ABSTRACT. Reintroducing species into the wild has become an integral component of biodiversity conservation that is acknowledged in international treaties and legislation. Botanic gardens are key partners in this area by offering in one place scientists with varied expertise (e.g. taxonomy, population biology, genetics), gardeners experienced in growing difficult plants, and vast greenhouses for plant propagation. For a decade, Meise Botanic Garden has played a prominent role in the science and practice of plant reintroductions, having authored several significant publications in this field and already restored to their original environment 17 populations of four species (9,100 individuals) on the brink of extinction in the framework of the EU-funded ‘LIFE Herbages’ project (2013-2020). The success of this project, which restored over 600 hectares of threatened grasslands in Belgium, demonstrated the benefits of collaboration between botanic gardens and on-site nature conservation experts. More recently, nature managers have again called on Meise Botanic Garden’s expertise to help restore additional endangered species in Belgium. As part of two ongoing projects, LIFE Connexions (2021-2027) and LIFE Harwin (2023-2028), Meise Botanic Garden started in early 2024 growing rare and declining plant species in order to reintroduce them where they once existed. These projects aim at restoring several hundred hectares of grasslands and marsh habitats and their characteristic plant species. Environmental restoration is carried out by the main project partners (nature conservation NGOs and regional authorities) in order to prepare optimal conditions for the species to be reintroduced. Meise Botanic Garden is contributing to these projects by transplanting to restored sites 15 species (15,000 individuals) after ex situ cultivation and by sowing 9 species that are difficult to propagate (mainly orchids). The seeds used for these reintroductions were collected from relict populations in the project areas and stored in our seed bank before use. In 2024, 6,700 plants were already cultivated and reintroduced into the wild, o.a. Salvia pratensis, Gentiana cruciata, Trifolium montanum and Pulsatilla vulgaris. This year, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Scorzonera humilis, Phyteuma nigrum and Antennaria dioica are currently being propagated. This example from Belgium shows that botanic gardens can be important partners in large-scale nature restoration projects.

ABSTRACT. The University Botanic gardens Ljubljana has been active outside its fences for many years. It actively participates in the restoration of degraded areas. The first such project dates back to 1995, when the Regional Institute for the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage asked us to restore a natural habitat that included the remains of a peat bog in the Ljubljana Marsh. In 2006, we began to cooperate intensively in the urban environment in the capital of Slovenia - Ljubljana. The first major project was the restoration of a degraded area next to the cultural monument of Ljubljana's Žale, which is now included in the UNESCO heritage. With a team in which the Botanical Garden actively participated, we tried to renovate the area of the shantytown with the gardens as cheaply and quickly as possible. We proposed the removal of all construction elements (garden sheds, fences, brick beds) and all hazardous and waste material. At the same time, we preserved all vital trees and arranged walking paths and flowering meadows. The project was successful already that year, and was later only followed by an upgrade. This project followed by the projects of natural based design of the Ljubljanica River banks over a distance of four kilometers, natural based design of the Sava River banks at two locations, and the revitalisation of a pond in a part of Ljubljana City. Natural based design was based on preserving natural landscape elements, conserving autochthonous plant biodiversity, and removing invasive plant species. The renaturation project in the Triglav National Park area was very demanding. Due to the renovation of the tourist resort at Lake Jasna, which also affected the lake's habitat, we developed an alternative habitat on the other side of the lake. In all implemented projects, we periodically monitor the appropriate management of the area. At the same time, all of the aforementioned projects have become very popular with citizens and tourists.

ABSTRACT. The REGARD project, financed under the INTERREG VI-A Italy–Malta cooperation programme, arises from the need to integrate in-situ and ex-situ plant conservation with public outreach and involves the collaboration of 5 seed banks in Sicily and Malta. It adopts a multidimensional approach by integrating natural, cultural and tourism perspectives by using nature-based solutions. The overall objectives are to address “plant blindness” by creating opportunities for people to encounter plant biodiversity in urban, cultural and leisure settings, and to improve the conservation status of degraded habitats in N2000 sites, in line with the lessons learnt from the SiMaSeed and SiMaSeed PLUS projects implemented earlier through the same funding mechanism. Specific objectives in REGARD includes 1) the creation of four “gardens of biodiversity”, set within iconic archaeological parks to enhance visitors’ knowledge of native flora; 2) the establishment of two local germplasm collection fields in urban areas, accessible to the public; 3) the realization of two coastal-marine trails illustrating the intertidal ecosystems; 4) the ecological restoration of 5 terrestrial and marine habitats within N2000 sites. The itineraries proposed with the gardens, the collection fields, and the trails will serve as powerful educational tools to engage a wide audience with the themes of plant biodiversity and nature conservation. Integrating “gardens of biodiversity” within archaeological parks aims to bridge the gap between the human and natural sciences, promoting a holistic approach to knowledge that interprets the complex environmental mosaic that has shaped human history over time. The collection fields, conceived as support tools for seed banks, are designed as nature-based solutions to bring green spaces in urban areas and to integrate the scientific research activities with public engagement and dissemination. A further role of the three types of itineraries proposed is to implement, with the support of the partner seed banks, the ex-situ conservation of threatened flora. However, one of the EU Biodiversity Strategy targets for 2030 is to ensure the improvement of at least 30% of protected habitat and species with unfavorable conservation status. To this effect, the resources and competences used for ex-situ conservation will be capitalised for the restoration of threatened wetland and coastal habitats in Sicily and Malta, integrating ex situ and in situ conservation.

ABSTRACT. Botanical gardens play an important a role in the protection of biodiversity, both through research and ex situ conservation projects and with dissemination and environmental education activities. In 2022, The Latium Region Administration signed a collaboration agreement with the Botanical Garden Museum - Department of Environmental Biology of “Sapienza” University of Rome with the aim of publicizing the flora and vegetation of the Protected Natural Areas of the Latium Region, and carrying out an actual ex-situ conservation action, within the principles of Restoration Ecology.

In this context of collaboration between public agencies, it was decided to carry out, as a first step, an exhibit with the reconstruction of a Mediterranean coastal dune in a place available inside the Botanical Garden. The specimens of the halophilic and psammophilic vegetation species come from regional Protected Natural Areas and/or Natura 2000 Sites identified for the presence of coastal habitats, from which they were taken and replanted in the exhibit area, previously set up with sand also coming from a site of the Latium coast where this habitat is present and well-preserved. Along with some typical species of coastal dunes of the Latium coast and in particular of habitat 1210, a few specimens of Carpobrotus acinaciformis, which is widely distributed along our coasts, were also planted in the exibit space to focus visitors' attention to the issue of alien invasive species and their impact on biodiversity. The main objective was to represent a model of reconstruction of a vegetation formation that can be traced in characterization to the Directive habitat code 1210 “Annual vegetation of marine deposit lines” with the aim of constituting an example of habitat restoration replicable in natural contexts, where necessary, implementing the Botanical Garden's own function as an actor of ex situ conservation actions.

For the opening of the costal dune inside the BG, a specific communication campaign called OrtoLazio campaign was created, and the exhibit is turned out to be a good tool for educational activities carried out by BG to raise awareness about the conservation of the costal habitats and their vegetation. Objective of this collaboration is the realization of other exhibits and alternative tour routes dedicated to the habitats and vegetation of our region.

ABSTRACT. Botanic gardens play a crucial role in restoring plant and ecosystem diversity, that are strategic activities to improve our environment. The Botanic Garden and Museum of the University of Pisa (BGM-PI) spans approximately 2 ha in the city centre of Pisa and houses around 30 plant collections. BGM-PI is currently involved in a three-year project (2023-2025) in collaboration with the Department of Biology of the University of Pisa, to transform a former fun fair in Forte dei Marmi (Lucca; NW Tuscany, Italy) into a coastal urban park featuring native flora of local provenance. The site covers approximately 2.5 hectares in a Mediterranean climate, and is located ca. 290 m far from the seashore. For restoration purposes, 26 ecologically compatible native species were selected for propagation and in situ transplantation. Plant material was sampled from the surrounding areas (max distance 40 km), primarily as seeds and secondarily as cuttings or whole plants. Seeds were mainly germinated at the Germplasm Bank (Department of Biology), obtaining average values of 47.6% (min. 0% in Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, max. 90% in Pistacia lentiscus). On the other hand, cuttings/whole plants were directly transferred to BGM-PI’s propagation greenhouse. While the cuttings showed an extremely low level of rooting (< 2%), except for Myrtus communis (18%) and Salix alba (98%), the whole plants collected in the wild showed high survival rates (> 70%). A total of 2.774 individuals was cultivated in pot at BGM-PI. Once batches of plants have reached sufficient stability and health, they were transferred to a nursery located near the project site. Approximately one-third of the pots reached the delivery stage. As part of the project workflow, the local nursery is responsible for maintaining the plants until their transplantation in situ. This last phase is planned by the end of this year and will be curated by the municipality of Forte dei Marmi (project funder and owner of the site). BGM-PI contributed to the project through its taxonomic expertise, sampling protocols, and horticultural skills, while space limitation was overcome by collaborating with a local nursery.

