Understanding the Roles of Critical Thinking and Learner-AI Interaction in EFL Reading Comprehension
Cross-Context Behavioral Transfer	Effects of an Anti-Over-Accommodation Mechanism in Generative AI Counseling Training on the Cross-Context Behavioral Transfer of Empathy Strategies: Evidence from Lag Sequential Analysis
Cross-Subject Efficiency	When, What, and How Long to Study: Capturing the Domain-Specific Dynamics of Learning Efficiency
crosscase analysis	From Organizational Innovation to Cognitive Mediation: A Cross-Case Analysis of AI in Education
CSCL	Reorganizing Collaborative Problem Solving through Anthropomorphic Affective-Cognitive Support: Evidence from a Virtual Pedagogical Agent in CSCL Does a Teachable Agent Moderate the Influence of Mind Wandering Tendency on Constructive-Interactive Activities in Collaborative Learning? Acting Upon Peer Feedback Under Different AI-Support Conditions: An Exploratory Sequential Analysis
culturally responsive pedagogy	Micro-Communities of Practice for Language and Culture-Responsive Science Teaching
curiosity	Uncertainty Design and Learner Curiosity in a Japanese Onomatopoeia Learning Game A Prior Knowledge Perspective Examining how digital technology predicts student curiosity and academic proficiency in PISA 2022
curriculum design	Where Autonomy Ends: Evaluating Agentic LLM Reliability in Educational Administrative Workflows
cursor dynamics	Identity Flagging from Cursor Traces via Disentangled Identity Embeddings and Clustering Methods
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Danielson Framework for Teaching	Can Generative AI Approximate Selected Aspects of Human Instructional Coaching Feedback? An Exploratory Comparative Analysis
Dashboard	Recommendation of Learning Plan based on Learners’ Knowledge Proficiency
data augmentation	Semantics-Aware Augmentation of Educational Robotics Programs
Data literacy	Developing K–12 Teacher Readiness for Data-Informed Teaching Through Professional Development
Data Literacy Education	Cognitive Load and Pointer Behavior in Data Literacy Education: An EEG and Mouse Trajectory Analysis Comparing Mouse and Touchpad Operations
data science	Detecting GenAI-Disguised Programming Plagiarism on GenAI-Assisted Data Science Assignments
data sharing	Exploring Heterogeneous Treatment Effects with Educational Real-World Data: Promise and Scaling Challenge
Data Structures and Algorithms	Gamifying the Learning of Data Structures and Algorithms in Python
data visualization	Communicating Urban Environmental Data: A Scoping Review of Citizen-Facing Environmental Dashboards
Data-driven	Explainable Data-Driven Group Learning with LLM Narratives in EFL Classrooms
data-driven decision-making	Developing K–12 Teacher Readiness for Data-Informed Teaching Through Professional Development
Data-Logic Fusion	A Design of a Data-Logic Fusion-Based Intelligent System Educational Program: Focusing on the 'Smart Class Agent' Project
DBL	IAIDL—A Framework for Harnessing AI and GPS Technologies in Support of Outdoor Inquiry Learning in Design Education
Decision utility	How Strict Should Mastery Be? Architecture-Aware Threshold Calibration Across Knowledge Tracing Models
decision validity	When Can Simulated Learners Be Trusted? Decision-Centered Validity for Learner Simulators
Deep learning	An Ensemble CNN-LSTM Model for Student Dropout Prediction with Sequential Data Transformation Evaluation of a foundational artificial intelligence course on machine learning for executive professionals An Intelligent Evaluation Method of Teachers' Online Teaching Competence Based on Learning Experience
Depth of Knowledge	A Q-DOK/A-DOK Dual-Classification Architecture for a Reasoning-Aware Generative AI Chatbot in Elementary Digital and AI Literacy Education
Design	“Vesper”: An Automatic Evaluation System for Visual Elements in Statistical Posters Using CNN
Design education	IAIDL—A Framework for Harnessing AI and GPS Technologies in Support of Outdoor Inquiry Learning in Design Education Predicting 3D Design Performance from Realistic Drawing Performance and Spatial Ability among Design Students
Design Learning	Prompt-Controlled Generative AI as Visual Scaffolding for Sustainable Design Education
Design principles	Designing Tablet-Based Augmented Reality Resources to Support Mobile and Authentic Inquiry in Primary Science: A Design Case Study on Simple Machines
design thinking	From Storyboard to Situated Validation: Metaboard for Repairing Learning Discontinuities in Generative-AI-Supported Project-Based Learning The impact of a personalized Multi-Agent System on secondary students’ design thinking and GenAI critical knowledge Computational Thinking in GenAI-Integrated Programming Education: From Code Production to AI Orchestration
design-based research	How Does AI Feedback Composition Shape Reflection? A 6-month Dose–Response Field Study in Elementary Social Studies Urban Choices: A Serious Game for Urban Sustainability Education
design-play-experience	Urban Choices: A Serious Game for Urban Sustainability Education
Desirable Difficulty	Generative AI as a Socratic Tutor in Robot-Assisted Language Learning: Multidimensional Usability Costs and Attitudinal Outcomes
development	Developing Computational Thinking through Gamified Learning: A Mixed-Methods Intervention Study among Teacher Trainees
diagnostic framework	Developing a Diagnostic Framework for Teacher–AI Collaborative Decision-Making Processes
difference in skill	Designing Robot Roles for Effective Reflection on Shogi Matches
difference-in-differences	Empowering Learner Autonomy: The Impact of Selectable Generative AI Models in Math Scaffolded Question Generation
Differential Features	Differential Features for Mitigating Non-IID Effects in Federated Learning for At-Risk Student Prediction
Differential Item Functioning	A Residual-Based DIF Tree Method for Fairness Analysis in IRT-Based Assessment Using Log Data to Interpret Gender DIF in a Performance-Based Digital Literacy Assessment
Differential Privacy	PEARL: A Fail-Closed Audit Benchmark for Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data
diffusion of innovation	Human-GAI Co-creation in Digital Storytelling: Pre-service Teachers’ Adoption Experiences from a Diffusion of Innovation Perspective
digital game-based learning	Uncertainty Design and Learner Curiosity in a Japanese Onomatopoeia Learning Game A Prior Knowledge Perspective
digital literacies	Revisiting ‘digital natives’: Understanding Digital Literacies among EFL Students in Language Major
Digital Literacy	Using Log Data to Interpret Gender DIF in a Performance-Based Digital Literacy Assessment
Digital mathematics assessment	Nonlinear Associations Between Primary–Auxiliary Screen Time Allocation and Mathematics Performance in Digital Assessment
digital natives	Revisiting ‘digital natives’: Understanding Digital Literacies among EFL Students in Language Major
digital storybooks	Developing Self-Directed Learning and Self-Efficacy through Generative AI-Assisted Digital Storybook Design
digital storytelling	Human-GAI Co-creation in Digital Storytelling: Pre-service Teachers’ Adoption Experiences from a Diffusion of Innovation Perspective
digital technology	Examining how digital technology predicts student curiosity and academic proficiency in PISA 2022
digital textbooks	Information Retrieval in Learning Materials: Which Language Models Work Best and How to Improve Them
Digital Transformatio	A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Artificial Intelligence Readiness Among Saudi TVET Faculty Members Using Machine Learning Approaches
Digital Twin	From Storyboard to Situated Validation: Metaboard for Repairing Learning Discontinuities in Generative-AI-Supported Project-Based Learning Evidence-First Recovery and Teacher–AI Co-Orchestration in GenAI-Supported Project Learning: A Hierarchical Digital Twin Ecology
discourse dynamics	When AI Joins the Group: Sequential Discourse Dynamics in Speech-Based AI-Mediated Collaborative Learning
disengagement	Temporal Dynamics of Disengagement in E-Learning: Self-Regulated Reflections, Collapse Timing, and Learner Profiles
disentangled representation learning	Identity Flagging from Cursor Traces via Disentangled Identity Embeddings and Clustering Methods
distributed confabulation	When Plausible Becomes Believed: Possibility-to-Actuality Hallucination and Distributed Confabulation as Challenges for AI Literacy in Learning Ecologies
Diversity-responsive science teaching	Co-Creating Artifact-Mediated Participation Infrastructure for Language and Context-Responsive Science Teaching
domain adaptation	Information Retrieval in Learning Materials: Which Language Models Work Best and How to Improve Them
Domain-Specific Models	Domain-Aware Expert Routing for Multi-Domain Question Answering
dose–response	How Does AI Feedback Composition Shape Reflection? A 6-month Dose–Response Field Study in Elementary Social Studies
Dropout prediction	Rhythm Matters More Than Actions: An Interpretable Multimodal Framework for Understanding Student Dropout via Time-Interval Dynamics
dual classification	A Q-DOK/A-DOK Dual-Classification Architecture for a Reasoning-Aware Generative AI Chatbot in Elementary Digital and AI Literacy Education
Dual-loop model	Development of a Platform for Sharing Experiential Knowledge Based on Thought Experiences in Research Activities
Dunning-Kruger effect	Revisiting ‘digital natives’: Understanding Digital Literacies among EFL Students in Language Major
dynamic adaptation	A Dynamic Adaptive Gamification Plugin for Moodle: Enhancing Student Engagement through Player Type Differentiation and Trajectory-Based Motivational Realignment
dynamic scaffolding	Integrating Generative AI Dynamic Scaffolding into a Massive Online Game-based Assessment Environment: A Preliminary Evaluation
Dynamic Systems Theory	Nonlinear Evolution of Student Engagement in Blended Learning: A Longitudinal Study from a Dynamic Systems Perspective
Dynamical System	Mirroring and Surprise to Understand You: Dynamical System Approach to Trace Learner’s States
E
E-learning	Privacy Perception and University Students’ Acceptance of Learning Technologies: A Case Study in Japan
Early Warning System	Real-Time Prediction of Student Failure from Java Quiz Interaction Logs
education	Embedding AI Governance into Teacher Professional Development: A Governance-Capability-Curriculum Framework
education for sustainable development	Urban Choices: A Serious Game for Urban Sustainability Education
Educational Assessment	Assessing LLM Performance in Automated Short Answer Grading for Thai Written Exams: An Adversarial Evaluation
Educational Content Quality	Investigating Oddness Annotation Ambiguity in LLM-Generated Stories for Elementary School Kanji Learning
educational data	Tools over Subjects: Tag-Based Exploration and Co-Browsing in a Learning Analytics Case-Sharing Portal
Educational Data Analytics	A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Artificial Intelligence Readiness Among Saudi TVET Faculty Members Using Machine Learning Approaches
Educational Data Governance	Privacy-Preserving LLM-Assisted Learning Analytics with Natural Language Interfaces for Educational Data
Educational Data Mining	PEARL: A Fail-Closed Audit Benchmark for Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data Rhythm Matters More Than Actions: An Interpretable Multimodal Framework for Understanding Student Dropout via Time-Interval Dynamics Privacy-Preserving LLM-Assisted Learning Analytics with Natural Language Interfaces for Educational Data Self-Regulated Learning Profiles in SQL-Tutor: Trace-Based Learner Modelling of Repair and Progress
Educational Games	Gamifying the Learning of Data Structures and Algorithms in Python
educational innovation	From Organizational Innovation to Cognitive Mediation: A Cross-Case Analysis of AI in Education
educational platforms	When Can Simulated Learners Be Trusted? Decision-Centered Validity for Learner Simulators
educational practice	Implementation of an Operational State Recognition Function in an English Paragraph Writing Support System
educational robotics	Semantics-Aware Augmentation of Educational Robotics Programs
educational simulation	LLM-Agent-Assisted AI Learning in Moodle: The “AI Garden” Case Study
educational technology	A Graph Retrieval-Augmented University Chatbot for Supporting Student Academic Advising in Higher Education Micro-Communities of Practice for Language and Culture-Responsive Science Teaching
EEG	Cognitive Load and Pointer Behavior in Data Literacy Education: An EEG and Mouse Trajectory Analysis Comparing Mouse and Touchpad Operations
EFL	Explainable Data-Driven Group Learning with LLM Narratives in EFL Classrooms Revisiting ‘digital natives’: Understanding Digital Literacies among EFL Students in Language Major Question Type, Cognitive Load, and CEFR Alignment: Evaluating LLM-Generated EFL Grammar Drill Exercises WPM Dashboard for Time-Aware Reading Practice in EFL Test Preparation
EFL learning	GenAI Literacy and Technology Acceptance Among EFL Learners: A Mixed-Methods Study
EFL online learning	Temporal Dynamics of Disengagement in E-Learning: Self-Regulated Reflections, Collapse Timing, and Learner Profiles
EFL writing	Cognitive Offloading in AI-Supported EFL Writing: A Longitudinal Trajectory Analysis An EFL Writing Support System Using AI-Generated Image Feedback to Inspire Writing Using image feedback to comprehend foreign language writing
egocentric video	Teacher-Case-Driven RAG for Task Classification in Egocentric Agricultural Training Videos
electroencephalogram	Cognitive Engagement in AI-Assisted versus Independent Problem Solving: Evidence from an EEG Study
Elementary and Secondary Education	Media Balance in Information Gathering for Inquiry-Based Learning: A Log Data Analysis
elementary education	Beyond Cognitive Delegation: A SLAP-FACT Matrix Approach to Critical AI Literacy in Elementary Schools Developing and Piloting an AILit-Based School–Home AI Literacy Program: Pre-Post Changes and Home-Activity Patterns
Embodied Agent	Designing an Embodied Peer for the Lab: Exploring Robots and Multimodal Analytics in LA-ReflecT Platform during a Circuit Building Activity
embodied cognition	Effects of Integrating GenAI, Embodied Cognition, and Argumentation-Based Instruction on Students’ Learning Effectiveness, Metacognition, and Behavioral Patterns
emotion recognition support	Design and Evaluation of Compound Emotional Expressions in Social Robot
Emotion regulation	Causal Effects of Savoring and Dampening Emotions Within Productive Failure
Emotional engagement	Developing an AI-Powered Video Analytic Tool for Monitoring Online Learner Emotional Engagement What Do Reviews Tell Us About Generative AI and Emotional Engagement in Education? An Umbrella Review
emotional expression	Design and Evaluation of Compound Emotional Expressions in Social Robot
emotional granularity	Effects of Emotional Granularity and Task-Fit on User Trust in Chatbots
Emotions	What Do Reviews Tell Us About Generative AI and Emotional Engagement in Education? An Umbrella Review
empathy and identity	Game-Based VR Framework for Humanities Learning: Integrating Humanistic Values through Narrative and Role-Play
Empathy Strategies	Effects of an Anti-Over-Accommodation Mechanism in Generative AI Counseling Training on the Cross-Context Behavioral Transfer of Empathy Strategies: Evidence from Lag Sequential Analysis
Engagement	Measuring Emotional Engagement in XR-Based Intercultural Virtual Exchange: A Pilot Study Using Physiological and Self-Report Indicators What Do Reviews Tell Us About Generative AI and Emotional Engagement in Education? An Umbrella Review Effects of gamified chatbot intervention on primary school students’ engagement across different instructional modes
engineering education	Making Verification Visible in AI-Supported Engineering Education: A Mixed-Methods Design Case in a UAV Perception Course
engineering problem-solving	MetaGuru: Computer-Based Learning Environment to Foster Metacognitive Strategies in Engineering Problem-Solving
English as a Foreign Language	Generative AI as a Socratic Tutor in Robot-Assisted Language Learning: Multidimensional Usability Costs and Attitudinal Outcomes Exploring Connections between EFL Structural Literacy and Programming Readiness among Novice Informatics Learners
English debate	Unveiling the Dialogic Loops: An Exploratory Lag Sequential Analysis of Learner-AI Interaction in GenAI-Mediated English Debate Training
English learning	Implementation of an Operational State Recognition Function in an English Paragraph Writing Support System
English reading	Understanding the Roles of Critical Thinking and Learner-AI Interaction in EFL Reading Comprehension
English writing	Boosting Self-Efficacy through Reflective Learning in Taiwanese High School AI-Integrated Writing Classes
Ensemble learning	An Ensemble CNN-LSTM Model for Student Dropout Prediction with Sequential Data Transformation
environmental communication	Communicating Urban Environmental Data: A Scoping Review of Citizen-Facing Environmental Dashboards
environmental data	Communicating Urban Environmental Data: A Scoping Review of Citizen-Facing Environmental Dashboards
Environmental Education	Game-Based Learning for Marine Sustainability Education: A Pilot Study of Sustainable Seafood Concepts in Elementary Education
epistemic network analysis	Direct Output vs. Socratic Questioning: How AI Feedback Modes Differentially Activate Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in University Writing Revision An Analysis of Teachers’ Assessment Design in Generative AI and Knowledge Building Environments
Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA)	Understanding the Roles of Critical Thinking and Learner-AI Interaction in EFL Reading Comprehension
Equity	How Strict Should Mastery Be? Architecture-Aware Threshold Calibration Across Knowledge Tracing Models Reimagining AI Learning Ecologies: Government School Children’s Perceptions and Explanations of Artificial Intelligence in India
Error awareness	From Correction to Further Review and Error Awareness: Students’ Perceived Benefits of an Automatic Online Error-Correction Notebook
error-correction learning task	Theory-Guided Error-Correction Learning Activity Design and Its Educational Potential: Addressing Peers’ Most Frequently Missed Questions
error-correction notebook	From Correction to Further Review and Error Awareness: Students’ Perceived Benefits of an Automatic Online Error-Correction Notebook
estimation	Development of a Video Learning Support System with Dynamic Robot Intervention Based on Learner State Estimation
ethical competence	Beyond Using AI: Are Teachers Prepared to Evaluate It Ethically?
