This study investigates how individuals’ perceptions of health importance influence dimensions of mindfulness—specifically, attention to the body, environment, and feelings—and how these mindfulness dimensions, in turn, impact positive mental health. Using a structural model estimated with bootstrap resampling, we tested six hypotheses regarding the relationships among health importance perception, mindfulness dimensions, and mental health. All hypotheses concerning the effect of health importance on mindfulness dimensions were supported, with significant positive effects observed for attention to one’s body, environment, and feelings. Notably, while attention to the body showed a significant positive impact on positive mental health, attention to the environment and feelings did not demonstrate a direct influence on mental health. The findings contribute to mindfulness theory by underscoring the distinct effects of each mindfulness dimension on well-being, highlighting bodily attention as particularly impactful. Practically, these results suggest that mental health interventions could benefit from emphasizing bodily awareness within mindfulness practices, especially for individuals highly valuing health. This tailored approach may more effectively foster resilience and enhance well-being. This study offers new insights into the nuanced pathways linking health attitudes, mindfulness dimensions, and mental health, with implications for future research and practical applications in positive psychology and health promotion.