ABSTRACT. Wildlife trafficking is the most immediate threat to animals and plants in many parts of the world and wildlife trafficking is the third largest illegal trade in the world, often using the same supply chains as narcotics and weapons. However, many people remain largely unaware that there even is illegal trade in plants to say nothing of the wide-ranging negative impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, economies, and human health. Few are aware that more plant species go extinct annually than animals, with over-harvesting and illegal trade as major drivers of plant extinctions. And the situation is getting worse. The internet has accelerated trade in plants and enabled sellers and buyers, to trade with relative ease. This further facilitates the illegal trade and is creating unrealistic expectations of demands and needs for plant species. As a result, plants are being poached from the wild leading to local, and even in some cases global extinctions. Combating the illegal trade of plants requires a multi-pronged effort from a wide range of strategic partners. In November 2023, Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) began a new initiative that draws on the extensive international reach of botanic gardens worldwide and their networks, partners and visitor outreach capacity. This vision has been unanimously endorsed by BGCI’s International Advisory Council with strong recognition of both the need for this new collaboration and the unique potential for botanic gardens to lead this important work. To understand the role of botanic gardens in tackling this illegal trade BGCI conducted a survey of gardens which will help inform a Global Campaign to stop to illegal plant trade and promote legal trade. This presentation will share keys results of the survey and the steps being taken to address plant extinctions due to illegal trade.

ABSTRACT. Since 2019, more than 700,000 illegally harvested succulent plants, representing 450 different species, have been seized by authorities in South Africa, as wildlife traffickers attempt to ship them out to illegal overseas markets, with many destined to be sold online. Intercepted by enforcement agencies at a rate of 3,000 to 6,000 plants a week, these plants require potting and processing for criminal cases, placing significant strain on conservation agencies within South Africa. Nine species have become functionally extinct since 2020. Kirstenbosch Botanic Garden (KBG) and the Karoo Desert Botanic Garden (KDBG) are facing an urgent conservation crisis: the illegal poaching of rare South African succulents has escalated dramatically, resulting in thousands of confiscated plants that require immediate expert care and rehabilitation. An international appeal for assistance by SANBI, facilitated by the Botanical Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), resulted in the National Botanic Gardens of Ireland sending a horticulturist to assist for three months during this crisis. The secondment focused on several key practical elements: enabling plant processing and triage, team training, revision of pest and disease management protocols, creating an inventory of confiscated plants, and a review of growing facilities The intervention led to the development of a streamlined triage system, designed to handle the constant influx of new confiscated plants. Triage and plant survival were improved by the removal of large numbers of dead plants, a source of harmful pathogens within the collections, improved growing media, potting techniques, and upgrades to ventilation, light, and spacing within the growing facilities. Staff mentoring and training provided by the NBG of Ireland empowered local horticulturists with the capacity and confidence to manage the confiscated plant collections, ensuring plant survival rates are significantly improved going forward. Horticultural and operational interventions are presented; the impacts are examined, including challenges and opportunities for the development of an international conservation-horticulture placement programme in target botanic gardens in South Africa. The establishment of a global meta-collection for threatened South African succulent plants is discussed.

ABSTRACT. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) has developed a suite of digital tools—such as PlantSearch, GardenSearch, PlantConnect and Index Seminum online—to facilitate the exchange of plant material and information among botanic gardens, researchers, conservationists, and other stakeholders globally. While these tools leverage BGCI’s expansive network to support plant conservation and research, there remains limited understanding of how this material exchange capability has been utilised by the global ex situ plant collection network. In this in-depth analysis we seek to understand the types of plant taxa being requested, the motivations behind these trends, and the international patterns of material exchange.

We will also present the new communication facility in PlantSearch launched in early 2025 and a short analysis on how it is being used so far. This latest version of the material request facility in PlantSearch allows us collectively to monitor the exchange of material for scientific purposes with the ultimate aim of lowering the restrictions for material exchange for plant conservation organisations. Currently plant conservation organisations are subject to the same regulations and bureaucracy as commercial nurseries, despite the fact that we are accessing material for non-commercial conservation or research purposes.

Ultimately, this work aims to understand the effectiveness of material exchange across botanic gardens and the utilisation of ex situ collections for plant conservation.

ABSTRACT. Our new living collections management policy, which outlines objectives for the next decade, follows an initial assessment conducted in 2017. The main goals are to select and document our living collections, group them into categories, evaluate them based on established criteria, and ultimately define objectives for their development. The 40 selected collections of the Geneva Botanical Garden have been thus defined and evaluated. The general collection (all cultivated specimens) has significantly expanded since 2017, now comprising over 18,000 cultivated specimens (+32%), representing more than 10,000 taxa (+26%). The number of taxa in some collections has more than doubled since the initial assessment. New collections have been created, some have been modified and others have been abandoned (with their specimens integrated into the general collection). All collections have been grouped into four categories: taxonomic, geographic, ecological, or thematic, with taxonomic collections being the most prevalent (two-thirds of the total). The evaluation of each collection – conducted with the responsible gardener and a scientific advisor – was based on four criteria: heritage, conservation, science, and education. This assessment accurately reflects the investments made in the collections between 2017 and 2023. A classification (priority, important, or secondary) has been proposed based on the values assigned to each collection. The results show that priority collections are almost always those where there is a strong connection between a scientist and the gardener in charge. Comparing this collection management policy with those implemented by other botanical gardens reveals many similarities: maintaining the heritage passed down by previous generations, making thoughtful decisions for the future to create more coherent collections that support research, conservation, and environmental education, offering effective and valuable tools for future generations in this era of climate urgency. We plan to reassess our living collections in ten years to determine whether the objectives set have been met and to decide on the future development of our botanical heritage.

ABSTRACT. Access to crucial restoration-related data remains a significant challenge, hindering the scaling up of ecosystem restoration efforts. Emerging tools, platforms, and data aimed at facilitating effective restoration strategies are often limited in availability. To address this, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in collaboration with the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Task Forces on Monitoring and Best Practices, has developed the Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring (FERM). FERM enhances data access, transparency, and the alignment of restoration actions with scientific evidence. It also supports countries in monitoring and reporting areas under restoration towards Target 2 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). Launched in 2022, FERM includes a registry of restoration initiatives, a geospatial platform for data visualization, and a search engine for accessing initiatives and good practices. The FERM Registry allows for the registration of restoration initiatives and good practices, ensuring interoperability with other platforms. The geospatial platform enables analysis of restoration-related data, including remotely sensed data, while the FERM Search engine consolidates initiatives and practices from various collaborating platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing. A dashboard will soon be integrated into FERM, offering insights into restoration data, progress toward global and national commitments, and spatial visualization of initiatives and practices. The shared vision of the Task Forces and FERM is to strengthen the global restoration data ecosystem through integration and interoperability, connecting monitoring efforts across platforms. This is key to ensuring a coherent UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration that can effectively harness growing public and private commitments, alongside progress in global monitoring.

ABSTRACT. Founded in 1874 on the initiative of renowned botanist and academician Josif Pančić, the University Botanical Garden "Jevremovac" in Belgrade celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2024. The anniversary year was marked by a rich programme of activities aimed at highlighting the garden's diverse role as a scientific, educational, conservational and cultural institution in the heart of the Serbian capital. Throughout the year, a series of exhibitions, lectures, performances and public events were organised to celebrate the Garden’s heritage and its importance in today's society. A large open-air exhibition with 50 educational panels installed along the central fence of the garden attracted thousands of visitors. It traced the historical development of the institution and showed milestones in plant conservation, the importance of its herbarium (the oldest in Serbia), its valuable botanical library, the ex-situ collections, glasshouse diversity, and the public education initiatives. Among the highlights was a specialized exhibition on metallophytes, highlighting their ecological adaptations, diversity in the Balkan Peninsula and potential applications in biotechnology. The exhibition, which was accompanied by thematic guided tours and expert-led discussions, attracted wide public and academic interest. As part of the anniversary, the legacy of academician Nedeljko Košanin, a key figure in the Garden’s golden era, was also honoured through a special exhibition created in collaboration with the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Natural History Museum in Belgrade marking 150 years since his birth. In collaboration with the Centre for the Promotion of Science, the garden hosted a month-long exhibition on art and science in September. More than ten interactive installations explored the links between art, ecology and scientific inquiry, accompanied by lectures, workshops, panel discussions and educational programmes for all ages. The anniversary culminated in a festive open-air concert by the RTS Big Band jazz orchestra, which symbolised the garden’s prominent role on Belgrade's cultural map. As part of the celebrations, a regional meeting of the directors of botanical gardens from Zagreb, Ljubljana, Sofia and Skopje took place to strengthen cross-border cooperation and exchange. The 150th anniversary year emphasised the important position of botanical gardens as bridges between nature, science and society.

ABSTRACT. The "D. Brandza" Botanical Garden of the University of Bucharest (Romania), founded in 1860, plays an important role in the educational activities addressed to students, but also in research, biodiversity conservation, environmental education. It also offers an excellent setting for relaxation and connection with nature to all categories of visitors. As in many other botanical gardens, education activities are carried out through labels that present minimal information about plant species, through information panels, but also through guided tours. In recent years we have developed a program dedicated to environmental education: The Little Botanist. Its activities take place both in a specially designed classroom and outdoors, depending on the theme, but also on the weather. Also, in recent years we have been producing educational resources available online. Cultural activities related to nature are gaining an increasing weight in our programs. Thus, in the last 15 years we have organized or co-organized photography exhibitions, drawing, painting and sculpture exhibitions and workshops, floral art exhibitions, bonsai exhibitions, collage workshops made from plant materials, drawing competitions. Also, the Botanical Garden hosted concerts by famous artists or students from music high schools, short film screenings, theatre plays, but also festivals dedicated to the culture of peoples or communities. The beneficiaries of these cultural events are pupils, students or the entire visiting public. The authors of the photographs are usually part of the staff of the Botanical Garden, but, when we talk about painting, we had among the exhibitors well-known artists, students from specialized faculties, but also students from schools in Bucharest. The theme of these exhibitions is naturally linked to nature, to the plant world. Through the educational and cultural activities that it has developed in recent years at an unprecedented level, the "D Brandza" Botanical Garden of the University of Bucharest no longer assumes roles only in the exhibition and research of different categories of plants, but also provides the necessary framework for the development of social connections, but also the necessary one for the understanding of nature, of the plant world in particular.