Ethical Governance	Ethical Governance of Generative AI for Clinical Education: A Policy Analysis of New Zealand Polytechnics
Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence	Developing a Māori Values-Based Framework for Ethical and Culturally Responsive AI Use in Higher Education
Evaluation validity	When Accuracy Is Not Enough: Auditing LLM Dialogue Coding for Intelligent Tutoring Systems
evaluation-time safety	Diagnosing Pedagogical Reward Hacking in AI Tutoring: An Evaluation-Time Framework
Evidence-Based learning	Causal Discovery from Real-World Educational Data via LLM-Informed Methods
Evidence-first recovery	Evidence-First Recovery and Teacher–AI Co-Orchestration in GenAI-Supported Project Learning: A Hierarchical Digital Twin Ecology
example-based scaffolding	CodeExemplar: Example-Based Scaffolding for Introductory Programming in the GenAI Era
executive professionals	Evaluation of a foundational artificial intelligence course on machine learning for executive professionals
Experiential knowledge	Development of a Platform for Sharing Experiential Knowledge Based on Thought Experiences in Research Activities
Expert Routing	Domain-Aware Expert Routing for Multi-Domain Question Answering
Explainability	Investigating Explanations for Presentation Skills Learning in Active Video Watching
Explainable AI	PIE BRIDGE: Development and Delphi Validation of a VLA-Inspired Physical AI Web Application for Education Explainable Data-Driven Group Learning with LLM Narratives in EFL Classrooms
Explanations	Investigating Explanations for Presentation Skills Learning in Active Video Watching
exploratory factor analysis	Beyond Positive Attitudes Toward Inquiry: Structural and Psychological Predictors of Inquiry-Based Learning Implementation
Exploratory hypothesis	Development and Evaluation of a Support System for Structuring Exploratory Hypotheses in Inquiry-Based Learning
Externalization	Theoretical Positioning of Component-Based Reconstruction as a Constructive Learning Design: An Externalization-Based Framework
Eye tracking	A shallow reading behavior recognition model for college students based on multimodal data fusion
eye-tracking	Predicting Multiple-Document Integration Performance through Reading Process Data: A Machine Learning Approach across Summary and Argumentation Tasks
Eye-tracking Learning Analytics	Using Eye-Tracking Learning Analytics to Examine How Student Activity Sheets Support Micro-Course Learning
F
F0 perception	Examining How Musical Aptitude and Technology-Assisted Music Training Influence L2 Speech Processing
facial expression analysis	Developing an AI-Powered Video Analytic Tool for Monitoring Online Learner Emotional Engagement
facial expression recognition	Classifying Academic Emotions Using Changes in Facial Landmark Points over Time
Fail-Closed Evaluation	PEARL: A Fail-Closed Audit Benchmark for Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data
Failiure Prediction	Real-Time Prediction of Student Failure from Java Quiz Interaction Logs
family learning	Developing and Piloting an AILit-Based School–Home AI Literacy Program: Pre-Post Changes and Home-Activity Patterns
feature selection	Classifying Academic Emotions Using Changes in Facial Landmark Points over Time
Federated Learning	Differential Features for Mitigating Non-IID Effects in Federated Learning for At-Risk Student Prediction
Feedback	Behind the Feedback: How Self-Efficacy and Cognitive Load Influence Feedback Quality and Literacy in Peer Assessment Comparing One-Layer and Two-Layer AI Feedback with Human Feedback: The Moderating Role of Feedback Literacy
feedback literacy	Acting Upon Peer Feedback Under Different AI-Support Conditions: An Exploratory Sequential Analysis Comparing One-Layer and Two-Layer AI Feedback with Human Feedback: The Moderating Role of Feedback Literacy
feedback uptake	From Chatbot Help to Student Uptake: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Re-analysis of Conversations and Learning-gain Groups
Flow experience	Flow Experience in a Scaffolded 2D-to-3D Game Development Transition
Flow Theory	Problem Recommendation Based on Skill–Challenge Balance: Predicting Learner Confidence and Challenge with LLMs and Learner Profiles
Foreign guardians	Supporting Foreign Guardians Through AI-mediated Interpretation of Japanese School Culture: Preliminary Findings from PAPAMAMA-TOMO
foreign language education	A Systematic Review on Spherical Video-Based Virtual Reality in Foreign Language Education Based on SAMR Model
formative assessment	Integrating Generative AI Dynamic Scaffolding into a Massive Online Game-based Assessment Environment: A Preliminary Evaluation
Formative feedback	Beyond Score Accuracy: Examining the Diagnostic Quality of LLM-Generated Structured Assessment in Higher Education
frame selection	Classifying Academic Emotions Using Changes in Facial Landmark Points over Time
G
GAI	Developing Self-Directed Learning and Self-Efficacy through Generative AI-Assisted Digital Storybook Design
game development-based learning	Flow Experience in a Scaffolded 2D-to-3D Game Development Transition
game-based assessment	Integrating Generative AI Dynamic Scaffolding into a Massive Online Game-based Assessment Environment: A Preliminary Evaluation
game-based learning	Evaluating Game-Based Learning in Asynchronous AI Literacy: Impacts on Cognitive, Behavioral, Affective, and Ethical Development Game-Based VR Framework for Humanities Learning: Integrating Humanistic Values through Narrative and Role-Play Gamified Gaze Interaction in Immersive Virtual Reality for Attention Training: Effects on Learner Performance Urban Choices: A Serious Game for Urban Sustainability Education Game-Based Learning for Marine Sustainability Education: A Pilot Study of Sustainable Seafood Concepts in Elementary Education TextQuest AI: A Teacher-Oriented AI-NPC Storyworld Authoring Environment
gamification	Understanding How Gamification Guides and Sustains Student Engagement in a Quantified Self Dashboard through Trace-based Analysis A Dynamic Adaptive Gamification Plugin for Moodle: Enhancing Student Engagement through Player Type Differentiation and Trajectory-Based Motivational Realignment Game-Based VR Framework for Humanities Learning: Integrating Humanistic Values through Narrative and Role-Play Gamifying the Learning of Data Structures and Algorithms in Python Tamil Language Learning Platform through NLP Techniques and Gamification Balancing Engagement and Learning: Effects of Gamified Storybook Reading on Primary Students’ AI Literacy
Gamified chatbot	Effects of gamified chatbot intervention on primary school students’ engagement across different instructional modes
gamified learning	Developing Computational Thinking through Gamified Learning: A Mixed-Methods Intervention Study among Teacher Trainees
gaming the system	Disengagement-Aware Student Simulators: Auditing Learner States for Pre-Deployment Tutor Evaluation
gaze interactio	Gamified Gaze Interaction in Immersive Virtual Reality for Attention Training: Effects on Learner Performance
Gaze tracking	A Web-based TPV Assessment System Using Personalized Gaze Heatmaps as Stimulated Recall Cues: Design and Evaluation
GenAI	Effects of Integrating GenAI, Embodied Cognition, and Argumentation-Based Instruction on Students’ Learning Effectiveness, Metacognition, and Behavioral Patterns What Do Reviews Tell Us About Generative AI and Emotional Engagement in Education? An Umbrella Review
GenAI assistance	Detecting GenAI-Disguised Programming Plagiarism on GenAI-Assisted Data Science Assignments
GenAI-integrated Programming Education	Computational Thinking in GenAI-Integrated Programming Education: From Code Production to AI Orchestration
General Education Mathematics	Towards a Taxonomy of Student–AI Collaboration: Designing Math Assessments that Promote Learning Behaviors
Generative AI	GenAI Literacy and Technology Acceptance Among EFL Learners: A Mixed-Methods Study Development and Evaluation of a Support System for Structuring Exploratory Hypotheses in Inquiry-Based Learning Structured and Unstructured GenAI-Supported Reflection: Students’ Learning Performance, Cognitive Engagement, and Self-Review From Storyboard to Situated Validation: Metaboard for Repairing Learning Discontinuities in Generative-AI-Supported Project-Based Learning Effects of a Generative-AI-Based Instructional Material Development Course on Pre-service Teachers' TPACK and AI Teaching Efficacy Can Generative AI Approximate Selected Aspects of Human Instructional Coaching Feedback? An Exploratory Comparative Analysis A Cognitive-Model-Based Workflow for AI-Generated Visual Resources Supporting Literary Reading Necessitating Meaning Construction for AI-Generated Output: An Exploratory Study of a Two-Stage Concept Mapping Approach CodeExemplar: Example-Based Scaffolding for Introductory Programming in the GenAI Era From Low-Level Tasks to Higher-Order Thinking: Uncovering Cognitive Misalignment in Instructional Design via Computational Text Analysis Exploring the Relationships Between Students’ Perceptions of Generative AI and Participation in Collaborative Learning Balancing Scaffolding and Student Agency in Research Formulation with GenAI When Plausible Becomes Believed: Possibility-to-Actuality Hallucination and Distributed Confabulation as Challenges for AI Literacy in Learning Ecologies Unveiling the Dialogic Loops: An Exploratory Lag Sequential Analysis of Learner-AI Interaction in GenAI-Mediated English Debate Training Prompt-Controlled Generative AI as Visual Scaffolding for Sustainable Design Education Unexpected Information with Cognitive Conflict and Surprise for Reactivating Web-Based Investigative Learning Understanding the Roles of Critical Thinking and Learner-AI Interaction in EFL Reading Comprehension Impacts of a Generative AI-Supported Concept Mapping Approach on Students’ Python Programming and Self-Efficacy Integrating Generative AI Dynamic Scaffolding into a Massive Online Game-based Assessment Environment: A Preliminary Evaluation Computational Thinking in GenAI-Integrated Programming Education: From Code Production to AI Orchestration Beyond Cognitive Delegation: A SLAP-FACT Matrix Approach to Critical AI Literacy in Elementary Schools Exploring the Relationships between Pre-service Teachers’ Learning Agency, Behaviors and Learning Outcomes in a Vibe coding-based Educational Tool Development Course An Analysis of Teachers’ Assessment Design in Generative AI and Knowledge Building Environments Embedding AI Governance into Teacher Professional Development: A Governance-Capability-Curriculum Framework The Impact of the Use of Generative AI and Internet Browsing towards the Lexical Variety in Timor Leste Students’ Academic Writing Comparative Analysis of Semantic Similarity in Academic Writing of Nursing Students: Internet Search Engines Versus Generative AI Tools Simulated Students in the Generative AI Era: A Data-Grounded Simulation Paradigm for CSCL Using image feedback to comprehend foreign language writing Reconfiguring Teacher Professional Learning Ecologies with GenAI chatbots: A Grounded Theory Study of AI-Mediated Support towards Graduate Teachers in Australian Regional Schools
Generative AI agents	Who Does the Reasoning? An Activity–Community of Inquiry Analysis of Students’ AI-Mediated Thinking Across Two Pedagogical GAI Agents
Generative AI tutor	A Q-DOK/A-DOK Dual-Classification Architecture for a Reasoning-Aware Generative AI Chatbot in Elementary Digital and AI Literacy Education
Generative artificial intelligence	From generation to revision: Integrating peer assessment into generative AI-supported instructional design for pre-service teachers Exploring the Initial Level of Prompt Engineering Among Primary School Students: A Participatory Observation Approach Human-GAI Co-creation in Digital Storytelling: Pre-service Teachers’ Adoption Experiences from a Diffusion of Innovation Perspective Developing a Diagnostic Framework for Teacher–AI Collaborative Decision-Making Processes Generative AI as a Cognitive Scaffold in Project-Based Programming Learning: Effects on Higher-Order Thinking and Learning Performance Artificial Intelligence Agents in Language Learning: A Scoping Review of SSCI-Indexed Web of Science Research (2016-2026) BioQuest: Indonesian GenAI-Supported Interactive Biology Learning Platform for Middle School Students
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)	Ethical Governance of Generative AI for Clinical Education: A Policy Analysis of New Zealand Polytechnics Effects of an Anti-Over-Accommodation Mechanism in Generative AI Counseling Training on the Cross-Context Behavioral Transfer of Empathy Strategies: Evidence from Lag Sequential Analysis
generative models	When Can Simulated Learners Be Trusted? Decision-Centered Validity for Learner Simulators
global positioning system (GPS)	IAIDL—A Framework for Harnessing AI and GPS Technologies in Support of Outdoor Inquiry Learning in Design Education
gnamification	Gamified Gaze Interaction in Immersive Virtual Reality for Attention Training: Effects on Learner Performance
Gold standard audit	When LLMs Disagree with Human Annotations: A Manual-Grounded Analysis of TalkMoves Coding
graduate teachers	Reconfiguring Teacher Professional Learning Ecologies with GenAI chatbots: A Grounded Theory Study of AI-Mediated Support towards Graduate Teachers in Australian Regional Schools
Grammar drill	Question Type, Cognitive Load, and CEFR Alignment: Evaluating LLM-Generated EFL Grammar Drill Exercises
GraphRAG	A Graph Retrieval-Augmented University Chatbot for Supporting Student Academic Advising in Higher Education
grounded theory	Reconfiguring Teacher Professional Learning Ecologies with GenAI chatbots: A Grounded Theory Study of AI-Mediated Support towards Graduate Teachers in Australian Regional Schools
Group awareness	Visualizing Student Contributions in Group Discussions Through LLM-Based Network Analysis Explainable Data-Driven Group Learning with LLM Narratives in EFL Classrooms
Group formation	Explainable Data-Driven Group Learning with LLM Narratives in EFL Classrooms
guided LLM scaffolding	Beyond Access: Guided LLM Scaffolding for Independent Learning in Undergraduate Statistics
H
hallucination detection	When Plausible Becomes Believed: Possibility-to-Actuality Hallucination and Distributed Confabulation as Challenges for AI Literacy in Learning Ecologies
Hallucinations	Hallucinated AI Artifacts for Collaborative Sensemaking – A Quasi-Experimental Pilot
handwriting logs	Pen Pressure as Learning Engagement Indicator in Special Needs Education Detecting and Monitoring of Sustained Attention in Special Needs Education through Handwriting Logs
Hattie and Timperley model	How Does AI Feedback Composition Shape Reflection? A 6-month Dose–Response Field Study in Elementary Social Studies
health professional education	Mapping the Intellectual Landscape of Creative, Arts-based, and AI-Enhanced Pedagogies in Health Professional Education: A BERTopic Analysis
help-seeking	From Chatbot Help to Student Uptake: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Re-analysis of Conversations and Learning-gain Groups
Heterogeneous treatment effects	Exploring Heterogeneous Treatment Effects with Educational Real-World Data: Promise and Scaling Challenge
Hidden curriculum	Supporting Foreign Guardians Through AI-mediated Interpretation of Japanese School Culture: Preliminary Findings from PAPAMAMA-TOMO
Higher Education	AI-Supported Formative Feedback for Multimodal Student Reports: Evidence from a Real Classroom Deployment Towards Credential Evolution to Competence Authentication: A Taxonomy-Based Analysis of Japanese University Micro-Credentials Effectiveness of Cluster Classroom Design on Foundation Students’ Non-Cognitive Learning Outcomes Understanding ChatGPT’s Influence on Trainee Teachers’ Learning: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective Hallucinated AI Artifacts for Collaborative Sensemaking – A Quasi-Experimental Pilot A Graph Retrieval-Augmented University Chatbot for Supporting Student Academic Advising in Higher Education From Student Comments to QA Reports: Comparing Direct, Guided, and Hybrid Summarization with Large Language Models for Academic Quality Assurance Developing a Māori Values-Based Framework for Ethical and Culturally Responsive AI Use in Higher Education
