In recent years, the probability of post-earthquake fires in urban areas has risen with the widespread development of pipeline networks. For steel structures prevalent in seismic regions, the inherently poor fire resistance of steel, coupled with design codes that treat seismic and fire resistance separately, poses critical challenges to structural safety. Nonetheless, limited research has explored the fire performance of steel or novel materials under seismic damage conditions. To address this gap and provide a basis for material optimization, this study examines the fire resistance of cyclically-damaged materials, including iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA), conventional structural steel (Q235), and high-strength steel (Q550), through transient-state fire tests on 90 specimens. The findings demonstrate that Fe-SMA achieves recoverable strains of 0.11%-0.18% at 150-350℃, enhanced ductility, and significantly higher ultimate temperatures than structural steels. Conversely, cyclic damage deteriorates the fire resistance of Q235 and Q550, lowering their ultimate temperatures and fracture strains. The superior performance of Fe-SMA under combined high stress and temperature highlights its promise for post-earthquake fire-resistant design, advancing safety and resilience in seismic-prone urban regions.