ABSTRACT. The history of botanic gardens are retained in their archival collections and sometimes images and video can provide a literal window into the past. These visual collections can not only show changes in the garden, but also provide information on past activities, collections and conditions. An extensive collection of glass negatives and some films were housed at the Hortus botanicus Leiden dating back to the 1860s. At the time, the garden was organized as an English style arboretum with many greenhouses scattered through the grounds. By digitizing the glass negatives collection, we take the next step into unlocking the Hortus archives and studying the changes in the garden. Together with volunteers, a project group focused on repacking all 818 glass negatives, numbering them for digitization and afterwards helping with describing the collection. Images with particular importance such as buildings or monumental trees and views were cleaned for preservation before digitization by an external company. The images in the glass negative collection display the garden mainly from the period of roughly 1860 to 1940. The collections show everything from daily maintenance, trees that are still existing today to developments over an 80 year period. The images of the garden were presumed to be made by a local famous photographer (Goedeljee), but also some by the Hortulanus at the time, Eduard Witte. In the oldest images, the former arboretum style garden is clearly visible with large paths and many trees that have now been lost over time. Apparent is also the large succulent collection in large tubs, that have to be kept inside in winter. In 1938, the garden was re-organized to a more rigid structure with straight paths and one tropical greenhouse complex. Aside from our own botanic garden, there was also material on travels through Indonesia, other botanic gardens and an information set on cinchona production. The collection is now on permanent loan for safekeeping with the heritage foundation for Leiden (Stichting Leiden & Omstreken). The images will be published on their online database with open access.

ABSTRACT. The Brera Botanical Garden, part of the University of Milan, celebrates its 250th anniversary this year. In 1774, the government of Maria Theresa of Austria ordered the transformation of the old Jesuit Garden of Brera into a proper botanical garden, which was inaugurated in 1775. Its history stretches back to the 14th century when it served as a garden for cultivation and meditation for Humiliates monks, and then, from the 16th century, for the Jesuits. For many years, the Garden was a venue for higher education in pharmacy and medicine, particularly focused on the cultivation of medicinal species. It remains a place of university education and hosts numerous activities for schoolchildren of all levels. Even after a restoration in the late 1990s, the garden still preserves the historic layout envisioned by its founder, Fulgenzio Vitman. Today, the Brera Botanical Garden is an independent center within the University, also comprising the Herbarium, counting almost 300.000 visitors a year. Located in the center of Milan, it is part of Palazzo Brera, a historical cultural center dedicated to art, humanities, and science. The Garden's future is focused on conservation, taxonomy and biodiversity studies using genomics approaches, education, and has strong links with astronomy and art. Examples will be given during the presentation.

ABSTRACT. The Environmental Education Center “Botania” was opened in the National Botanic Garden of Latvia at 1-st February 2024. During the one year, about 30000 visitors visited it. Many of them left reviews of their expressions and experience. We tried to analyze 170 visitors’ reviews, dividing them in groups according to different kinds of experience mentioned: emotions, sensations, information, rest and communication. Results of analysis showed accordance to our main goal: to promote interest in plants and nature in different ways, as well as gave some ideas for our future work.

ABSTRACT. Sardinia is considered a meso-hotspot within the Mediterranean mega-hotspot; its native vascular flora consists of approximately 2300 taxa, of which 347 are endemic, and 16% are classified as Critically Endangered (CR) or Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN criteria. Although the island has had a law on the protection, conservation, and valorization of agrodiversity since 2014 (Regional Law August 7, 2014, No. 16), Sardinia did not have a specific law for the protection and preservation of its native flora until February 2025 (Regional Law February 24, 2025, No. 4). Until then, only a minimal part of the island's native flora had been protected mainly through international conventions and European directives. In Europe, one of the main instruments is the Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC and, within the network Natura 2000, the European Union's primary tool for biodiversity conservation, this directive has enabled the establishment of 89 SACs and eight SCIs in Sardinia. However, of the Sardinian species deserving protection, only 25 taxa are included in Directive 92/43/EEC, specifically 23 in Annexes II and IV, and two in Annex V. Since 2004, the Sardinian Germplasm Bank (BG-SAR) and the Centre for the Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB) of the University of Cagliari (Italy) have been implemented species conservation actions, thanks to specific authorizations (DPM/5D/2005/26104) issued by the Italian Ministry responsible for environmental protection. These actions include germplasm collection, storage, plant propagation, and translocation for scientific and conservation purposes, conducted across 29 SACs/SCIs. These efforts have made it possible to protect and safeguard 76% of the policy species ex situ included in the Annexes to Directive 92/43/EEC at BG-SAR, totaling 155 seedlots, while concrete in situ conservation actions have been implemented on 32% of these species, for a total of 21 translocation actions in several restoration projects. BG-SAR and CCB, also responding to the criterion of 'regional responsibility' and thanks to significant funding from regional, national, and international projects, continue their mission of conserving plant species of both agri-food and conservation interest, hoping for increasing attention and support from administrations responsible for biodiversity protection by implementing conservation projects, and creating new lists of attention and protection for the regional flora.

ABSTRACT. The participation of botanical gardens in reintroduction and population strengthening programs for protected and endangered species is one of the important links in the chain of contemporary nature conservation. Botanical gardens face the challenge of effective vegetative and generative reproduction of plant material from naturally occurring populations in ex situ conditions. Taking into account the biology of species and the diversity of habitats from which they originate, a range of methods must be developed for their cultivation in controlled conditions, propagation and preparation for introduction. In our botanical garden a range of species with different environmental requirements were susscesfully propagated in a vegetative or generative way. Among them were: species of dry habitats such as xerothermic grasslands - Stipa joannis Čelak. and Anthericum liliago L.; meadows with variable humidity - Trollius europaeus L.; banks of water reservoirs Helosciadium nodiflorum (L.) W.D.J. Koch and Helosciadium repens (Jacq.) W.D.J. Koch and water reservoirs - Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. The methodology of cultivation took into account: method of multiplying plant material (from seeds or vegetatively), type and pH of the substrate, degree of insolation, substrate moisture, size of cultivation containers, period of transplantation of seedlings, appropriate wintering conditions, time needed to obtain suitably mature plants ready for the process of transplanting to natural sites. The challenges in effectively multiplying these species are also temporary, e.g. matching the timing of material collection from natural sites to ex situ cultivation, as well as administrative, e.g. taking into account obtaining of the necessary permits. Biological dangers connected with cultivation are: securing the species from hybridization with other species or populations cultivated in the botanical garden and matching the timing of introduction to the target site to the biology of the species. In terms of pecuniary difficulties storing of the plant material during the project’s sustainability period with no additional funds shall be noted. The aim of the presentation is to discuss case studies for the selected species with special attention to all above-mentioned challenges.

ABSTRACT. As part of the LIFE Seedforce project, a series of conservation activities focused on Dracocephalum austriacum, an Annex II species, currently reported in unfavourable conservation status in most of its natural distribution range, including Trentino, NE Italy. One of the key activities of the project was aimed at improving the knowledge of reproductive biology and distribution of this species in Trentino, and in some cases reported surprising results.

The investigations of the population size in Trentino have shown that they are larger than reported in the literature. Furthermore, an analysis of the species’ biological form revealed notable differences compared to what is commonly reported in previous publications. Moreover, genetic analyses were also carried out, which showed that the heterozygosity of Italian populations is generally low. Additionally, since the Trentino populations of the species exhibit low seed set, a pollen supplementation experiment is being conducted to investigate whether this limitation is due to pollen availability.

The naturally occurring populations are being reinforced through the translocation of ex-situ cultivated individuals, propagated using different techniques from seeds to cuttings collected in the wild. Through a process of trial and error, effective strategies have been developed to maximise the success of propagation efforts. Unexpectedly, it was found that propagation through cuttings, is highly effective method that helps to avoid the issues associated with seedling survival during the early germination stages and allows plants to flower already after the first growing season.

Acknowledgements: Life Seedforce received funding from the Life Programme - The European Union funding instrument for the environment and climate action, under contract LIFE20/NAT/IT/001468

ABSTRACT. Primula palinuri is a narrow endemic species limited to rocky coastal cliffs of the southern Tyrrhenian coast, Italy. Its habitat is threatened by climate change, coastal erosion, human activity, and habitat fragmentation. This study, part of the LIFE SEEDFORCE project, focuses on reinforcing P. palinuri populations by examining ecological, genetic, and environmental factors to develop a sustainable translocation strategy for its long-term survival.

To identify areas potentially suitable for translocation, we performed habitat suitability modelling combining occurrence data and environmental variables. To sustain long-term sustainable P. palinuri populations, the output-suitable areas were given priority as potential translocation sites (SIC IT805008 and IT805011). To assess intra- and inter-population variability, we carried out genetic analysis by using sing double digest Restriction Associated DNA sequencing. Our results revealed significant genetic structuring between populations and low levels of heterozygosity within them. This pattern indicates historical isolation and limited gene flow, likely driven by the fragmented nature of the species’ habitat. We conducted germination experiments under controlled conditions to test the response of seeds to varying environmental parameters. The species was found to be highly sensitive to water availability and salinity, with marked differences in germination performance among populations. To define the habitat requirements of P. palinuri, we analysed soils from natural sites, measuring pH, salinity, organic carbon, and pollutants. The soils showed neutral to slightly alkaline pH, moderate salinity, low to moderate organic carbon, and minimal contamination, though microplastics were detected even in remote areas. These results help refine the species’ edaphic niche and inform translocation site selection.