higher-order thinking	From Low-Level Tasks to Higher-Order Thinking: Uncovering Cognitive Misalignment in Instructional Design via Computational Text Analysis Generative AI as a Cognitive Scaffold in Project-Based Programming Learning: Effects on Higher-Order Thinking and Learning Performance
HMD	Measuring Emotional Engagement in XR-Based Intercultural Virtual Exchange: A Pilot Study Using Physiological and Self-Report Indicators
human agency	Making Verification Visible in AI-Supported Engineering Education: A Mixed-Methods Design Case in a UAV Perception Course
Human AI Collaboration	Towards a Taxonomy of Student–AI Collaboration: Designing Math Assessments that Promote Learning Behaviors
Human-AI Co-Creation	Prompt-Controlled Generative AI as Visual Scaffolding for Sustainable Design Education
human-AI co-orchestration	Where Autonomy Ends: Evaluating Agentic LLM Reliability in Educational Administrative Workflows
human-AI collaboration	From Low-Level Tasks to Higher-Order Thinking: Uncovering Cognitive Misalignment in Instructional Design via Computational Text Analysis Balancing Scaffolding and Student Agency in Research Formulation with GenAI Human–AI Collaboration in Higher Education: Tri-Rater Assessment and AI Learning Scaffolds AI Literacy to Role Fluency: Mapping LLM Interaction Roles in Intelligent Learning Ecologies COREference: Supporting Teacher Professional Learning and Inquiry through an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus
Human-AI interaction	Who Does the Reasoning? An Activity–Community of Inquiry Analysis of Students’ AI-Mediated Thinking Across Two Pedagogical GAI Agents From Machine Translation Use to AI Literacy: A Mixed-Methods Study of Learner Profiles and Developmental Trajectories in EFL Learning Understanding the Roles of Critical Thinking and Learner-AI Interaction in EFL Reading Comprehension
human-AI shared regulation	When AI Joins the Group: Sequential Discourse Dynamics in Speech-Based AI-Mediated Collaborative Learning
human-centered design	Agentic Learner–LLM Interaction Framework: Toward a Human-Centered Perspective on LLM-Supported Learning
human-GAI co-creation	Human-GAI Co-creation in Digital Storytelling: Pre-service Teachers’ Adoption Experiences from a Diffusion of Innovation Perspective
human-in-the-loop	Where Autonomy Ends: Evaluating Agentic LLM Reliability in Educational Administrative Workflows
human–AI collaboration	Developing a Diagnostic Framework for Teacher–AI Collaborative Decision-Making Processes
I
IBL	IAIDL—A Framework for Harnessing AI and GPS Technologies in Support of Outdoor Inquiry Learning in Design Education
ICAP Framework	Does a Teachable Agent Moderate the Influence of Mind Wandering Tendency on Constructive-Interactive Activities in Collaborative Learning?
ICT Literacy	Investigating the Effects of Peer Review as a Proctor Mechanism in Large-Scale ICT Literacy Education Based on the PSI Model
identity embeddings	Identity Flagging from Cursor Traces via Disentangled Identity Embeddings and Clustering Methods
identity-based motivation	Evidence-First Recovery and Teacher–AI Co-Orchestration in GenAI-Supported Project Learning: A Hierarchical Digital Twin Ecology
image feedback	Using image feedback to comprehend foreign language writing
Image generation	An EFL Writing Support System Using AI-Generated Image Feedback to Inspire Writing Using image feedback to comprehend foreign language writing
immersive learning environments	AI Agents in Immersive Learning Environments: Types, Techniques, and Implementation Challenges
Implicit Style Matching	Implicit Adaptive AI Matching for Nonviolent Communication Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study with Middle School Students
In-Process Feedback	Separating When to Intervene from What Feedback to Provide: A Feasibility Study of In-Process Feedback
in-service teachers	Beyond Using AI: Are Teachers Prepared to Evaluate It Ethically?
independent learning	Beyond Access: Guided LLM Scaffolding for Independent Learning in Undergraduate Statistics
Industrial Training Institute	Youth Questioning, Trust, and AI Boundaries: A Co-Design Study Informing the Design of AI Guidance Systems in Vocational Education
Informatics Curriculum	Positioning Indonesia's K–12 Informatics and Artificial Intelligence Education
information exploration	Tools over Subjects: Tag-Based Exploration and Co-Browsing in a Learning Analytics Case-Sharing Portal
Information Gathering	Media Balance in Information Gathering for Inquiry-Based Learning: A Log Data Analysis
Information retrieval	Information Retrieval in Learning Materials: Which Language Models Work Best and How to Improve Them
Input Device	Cognitive Load and Pointer Behavior in Data Literacy Education: An EEG and Mouse Trajectory Analysis Comparing Mouse and Touchpad Operations
Inquiry Diamond	Beyond Action Sequences: Temporal Dynamics of Real-Time Learner Interaction Behavior in Immersive VR Learning Environments
Inquiry-based learning	Development and Evaluation of a Support System for Structuring Exploratory Hypotheses in Inquiry-Based Learning Designing GaMINLab: A design-based approach to Content Gamification for cognitive engagement in science inquiry practices Beyond Positive Attitudes Toward Inquiry: Structural and Psychological Predictors of Inquiry-Based Learning Implementation Simulations to Teach Teachers LLMs Media Balance in Information Gathering for Inquiry-Based Learning: A Log Data Analysis
instructional behavior recognition	A Five-Layer Architecture for Managing Uncertainty in Multimodal Learning Analytics Data
instructional coaching	Can Generative AI Approximate Selected Aspects of Human Instructional Coaching Feedback? An Exploratory Comparative Analysis
instructional design	From generation to revision: Integrating peer assessment into generative AI-supported instructional design for pre-service teachers From Instructor to Author: Vibe Coding as AI-Mediated Instructional Design in Higher Education Seductive Details in Video Lectures: Examining the Effects of Placement on Learner Engagement Validating a Five-Stage Implementation Framework for Competence-Oriented Interdisciplinary Thematic Instruction in High School Information Technology
Instructional Efficiency	When More Dialogue Does Not Help: Two Classroom Studies of Socratic Reflection in LLM-Supported Learning
instructional material development	Effects of a Generative-AI-Based Instructional Material Development Course on Pre-service Teachers' TPACK and AI Teaching Efficacy
Instructional Safety	Separating When to Intervene from What Feedback to Provide: A Feasibility Study of In-Process Feedback
instructional scaffolding	Using Eye-Tracking Learning Analytics to Examine How Student Activity Sheets Support Micro-Course Learning Academic Hardiness and Peer-Feedback Engagement in Video-Based Peer Assessment
instructional support	A Multimodal Evaluation Framework for Classroom Instructional Support: Development and Validation
Intelligent evaluation	An Intelligent Evaluation Method of Teachers' Online Teaching Competence Based on Learning Experience
Intelligent Tutoring System	Mirroring and Surprise to Understand You: Dynamical System Approach to Trace Learner’s States SenseHelper: Diagnosing and Scaffolding Scientific Sensemaking Through an Intelligent Tutoring Agent Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Tutor to Support International Students' Academic Writing: A Design-Based Research Study
intelligent tutoring systems	How Strict Should Mastery Be? Architecture-Aware Threshold Calibration Across Knowledge Tracing Models Disengagement-Aware Student Simulators: Auditing Learner States for Pre-Deployment Tutor Evaluation Inverse Student Simulation for Auditing Structured Student State in Tutoring Dialogues When Accuracy Is Not Enough: Auditing LLM Dialogue Coding for Intelligent Tutoring Systems Calibrating Canonical Disclosure in an LLM Tutor: A Pilot Component Ablation of Pedagogical Dialogue Separating When to Intervene from What Feedback to Provide: A Feasibility Study of In-Process Feedback Self-Regulated Learning Profiles in SQL-Tutor: Trace-Based Learner Modelling of Repair and Progress
intent inference of operation	Implementation of an Operational State Recognition Function in an English Paragraph Writing Support System
inter-rater reliability	A Q-DOK/A-DOK Dual-Classification Architecture for a Reasoning-Aware Generative AI Chatbot in Elementary Digital and AI Literacy Education
Interaction analysis	Characterising Persistence in Collaborative Electronic Making
Interactive Learning	Gamifying the Learning of Data Structures and Algorithms in Python Tamil Language Learning Platform through NLP Techniques and Gamification
Interdisciplinary Instruction	Validating a Five-Stage Implementation Framework for Competence-Oriented Interdisciplinary Thematic Instruction in High School Information Technology
International Students	Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Writing Tutor for International Students: Framework Development and Expert Review Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Tutor to Support International Students' Academic Writing: A Design-Based Research Study
International Virtual Exchange	Measuring Emotional Engagement in XR-Based Intercultural Virtual Exchange: A Pilot Study Using Physiological and Self-Report Indicators
interpersonal relationships	The Long Goodbye: A Game About Alzheimer’s Disease Patients’ Struggles with Remembering Places and Faces
Intersubjective Evaluation	Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Self-Assessment for Intersubjective Evaluation Using Checklists and Rubrics
Issue type	From Comments to Actions: Multi-task Analysis of Vietnamese Student Feedback for Educational Quality Assurance
IT Education	Validating a Five-Stage Implementation Framework for Competence-Oriented Interdisciplinary Thematic Instruction in High School Information Technology
Item Parameter Estimation	Predicting Item Difficulty and Discrimination from Question Structural Features: A Longitudinal Study in a Large-Scale Online Degree Programme
Item pool characteristics	Efficiency and Classification Accuracy of Standard Error and Confidence Interval Stopping Rules in Computerized Adaptive Licensure Testing
Item response theory	Predicting Item Difficulty and Discrimination from Question Structural Features: A Longitudinal Study in a Large-Scale Online Degree Programme A Residual-Based DIF Tree Method for Fairness Analysis in IRT-Based Assessment
iterative instructional design	MetaGuru: Computer-Based Learning Environment to Foster Metacognitive Strategies in Engineering Problem-Solving
J
Japan	Beyond Positive Attitudes Toward Inquiry: Structural and Psychological Predictors of Inquiry-Based Learning Implementation
Japanese onomatopoeia	Uncertainty Design and Learner Curiosity in a Japanese Onomatopoeia Learning Game A Prior Knowledge Perspective
Japanese school culture	Supporting Foreign Guardians Through AI-mediated Interpretation of Japanese School Culture: Preliminary Findings from PAPAMAMA-TOMO
Job Crafting	Reconsidering On-the-Job Training (OJT) as Onboarding Support: A Job Crafting Perspective
K
K-12 computing education	Systems Before Code: Goal-to-Milestone for AI-Supported K‑12 Programming
K-12 Education	Causal Effects of Savoring and Dampening Emotions Within Productive Failure Toward an Ideal Teacher-Researcher Relationship in Learning Analytics: Policy Delphi for Developing Practical Research Policies
Keyword Dependency	Assessing LLM Performance in Automated Short Answer Grading for Thai Written Exams: An Adversarial Evaluation
Kit-Build Concept Map	Necessitating Meaning Construction for AI-Generated Output: An Exploratory Study of a Two-Stage Concept Mapping Approach
knowledge building	An Analysis of Teachers’ Assessment Design in Generative AI and Knowledge Building Environments
Knowledge circulation	Development of a Platform for Sharing Experiential Knowledge Based on Thought Experiences in Research Activities
knowledge components	Inverse Student Simulation for Auditing Structured Student State in Tutoring Dialogues
Knowledge fragments	Cultivating Organizational Knowledge from Tacit Insights in Research Discussions
Knowledge Graph	A Graph Retrieval-Augmented University Chatbot for Supporting Student Academic Advising in Higher Education
Knowledge map	Development and Evaluation of a Support System for Structuring Exploratory Hypotheses in Inquiry-Based Learning Pilot Trial of Linking Knowledge Maps with Digital Skill Standards for Career Vision Development
knowledge monitoring	Knowing Isn’t What You Think: Designing a Dashboard for Supporting Knowledge Monitoring
Knowledge sharing	Development of a Platform for Sharing Experiential Knowledge Based on Thought Experiences in Research Activities
knowledge synthesis	Mapping the Intellectual Landscape of Creative, Arts-based, and AI-Enhanced Pedagogies in Health Professional Education: A BERTopic Analysis
Knowledge Tracing	PEARL: A Fail-Closed Audit Benchmark for Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data How Strict Should Mastery Be? Architecture-Aware Threshold Calibration Across Knowledge Tracing Models Mirroring and Surprise to Understand You: Dynamical System Approach to Trace Learner’s States
K–12 Education	Positioning Indonesia's K–12 Informatics and Artificial Intelligence Education
L
L2 prosody	Examining How Musical Aptitude and Technology-Assisted Music Training Influence L2 Speech Processing
lag sequential analysis	Research on Teaching Strategies for Promoting Chinese Language Classroom Interaction in Smart Classroom Environments Unveiling the Dialogic Loops: An Exploratory Lag Sequential Analysis of Learner-AI Interaction in GenAI-Mediated English Debate Training
Lag Sequential Analysis (LSA)	Effects of an Anti-Over-Accommodation Mechanism in Generative AI Counseling Training on the Cross-Context Behavioral Transfer of Empathy Strategies: Evidence from Lag Sequential Analysis
lagged effects	How Does AI Feedback Composition Shape Reflection? A 6-month Dose–Response Field Study in Elementary Social Studies
Language learning	Artificial Intelligence Agents in Language Learning: A Scoping Review of SSCI-Indexed Web of Science Research (2016-2026)
Language skills training	Harnessing LLM as Partner and Mentor in Human Pragmatic Competency Training
Large Language Model	Harnessing LLM as Partner and Mentor in Human Pragmatic Competency Training Breaking Passivity in Video Learning: A System Integrating Physical Social Robots and Time-Adaptive RAG AllerColler: An LLM-Empowered Reflection Support System Bridging Classroom and Field-Based Learning LLM-Based Agent-Assessment for Supporting Quiz Correction in Learning by Quiz Creation
Large Language Models	Automatic Generation of Reading Comprehension Items with Large Language Models: A Case Study of HSK Level 4 Inverse Student Simulation for Auditing Structured Student State in Tutoring Dialogues When Scaffold Design Outweighs Model Adaptation: A Controlled Quality–Cost Comparison of Socratic AI Math Tutors Letting Learners Shape What to Reflect On: Design Principles for an LLM-Based Skill Analytics System Beyond Access: Guided LLM Scaffolding for Independent Learning in Undergraduate Statistics Agentic Learner–LLM Interaction Framework: Toward a Human-Centered Perspective on LLM-Supported Learning Generative AI as a Socratic Tutor in Robot-Assisted Language Learning: Multidimensional Usability Costs and Attitudinal Outcomes Visualizing Student Contributions in Group Discussions Through LLM-Based Network Analysis Towards a Pedagogical Sandbox for TPD: A Tri-Level Alignment Study of a Data-Grounded LLM Simulator in CSCL Integrating LLM-driven Simulated Peer in Online Peer Learning: An Implementation in Junior Mathematics Problem Recommendation Based on Skill–Challenge Balance: Predicting Learner Confidence and Challenge with LLMs and Learner Profiles Investigating Oddness Annotation Ambiguity in LLM-Generated Stories for Elementary School Kanji Learning Where Autonomy Ends: Evaluating Agentic LLM Reliability in Educational Administrative Workflows Privacy-Preserving LLM-Assisted Learning Analytics with Natural Language Interfaces for Educational Data Direct Output vs. Socratic Questioning: How AI Feedback Modes Differentially Activate Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in University Writing Revision TextQuest AI: A Teacher-Oriented AI-NPC Storyworld Authoring Environment Domain-Aware Expert Routing for Multi-Domain Question Answering AI Literacy to Role Fluency: Mapping LLM Interaction Roles in Intelligent Learning Ecologies From Student Comments to QA Reports: Comparing Direct, Guided, and Hybrid Summarization with Large Language Models for Academic Quality Assurance LLM-Agent-Assisted AI Learning in Moodle: The “AI Garden” Case Study Simulated Students in the Generative AI Era: A Data-Grounded Simulation Paradigm for CSCL
Large Language Models (LLMs)	Assessing LLM Performance in Automated Short Answer Grading for Thai Written Exams: An Adversarial Evaluation Evaluating Human vs. LLM Assessments Through Character Assembling Prompting Independence: Preliminary Findings on Large Language Model–Assisted Portfolio of Evidence Development among Alternative Learning System Adult Learners
Large language models in education	From Instructor to Author: Vibe Coding as AI-Mediated Instructional Design in Higher Education Confident RAG: Enhancing the Performance of LLMs for Mathematics Question Answering through Multi-Embedding and Confidence Scoring Calibrating Canonical Disclosure in an LLM Tutor: A Pilot Component Ablation of Pedagogical Dialogue
Lathe Machining	E-learning by Doing: Transferring Sensory Tacit Knowledge of Lathe Feed-Rate Operation through a Sensory Transmission Device
layered feedback	Comparing One-Layer and Two-Layer AI Feedback with Human Feedback: The Moderating Role of Feedback Literacy
LEAD	LEAD and BookRoll: A Learning Analytics Approach to Technology-Enhanced Reading in Thailand
Learner agency	Agentic Learner–LLM Interaction Framework: Toward a Human-Centered Perspective on LLM-Supported Learning Beyond Learner Choice: Calibrating AI Support for Young Learners’ Agency and Self-Regulated Learning
Learner concentration	Development of a Video Learning Support System with Dynamic Robot Intervention Based on Learner State Estimation
Learner Engagement	Team-based Learning to Teach AI in Large Classes: Case Studies of an Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Course and a Postgraduate Engineering Course
learner modelling	Self-Regulated Learning Profiles in SQL-Tutor: Trace-Based Learner Modelling of Repair and Progress
learner simulators	When Can Simulated Learners Be Trusted? Decision-Centered Validity for Learner Simulators
learner-AI collaboration	Unveiling the Dialogic Loops: An Exploratory Lag Sequential Analysis of Learner-AI Interaction in GenAI-Mediated English Debate Training
Learner-Robot Interaction	Designing an Embodied Peer for the Lab: Exploring Robots and Multimodal Analytics in LA-ReflecT Platform during a Circuit Building Activity
learner–LLM interaction	Beyond Access: Guided LLM Scaffolding for Independent Learning in Undergraduate Statistics
learning agency	Exploring the Relationships between Pre-service Teachers’ Learning Agency, Behaviors and Learning Outcomes in a Vibe coding-based Educational Tool Development Course
Learning Analytics	PEARL: A Fail-Closed Audit Benchmark for Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data AI-Supported Formative Feedback for Multimodal Student Reports: Evidence from a Real Classroom Deployment Automated Behavioral Coding of Learner—Object Interactions Using Vision Language Models Letting Learners Shape What to Reflect On: Design Principles for an LLM-Based Skill Analytics System When, What, and How Long to Study: Capturing the Domain-Specific Dynamics of Learning Efficiency Two Triggers, Two Directions: Human-AI Co-Regulation in a Multi-Agent LLM Reading Support System Understanding the Dynamics of Social Comparison in K-12 Students’ Learning During Summer Vacation Knowledge-State-Based Peer Selection for Slight Upward Social Comparison in K-12 Dashboards From Chatbot Help to Student Uptake: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Re-analysis of Conversations and Learning-gain Groups Exploring the Relationships Between Students’ Perceptions of Generative AI and Participation in Collaborative Learning Toward an Ideal Teacher-Researcher Relationship in Learning Analytics: Policy Delphi for Developing Practical Research Policies Privacy-Preserving LLM-Assisted Learning Analytics with Natural Language Interfaces for Educational Data Tools over Subjects: Tag-Based Exploration and Co-Browsing in a Learning Analytics Case-Sharing Portal Real-Time Prediction of Student Failure from Java Quiz Interaction Logs Recommendation of Learning Plan based on Learners’ Knowledge Proficiency Media Balance in Information Gathering for Inquiry-Based Learning: A Log Data Analysis Visualization-Based Reflection Support for Improving Coding Practices Investigating the Effects of Peer Review as a Proctor Mechanism in Large-Scale ICT Literacy Education Based on the PSI Model LEAD and BookRoll: A Learning Analytics Approach to Technology-Enhanced Reading in Thailand Using image feedback to comprehend foreign language writing Detecting and Monitoring of Sustained Attention in Special Needs Education through Handwriting Logs
learning analytics dashboard	Understanding How Gamification Guides and Sustains Student Engagement in a Quantified Self Dashboard through Trace-based Analysis CodeRunner Agent: An Open-Source Moodle Plugin for LLM-Powered Self-Regulated Learning Support in Programming Practice Knowing Isn’t What You Think: Designing a Dashboard for Supporting Knowledge Monitoring WPM Dashboard for Time-Aware Reading Practice in EFL Test Preparation
Learning analytics(LA)	Causal Discovery from Real-World Educational Data via LLM-Informed Methods
Learning companion	Impacts of a Generative AI-Supported Concept Mapping Approach on Students’ Python Programming and Self-Efficacy
learning ecologies	Reimagining AI Learning Ecologies: Government School Children’s Perceptions and Explanations of Artificial Intelligence in India Reconfiguring Teacher Professional Learning Ecologies with GenAI chatbots: A Grounded Theory Study of AI-Mediated Support towards Graduate Teachers in Australian Regional Schools
learning engagement	Pen Pressure as Learning Engagement Indicator in Special Needs Education
Learning Evidence	LEAD and BookRoll: A Learning Analytics Approach to Technology-Enhanced Reading in Thailand
Learning experience	An Intelligent Evaluation Method of Teachers' Online Teaching Competence Based on Learning Experience
learning from errors	Development and Evaluation of a Reflection Support System for Learning from Mathematical Errors Theory-Guided Error-Correction Learning Activity Design and Its Educational Potential: Addressing Peers’ Most Frequently Missed Questions
Learning Intervention	Real-Time Prediction of Student Failure from Java Quiz Interaction Logs
learning motivation	Calibrating Canonical Disclosure in an LLM Tutor: A Pilot Component Ablation of Pedagogical Dialogue
learning outcome	Exploring the Relationships between Pre-service Teachers’ Learning Agency, Behaviors and Learning Outcomes in a Vibe coding-based Educational Tool Development Course
Learning Outcomes	Using Eye-Tracking Learning Analytics to Examine How Student Activity Sheets Support Micro-Course Learning
learning performance	Generative AI as a Cognitive Scaffold in Project-Based Programming Learning: Effects on Higher-Order Thinking and Learning Performance
Learning planning	Recommendation of Learning Plan based on Learners’ Knowledge Proficiency
learning processes	Structured and Unstructured GenAI-Supported Reflection: Students’ Learning Performance, Cognitive Engagement, and Self-Review
Learning Record Store	A Five-Layer Architecture for Managing Uncertainty in Multimodal Learning Analytics Data
learning scaffold	Human–AI Collaboration in Higher Education: Tri-Rater Assessment and AI Learning Scaffolds
Learning state	Development of a Video Learning Support System with Dynamic Robot Intervention Based on Learner State Estimation
Learning Support System	Pilot Trial of Linking Knowledge Maps with Digital Skill Standards for Career Vision Development
Learning Technologies	Privacy Perception and University Students’ Acceptance of Learning Technologies: A Case Study in Japan
learning technology	BioQuest: Indonesian GenAI-Supported Interactive Biology Learning Platform for Middle School Students
Lecture Video Generation	Slide-Based Lecture Video Generation with Semantic Gestures from a Single Teacher Picture
Lesson Induction	Development and Evaluation of a Reflection Support System for Learning from Mathematical Errors
Lesson Plans	From Low-Level Tasks to Higher-Order Thinking: Uncovering Cognitive Misalignment in Instructional Design via Computational Text Analysis
Lexical variety	The Impact of the Use of Generative AI and Internet Browsing towards the Lexical Variety in Timor Leste Students’ Academic Writing
Licensure testing	Efficiency and Classification Accuracy of Standard Error and Confidence Interval Stopping Rules in Computerized Adaptive Licensure Testing
limited perspective	Adversarial Thinking Training System with Situation Recommendation to Overcome Limited Perspectives
LiNGAM-MMI	Causal Discovery from Real-World Educational Data via LLM-Informed Methods
Literary Text Comprehension	A Cognitive-Model-Based Workflow for AI-Generated Visual Resources Supporting Literary Reading
LLM	Causal Discovery from Real-World Educational Data via LLM-Informed Methods Reproducing the Note Type Taxonomy for Programming Video Annotations with Rules, ML, and LLMs Explainable Data-Driven Group Learning with LLM Narratives in EFL Classrooms Development and Evaluation of a Reflection Support System for Learning from Mathematical Errors An EFL Writing Support System Using AI-Generated Image Feedback to Inspire Writing Effects of Emotional Granularity and Task-Fit on User Trust in Chatbots
LLM annotation	When LLMs Disagree with Human Annotations: A Manual-Grounded Analysis of TalkMoves Coding
LLM assessment	Beyond Score Accuracy: Examining the Diagnostic Quality of LLM-Generated Structured Assessment in Higher Education
LLM dialogue coding	When Accuracy Is Not Enough: Auditing LLM Dialogue Coding for Intelligent Tutoring Systems
LLM-based agent	SenseHelper: Diagnosing and Scaffolding Scientific Sensemaking Through an Intelligent Tutoring Agent
LLM-generated feedback	A Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship between Novice Programmers’ Feedback Use and Performance within the RunCode Learning Platform
LLM-powered tools	CodeRunner Agent: An Open-Source Moodle Plugin for LLM-Powered Self-Regulated Learning Support in Programming Practice
LLMs	Empowering Learner Autonomy: The Impact of Selectable Generative AI Models in Math Scaffolded Question Generation Teachers’ Integration of LLMs in Place-Based Education in Aotearoa Simulations to Teach Teachers LLMs When More Dialogue Does Not Help: Two Classroom Studies of Socratic Reflection in LLM-Supported Learning Comparing the efficacy of a Single-Agent Workflow against a Multi-Agent Workflow in Personalized K-12 Education
log data	Question Type, Cognitive Load, and CEFR Alignment: Evaluating LLM-Generated EFL Grammar Drill Exercises
Log Data Analysis	Using Log Data to Interpret Gender DIF in a Performance-Based Digital Literacy Assessment
Long short-term memory	An Ensemble CNN-LSTM Model for Student Dropout Prediction with Sequential Data Transformation
Longitudinal Evaluation	Predicting Item Difficulty and Discrimination from Question Structural Features: A Longitudinal Study in a Large-Scale Online Degree Programme
low-resource schools	Reimagining AI Learning Ecologies: Government School Children’s Perceptions and Explanations of Artificial Intelligence in India
LSTM	Real-Time Prediction of Student Failure from Java Quiz Interaction Logs
M
machine learning	Predicting Multiple-Document Integration Performance through Reading Process Data: A Machine Learning Approach across Summary and Argumentation Tasks Evaluation of a foundational artificial intelligence course on machine learning for executive professionals Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Self-Assessment for Intersubjective Evaluation Using Checklists and Rubrics Classifying Academic Emotions Using Changes in Facial Landmark Points over Time A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Artificial Intelligence Readiness Among Saudi TVET Faculty Members Using Machine Learning Approaches
MakeCode Arcade	Flow Experience in a Scaffolded 2D-to-3D Game Development Transition
Makerspaces	Characterising Persistence in Collaborative Electronic Making
Marine Education	Game-Based Learning for Marine Sustainability Education: A Pilot Study of Sustainable Seafood Concepts in Elementary Education
Massive online educational game	Integrating Generative AI Dynamic Scaffolding into a Massive Online Game-based Assessment Environment: A Preliminary Evaluation
Mastery learning	How Strict Should Mastery Be? Architecture-Aware Threshold Calibration Across Knowledge Tracing Models
Mathematics education	When Scaffold Design Outweighs Model Adaptation: A Controlled Quality–Cost Comparison of Socratic AI Math Tutors
Mathematics Learning Games	When More Dialogue Does Not Help: Two Classroom Studies of Socratic Reflection in LLM-Supported Learning
Mathematics Question Answering	Confident RAG: Enhancing the Performance of LLMs for Mathematics Question Answering through Multi-Embedding and Confidence Scoring
Meaning Construction	Necessitating Meaning Construction for AI-Generated Output: An Exploratory Study of a Two-Stage Concept Mapping Approach
measurement validity	Are Online Learning Self-Efficacy Scale Reliability Measured? A Reliability Generalisation Meta-Analysis with a Small-Sample Caution
mechanics	The Long Goodbye: A Game About Alzheimer’s Disease Patients’ Struggles with Remembering Places and Faces
Media Balance	Media Balance in Information Gathering for Inquiry-Based Learning: A Log Data Analysis
Membership Inference Attack	PEARL: A Fail-Closed Audit Benchmark for Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data
Meta-analysis	Artificial Intelligence and Child L2 Speaking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Meta-learning	Development of a Support System for Fostering Self-Regulated Learning through Research Activities
metacognition	Inverse Student Simulation for Auditing Structured Student State in Tutoring Dialogues MetaGuru: Computer-Based Learning Environment to Foster Metacognitive Strategies in Engineering Problem-Solving Integrating AI in Subject Teaching for Pedagogical and Metacognitive Growth: A Location and Direction Writing Chatbot for In-Service English Language Teachers Knowing Isn’t What You Think: Designing a Dashboard for Supporting Knowledge Monitoring Systems Before Code: Goal-to-Milestone for AI-Supported K‑12 Programming
metacognitive awareness	Effects of Integrating GenAI, Embodied Cognition, and Argumentation-Based Instruction on Students’ Learning Effectiveness, Metacognition, and Behavioral Patterns Understanding the Dynamics of Social Comparison in K-12 Students’ Learning During Summer Vacation
Metacognitive knowledge	Development of a Support System for Fostering Self-Regulated Learning through Research Activities
metacognitive prompts	MetaGuru: Computer-Based Learning Environment to Foster Metacognitive Strategies in Engineering Problem-Solving
metacognitive regulation	Reorganizing Collaborative Problem Solving through Anthropomorphic Affective-Cognitive Support: Evidence from a Virtual Pedagogical Agent in CSCL
metaverse	Measuring Emotional Engagement in XR-Based Intercultural Virtual Exchange: A Pilot Study Using Physiological and Self-Report Indicators Avatar-Anchored Transcription and Translation as AI-Mediated Communication Support in XR-Based Bilingual International Collaborative Learning
Micro-Communities of Practice	Co-Creating Artifact-Mediated Participation Infrastructure for Language and Context-Responsive Science Teaching Micro-Communities of Practice for Language and Culture-Responsive Science Teaching
Micro-course Learning	Using Eye-Tracking Learning Analytics to Examine How Student Activity Sheets Support Micro-Course Learning
Micro-credentials	Towards Credential Evolution to Competence Authentication: A Taxonomy-Based Analysis of Japanese University Micro-Credentials
middle school	BioQuest: Indonesian GenAI-Supported Interactive Biology Learning Platform for Middle School Students
Mind Wandering	Does a Teachable Agent Moderate the Influence of Mind Wandering Tendency on Constructive-Interactive Activities in Collaborative Learning?