In conclusion, this study highlights the value of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to conservation planning for Primula palinuri. By combining habitat suitability modelling, genetic analyses, and experimental physiological data, it becomes possible to more effectively plan translocation actions. This framework not only enhances conservation strategies for this endangered cliff-dwelling species but also provides a replicable model for other Mediterranean rupicolous plants facing similar threats.

ABSTRACT. The Mediterranean Basin is a crucial hotspot of plant diversity and in particular, islands host approximately 15–20% of all terrestrial species, representing a critical centre for global biodiversity conservation. However, this diversity is increasingly threatened by several anthropogenic pressures like uncontrolled tourism, fires, global warming, industrial activities and the spread of invasive alien species (IAS). Hence, a combined approach of in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for threatened vascular plant species and for the restoration of their habitats is crucial. Several conservation programs have been carried out for this aim, such as Life program. In this frame, LIFE SEEDFORCE (LIFE20 NAT/IT/001468) “Using SEED banks to restore and reinFORCE the endangered native plants of Italy”, aim to improve the conservation status of 29 endangered taxa from Italy, France, Malta and Slovenia. Within SEEDFORCE, the Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB) and the Sardinian Germplasm Bank (BG-SAR) focused their efforts on six target endemics of Sardinia: Astragalus verrucosus, Centranthus amazonum, Limonium strictissimum, Linaria flava subsp. sardoa, Linum mulleri and Ribes sardoum. Through an integrated approach, several conservation actions were implemented for these species, including preliminary population monitoring, collection of genetic samples and germplasm, germination tests, multiplication from seeds and the development of translocation plans. However, preparation of sites and their protection are essential actions, indeed, the presence of invasive Carpobrotus spp. threatens the survival of L. flava subsp. sardoa and L. strictissimum in their habitats. Hence, sites have been subjected to manual eradication of the invasive plant since 2021 and constantly monitored over the years. At the same time, these sites have been protected from erosion by placement of coconut’s biomats that support the restoration and conservation of the habitats. LIFE SEEDFORCE is still ongoing until 2026, but the preliminary results showed that the combined approach permits the conservation of threatened species and maintain the suitable ecological conditions. Moreover, the involvement of local authorities, citizens and students is pivotal to raise awareness about the conservation of biodiversity.

Acknowledgements: This research was funded by LIFE SEEDFORCE—LIFE20 NAT/IT/001468, Using SEED banks to restore and reinFORCE the endangered native plants of Italy.

ABSTRACT. The University of Bologna holds a heritage of botanical collections that have been progressively enriched over five centuries since the first chair of Botany was established in 1539 and the eclectic Renaissance naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi founded the botanical garden in 1568 and collected an herbarium of over 5000 specimens. These collections are a formidable tool for interpreting complex dynamics that concern both the scientific and historical and philosophical spheres, very often intertwined. This applies to at least three challenges: the digitalization of resources, the effects of climate change on plant biodiversity, and the cultural re-visitation in an ethical and pragmatic perspective of collections historically linked to the colonial period. In this perspective, institutional processes have been started in the last five years to embed these university collections into a framework of national and European networks. In terms of digitization, a significant effort is underway to make available one of the most important historical herbaria in Italy (Erbario Bertoloni) which unfortunately cannot be processed automatically since the specimens are mobile. This collection includes several type specimens and material from across Italy that will be soon available to scientists. Artificial intelligence is used for label decoding and digitization. Herbaria are time capsules that allow us to explore botanical memory to retrieve valuable information for understanding the rapid changes we are experiencing. The case of Aldrovandi is paradigmatic since he left behind specimens accompanied by accurate information on collection locations that allow us to reconstruct 500 years of changes in the flora of the Bologna area. Finally, collections from the colonial period will be at the center of a European project (Colonial Legacies of Universities: Materialities and New Collaborations - COLUMN) over the next four years. This will offer exceptional opportunities to reflect on the sustainability and future of the heritage of European universities and to share choices and solutions with colleagues from universities outside Europe. These scientific activities based on the multiple values of the botanical collections represent the fundamental prerequisite to strengthen their role as sources of historical and botanical culture, offering the city of Bologna a solid basis to develop paths for the promotion of eco-tourism and cultural activities.

ABSTRACT. Plant records are often perceived as static archives, yet they hold immense transformative potential. This presentation will explore innovative methods for interpreting and displaying botanical data through an interactive online interface, evolving traditional plant records into dynamic resources that appeal to a diverse audience. By utilizing online plant records, we can craft compelling garden narratives that deepen our connections to both nature and community while raising awareness of critical issues such as plant conservation and the preservation of biocultural collections. These records encourage intergenerational gardening by offering a comprehensive view, nurturing curiosity, and enhancing accessibility, ultimately fostering a sense of community among varied groups. Gardens serve as essential environments for beauty, sensory experiences, and education about plants and ecology. We will showcase how integrating maps and curated tours can increase visitor engagement and provide insights into the ecological and cultural significance of garden spaces. Our presentation will illustrate how an interactive online platform functions as a cross-departmental tool, empowering non-garden staff to enhance their programs and initiatives effectively. Attendees will be introduced to the multifaceted benefits of public plant records for diverse stakeholders—garden guests, staff, and volunteers alike. Real-life examples will demonstrate how event teams can utilize online tours to promote wedding venues, how development staff can highlight funding opportunities through interactive maps, and how front-of-house personnel can direct guests to specific interests more efficiently. Additionally, we will discuss practical applications for inventory checks and specimen auditing that empower volunteers and collections staff, along with the potential of these digital platforms to offer wellness and discovery breaks for all team members. This promotes a healthier work environment and fosters a deeper connection to nature. Join us as we explore the limitless possibilities of plant records, illustrating how they can engage a wide audience and deepen our connection with the natural world.

ABSTRACT. The Lamiaceae family encompasses numerous species highly valued for their applications in medicine, food, and cosmetics. In order to screen the Lamiaceae family and discover new sources of phytochemicals and antioxidants, evaluated most of species from this family, including Phlomis herba-venti, P. tuberosa, P. olivieri, P. kurdica, Nepeta sp., N. cataria, N. saccharata, Stachys sp., S. inflata, Scutellaria albida, Marrubium parviflora, Mentha pulegium, Thymus kotschyanus, Lamium album, Salvia officinalis, S. multicaulis, S. macrochlamys, S. candidissima, S. verticillata, and S. nemorosa.In Lithuania, plants of the Lamiaceae family are quite widespread, both in natural habitats and cultivated in gardens and vegetable plots. According to various sources, between 36 and 58 species of this family grow in the country. These plants form a significant part of Lithuania’s flora, and many of them are valued for their medicinal properties.In Lithuania, increasing attention is being paid to sustainable cultivation methods of medicinal Lamiaceae species, with a focus on organic farming and ecological practices. Research also aims to identify optimal harvesting times and processing methods to ensure maximum retention of active compounds.The Official List of Medicinal Plants of Lithuania indicates that the Lamiaceae family includes 18 genera and 44 species, 7 of which are listed in the Lithuanian Red Data Book. These plants are aromatic and are often used as medicinal or culinary herbs. They accumulate essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and other biologically active substances that contribute to their therapeutic properties. Furthermore, due to global interest in natural and plant-based therapies, several Lamiaceae species native to or cultivated in Lithuania are being considered for wider commercial use. This includes the development of herbal teas, tinctures, and essential oil extracts targeting specific health benefits, such as respiratory relief, digestive support, and immune enhancement.

ABSTRACT. The Phytogeographical Department of the Berlin Botanic Garden is considered an outstanding garden creation in terms of both didactics and design. Its original concept can be traced back to Adolf Engler (1844–1930), one of the world's leading plant systematicists and plant geographers of his time and director of the Botanic Garden, which was newly established in Dahlem around 1900. Surprisingly little is known about the history of its origins. A detailed examination of the garden's own history was stimulated by the development of a new visitor information system, which makes the structure of Berlin’s Plant Geography and its main exhibition ideas accessible to a broad public. This contribution examines the ideas and criteria according to which and the historical context in which the Dahlem Plant Geography was created. The focus is on the selection of the phytogeographical areas represented, their definition and their design. Contemporary literature, annual garden reports, archive materials, old guidebooks and garden plans were evaluated. Right from the beginning of his career, Engler had a clear idea of what should ideally be shown in a Plant Geography. As director of the botanical gardens in Kiel, Breslau and Berlin-Schöneberg, he was able to test and constantly refine this selection in one garden after the other. In Berlin-Dahlem, his garden concept was brought to completion on the largest scale on 13 hectares. Along this line of development lie many conceptual milestones in geobotany, many of which originated or were refined in Engler's circle. Without focussing too much on this, the study also sheds light on the emergence of the discipline of geobotany and its concepts and terminology. Some of these approaches, which we use today to classify and study the earth's vegetation, were developed at that time and are important structuring factors of Engler’s geobotanic garden display. An analysis of the history of the development of the Berlin Plant Geography reflects the geobotanical knowledge of the time. It also shows the importance of the Berlin network of correspondents: many of the authors in Engler's circle were also important collectors and suppliers of facts. Engler's garden concept condenses the botanical canon of knowledge around 1900 into an artistic educational garden, a temperate vegetation landscape en minuature, so to speak, which today must be reinterpreted in the context of visitor information and further development of science.