Misconception detection	Beyond Score Accuracy: Examining the Diagnostic Quality of LLM-Generated Structured Assessment in Higher Education
misconceptions	Inverse Student Simulation for Auditing Structured Student State in Tutoring Dialogues
mixed methods	Making Verification Visible in AI-Supported Engineering Education: A Mixed-Methods Design Case in a UAV Perception Course
mixed-methods	Developing K–12 Teacher Readiness for Data-Informed Teaching Through Professional Development
Mixed-Methods Design	From Machine Translation Use to AI Literacy: A Mixed-Methods Study of Learner Profiles and Developmental Trajectories in EFL Learning
mixed-methods research	Institutional Motivation and Socio-Technical Alignment for AI Transformation in Public Higher Education: A Mixed-Methods Study
Mobile learning	Designing Tablet-Based Augmented Reality Resources to Support Mobile and Authentic Inquiry in Primary Science: A Design Case Study on Simple Machines
modal reasoning	When Plausible Becomes Believed: Possibility-to-Actuality Hallucination and Distributed Confabulation as Challenges for AI Literacy in Learning Ecologies
mode	Exploring the Initial Level of Prompt Engineering Among Primary School Students: A Participatory Observation Approach
Model Context Protocol	Privacy-Preserving LLM-Assisted Learning Analytics with Natural Language Interfaces for Educational Data
Moodle	CodeRunner Agent: An Open-Source Moodle Plugin for LLM-Powered Self-Regulated Learning Support in Programming Practice LLM-Agent-Assisted AI Learning in Moodle: The “AI Garden” Case Study
Moodle engagement	A Dynamic Adaptive Gamification Plugin for Moodle: Enhancing Student Engagement through Player Type Differentiation and Trajectory-Based Motivational Realignment
Mouse Trajectory	Cognitive Load and Pointer Behavior in Data Literacy Education: An EEG and Mouse Trajectory Analysis Comparing Mouse and Touchpad Operations
multi-agent LLM	Two Triggers, Two Directions: Human-AI Co-Regulation in a Multi-Agent LLM Reading Support System
Multi-agent Simulation	Towards a Pedagogical Sandbox for TPD: A Tri-Level Alignment Study of a Data-Grounded LLM Simulator in CSCL
Multi-agent system	The impact of a personalized Multi-Agent System on secondary students’ design thinking and GenAI critical knowledge
Multi-Agent Systems	From Low-Level Tasks to Higher-Order Thinking: Uncovering Cognitive Misalignment in Instructional Design via Computational Text Analysis Comparing the efficacy of a Single-Agent Workflow against a Multi-Agent Workflow in Personalized K-12 Education
Multi-task learning	From Comments to Actions: Multi-task Analysis of Vietnamese Student Feedback for Educational Quality Assurance
multilingual classrooms	Micro-Communities of Practice for Language and Culture-Responsive Science Teaching
Multimodal analysis	COREference: Building an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus for Teacher Reference and Secondary Analysis
multimodal evaluation framework	A Multimodal Evaluation Framework for Classroom Instructional Support: Development and Validation
Multimodal Learning Analytics	A Five-Layer Architecture for Managing Uncertainty in Multimodal Learning Analytics Data COREference: Supporting Teacher Professional Learning and Inquiry through an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus Designing an Embodied Peer for the Lab: Exploring Robots and Multimodal Analytics in LA-ReflecT Platform during a Circuit Building Activity
multimodal LLM	AI-Supported Formative Feedback for Multimodal Student Reports: Evidence from a Real Classroom Deployment
multimodal report	AI-Supported Formative Feedback for Multimodal Student Reports: Evidence from a Real Classroom Deployment
Multiple-Choice Question Answering	Domain-Aware Expert Routing for Multi-Domain Question Answering
multiple-document integration	Predicting Multiple-Document Integration Performance through Reading Process Data: A Machine Learning Approach across Summary and Argumentation Tasks
Māori Values	Developing a Māori Values-Based Framework for Ethical and Culturally Responsive AI Use in Higher Education
N
narration	The Long Goodbye: A Game About Alzheimer’s Disease Patients’ Struggles with Remembering Places and Faces
narrative and role-play	Game-Based VR Framework for Humanities Learning: Integrating Humanistic Values through Narrative and Role-Play
Natural Language Processing	NLP-based Auto-coding and Sequential Analysis of Cognitive Engagement in Elementary Science Classes Tamil Language Learning Platform through NLP Techniques and Gamification
Navigation support	Development and Evaluation of a Support System for Structuring Exploratory Hypotheses in Inquiry-Based Learning
NLP	From Comments to Actions: Multi-task Analysis of Vietnamese Student Feedback for Educational Quality Assurance
no-help assessment	Beyond Access: Guided LLM Scaffolding for Independent Learning in Undergraduate Statistics
Non-Cognitive Learning Outcomes	Effectiveness of Cluster Classroom Design on Foundation Students’ Non-Cognitive Learning Outcomes
Non-IID Data	Differential Features for Mitigating Non-IID Effects in Federated Learning for At-Risk Student Prediction
Nonlinear development	Nonlinear Evolution of Student Engagement in Blended Learning: A Longitudinal Study from a Dynamic Systems Perspective
nonverbal behavior	Design and Evaluation of Compound Emotional Expressions in Social Robot
Nonviolent Communication (NVC)	Implicit Adaptive AI Matching for Nonviolent Communication Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study with Middle School Students
noticing hypothesis	An EFL Writing Support System Using AI-Generated Image Feedback to Inspire Writing
novice programmers	A Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship between Novice Programmers’ Feedback Use and Performance within the RunCode Learning Platform Exploring Connections between EFL Structural Literacy and Programming Readiness among Novice Informatics Learners
O
occlusion removal	Borrat: An Infrastructure for Blackboard Occlusion Removal and Restoration for AI Tutoring
Oddness	Investigating Oddness Annotation Ambiguity in LLM-Generated Stories for Elementary School Kanji Learning
OECD/EC AILit Framework	Developing and Piloting an AILit-Based School–Home AI Literacy Program: Pre-Post Changes and Home-Activity Patterns
offline evaluation	When Can Simulated Learners Be Trusted? Decision-Centered Validity for Learner Simulators
On-the-Job Training (OJT)	Reconsidering On-the-Job Training (OJT) as Onboarding Support: A Job Crafting Perspective
Onboarding	Reconsidering On-the-Job Training (OJT) as Onboarding Support: A Job Crafting Perspective
online learning	Integrating LLM-driven Simulated Peer in Online Peer Learning: An Implementation in Junior Mathematics
online learning self-efficacy	Are Online Learning Self-Efficacy Scale Reliability Measured? A Reliability Generalisation Meta-Analysis with a Small-Sample Caution
online learning system design	From Correction to Further Review and Error Awareness: Students’ Perceived Benefits of an Automatic Online Error-Correction Notebook
Open Badges	Towards Credential Evolution to Competence Authentication: A Taxonomy-Based Analysis of Japanese University Micro-Credentials
open knowledge and learner model	Knowledge-State-Based Peer Selection for Slight Upward Social Comparison in K-12 Dashboards
Organizational knowledge	Cultivating Organizational Knowledge from Tacit Insights in Research Discussions
outdoor learning	IAIDL—A Framework for Harnessing AI and GPS Technologies in Support of Outdoor Inquiry Learning in Design Education
Output Ownership	Beyond Prompting: Agentic Personalisation in Korean Elementary Students’ GenAI-Supported Science Learning
over-reliance	How Does AI-Empowered Socratic Questioning Influence Students’ Trust and Reliance?
P
Page-level behavior recognition	A shallow reading behavior recognition model for college students based on multimodal data fusion
paragraph writing	Implementation of an Operational State Recognition Function in an English Paragraph Writing Support System
participatory design	Youth Questioning, Trust, and AI Boundaries: A Co-Design Study Informing the Design of AI Guidance Systems in Vocational Education
Pedagogical agents	Balancing Scaffolding and Student Agency in Research Formulation with GenAI AI Agents in Immersive Learning Environments: Types, Techniques, and Implementation Challenges
pedagogical alignment	Diagnosing Pedagogical Reward Hacking in AI Tutoring: An Evaluation-Time Framework
Pedagogical Cue Clarity	Prompt-Controlled Generative AI as Visual Scaffolding for Sustainable Design Education
Pedagogical inquiry	COREference: Supporting Teacher Professional Learning and Inquiry through an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus
pedagogical judgment	Can Generative AI Approximate Selected Aspects of Human Instructional Coaching Feedback? An Exploratory Comparative Analysis
Pedagogy	Team-based Learning to Teach AI in Large Classes: Case Studies of an Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Course and a Postgraduate Engineering Course
Peer Assessment	From generation to revision: Integrating peer assessment into generative AI-supported instructional design for pre-service teachers Behind the Feedback: How Self-Efficacy and Cognitive Load Influence Feedback Quality and Literacy in Peer Assessment
peer feedback	Acting Upon Peer Feedback Under Different AI-Support Conditions: An Exploratory Sequential Analysis Academic Hardiness and Peer-Feedback Engagement in Video-Based Peer Assessment
peer learning	Integrating LLM-driven Simulated Peer in Online Peer Learning: An Implementation in Junior Mathematics
Peer Learning Platform	Designing an Embodied Peer for the Lab: Exploring Robots and Multimodal Analytics in LA-ReflecT Platform during a Circuit Building Activity
Peer Review	Investigating the Effects of Peer Review as a Proctor Mechanism in Large-Scale ICT Literacy Education Based on the PSI Model
Pen pressure	Pen Pressure as Learning Engagement Indicator in Special Needs Education
perceived usefulness	Teachers’ Integration of LLMs in Place-Based Education in Aotearoa
Persistence	Characterising Persistence in Collaborative Electronic Making
Personalised Learning	Beyond Prompting: Agentic Personalisation in Korean Elementary Students’ GenAI-Supported Science Learning
Personality-Based	Development and Evaluation of a Personality-Based Serendipity-Oriented Location Recommendation Chatbot
personalized feedback	AllerColler: An LLM-Empowered Reflection Support System Bridging Classroom and Field-Based Learning
Personalized Learning	Comparing the efficacy of a Single-Agent Workflow against a Multi-Agent Workflow in Personalized K-12 Education
Personalized System of Instruction	Investigating the Effects of Peer Review as a Proctor Mechanism in Large-Scale ICT Literacy Education Based on the PSI Model
perspective-taking	Adversarial Thinking Training System with Situation Recommendation to Overcome Limited Perspectives
Physical AI	PIE BRIDGE: Development and Delphi Validation of a VLA-Inspired Physical AI Web Application for Education
Physical AI Education	PIE BRIDGE: Development and Delphi Validation of a VLA-Inspired Physical AI Web Application for Education
Physiological Indicators	Measuring Emotional Engagement in XR-Based Intercultural Virtual Exchange: A Pilot Study Using Physiological and Self-Report Indicators
Pintrich framework	Direct Output vs. Socratic Questioning: How AI Feedback Modes Differentially Activate Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in University Writing Revision
place-based education	Teachers’ Integration of LLMs in Place-Based Education in Aotearoa
placement	Seductive Details in Video Lectures: Examining the Effects of Placement on Learner Engagement
plagiarism detection	Detecting GenAI-Disguised Programming Plagiarism on GenAI-Assisted Data Science Assignments
player type	A Dynamic Adaptive Gamification Plugin for Moodle: Enhancing Student Engagement through Player Type Differentiation and Trajectory-Based Motivational Realignment
Pointer Proficiency	Cognitive Load and Pointer Behavior in Data Literacy Education: An EEG and Mouse Trajectory Analysis Comparing Mouse and Touchpad Operations
Policy Analysis	Ethical Governance of Generative AI for Clinical Education: A Policy Analysis of New Zealand Polytechnics
Policy Delphi	Toward an Ideal Teacher-Researcher Relationship in Learning Analytics: Policy Delphi for Developing Practical Research Policies
Portfolio of Evidence (PoE)	Prompting Independence: Preliminary Findings on Large Language Model–Assisted Portfolio of Evidence Development among Alternative Learning System Adult Learners
practice-driven research	Making Verification Visible in AI-Supported Engineering Education: A Mixed-Methods Design Case in a UAV Perception Course
Pragmatic	Harnessing LLM as Partner and Mentor in Human Pragmatic Competency Training
Pragmatic competence	Harnessing LLM as Partner and Mentor in Human Pragmatic Competency Training
pre service teacher education	Effects of a Generative-AI-Based Instructional Material Development Course on Pre-service Teachers' TPACK and AI Teaching Efficacy
pre-deployment evaluation	Disengagement-Aware Student Simulators: Auditing Learner States for Pre-Deployment Tutor Evaluation
pre-service teachers	From generation to revision: Integrating peer assessment into generative AI-supported instructional design for pre-service teachers Human-GAI Co-creation in Digital Storytelling: Pre-service Teachers’ Adoption Experiences from a Diffusion of Innovation Perspective Beyond Using AI: Are Teachers Prepared to Evaluate It Ethically?
Pre-trained model	An Intelligent Evaluation Method of Teachers' Online Teaching Competence Based on Learning Experience
primary education	Balancing Engagement and Learning: Effects of Gamified Storybook Reading on Primary Students’ AI Literacy
primary school	Effects of gamified chatbot intervention on primary school students’ engagement across different instructional modes
Primary School Education Integration	Tamil Language Learning Platform through NLP Techniques and Gamification
Primary science education	Designing Tablet-Based Augmented Reality Resources to Support Mobile and Authentic Inquiry in Primary Science: A Design Case Study on Simple Machines
prior knowledge	Uncertainty Design and Learner Curiosity in a Japanese Onomatopoeia Learning Game A Prior Knowledge Perspective
Privacy-by-Design	Privacy-Preserving LLM-Assisted Learning Analytics with Natural Language Interfaces for Educational Data
Privacy-Preserving Learning Analytics	Differential Features for Mitigating Non-IID Effects in Federated Learning for At-Risk Student Prediction
Proactive Intervention	Breaking Passivity in Video Learning: A System Integrating Physical Social Robots and Time-Adaptive RAG
Problem Recommendation	Problem Recommendation Based on Skill–Challenge Balance: Predicting Learner Confidence and Challenge with LLMs and Learner Profiles
problem solving	Cognitive Engagement in AI-Assisted versus Independent Problem Solving: Evidence from an EEG Study
process data	Nonlinear Associations Between Primary–Auxiliary Screen Time Allocation and Mathematics Performance in Digital Assessment
Process oriented learning	Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Writing Tutor for International Students: Framework Development and Expert Review
Productive failure	Causal Effects of Savoring and Dampening Emotions Within Productive Failure
Productive persistence	Characterising Persistence in Collaborative Electronic Making
professional development	Developing K–12 Teacher Readiness for Data-Informed Teaching Through Professional Development
proficiency	Developing Computational Thinking through Gamified Learning: A Mixed-Methods Intervention Study among Teacher Trainees
program analysis	Semantics-Aware Augmentation of Educational Robotics Programs
programming	Detecting GenAI-Disguised Programming Plagiarism on GenAI-Assisted Data Science Assignments
programming assignment	A Syntactic Probabilistic Representation of Programming Assignments for Controllable Similarity Analysis
programming education	Reproducing the Note Type Taxonomy for Programming Video Annotations with Rules, ML, and LLMs CodeRunner Agent: An Open-Source Moodle Plugin for LLM-Powered Self-Regulated Learning Support in Programming Practice CodeExemplar: Example-Based Scaffolding for Introductory Programming in the GenAI Era From Chatbot Help to Student Uptake: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Re-analysis of Conversations and Learning-gain Groups Generative AI as a Cognitive Scaffold in Project-Based Programming Learning: Effects on Higher-Order Thinking and Learning Performance Real-Time Prediction of Student Failure from Java Quiz Interaction Logs LLM-Based Agent-Assessment for Supporting Quiz Correction in Learning by Quiz Creation A Syntactic Probabilistic Representation of Programming Assignments for Controllable Similarity Analysis Visualization-Based Reflection Support for Improving Coding Practices
Programming Language Transition	A Design of a Data-Logic Fusion-Based Intelligent System Educational Program: Focusing on the 'Smart Class Agent' Project
programming readiness	Exploring Connections between EFL Structural Literacy and Programming Readiness among Novice Informatics Learners
Programming self-efficacy	Impacts of a Generative AI-Supported Concept Mapping Approach on Students’ Python Programming and Self-Efficacy
project management tools	ScrumBoard: An Open-Source Project Management Tool as a Research Platform for Software Engineering Education
project-based learning	Making Verification Visible in AI-Supported Engineering Education: A Mixed-Methods Design Case in a UAV Perception Course From Storyboard to Situated Validation: Metaboard for Repairing Learning Discontinuities in Generative-AI-Supported Project-Based Learning Evidence-First Recovery and Teacher–AI Co-Orchestration in GenAI-Supported Project Learning: A Hierarchical Digital Twin Ecology Generative AI as a Cognitive Scaffold in Project-Based Programming Learning: Effects on Higher-Order Thinking and Learning Performance
prompt	Exploring the Initial Level of Prompt Engineering Among Primary School Students: A Participatory Observation Approach
prompt engineering	Exploring the Initial Level of Prompt Engineering Among Primary School Students: A Participatory Observation Approach Automatic Generation of Reading Comprehension Items with Large Language Models: A Case Study of HSK Level 4 Beyond Cognitive Delegation: A SLAP-FACT Matrix Approach to Critical AI Literacy in Elementary Schools
Prompt Literacy	Beyond Prompting: Agentic Personalisation in Korean Elementary Students’ GenAI-Supported Science Learning
prompt-based personas	Calibrating Canonical Disclosure in an LLM Tutor: A Pilot Component Ablation of Pedagogical Dialogue
prompting	From Student Comments to QA Reports: Comparing Direct, Guided, and Hybrid Summarization with Large Language Models for Academic Quality Assurance
psychological ownership	From Storyboard to Situated Validation: Metaboard for Repairing Learning Discontinuities in Generative-AI-Supported Project-Based Learning
public higher education institutions	Institutional Motivation and Socio-Technical Alignment for AI Transformation in Public Higher Education: A Mixed-Methods Study
Q
qualitative analysis	Automated Behavioral Coding of Learner—Object Interactions Using Vision Language Models
Qualitative Research	Understanding ChatGPT’s Influence on Trainee Teachers’ Learning: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Quantified Self	Understanding How Gamification Guides and Sustains Student Engagement in a Quantified Self Dashboard through Trace-based Analysis
Question Structural Features	Predicting Item Difficulty and Discrimination from Question Structural Features: A Longitudinal Study in a Large-Scale Online Degree Programme
Quiz creation	LLM-Based Agent-Assessment for Supporting Quiz Correction in Learning by Quiz Creation
R
RAG	Information Retrieval in Learning Materials: Which Language Models Work Best and How to Improve Them Supporting Foreign Guardians Through AI-mediated Interpretation of Japanese School Culture: Preliminary Findings from PAPAMAMA-TOMO Effects of Emotional Granularity and Task-Fit on User Trust in Chatbots
Raincloud Plots	Beyond Action Sequences: Temporal Dynamics of Real-Time Learner Interaction Behavior in Immersive VR Learning Environments
Reading Analytics	LEAD and BookRoll: A Learning Analytics Approach to Technology-Enhanced Reading in Thailand
reading behavior	Predicting Multiple-Document Integration Performance through Reading Process Data: A Machine Learning Approach across Summary and Argumentation Tasks
reading comprehension assessment	Automatic Generation of Reading Comprehension Items with Large Language Models: A Case Study of HSK Level 4
Real-time intervention	Development of a Video Learning Support System with Dynamic Robot Intervention Based on Learner State Estimation
Real-Time Prediction	Real-Time Prediction of Student Failure from Java Quiz Interaction Logs
real-world data	Exploring Heterogeneous Treatment Effects with Educational Real-World Data: Promise and Scaling Challenge
realistic drawing performance	Predicting 3D Design Performance from Realistic Drawing Performance and Spatial Ability among Design Students
Recommendation systems	Development and Evaluation of a Personality-Based Serendipity-Oriented Location Recommendation Chatbot Recommendation of Learning Plan based on Learners’ Knowledge Proficiency
Reconstruction	Necessitating Meaning Construction for AI-Generated Output: An Exploratory Study of a Two-Stage Concept Mapping Approach
Recursive partitioning	A Residual-Based DIF Tree Method for Fairness Analysis in IRT-Based Assessment
reflection	AllerColler: An LLM-Empowered Reflection Support System Bridging Classroom and Field-Based Learning Designing Robot Roles for Effective Reflection on Shogi Matches When More Dialogue Does Not Help: Two Classroom Studies of Socratic Reflection in LLM-Supported Learning Visualization-Based Reflection Support for Improving Coding Practices
Reflection Support	Visualizing Student Contributions in Group Discussions Through LLM-Based Network Analysis
Reflection Support System	Development and Evaluation of a Reflection Support System for Learning from Mathematical Errors
reflective journaling	Boosting Self-Efficacy through Reflective Learning in Taiwanese High School AI-Integrated Writing Classes
regional education	Reconfiguring Teacher Professional Learning Ecologies with GenAI chatbots: A Grounded Theory Study of AI-Mediated Support towards Graduate Teachers in Australian Regional Schools
Reliability generalisation	Are Online Learning Self-Efficacy Scale Reliability Measured? A Reliability Generalisation Meta-Analysis with a Small-Sample Caution
report revision	AI-Supported Formative Feedback for Multimodal Student Reports: Evidence from a Real Classroom Deployment
representational coordination	Nonlinear Associations Between Primary–Auxiliary Screen Time Allocation and Mathematics Performance in Digital Assessment
Research activities	Development of a Support System for Fostering Self-Regulated Learning through Research Activities
Research and Practice	Toward an Ideal Teacher-Researcher Relationship in Learning Analytics: Policy Delphi for Developing Practical Research Policies
Research methods	Balancing Scaffolding and Student Agency in Research Formulation with GenAI
Research organization	Development of a Platform for Sharing Experiential Knowledge Based on Thought Experiences in Research Activities
Research through Design	Letting Learners Shape What to Reflect On: Design Principles for an LLM-Based Skill Analytics System
Research-Active Individuals	Development and Validation of an AI Research Literacy Scale for Research-Active Individuals
Researcher-Teacher Relationships	Toward an Ideal Teacher-Researcher Relationship in Learning Analytics: Policy Delphi for Developing Practical Research Policies
Residual-based DIF	A Residual-Based DIF Tree Method for Fairness Analysis in IRT-Based Assessment
response evidence	A Q-DOK/A-DOK Dual-Classification Architecture for a Reasoning-Aware Generative AI Chatbot in Elementary Digital and AI Literacy Education
retrieval-augmented generation	Breaking Passivity in Video Learning: A System Integrating Physical Social Robots and Time-Adaptive RAG Teacher-Case-Driven RAG for Task Classification in Egocentric Agricultural Training Videos
Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Educational Content	Confident RAG: Enhancing the Performance of LLMs for Mathematics Question Answering through Multi-Embedding and Confidence Scoring
Review	What Do Reviews Tell Us About Generative AI and Emotional Engagement in Education? An Umbrella Review
reward hacking diagnosis	Diagnosing Pedagogical Reward Hacking in AI Tutoring: An Evaluation-Time Framework
Risk Ranking	Differential Features for Mitigating Non-IID Effects in Federated Learning for At-Risk Student Prediction
RLHF	Diagnosing Pedagogical Reward Hacking in AI Tutoring: An Evaluation-Time Framework
robot role	Designing Robot Roles for Effective Reflection on Shogi Matches
Robot-Assisted Language Learning	Generative AI as a Socratic Tutor in Robot-Assisted Language Learning: Multidimensional Usability Costs and Attitudinal Outcomes
role fluency	AI Literacy to Role Fluency: Mapping LLM Interaction Roles in Intelligent Learning Ecologies
Rubrics	Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Self-Assessment for Intersubjective Evaluation Using Checklists and Rubrics
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SAMR	A Systematic Review on Spherical Video-Based Virtual Reality in Foreign Language Education Based on SAMR Model
Scaffold design	When Scaffold Design Outweighs Model Adaptation: A Controlled Quality–Cost Comparison of Socratic AI Math Tutors
Scaffolding	Causal Effects of Savoring and Dampening Emotions Within Productive Failure Direct Output vs. Socratic Questioning: How AI Feedback Modes Differentially Activate Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in University Writing Revision Systems Before Code: Goal-to-Milestone for AI-Supported K‑12 Programming Designing a Pedagogically Grounded AI Tutor to Support International Students' Academic Writing: A Design-Based Research Study
Scaffolding risk	When Accuracy Is Not Enough: Auditing LLM Dialogue Coding for Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Scale Development	Development and Validation of an AI Research Literacy Scale for Research-Active Individuals
school environment	Beyond Positive Attitudes Toward Inquiry: Structural and Psychological Predictors of Inquiry-Based Learning Implementation
school infrastructure	Beyond Positive Attitudes Toward Inquiry: Structural and Psychological Predictors of Inquiry-Based Learning Implementation
school–home integrated learning	Developing and Piloting an AILit-Based School–Home AI Literacy Program: Pre-Post Changes and Home-Activity Patterns
Science Classes	NLP-based Auto-coding and Sequential Analysis of Cognitive Engagement in Elementary Science Classes
science education	Micro-Communities of Practice for Language and Culture-Responsive Science Teaching SenseHelper: Diagnosing and Scaffolding Scientific Sensemaking Through an Intelligent Tutoring Agent
science process skills	Designing GaMINLab: A design-based approach to Content Gamification for cognitive engagement in science inquiry practices
Scientific Sensemaking	SenseHelper: Diagnosing and Scaffolding Scientific Sensemaking Through an Intelligent Tutoring Agent
Scoping review	Artificial Intelligence Agents in Language Learning: A Scoping Review of SSCI-Indexed Web of Science Research (2016-2026)
screen-level behavior	Nonlinear Associations Between Primary–Auxiliary Screen Time Allocation and Mathematics Performance in Digital Assessment
ScrumBoard	ScrumBoard: An Open-Source Project Management Tool as a Research Platform for Software Engineering Education
SECI model	Cultivating Organizational Knowledge from Tacit Insights in Research Discussions
second language acquisition	Question Type, Cognitive Load, and CEFR Alignment: Evaluating LLM-Generated EFL Grammar Drill Exercises
secondary school students	The impact of a personalized Multi-Agent System on secondary students’ design thinking and GenAI critical knowledge
Seductive details effect	Seductive Details in Video Lectures: Examining the Effects of Placement on Learner Engagement
self-assessment calibration	Beyond Access: Guided LLM Scaffolding for Independent Learning in Undergraduate Statistics
Self-Determination Theory	Understanding ChatGPT’s Influence on Trainee Teachers’ Learning: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Self-Determination Theory (SDT)	Prompting Independence: Preliminary Findings on Large Language Model–Assisted Portfolio of Evidence Development among Alternative Learning System Adult Learners
self-directed learning	How Technology-Supported Outdoor Learning Promotes Self-Directed Learning in Citizenship Education Developing Self-Directed Learning and Self-Efficacy through Generative AI-Assisted Digital Storybook Design
self-efficacy	Behind the Feedback: How Self-Efficacy and Cognitive Load Influence Feedback Quality and Literacy in Peer Assessment Boosting Self-Efficacy through Reflective Learning in Taiwanese High School AI-Integrated Writing Classes Developing Self-Directed Learning and Self-Efficacy through Generative AI-Assisted Digital Storybook Design
Self-Explanation	Impacts of a Generative AI-Supported Concept Mapping Approach on Students’ Python Programming and Self-Efficacy When More Dialogue Does Not Help: Two Classroom Studies of Socratic Reflection in LLM-Supported Learning
Self-organization models	Nonlinear Evolution of Student Engagement in Blended Learning: A Longitudinal Study from a Dynamic Systems Perspective
Self-Reflection	Letting Learners Shape What to Reflect On: Design Principles for an LLM-Based Skill Analytics System
self-regulated learning	Structured and Unstructured GenAI-Supported Reflection: Students’ Learning Performance, Cognitive Engagement, and Self-Review Temporal Dynamics of Disengagement in E-Learning: Self-Regulated Reflections, Collapse Timing, and Learner Profiles MetaGuru: Computer-Based Learning Environment to Foster Metacognitive Strategies in Engineering Problem-Solving Cognitive Offloading in AI-Supported EFL Writing: A Longitudinal Trajectory Analysis Two Triggers, Two Directions: Human-AI Co-Regulation in a Multi-Agent LLM Reading Support System Empowering Learner Autonomy: The Impact of Selectable Generative AI Models in Math Scaffolded Question Generation CodeRunner Agent: An Open-Source Moodle Plugin for LLM-Powered Self-Regulated Learning Support in Programming Practice Development of a Support System for Fostering Self-Regulated Learning through Research Activities Rhythm Matters More Than Actions: An Interpretable Multimodal Framework for Understanding Student Dropout via Time-Interval Dynamics Self-Regulated Learning Profiles in SQL-Tutor: Trace-Based Learner Modelling of Repair and Progress Direct Output vs. Socratic Questioning: How AI Feedback Modes Differentially Activate Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in University Writing Revision Recommendation of Learning Plan based on Learners’ Knowledge Proficiency A learning plan review support system that promotes adaptive thinking: Use and evaluation for graduation research Beyond Learner Choice: Calibrating AI Support for Young Learners’ Agency and Self-Regulated Learning
Self-Regulated Learning Theory	Agentic Educational AI as Cognitive Amplifier or Comprehension Illusion?