ABSTRACT. Abstract India, renowned for its ancient traditions, has long relied on medicinal plants as a cornerstone of healthcare through systems like Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. These plants continue to play a critical role in both traditional and modern medicine. However, due to rapid urbanization, deforestation, and fading traditional knowledge, the conservation of medicinal plants is now more vital than ever. To address this challenge and raise awareness among students, Hindu College, University of Delhi, a premier institution in India, has launched a significant initiative—the establishment of a Herbal Garden. Funded by the National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, this project seeks to educate students and the academic community about the relevance, utility, and conservation of medicinal plants through experiential learning. The garden houses over 30 species known for their therapeutic value, including: Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller), Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia), Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), and Mint (Mentha spp.), among others. These species were selected for their medicinal importance and adaptability. The Herbal Garden serves as a living laboratory, promoting interdisciplinary education, biodiversity conservation, and environmental stewardship. Activities include plant documentation, guided tours, awareness workshops, and student internships, integrating traditional knowledge with modern science. By cultivating a deeper understanding of India’s botanical heritage, this initiative encourages students to value sustainable practices and take part in conservation efforts. The Herbal Garden at Hindu College stands as a model of eco-education and a testament to the role academic institutions can play in preserving natural and cultural heritage.

ABSTRACT. The Climate Toolkit (climatetoolkit.org) is a growing collaborative network of more than 230 gardens, museums, zoos and other cultural institutions in 28 countries dedicated to mitigating climate change within their institutions and communities. Over the last five years, The Climate Toolkit has established an effective proof of concept for supporting cross-institutional partnerships, collaborations, and forums which convene experts and stakeholders to explore current and emerging issues around climate change. The Toolkit utilizes a peer-reviewed climate commitment framework of nine focus areas and 33 climate action goals to support the implementation of climate-positive actions in museum operations and programming, aligning with 9 of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals. The focus areas are Buildings and Energy, Water, Transportation, Food Service, Waste, Landscapes and Horticulture, Investments, Engagement, and Research. In this interactive workshop, participants will be introduced to The Climate Toolkit and then explore ways to connect to the potential of their institutional essence (what makes them unique) in a way that reveals their embedded relationships to the people and place they serve as well as the ecological, social and historical context in which they work. By engaging in this level of deep discovery, institutions will be able to move beyond problem solving and position themselves to foster unique and reciprocal opportunities to address climate change between themselves, their communities, and the earth. This workshop proposes a new way to address climate change, exploring an institution’s unique characteristics to find areas of greatest impact and opportunities to connect with like-minded collaborators. This approach is not only efficient and impactful, but will prove more meaningful and significant for participants, their institution, and community. Every institution is unique, as are the community, culture, ecology, and country where it exists — we are more effective when we lead with that understanding, and we are stronger when we work together, to share, mentor, and learn from each other.

ABSTRACT. Collecting seeds of wild plant species is fundamental to plant conservation, being it for the recovery of extremely threatened species or restoration and revegetation of degraded habitats. The Seed Collecting Manual developed by the ENSCONET Consortium (European Native Seed Conservation Network) in 2009 has been one of the major references for wild seed collecting for the European seed banking community, research institutions and the private sector. However, due to rapidly evolving genomic technology and understanding of plant conservation genetics over the past decades, revision of these important guidelines is now overdue. In the framework of the COST Action CA 18201”ConservePlants”, we have assembled all current research and guidelines available on wild plant seed collection and integrated this new information and data into the revision of the ENSCONET Seed Collecting Manual. In this workshop, we will present the new findings and developments according to the various steps of the seed collecting procedure for wild plant species and then discuss potential changes or updates to the Manual together with the members of the ENSCONET community and any interested amateur or professional.

ABSTRACT. The Aguzzano Regional Urban Park (EUAP 0445), located in the north-eastern sector of Rome, was established by regional law in 1989, following major popular mobilizations, occurred throughout the 1980s, that triggered the removal of the site from the urban expansion plans in that sector of the capital and its inclusion in the network of 16 protected areas managed by the regional body RomaNatura. The entire area of the park (approx. 60 ha) has been cultivated and grazed until the 1970s, and these activities favorably impacted the soils in several portions of its area. This, together with the presence of a stream and the proximity to other protected areas and historical villas, in turn close to the two main rivers of Rome (Tevere and Aniene), fostered genetic exchange and increased the plant diversity of the park, as well as its importance as a “stepping stone” in the network of protected areas of Italy’s capital city. In 2023, the idea of carrying out a complete census of the park's flora took shape, involving citizens sensitive to environmental issues in an interesting Citizen Science experience. The field surveys lasted for about two years, supported by the scientific expertise of botanists and vegetation ecologists from the Department of Environmental Biology of Sapienza University of Rome. The Atlas of the Flora of the Aguzzano Regional Urban Park is the first real survey of the vascular plants present in the area and their distribution, represented in over four hundred maps projected onto a grid that divides the park into 100x100m sectors. To create this Atlas we used iNaturalist, one of the most well-known global Citizen Science platforms and biodiversity monitoring initiatives, as a tool for collecting, aggregating, controlling and sharing observations made by citizens. In total, more than 3,000 observations were generated by approximately 50 collaborators including private citizens, scientists and representatives of local associations. The Atlas will be published and freely distributed as a physical volume, complemented by a public website that allows to search and display the distribution and description of each plant species in an interoperable webGIS. The knowledge base produced in the context of this study will increase public awareness on urban biodiversity and trigger future initiatives focused on environmental education, participative management and public engagement on conservation planning.

ABSTRACT. Nestled at the foot of Monte Bondone, at an altitude of 1,500 meters, the Viote Alpine Botanical Garden is one of the territorial outposts of the MUSE-Science Museum of Trento. Being one of the oldest and largest in the Alps, this botanical garden can boast a long tradition in scientific research, conservation, propagation of alpine species, but also in public education and science communication. Every summer, the botanical garden offers a huge range of events and labs dedicated to the general public, attracting around 10,000 people per year. In recent times, a range of citizen science activities have been introduced to increase visitors engagement and awareness about the world of plants and the biodiversity that interacts with them. Based on the most recent citizen science projects experienced at the Viote Botanical Garden (focused on pollinators biodiversity and insect-plant interactions, fungal biodiversity and phenological data) our presentation is going to share some best practices and lessons learned to develop a successful citizen science program within a botanical garden. In particular, we are going to explore the steps followed to test peer to peer education with students, to create a supporting stakeholders network, to use data collected by visitors and volunteers for the implementation of new exhibits and to finally extend the activities proposed inside the garden to the natural environments and protected areas that surround it. Our observations confirm how citizen science can foster the role of botanical gardens in communication of plant diversity and contribute to the comprehension of their role in alpine ecosystems and culture, their ecological adaptations and of the threats to their conservation.

ABSTRACT. Big datasets on biodiversity are collected through citizen science (CS). The scientific community still has concerns about using CS data for research. However, previous studies have pointed out their usability for monitoring species and biodiversity, which is essential for nature conservation. To use CS data responsibly, biases and completeness can and should be taken into account. These aspects likely depend on the characteristics of a CS project. Even so, little studies have specifically compared datasets of different CS projects. Considering CS data of plants, there are large scope nature monitoring CS platforms like iNaturalist and Observation.org, and smaller scope projects like Plant Alert, Looking for Cowslips, the Big Seaweed Search and the Dutch Stoepplantjes (Pavement plants) project. Large scope platforms will likely generate larger datasets with a geographical bias in more frequented areas. Secondly, they could have a temporal bias for periods with nicer weather and more blooms as well. Lastly, unattractive or highly common species might be recorded less than attractive and rarer species. Small scope projects mostly generate smaller datasets and their biases depend on the protocols used to record data. Protocols can focus on certain species, areas, periods of time and can be simple or complex. In general, larger datasets might show high completeness but smaller more defined datasets might do so as well, which could be dependent on their biases. In this study we explore, compare and evaluate datasets from a large CS platform and a smaller CS project on Dutch urban flora. To compare these, we selected floral data from urban areas within the duration of the Stoepplantjes project from Observation.org. We will assess biases and completeness of these datasets using a reference dataset from a national plant monitoring organization. Lastly, we will reflect on their usability for determining species richness and biodiversity of Dutch cities. In conclusion, we will study the biases and completeness of large and small scope CS data collections, as well as their use cases to research plant biodiversity. Our results will provide practical information for researchers who want to use CS data but also for current and future CS initiatives. As most biodiversity data is collected by volunteers, it is essential to learn how to harness these vast data collections to support nature conservation in a time of significant biodiversity loss.

ABSTRACT. Citizen science in urban green areas has the potential to enhance our understanding of ecological structure and dynamics while fostering human–nature connections. However, achieving this requires overcoming disciplinary boundaries, establishing a citizen science infrastructure, and developing engagement strategies informed by participants’ perspectives. This study describes the development of a multi-taxa citizen science initiative in urban green areas that seeks to reconcile scientific outcomes with people’s connection to nature. To this end, we followed three phases in the “BioFuturo na Cidade” project. In the first phase, we applied a heuristic model for transitioning toward inter- and transdisciplinary approaches within discipline-oriented universities, through theoretical and practical internal training of academic staff. In the second phase, we co-designed a contributive-collaborative multi-taxa citizen science infrastructure—BioBlitz—including scientific protocols and art-based methods, with the involvement of both academic and non-academic actors. In the third phase, we recruited participants, carried out the Bioblitz events, and evaluated their impacts and outcomes. In phase one, we observed that academics shifted their discourse and practices toward more inter- and transdisciplinary approaches. We also identified a variety of anticipated impacts and outcomes, with some variation in how academics prioritized them. In phase two, we developed ten citizen science protocols covering flora and fauna monitoring, and we incorporated haikai poetry and drawing approaches. During phase three, two Bioblitz events were held in São Carlos (113 participants) and Araras (102 participants), engaging students, teachers, policymakers, and local residents. Participants found the protocols easy to follow (46.5% and 52.2%) and expressed interest in continuing biodiversity registrations after the Bioblitz (83.7%, N=43; 82.6%, N=23). Based on participants’ characteristics and feedback, we are now designing public engagement strategies to encourage ongoing data collection in urban areas and organizing workshops to discuss collective management and policy protection for urban green spaces.

ABSTRACT. Botanical gardens play a fundamental role in democratizing knowledge about the plant world. These scientific institutions strive to make botany accessible to all audiences by developing innovative and inclusive educational programs. Nancy botanical garden, (co-managed by Greater Nancy Metropolis and the University of Lorraine) is a unique site of scientific and technical culture in the Greater Nancy metropolitan area. Recognized for its collections and botanical expertise, it is also a must-see natural space for residents of the Greater Nancy metropolitan area. While its fundamental role are plant conservation, support for scientific research and public education on environmental issues, its missions are evolving, and the garden is reinventing itself to become a breeding ground for social connection and reflection on the major challenges of tomorrow related to climate change and questions of ecology, nutrition, and well-being. Social and environmental issues are closely linked. By reaching out to all citizens, including disadvantaged communities, the botanical garden's activities can contribute to the acquisition of new knowledge, a greater connection with one's environment, and improved self-esteem. Volunteers can also become ambassadors of the botanical garden. For cultural reasons, French botanical gardens have less experience welcoming volunteers than in the UK and other English speaking countries. However, the Nancy garden has been striving for several years to offer activities targeting more audiences and encourage visitors to volunteer and to get involved in the garden's operations. This is a way to promote knowledge sharing, social connections, well-being, and foster dialogue between gardeners and the curious. Examples of initiatives developed at the Nancy botanical garden will be provided: welcoming volunteer gardeners, developing artistic relationships, organizing cooking classes, nature club for children, workshop for underprivileged youth, etc.

ABSTRACT. The main objective of this study was to assess the variability in cotyledon morphology of the endangered species Boswellia bullata, endemic to rocky habitats in north-western Socotra Island, Yemen. As well as other Socotran Boswellia species, B. bullata is threatened by overgrazing, land degradation, and extreme weather events, and exhibits poor natural regeneration. Accurate identification during early developmental stages is therefore crucial for conservation efforts. This study is part of a broader study investigating cotyledon morphology in Boswellia species. We measured natural variation in cotyledon shape and size by measuring area, length, width, number of lobes, and the number of division iterations. Seed dimensions were also analyzed to compare their relationship to cotyledon dimensions. Seeds from four populations were collected and germinated under controlled conditions. Once seedlings developed at least two true leaves, cotyledons were carefully removed, pressed, scanned, and analyzed using ImageJ software. Statistical analysis was performed in Statistica using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05), and significant differences were further examined using Fisher’s LSD test. Results revealed significant morphological variation among populations, reflecting local environmental, and genetic factors (and possible hybridization with other Boswellia species). It was also confirmed that larger seeds produce plants with larger cotyledons. The largest mean cotyledon area was recorded in the Shoab population (14.88 mm²), while the smallest were found in Hazahaz (11.02 mm²) and Shoab “rock” (11.75 mm²). Most cotyledons (95%) had three lobes, with Shoab showing complete uniformity and other populations displaying rare four- or five-lobed variants. Similar trends were observed in the number of division iterations: Shoab cotyledons had only one, while Hazahaz included 13% with two levels. In visual comparison with other endemic species, the most similar cotyledons were observed in Boswellia dioscoridis, B. samhaensis, and B. scopulorum, which similar overall dimensions but differed in lobe number. This research provides a valuable reference for seedling identification and contributes to conservation strategies for B. bullata and related taxa.

ABSTRACT. Rafflesia is a holoparasitic plant that grows completely embedded in its host plant and obtains all its nutrients exclusively from it. The host plant of Rafflesia is a liana belonging to the genus Tetrastigma of the Vitaceae family. There are three known species that harbour Rafflesia, one of which is Tetrastigma rafflesiae, which is found in West Malaysia. Rafflesia is one of the largest flowers in the world and distributed in lowland forests to hill forests. There are three genera in the Rafflesiaceae family: Rafflesia, Rhizanthes, and Sapria, with Rafflesia producing the largest flowers. This genus is only found in Southeast Asia, mainly on the Thai Peninsula, in Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines and Indonesia. In Malaysia, 14 species have been recorded so far, nine of which have been reported from West Malaysia: Rafflesia cantleyi, R. azlanii, R. kerrii, R. su-meiae, R. sharifah-hapsahiae, R. parvimaculata, R. tuanku-halimii, R. tiomanensis, and R. tunku-azizahiae. In East Malaysia, three species are found: R. pricei, R. keithii, and R. tengku-adlinii found in Sabah while in Sarawak, four species are known: R. hasseltii, R. keithii, R. pricei, and R. tuan-mudae. The threat to the survival of Rafflesia is of great concern; however, several effective conservation measures have been put in place to ensure the survival of the species. Firstly, habitat conservation is a cucial factor in the conservation of this species. Priority should be given to protecting natural forests, especially areas identified as primary habitats for Rafflesia and its host plant Tetrastigma. In addition, controlled tourism plays an important role in minimising direct disturbance to the flower and its surrounding ecosystem. By regulating the number of visitors and building designated trails, the impact of human activity can be significantly reduced. Public awareness must also be raised through education campaigns in schools, media, and local communities to emphasise the importance of preserving Rafflesia as a natural heritage. Scientific research into the biology and ecology of the Rafflesia is crucial for securing research grants and supporting more effective conservation measures. Finally, legal enforcement of conservation laws has been tightened to curb activities that damage Rafflesia habitat. Strict action against individuals or groups responsible for destroying the natural habitats of this species will have a positive impact on its long-term survival.

ABSTRACT. As the frequency and severity of droughts intensify due to climate change, innovative strategies are increasingly vital for the preservation and restoration of indigenous plant species in natural ecosystems. This study explores the effectiveness of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in Zambia and Yemen (Socotra), with a focus on their capacity to address water scarcity challenges. SAPs, recognized for their exceptional water-holding properties, offer a promising solution to enhance soil quality and promote optimal plant growth.

This controlled release mechanism regulates water availability, promotes aeration, and supports nutrient diffusion, establishing a robust foundation for healthy root development. The application of SAPs (hydrogels) mitigates drought-induced stress, increases seedling establishment rates, and reduces mortality.

Two case studies were conducted on Socotra Island. The first, undertaken in a nursery in Hadibo, utilized a potato starch-based hydrogel. This trial aimed to optimize planting protocols for Boswellia aspleniifolia, Boswellia dioscoridis, and Boswellia elongata, thereby contributing to the conservation of the island’s biodiversity. The second trial, initiated in April 2025 in Diburak, involved planting Boswellia elongata with a different hydrogel formulation based on potassium carbonate.

Another trial, situated in Mongu, Western province of Zambia, focuses on the planting of Moringa oleifera, Gliricida sepium and Leucaena leucocephala in three selected areas. Two types of organic superabsorbents, one based on potato starch and the other on an organic polymer of potassium carbonate, are tested alongside a control group. The trial follows a consistent planting pattern, evaluating the impact of superabsorbents on seedling growth and development. This research provides valuable insights into the practical implementation of SAPs in diverse settings, offering a sustainable approach to mitigate the adverse effects of climate-induced droughts.

ABSTRACT. Global warming is expected to significantly impact inland areas of the Mediterranean region, which are already strained by prolonged summers and severe droughts. Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose), is a shrub widely distributed across the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. It could be valued for bioactive metabolites production included in the labdanum resin and has potential for expanded use in biomass production, as well as food and feed applications. This study investigated the species’ spatial distribution across past, present, and projected future climates, integrating ecological modeling, phylogeographic data, and fossil records. Species distribution models (SDMs) are used for evaluating climate change impacts on species range shifts. Taking the rockrose as a case study, SDMs were developed using observed occurrences and environmental variables, applying both machine learning and regression-based algorithms. Future scenarios for 2050 and 2070 were modeled under moderate and severe climate change conditions. Among the environmental variables, precipitation was found to have a decreasing influence on the models, in contrast to temperature, which played an increasingly dominant role. Projections for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) revealed potential refugia in the Mediterranean Basin’s core, particularly in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula. By the Mid-Holocene (MH), climatic conditions had become more favorable, leading to a suitable habitat post-LGM expansion. The past distribution models aligned well with independent fossil and genetic evidence, lending credibility to the modeling approach used for C. ladanifer. Despite its notable tolerance to drought and high temperatures, the species is projected to be heavily impacted by future global warming. A northward migration appears unlikely; instead, a westward contraction toward the Portuguese coast is anticipated. Ultimately, the species’ survival and dispersal will depend on how quickly it can respond and adapt to the pace of environmental change. As such, thermophilic Mediterranean species like C. ladanifer are expected to face escalating threats under future climate scenarios.

The CULTIVAR project (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000020) and the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia grants UID/00239/2023; DOI 10.54499/UIDB/00239/2020 (CEF), UID/00681/2023: DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00681/2020 (CERNAS), and TERRA (LA/P/0092/2020) funded this work.