Semantic gap between components and structure	Theoretical Positioning of Component-Based Reconstruction as a Constructive Learning Design: An Externalization-Based Framework
Semantic Gesture	Slide-Based Lecture Video Generation with Semantic Gestures from a Single Teacher Picture
Semantic Similarity	Comparative Analysis of Semantic Similarity in Academic Writing of Nursing Students: Internet Search Engines Versus Generative AI Tools
semantics-preserving transformations	Semantics-Aware Augmentation of Educational Robotics Programs
sense-making	Reimagining AI Learning Ecologies: Government School Children’s Perceptions and Explanations of Artificial Intelligence in India
Sensemaking	Hallucinated AI Artifacts for Collaborative Sensemaking – A Quasi-Experimental Pilot
Sensory Tacit Knowledge	E-learning by Doing: Transferring Sensory Tacit Knowledge of Lathe Feed-Rate Operation through a Sensory Transmission Device
sentiment analysis	From Student Comments to QA Reports: Comparing Direct, Guided, and Hybrid Summarization with Large Language Models for Academic Quality Assurance
sequence analysis	From Chatbot Help to Student Uptake: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Re-analysis of Conversations and Learning-gain Groups Using Log Data to Interpret Gender DIF in a Performance-Based Digital Literacy Assessment
sequence mining	Unfolding Cognitive Process in Knowledge Building
sequential analysis	When AI Joins the Group: Sequential Discourse Dynamics in Speech-Based AI-Mediated Collaborative Learning NLP-based Auto-coding and Sequential Analysis of Cognitive Engagement in Elementary Science Classes Acting Upon Peer Feedback Under Different AI-Support Conditions: An Exploratory Sequential Analysis
Serendipity	Development and Evaluation of a Personality-Based Serendipity-Oriented Location Recommendation Chatbot
Serious games	Urban Choices: A Serious Game for Urban Sustainability Education
Shallow reading	A shallow reading behavior recognition model for college students based on multimodal data fusion
shared misconceptions	Theory-Guided Error-Correction Learning Activity Design and Its Educational Potential: Addressing Peers’ Most Frequently Missed Questions
similar problem	A Syntactic Probabilistic Representation of Programming Assignments for Controllable Similarity Analysis
simulated student	Integrating LLM-driven Simulated Peer in Online Peer Learning: An Implementation in Junior Mathematics
Simulated Students	Simulated Students in the Generative AI Era: A Data-Grounded Simulation Paradigm for CSCL
simulation-based labs	Designing GaMINLab: A design-based approach to Content Gamification for cognitive engagement in science inquiry practices
simulation-based learning	From Instructor to Author: Vibe Coding as AI-Mediated Instructional Design in Higher Education
Simulations	Simulations to Teach Teachers LLMs
situated cognition	From Storyboard to Situated Validation: Metaboard for Repairing Learning Discontinuities in Generative-AI-Supported Project-Based Learning
Situation Model	A Cognitive-Model-Based Workflow for AI-Generated Visual Resources Supporting Literary Reading
Skill Acquisition	E-learning by Doing: Transferring Sensory Tacit Knowledge of Lathe Feed-Rate Operation through a Sensory Transmission Device
skill assessment	Letting Learners Shape What to Reflect On: Design Principles for an LLM-Based Skill Analytics System Teacher-Case-Driven RAG for Task Classification in Egocentric Agricultural Training Videos
Skill Standards	Pilot Trial of Linking Knowledge Maps with Digital Skill Standards for Career Vision Development
SLAP-FACT Matrix Framework	Beyond Cognitive Delegation: A SLAP-FACT Matrix Approach to Critical AI Literacy in Elementary Schools
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME)	Reconsidering On-the-Job Training (OJT) as Onboarding Support: A Job Crafting Perspective
small-sample meta-analysis	Are Online Learning Self-Efficacy Scale Reliability Measured? A Reliability Generalisation Meta-Analysis with a Small-Sample Caution
smart cities	Communicating Urban Environmental Data: A Scoping Review of Citizen-Facing Environmental Dashboards
Smart classroom	Research on Teaching Strategies for Promoting Chinese Language Classroom Interaction in Smart Classroom Environments
social awareness	Theory-Guided Error-Correction Learning Activity Design and Its Educational Potential: Addressing Peers’ Most Frequently Missed Questions
Social Climate	Effectiveness of Cluster Classroom Design on Foundation Students’ Non-Cognitive Learning Outcomes
social comparison	Understanding the Dynamics of Social Comparison in K-12 Students’ Learning During Summer Vacation Knowledge-State-Based Peer Selection for Slight Upward Social Comparison in K-12 Dashboards
Social Network Analysis	Visualizing Student Contributions in Group Discussions Through LLM-Based Network Analysis
Social Robot	Breaking Passivity in Video Learning: A System Integrating Physical Social Robots and Time-Adaptive RAG Development of a Video Learning Support System with Dynamic Robot Intervention Based on Learner State Estimation Design and Evaluation of Compound Emotional Expressions in Social Robot
Social-Emotional Learning	A Design of a Data-Logic Fusion-Based Intelligent System Educational Program: Focusing on the 'Smart Class Agent' Project
Social-Emotional Learning (SEL)	Implicit Adaptive AI Matching for Nonviolent Communication Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study with Middle School Students
sociomaterial configurations	Mapping the Intellectual Landscape of Creative, Arts-based, and AI-Enhanced Pedagogies in Health Professional Education: A BERTopic Analysis
sociotechnical systems theory	Institutional Motivation and Socio-Technical Alignment for AI Transformation in Public Higher Education: A Mixed-Methods Study
Socratic Dialogue	Generative AI as a Socratic Tutor in Robot-Assisted Language Learning: Multidimensional Usability Costs and Attitudinal Outcomes When More Dialogue Does Not Help: Two Classroom Studies of Socratic Reflection in LLM-Supported Learning
Socratic Questioning	How Does AI-Empowered Socratic Questioning Influence Students’ Trust and Reliance?
Socratic tutoring	When Scaffold Design Outweighs Model Adaptation: A Controlled Quality–Cost Comparison of Socratic AI Math Tutors
Soft Skills	Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Self-Assessment for Intersubjective Evaluation Using Checklists and Rubrics
SOLO Taxonomy	How Does AI Feedback Composition Shape Reflection? A 6-month Dose–Response Field Study in Elementary Social Studies
spatial ability	Predicting 3D Design Performance from Realistic Drawing Performance and Spatial Ability among Design Students
Speaking	Artificial Intelligence and Child L2 Speaking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
speaking practice	Designing AI Feedback to Visualize Learners' Strategy Achievement in a Strategy-Focused Speaking Practice System and Its Classroom Evaluation
special needs students	Pen Pressure as Learning Engagement Indicator in Special Needs Education Detecting and Monitoring of Sustained Attention in Special Needs Education through Handwriting Logs
speech-based AI	When AI Joins the Group: Sequential Discourse Dynamics in Speech-Based AI-Mediated Collaborative Learning
spherical video-based virtual reality	A Systematic Review on Spherical Video-Based Virtual Reality in Foreign Language Education Based on SAMR Model
Standard error rule	Efficiency and Classification Accuracy of Standard Error and Confidence Interval Stopping Rules in Computerized Adaptive Licensure Testing
Statistical Poster	“Vesper”: An Automatic Evaluation System for Visual Elements in Statistical Posters Using CNN
STEM education	The impact of a personalized Multi-Agent System on secondary students’ design thinking and GenAI critical knowledge
Stereotype Content Model (SCM)	Implicit Adaptive AI Matching for Nonviolent Communication Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study with Middle School Students
Stimulated recall	A Web-based TPV Assessment System Using Personalized Gaze Heatmaps as Stimulated Recall Cues: Design and Evaluation
Stopping rule	Efficiency and Classification Accuracy of Standard Error and Confidence Interval Stopping Rules in Computerized Adaptive Licensure Testing
storybook reading	Balancing Engagement and Learning: Effects of Gamified Storybook Reading on Primary Students’ AI Literacy
Storytelling	Evaluating Human vs. LLM Assessments Through Character Assembling
strategic competence	Designing AI Feedback to Visualize Learners' Strategy Achievement in a Strategy-Focused Speaking Practice System and Its Classroom Evaluation
structural literacy	Exploring Connections between EFL Structural Literacy and Programming Readiness among Novice Informatics Learners
Structured feedback	Automated Assessment of Constructed Computational Artefacts
structured reflection	Structured and Unstructured GenAI-Supported Reflection: Students’ Learning Performance, Cognitive Engagement, and Self-Review
Student Activity Sheets	Using Eye-Tracking Learning Analytics to Examine How Student Activity Sheets Support Micro-Course Learning
Student Dropout	An Ensemble CNN-LSTM Model for Student Dropout Prediction with Sequential Data Transformation
Student engagement	Nonlinear Evolution of Student Engagement in Blended Learning: A Longitudinal Study from a Dynamic Systems Perspective
student feedback	From Comments to Actions: Multi-task Analysis of Vietnamese Student Feedback for Educational Quality Assurance From Student Comments to QA Reports: Comparing Direct, Guided, and Hybrid Summarization with Large Language Models for Academic Quality Assurance
student learning	Examining how digital technology predicts student curiosity and academic proficiency in PISA 2022
Student Modeling	Inverse Student Simulation for Auditing Structured Student State in Tutoring Dialogues Real-Time Prediction of Student Failure from Java Quiz Interaction Logs
Student perceptions	Exploring the Relationships Between Students’ Perceptions of Generative AI and Participation in Collaborative Learning
Student Privacy	Privacy Perception and University Students’ Acceptance of Learning Technologies: A Case Study in Japan
Student Score Prediction	Predicting Item Difficulty and Discrimination from Question Structural Features: A Longitudinal Study in a Large-Scale Online Degree Programme
student simulation	Disengagement-Aware Student Simulators: Auditing Learner States for Pre-Deployment Tutor Evaluation
Student Support	A Graph Retrieval-Augmented University Chatbot for Supporting Student Academic Advising in Higher Education
student-chatbot interaction	From Chatbot Help to Student Uptake: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Re-analysis of Conversations and Learning-gain Groups
students’ learning effectiveness	Effects of Integrating GenAI, Embodied Cognition, and Argumentation-Based Instruction on Students’ Learning Effectiveness, Metacognition, and Behavioral Patterns
subjectification	Agentic Learner–LLM Interaction Framework: Toward a Human-Centered Perspective on LLM-Supported Learning
Subjective Difficulty	Problem Recommendation Based on Skill–Challenge Balance: Predicting Learner Confidence and Challenge with LLMs and Learner Profiles
summer vacation	Understanding the Dynamics of Social Comparison in K-12 Students’ Learning During Summer Vacation
supervised classifier	Reproducing the Note Type Taxonomy for Programming Video Annotations with Rules, ML, and LLMs
Surprise	Unexpected Information with Cognitive Conflict and Surprise for Reactivating Web-Based Investigative Learning
survival analysis	Temporal Dynamics of Disengagement in E-Learning: Self-Regulated Reflections, Collapse Timing, and Learner Profiles
Sustainability Education	Game-Based Learning for Marine Sustainability Education: A Pilot Study of Sustainable Seafood Concepts in Elementary Education
Sustainable Design Education	Prompt-Controlled Generative AI as Visual Scaffolding for Sustainable Design Education
Sustainable Seafood	Game-Based Learning for Marine Sustainability Education: A Pilot Study of Sustainable Seafood Concepts in Elementary Education
Sustained attention	Detecting and Monitoring of Sustained Attention in Special Needs Education through Handwriting Logs
Symbolic sequence modeling	A shallow reading behavior recognition model for college students based on multimodal data fusion
Synthetic Data	PEARL: A Fail-Closed Audit Benchmark for Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data
System autonomy	Beyond Learner Choice: Calibrating AI Support for Young Learners’ Agency and Self-Regulated Learning
systematic review	A Systematic Review on Spherical Video-Based Virtual Reality in Foreign Language Education Based on SAMR Model AI Agents in Immersive Learning Environments: Types, Techniques, and Implementation Challenges
T
Tablet-based augmented reality	Designing Tablet-Based Augmented Reality Resources to Support Mobile and Authentic Inquiry in Primary Science: A Design Case Study on Simple Machines
Tacit-knowledge activation situations	Cultivating Organizational Knowledge from Tacit Insights in Research Discussions
Tamil Language Learning tool	Tamil Language Learning Platform through NLP Techniques and Gamification
task instruction	Predicting Multiple-Document Integration Performance through Reading Process Data: A Machine Learning Approach across Summary and Argumentation Tasks
task-fit	Effects of Emotional Granularity and Task-Fit on User Trust in Chatbots
taxonomy	Reproducing the Note Type Taxonomy for Programming Video Annotations with Rules, ML, and LLMs
Teachable Agent	Does a Teachable Agent Moderate the Influence of Mind Wandering Tendency on Constructive-Interactive Activities in Collaborative Learning?