ABSTRACT. The experimental agricultural gardens have since the past a relevant role in giving new perspectives in the agricultural field to assess if new plant species could be cultivated for economical purposes. Some of them had a not negligible relevance for the collection and exhibition of exotic plants coming from distant countries and they have now an important historical-documentary value. A great example comes from the Experimental Agricultural Garden of Potenza “Villa Santa Maria” that was founded in 1823 and added to the other Provincial Gardens of the Two Sicilies Kingdom already settled in Naples, Palermo, Catania and Campobasso. The Catalogus Plantarum Horti Agrarii Lucani, containing a list of 649 plants, was published in 1846, and represents the only testimony of the plants’ variety of the Garden at the time. In order to assess the floristic, biogeographical and conservation values of such extraordinary document, we updated the scientific nomenclature of the species to disambiguate some names using multiple tools: Plants of the World Online database, the original and already interpreted list of the Botanical Garden of Naples (1850), the “Nuova Flora Analitica d'Italia” of Fiori (1923) and historic herbaria. We also used the Global Biodiversity Information Facility for the current world distribution of the species and data based on Acta plantarum and IUCN to identify the currently conservation status of species. Finally, we used the “Flora d’Italia” (Pignatti 2017) to attribute the chorological type. As preliminary results, we recognized about 440 plant species coming from all continents, in addition to the several agronomical varieties. A further interesting point fall in the origin and present conservation status of some listed species. Some of them resulted protected at national and regional level in Italy, but also at international level (i.e. Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill.; Lathyrus odoratus L.; Gentiana lutea L.; Delphinium gracile DC.). Some exotic species are naturalized and others are now invasive, while for others there are no current records for their presence or introduction in Italy (i.e. Ammobium alatum R.Br.; Mammillaria rhodantha Link & Otto; Eucalyptus longifolia Link; Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis). Villa Santa Maria, even if, has now lost its original function, represents an important testimony of the past. It is in this perspective of historical memory that we must think about preserving this "green monument" that has been handed down.

ABSTRACT. In Portugal, there are three main types of grassland vegetation: annual, tall perennial, and short perennial grasslands. The tall grasses characteristic of tall perennial grasslands follows an herbivory tolerance strategy. Most are caespitose, palatable, and productive, with rapid regrowth after defoliation—though they are sensitive to repeated intensive grazing events after stem elongation. Tall perennial grasses are key to the structure and productivity of hay-meadows. Hay-meadows are a human creation—as dependent on management as a rye field—yet they function as suitable secondary habitats for tall grassland flora. Their floristic importance is well documented. Historically, hay-meadows played a central role in the structure and functioning of traditional Portuguese mountain farming systems (TMFS). Nutrient cycling depended on them. Moreover, a household’s prosperity was tied to its cattle holdings, which in turn relied on the private area of hay-meadows. In spring, livestock were moved to communal mountain pastures (collectively owned lands account for 5.4% of Portugal’s territory). The persistence of tall grassland flora in hay-meadows relies on five traditional practices: maintenance of irrigation systems; autumn-winter grazing; grazing exclusion from March–April onward for at least 90 days; imperfect haymaking when tall grass seeds reach physiological maturity; return of extracted nutrients. The downfall of mountain TMFS impacted hay-meadows. Studies by the authors reveal a >50% loss in area over thirty years, declining floristic diversity (mainly dicots), and reduced productivity due to the collapse of the tall grass layer. Meanwhile, in communal pastures, pastoral burning has been replaced by wildfires, severely affecting soil carbon stocks (systematically, SOC 0–10 cm < SOC 10–20 cm) and vegetation structure (e.g., replacement of the short grassland-shrub mosaic with impoverished Agrostis truncatula communities and broom encroachment). The LIFE Maronesa (LIFE19 GIC/PT/001285) and SIPAM Barroso (Fundação Belmiro de Azevedo) projects adopted a bottom-up approach to restore soil fertility and management practices in mountain hay-meadow (e.g., magnesian limestone application and incomplete delayed haymaking) and improving pyric herbivory in communal grasslands (e.g., combining prescribed fire, mobile feeders, electric and Canadian fences, GPS collars and a larger grazing period). These initiatives have yielded significant, measurable results.

ABSTRACT. Altogether 284 Critically Endangered and 411 Endangered species of vascular plants are redlisted in the Czech Republic. Some of them are subject of state rescue programmes, others are just monitored. BGs have launched Conservation group within Union of Botanical Gardens of the Czech Republic and have promoted comprehensive programme to cultivate endangered species. Although 75% ratio has not been reached yet, we are on the way to accomplish it. Botanical gardens are now a part of broader effort to save endangered plants promoted by State Agency for Nature Conservation and NGOs. Botanical Gardens are not only cultivation facility but also main coordinator for some species. Botanical Gardens play also important and irreplaceable role in presenting conservation issues and reasons for rarity of endangered plant species towards visitors and in promoting rising awareness of this topic. On the example of Prague Botanical Garden will be presented approach using corporate sector as a partner and supporter of projects dealing with endangered plant species.

ABSTRACT. Decline in natural biological diversity and the need to preserve it have resulted a more important role of botanic gardens across Europe. By now it is a proven fact that in botanical gardens, in arboreta, and in zoos, due to care and professional maintenance, the genetic material of numerous valuable taxa could have been preserved, often including those that can no longer be found in the wild or have fallen below a critical status. Due to uniqueness and diversity of the natural values in the Carpathian Basin the European Union declared the Pannonian Biogeographic Region (PBR) as an independent region. Its uniqueness stems from the fact that the basin is enclosed by the Alpine-Carpathians arch and has been served as a refuge for numerous organisms during major climatic fluctuations. Moreover, like a pliers, PBR collected and united diverse communities of living organisms colonizing from the Balkan, Pontic and Illyrian, Carpathian-Dacian areas during the post-glacial period. The PBR extends almost entirely within the territory of Hungary, therefore it is a very small, highly fragmented area. For this reason, the role of living botanical collections are extremely important and elemental in biodiversity conservation, as these gardens are able to provide safe living space, protection and long-term maintenance for the valuable flora elements of the PBR. Currently 706 taxa of the approx. 2,500 native vascular plants are protected by law in Hungary, which represents nearly 30% of biodiversity of the PBR. The number of red-listed species is even much higher. The latest survey of the Hungarian Association of Arboreta and Botanic Gardens (HAABG) in 2020 recorded 511 protected plant species growing naturally or cultivated, and/or stored as seed items in the member gardens. Some taxa occur in situ in these gardens, colonizing spontaneously the protected (semi)-natural areas of the gardens, while others originate from introduced genetic materials collected in the wild or originated from other collections. This has fulfilled not just the expectations of the CBD but makes also possible to maintain ex situ and propagate the threatened or declining taxa of the PBR. The geographical distribution of member gardens of the HAABG cover all significant floristic zones of Hungary, thus creating territorial diversity and ecologically suitable habitats in gardens. β diversity measures revealed the diversity values of PBG preserved in the botanical gardens and arboreta in Hungary.

ABSTRACT. The primary objective of this project is to investigate the ex situ conservation status of Greek native plant species, through a comprehensive assessment of existing collections, gene banks, and botanical gardens. This includes conservation in the form of living plant material or DNA samples, aiming to contribute to the protection of Greek flora in alignment with international and national strategies. Key project outcomes include: Mapping the National Network of Botanical Gardens: Evaluation of current facilities and collaborations in public and private sectors. Institutional Framework Proposal: Proposal for the official designation of the Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia (BBGK) and its Laboratory for the Conservation and Exploitation of Native and Floricultural Species (LACENFS) as national ex situ conservation hubs. Data Collection and Integration: 5,395 taxa were recorded from 13 institutions, with BBGK as the largest contributor. Data was harmonized using Darwin Core standards to ensure compatibility with DiSSCo. Development of a Digital Archive and Genomic Resources: A digital system was designed for 1,467 taxa, including taxonomy, chromosome number, genome size, and database links (NCBI, PlaBiPD). Nagoya Protocol Compliance and Database Update: BBGK updated its ex-situ conserved species list, now comprising 3,593 accessions representing approximately 2,000 taxa. These efforts support a national digital framework for ex situ conservation, aiding biodiversity preservation, genetic resource management, and benefit-sharing under the Nagoya Protocol.

ABSTRACT. The Socotra Archipelago, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, hosts a high diversity of endemic trees (70% rate of endemism within trees), many of which are threatened. As part of a project funded by the Franklinia Foundation since 2020, we conducted a comprehensive conservation assessment and implemented targeted in situ conservation actions for endangered tree species across the island. While early efforts focused on the 11 endemic Boswellia taxa, the scope expanded to include other high-priority endemics such as Commiphora spp. (4 species), Dracaena cinnabari, Dirachma socotrana, Cadaba insularis, Angkalanthus oligophyllus, and Sterculia africana subsp. socotrana. Detailed population mapping and threat assessments were conducted during field surveys, using ground mapping and drone-based remote sensing, and participatory knowledge sharing. Several species previously known from fewer than ten records now have robust population baselines. Within the 19 reforestation areas, managed collaboratively with local communities, there were high regeneration rates of trees. These areas span a range of ecosystems, including remote mountain zones and coastal mangrove stands, and are protected from grazing to facilitate natural regeneration. In situ actions included fencing, nurse shrub-assisted regeneration, propagation trials, and innovative techniques like habitat modelling. Conservation value was further enhanced through the development of community-run nurseries and local certification systems for sustainable non-timber forest products such as resin, honey, essential oils and products with added value derived from them. The sale of these project-branded products brings increased income to local communities caring for the forests. All conservation actions and strategies were designed and implemented with full ownership by local communities. This was made possible through the involvement of over 1,000 local participants, including indigenous botanists, beekeepers, and women’s associations." This integrative model of combining field-based science, ecological restoration, biocultural knowledge, and local ownership offers a scalable and inclusive approach to plant conservation.