teacher agency	From Instructor to Author: Vibe Coding as AI-Mediated Instructional Design in Higher Education
Teacher Avatar	Slide-Based Lecture Video Generation with Semantic Gestures from a Single Teacher Picture
teacher collaboration	Micro-Communities of Practice for Language and Culture-Responsive Science Teaching
Teacher development	Integrating AI in Subject Teaching for Pedagogical and Metacognitive Growth: A Location and Direction Writing Chatbot for In-Service English Language Teachers
teacher education	Developing K–12 Teacher Readiness for Data-Informed Teaching Through Professional Development Human-GAI Co-creation in Digital Storytelling: Pre-service Teachers’ Adoption Experiences from a Diffusion of Innovation Perspective Simulations to Teach Teachers LLMs
teacher feedback	Can Generative AI Approximate Selected Aspects of Human Instructional Coaching Feedback? An Exploratory Comparative Analysis
Teacher noticing	A Web-based TPV Assessment System Using Personalized Gaze Heatmaps as Stimulated Recall Cues: Design and Evaluation
Teacher Professional Development	Towards a Pedagogical Sandbox for TPD: A Tri-Level Alignment Study of a Data-Grounded LLM Simulator in CSCL Embedding AI Governance into Teacher Professional Development: A Governance-Capability-Curriculum Framework Simulated Students in the Generative AI Era: A Data-Grounded Simulation Paradigm for CSCL
Teacher professional learning	COREference: Building an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus for Teacher Reference and Secondary Analysis COREference: Supporting Teacher Professional Learning and Inquiry through an AI-Enabled Classroom Video Corpus Reconfiguring Teacher Professional Learning Ecologies with GenAI chatbots: A Grounded Theory Study of AI-Mediated Support towards Graduate Teachers in Australian Regional Schools
Teacher professional vision	A Web-based TPV Assessment System Using Personalized Gaze Heatmaps as Stimulated Recall Cues: Design and Evaluation
teacher self-efficacy	Beyond Positive Attitudes Toward Inquiry: Structural and Psychological Predictors of Inquiry-Based Learning Implementation
Teacher Support	Effectiveness of Cluster Classroom Design on Foundation Students’ Non-Cognitive Learning Outcomes TextQuest AI: A Teacher-Oriented AI-NPC Storyworld Authoring Environment
Teacher talk moves	When LLMs Disagree with Human Annotations: A Manual-Grounded Analysis of TalkMoves Coding
teacher trainee	Developing Computational Thinking through Gamified Learning: A Mixed-Methods Intervention Study among Teacher Trainees
Teachers' online teaching ability	An Intelligent Evaluation Method of Teachers' Online Teaching Competence Based on Learning Experience
Teacher–AI Co-Orchestration	Evidence-First Recovery and Teacher–AI Co-Orchestration in GenAI-Supported Project Learning: A Hierarchical Digital Twin Ecology
teaching decision-making	Developing a Diagnostic Framework for Teacher–AI Collaborative Decision-Making Processes
teaching strategies	Research on Teaching Strategies for Promoting Chinese Language Classroom Interaction in Smart Classroom Environments
team-based capstone projects	ScrumBoard: An Open-Source Project Management Tool as a Research Platform for Software Engineering Education
Team-Based Learning	Team-based Learning to Teach AI in Large Classes: Case Studies of an Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Course and a Postgraduate Engineering Course
Technology Acceptance Model	GenAI Literacy and Technology Acceptance Among EFL Learners: A Mixed-Methods Study Privacy Perception and University Students’ Acceptance of Learning Technologies: A Case Study in Japan
Technology Readiness	A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Artificial Intelligence Readiness Among Saudi TVET Faculty Members Using Machine Learning Approaches
technology-assisted music training	Examining How Musical Aptitude and Technology-Assisted Music Training Influence L2 Speech Processing
Technology-Enhanced Language Learning	From Machine Translation Use to AI Literacy: A Mixed-Methods Study of Learner Profiles and Developmental Trajectories in EFL Learning
technology-enhanced learning	Academic Hardiness and Peer-Feedback Engagement in Video-Based Peer Assessment LLM-Agent-Assisted AI Learning in Moodle: The “AI Garden” Case Study LEAD and BookRoll: A Learning Analytics Approach to Technology-Enhanced Reading in Thailand
Technology-supported outdoor learning	How Technology-Supported Outdoor Learning Promotes Self-Directed Learning in Citizenship Education
TELL	An EFL Writing Support System Using AI-Generated Image Feedback to Inspire Writing
Temporal Learning Analytics	Beyond Action Sequences: Temporal Dynamics of Real-Time Learner Interaction Behavior in Immersive VR Learning Environments
temporal split-attention	Borrat: An Infrastructure for Blackboard Occlusion Removal and Restoration for AI Tutoring
tertiary	Embedding AI Governance into Teacher Professional Development: A Governance-Capability-Curriculum Framework
Test efficiencys	Efficiency and Classification Accuracy of Standard Error and Confidence Interval Stopping Rules in Computerized Adaptive Licensure Testing
text exploration	TextQuest AI: A Teacher-Oriented AI-NPC Storyworld Authoring Environment
text summarization	From Student Comments to QA Reports: Comparing Direct, Guided, and Hybrid Summarization with Large Language Models for Academic Quality Assurance
Thai Language	Assessing LLM Performance in Automated Short Answer Grading for Thai Written Exams: An Adversarial Evaluation
thematic analysis	AllerColler: An LLM-Empowered Reflection Support System Bridging Classroom and Field-Based Learning
Thought experiences	Development of a Platform for Sharing Experiential Knowledge Based on Thought Experiences in Research Activities
Threshold calibration	How Strict Should Mastery Be? Architecture-Aware Threshold Calibration Across Knowledge Tracing Models
time allocation	Nonlinear Associations Between Primary–Auxiliary Screen Time Allocation and Mathematics Performance in Digital Assessment
Time Management	When, What, and How Long to Study: Capturing the Domain-Specific Dynamics of Learning Efficiency
time series data	Classifying Academic Emotions Using Changes in Facial Landmark Points over Time
Time-aware reading practice	WPM Dashboard for Time-Aware Reading Practice in EFL Test Preparation
Time-interval dynamics	Rhythm Matters More Than Actions: An Interpretable Multimodal Framework for Understanding Student Dropout via Time-Interval Dynamics
TIMSS 2023	Nonlinear Associations Between Primary–Auxiliary Screen Time Allocation and Mathematics Performance in Digital Assessment
TPACK	Effects of a Generative-AI-Based Instructional Material Development Course on Pre-service Teachers' TPACK and AI Teaching Efficacy Integrating AI in Subject Teaching for Pedagogical and Metacognitive Growth: A Location and Direction Writing Chatbot for In-Service English Language Teachers
Trainee Teachers	Understanding ChatGPT’s Influence on Trainee Teachers’ Learning: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective
training system	Adversarial Thinking Training System with Situation Recommendation to Overcome Limited Perspectives
transition network analysis	Understanding the Dynamics of Social Comparison in K-12 Students’ Learning During Summer Vacation Unfolding Cognitive Process in Knowledge Building Beyond Action Sequences: Temporal Dynamics of Real-Time Learner Interaction Behavior in Immersive VR Learning Environments
tri-rater assessment	Human–AI Collaboration in Higher Education: Tri-Rater Assessment and AI Learning Scaffolds
Trouble	Characterising Persistence in Collaborative Electronic Making
trust	How Does AI-Empowered Socratic Questioning Influence Students’ Trust and Reliance?
trustworthy AI in education	When Plausible Becomes Believed: Possibility-to-Actuality Hallucination and Distributed Confabulation as Challenges for AI Literacy in Learning Ecologies
tutor evaluation	Disengagement-Aware Student Simulators: Auditing Learner States for Pre-Deployment Tutor Evaluation
tutoring dialogue	Inverse Student Simulation for Auditing Structured Student State in Tutoring Dialogues
TVET	A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Artificial Intelligence Readiness Among Saudi TVET Faculty Members Using Machine Learning Approaches
Type-Token Ratio (TTR)	The Impact of the Use of Generative AI and Internet Browsing towards the Lexical Variety in Timor Leste Students’ Academic Writing
U
Ubiquitous Learning	When, What, and How Long to Study: Capturing the Domain-Specific Dynamics of Learning Efficiency
uncertainty design	Uncertainty Design and Learner Curiosity in a Japanese Onomatopoeia Learning Game A Prior Knowledge Perspective
uncertainty management	A Five-Layer Architecture for Managing Uncertainty in Multimodal Learning Analytics Data
UNESCO sustainability competencies	Urban Choices: A Serious Game for Urban Sustainability Education
Unexpected Information	Unexpected Information with Cognitive Conflict and Surprise for Reactivating Web-Based Investigative Learning
University Chatbot	A Graph Retrieval-Augmented University Chatbot for Supporting Student Academic Advising in Higher Education
university programme	Evaluation of a foundational artificial intelligence course on machine learning for executive professionals
Usability	Generative AI as a Socratic Tutor in Robot-Assisted Language Learning: Multidimensional Usability Costs and Attitudinal Outcomes
user monitoring	Implementation of an Operational State Recognition Function in an English Paragraph Writing Support System
user trust	Effects of Emotional Granularity and Task-Fit on User Trust in Chatbots
V
VAD	Effects of Emotional Granularity and Task-Fit on User Trust in Chatbots
verification-oriented pedagogy	Making Verification Visible in AI-Supported Engineering Education: A Mixed-Methods Design Case in a UAV Perception Course
vibe coding	From Instructor to Author: Vibe Coding as AI-Mediated Instructional Design in Higher Education Exploring the Relationships between Pre-service Teachers’ Learning Agency, Behaviors and Learning Outcomes in a Vibe coding-based Educational Tool Development Course
vibe coding behavior	Exploring the Relationships between Pre-service Teachers’ Learning Agency, Behaviors and Learning Outcomes in a Vibe coding-based Educational Tool Development Course
Video analysis	Characterising Persistence in Collaborative Electronic Making
video analytics	Developing an AI-Powered Video Analytic Tool for Monitoring Online Learner Emotional Engagement
video annotation	Reproducing the Note Type Taxonomy for Programming Video Annotations with Rules, ML, and LLMs
Video Learning	Breaking Passivity in Video Learning: A System Integrating Physical Social Robots and Time-Adaptive RAG Development of a Video Learning Support System with Dynamic Robot Intervention Based on Learner State Estimation
video lectures	Seductive Details in Video Lectures: Examining the Effects of Placement on Learner Engagement
video-based learning	Borrat: An Infrastructure for Blackboard Occlusion Removal and Restoration for AI Tutoring Investigating Explanations for Presentation Skills Learning in Active Video Watching Academic Hardiness and Peer-Feedback Engagement in Video-Based Peer Assessment
Virtual Exchange	Avatar-Anchored Transcription and Translation as AI-Mediated Communication Support in XR-Based Bilingual International Collaborative Learning
virtual pedagogical agent	Reorganizing Collaborative Problem Solving through Anthropomorphic Affective-Cognitive Support: Evidence from a Virtual Pedagogical Agent in CSCL
virtual reality	Gamified Gaze Interaction in Immersive Virtual Reality for Attention Training: Effects on Learner Performance Beyond Action Sequences: Temporal Dynamics of Real-Time Learner Interaction Behavior in Immersive VR Learning Environments
Vision language model	Automated Behavioral Coding of Learner—Object Interactions Using Vision Language Models
Vision model	Designing an Embodied Peer for the Lab: Exploring Robots and Multimodal Analytics in LA-ReflecT Platform during a Circuit Building Activity
vision-language model	Teacher-Case-Driven RAG for Task Classification in Egocentric Agricultural Training Videos
Vision-Language-Action (VLA)	PIE BRIDGE: Development and Delphi Validation of a VLA-Inspired Physical AI Web Application for Education
visual attention	Gamified Gaze Interaction in Immersive Virtual Reality for Attention Training: Effects on Learner Performance
Visual Resources	A Cognitive-Model-Based Workflow for AI-Generated Visual Resources Supporting Literary Reading
Visual Scaffolding	Prompt-Controlled Generative AI as Visual Scaffolding for Sustainable Design Education
Visual Thinking Theory (VTT)	Evaluating Human vs. LLM Assessments Through Character Assembling
visualization	Visualization-Based Reflection Support for Improving Coding Practices
vocational education	Youth Questioning, Trust, and AI Boundaries: A Co-Design Study Informing the Design of AI Guidance Systems in Vocational Education
VR-based humanities education	Game-Based VR Framework for Humanities Learning: Integrating Humanistic Values through Narrative and Role-Play
W
Web-based Investigative Learning	Unexpected Information with Cognitive Conflict and Surprise for Reactivating Web-Based Investigative Learning
Webcam eye-tracking	A Web-based TPV Assessment System Using Personalized Gaze Heatmaps as Stimulated Recall Cues: Design and Evaluation
Wheel-Spinning	Disengagement-Aware Student Simulators: Auditing Learner States for Pre-Deployment Tutor Evaluation Separating When to Intervene from What Feedback to Provide: A Feasibility Study of In-Process Feedback Beyond Action Sequences: Temporal Dynamics of Real-Time Learner Interaction Behavior in Immersive VR Learning Environments Characterising Persistence in Collaborative Electronic Making
Workplace Learning	Reconsidering On-the-Job Training (OJT) as Onboarding Support: A Job Crafting Perspective
WPM	WPM Dashboard for Time-Aware Reading Practice in EFL Test Preparation
X
xAPI	A Five-Layer Architecture for Managing Uncertainty in Multimodal Learning Analytics Data
XR	Measuring Emotional Engagement in XR-Based Intercultural Virtual Exchange: A Pilot Study Using Physiological and Self-Report Indicators
XR-based learning	Avatar-Anchored Transcription and Translation as AI-Mediated Communication Support in XR-Based Bilingual International Collaborative Learning
Y
youth information behaviour	Youth Questioning, Trust, and AI Boundaries: A Co-Design Study Informing the Design of AI Guidance Systems in Vocational Education
Z
Zone of Proximal Development	Towards a Taxonomy of Student–AI Collaboration: Designing Math Assessments that Promote Learning Behaviors

Generative AI	Beyond Prompting: Agentic Personalisation in Korean Elementary Students’ GenAI-Supported Science Learning