ABSTRACT. Tropical forests represent 2% of the land surface, and yet they harbour 50% of plant and animal diversity. Southeast Asia, with its vast archipelago of thousands of islands, has an exceptional number of plant species, many of which are endemic to a given island. Southeast Asia has experienced a significant increase in botanical gardens over the last decades. This is a pivotal step in the ex-situ conservation action, and at the same time, to engage with schools and convey the message on the role of plant species in our society. Brunei Darussalam, situated on the island of Borneo, has established its first Botanic Garden, the Botanical Research Centre (BRC), within the University of Brunei Darussalam campus. Over the years, the Garden has expanded its infrastructure, including greenhouses and nurseries, and increased its living collection. Furthermore, it has been part of ex-situ conservation project of Borneo endemic dipterocarp species. Project in a consortium of Botanic Gardens from the Island of Borneo, supported by the National Geographic Foundation and BGCI. Moreover, it has recently undertaken a program to collect seeds of native tree species for further reforestation projects. In this presentation, I introduce the role of botanical gardens in tropical countries. The challenge lies in preserving the local flora in areas where resources and training are limited, yet the level of biodiversity is exceptional.

ABSTRACT. The accelerating loss of global biodiversity calls for innovative and integrative conservation strategies. Responding to this challenge, the Botanical Garden of the University of Padua is implementing a series of initiatives that combine molecular, ecological, and historical approaches to conservation, as part of the Italian PNRR (National Recovery and Resilience Plan) program “Enhancing the identity of places: parks and historic gardens”, funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. Botanic gardens, as living museums and research hubs, are uniquely positioned to lead such efforts, preserving both genetic diversity and cultural heritage. At the Padua Botanical Garden (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), the 400-year-old Goethe’s Palm (Chamaerops humilis L.) stands as a powerful symbol of resilience and continuity. We present the first chromosome-level genome assembly of this iconic specimen, generated using PacBio HiFi and Arima Hi-C sequencing technologies. This highly contiguous and repeat-rich genome – among the most complete in the Arecaceae family – not only sets a benchmark for palm genomics but also opens new avenues for conservation research. Beyond the reference genome, we are examining genetic and epigenetic variation across natural populations of C. humilis to better understand the species’ current demographic structure and population sizes. By linking genomic variation to key functional traits, this research supports the development of ex situ collections that faithfully capture the species’ adaptive potential. This integrative approach will strengthen both conservation planning and restoration efforts by ensuring that preserved material reflects the ecological and functional diversity present in nature. By framing monumental plants like Goethe’s Palm as symbols of integration between heritage and science, the project connects genomics, ecology, and cultural history. Their stories can inspire a new generation of integrated conservation actions, placing botanic gardens at the forefront of efforts to understand, protect, and restore plant diversity in a changing world.

ABSTRACT. The genus Hydrangea Gronov. ex L., comprising between 44 and 90 species, is widely appreciated for its exceptional ornamental value. Native to East Asia and the Americas, hydrangeas are primarily deciduous shrubs, although climbing and evergreen forms also exist. Their large, long-lasting inflorescences - often composed of sterile flowers with persistent decorative sepals - ensure prolonged visual appeal in both gardens and dried floral arrangements. This study presents the results of a five-year program focused on the introduction, cultivation, and propagation of Hydrangea taxa under the temperate conditions of the Republic of Moldova. The collection, established and maintained at the "Alexandru Ciubotaru" National Botanical Garden (Institute), currently includes 80 taxa. It is situated on alluvial chernozem soils and serves as both a valuable ex situ genetic resource and an experimental platform for ornamental horticulture. The collection of Hydrangea has been added to the existing thematic complex of 35 ornamental shrub collections within the garden, enriching its taxonomic diversity and landscape applications. Together, these collections form a strategic nucleus for research, education, and the conservation of woody ornamental plants in southeastern Europe. Climatic conditions in Chișinău are characterized by hot summers and mild winters, with an average summer temperature of +25.6 °C and a winter average of +2.6 °C. Seasonal precipitation is relatively low and unevenly distributed, with 163 mm falling during summer and 184 mm during winter (2024 data). In addition to field trials, in vitro propagation techniques were applied to three Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars: ”Love’, ‘Tivoli’, and ‘Masja’. Although these genotypes demonstrated promising morphogenetic potential, culture initiation was hindered by frequent latent contaminations - primarily of bacterial and fungal origin. Through iterative adjustments to sterilization procedures and aseptic techniques during the initiation stage, significant improvements were achieved in culture establishment and shoot proliferation. The integration of field and laboratory approaches contributes to a broader strategy for conserving and promoting Hydrangea biodiversity, while identifying resilient cultivars suitable for sustainable urban and peri-urban landscapes in Eastern Europe under shifting climatic conditions.

ABSTRACT. The Botanical Garden of Padua, established in 1545, is considered the oldest in the world to have remained on its original site and to have retained the characteristics of its original layout virtually unchanged. In 2014, with the official opening of the Biodiversity Garden, its size was enlarged and new plant collections were set up. In this double garden, where Nature and Culture meet, the management of the living collections and the communications of such important cultural and scientific heritage work together. An important recent innovation is the activity of georeferencing, which involves either the collections of the Historical Garden and those of the Biodiversity Garden. In particular, inside the Hortus cinctus (Renaissance Garden), which is part of the Historical Garden where flowerbeds are arranged following a fine geometric design, geolocation data of each flowerbed were recorded using a GPS receiver. In the area encompassing the ancient garden outside the circular Hortus simplicium, where the different species are not hosted in single flowerbeds, the geolocation was applied to each individual, mainly the trees of the Arboretum, the plants of the Mediterranean maquis and of the Alpine rockery and peat bog and those of the collection of exotic species introduced into Italy by the Garden. The same approach was used for all the insectivorous species, the succulents and all species grown in pots, located in different positions of the ancient garden. Using the opensource software QGIS (version3.38), all the spatial location data collected were organized in a GIS project. A geometrical layer was created and then joined to the existing database of attribute (taxonomic, distributional and acquisition information). The visual display of a geographically referenced map of the Garden was the first basic result, waiting to be implemented. This GIS project will be useful not only for internal needed (to locate new species, to monitor the collections over time, to plan plant care and plant health) but as basic knowledge for developing new communication tools and additional digital contents (for example through QR codes), on line applications and other activities with the aim of promoting the multiple uses of the garden resources

ABSTRACT. The oldest section of the Botanical Garden, established between 1789 and 1791 and covering an area of approximately 11,000 m², is structured into four symmetrical sectors, known as quartini. Each sector contains 23 rectangular flowerbeds of about 70 m². The original composition of the plant collections is documented in Giuseppe Tineo’s Index Plantarum Horti Botanici (1790), which lists 2,163 species belonging to 642 genera, probably also including elements of spontaneous flora. However, subsequent surveys have shown a gradual erosion of biodiversity: 1,548 taxa by the end of the 19th century, 690 in 1978, 667 in 2015, and 585 in 2020. The main causes of floristic decline include natural senescence of species, competition for space in limited areas, shading from larger trees, and more recently, the effects of climate change, which have led to significant dieback related to extreme temperatures and abnormal rainfall patterns. As part of the “Restoration and Recovery of the Botanical Garden” project, funded by the PNRR (i.e., the European Union-backed plan supporting the enhancement of historic parks and gardens, the section organized according to the Linnaean System underwent significant conservation work. The interventions included extraordinary pruning, restoration of flowerbeds and paths with draining materials compatible with the original design, and the rehabilitation of historic (circular and oval) basins intended for aquatic plants. Simultaneously, 82 taxa were reintroduced, bringing the total number of present species to 596. The intervention adhered to the Linnaean classification system described in Systema Naturae (1735), which organizes plants into classes and orders based on the number of stamens. The spatial arrangement of species in the quartini was verified against the original system, and found to be largely consistent, although some discrepancies emerged due to later reorganizations inspired by modern phylogenetic criteria not yet known to Linnaeus. Misplaced species, mostly non-removable tree specimens, will be identified with special labels. The entire process was carried out in a GIS environment (ArcGIS Pro), with the georeferencing of each plant element and the creation of a geodatabase containing over 4,000 dendroflora specimens from the Garden. For each plant entity, taxonomic data, year of planting, trunk circumference at 1.3 m, vegetative and phytosanitary condition, structural status, maintenance actions performed, and technical guidelines for future management were recorded.

ABSTRACT. This work presents the reorganization and unified management of the living botanical collections at MUSE - Science Museum of Trento. Previously dispersed across several geographically and administratively distinct units-including an Alpine Botanical Garden, tropical greenhouses focused on African flora, a public ornamental garden, and a recently established wetland biotope-the collections were brought under a single management framework since 2023.

A key step in this integration was the creation of a unified accession dataset. This required the homogenization of plant nomenclature and accessory data, which had previously reflected the diverse expertise and historical contexts of the different sub-units. The development of this dataset highlighted significant heterogeneity in the collections' original aims and structures. In response, cross-cutting guidelines were formulated, clear functional roles for each sub-collection were defined, and a new institutional position statement was issued, aligning the collections with the museum’s broader strategic vision.

Concurrently, a comprehensive restoration of the collections was implemented. Key actions included updating and standardizing missing data, ensuring compliance with national and international regulations, donating incongruent accessions, and establishing a new educational collection.

Integration with BGCI platforms (PlantSearch and IndexSeminum) improved nomenclature standards and revealed residual data inaccuracies. Staff training and dataset merging expanded the number of species available through the Index Seminum exchange network (previously limited to the Alpine Botanical Garden) boosting international visibility and material requests. This integration also enabled new research avenues, including preliminary studies using BGCI climatology tools to explore the role of living collections in climate monitoring. Additionally, the redefinition of collection objectives has supported participatory projects in social inclusion, education, and art-science collaboration.

Managing this increasingly complex dataset necessitate the acquisition of specialized collection management software, expected to further enhance research potential and data-driven exploration.

Collectively, these initiatives have not only optimized collection management but also redefined the functional paradigm of the botanical collections in alignment with modern scientific and cultural development trajectories.