ABSTRACT. Public opinions on autonomous vehicles (AVs) are a very key factor that impacts design, research and development of AVs technology and innovation. This paper/presentation, taking public opinions on AVs from newspapers as a tiny focus, randomly sampled 12 online articles from The Sun, 22 from the Wall Street, and 11 from the China Daily for text analysis. By using method of Qualitative Data Analysis and software NVivo, the documents were coded and categorised into 4 subsets based on clustering analysis and frequency of words. Cross analysis revealed the different focuses and structures of the AVs public reports in the three media. These statistical results might be of invalidity as the samples were limited. But the comparison could still show, in some way, partial features of the dynamic media attitudes to the AVs innovation in different societies.

ABSTRACT. Innovation agglomeration is the fundamental motive for the development of high-tech industries. However, due to the existence of innovation failure, innovation agglomeration cannot occur spontaneously in many cases. The participation of government in the formation of regional innovation agglomeration is needed. Existing studies have confirmed that the government can make positive contributions for promoting regional innovation. While, the specific roles that government need to play in dealing with problems due to different innovation failures are still unclear ,which leads to the lack of both theoretical support and practical coordination in the implementation of government policies. Based on the theory of innovation failure, this paper presents that during participating in the formation of innovation agglomeration the government should focus on market failure, system failure and evolution failure. According to the policy needs of different failure problems, the government should play three roles: the participant in innovation activities; the cultivator of regional innovation market, platform, network, and system; and the planners of technology vision.

ABSTRACT. Scientific and technological innovation in university is carried out under certain social conditions. Appropriate social conditions are conducive to university’s scientific and technological innovation, and vice versa. If the university is regarded as a system, the social condition is the environment in which the system lives and develops by absorbing the material, information and energy of the environment, and influencing the environment by its own function or output, and the "output" also influences or adjusts the "input" through feedback. The most basic input here is the human and financial aspects, that is, the input of talents and funds for scientific and technological innovation; the output includes talents, papers, patents, new products and even new companies. The so-called scientific and technological innovation in this paper includes both R&D and transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The "input" aspect of social conditions is mainly R&D funds and their acquisition methods, while the "output" aspect of social conditions is mainly papers and patents, while the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is both "output" and "input". By comparing the social conditions of university’s scientific and technological innovation between China and Britain, and drawing on the relevant experience of OECD countries, this paper explains what kind of social conditions university’s scientific and technological innovation needs, what characteristics, advantages and disadvantages China and Britain have, and puts forward how China and Britain should learn from each other in the future, especially how China should learn from Britain's experience and further create and optimize social conditions to promote scientific and technological innovation in universities.

ABSTRACT. The international collaboration has become a common characteristic in the production of scientific research, and international research collaboration is an import source of comparative advantage, In the era of globalization and digital networking, international scientific research cooperation has increasingly become one of the important ways for major countries to promote scientific and technological development and to cultivate innovative talents.Especially in the basic research and major scientific issues and scientific challenges usually need more international cooperation and collaborative research.

International research cooperation is an important part of knowledge networks. This paper take SCI papers of Clarivate Analytics's Web of Science database from 1978 to 2017 as samples, we computed the distribution of disciplines and fields of international cooperative research papers and the distribution of branch disciplines and fields of highly cited top1% of the output, and then studied the independent research and international cooperation between China and the UK and the international cooperative research led by them, measured the evolution of scientific research cooperation network based on the social network methods, science and technology policy analysis and visualization of network structures, and during the discipline layout analysis we used the text mining technology such as LDA topic model and deep learning etc. In order to provide basis and reference for further understanding the development trend of scientific research cooperation, and provide scientific decision-making basis for the development strategy of international scientific research cooperation, the formulation of innovation policies and discipline policies, and the rational allocation of scientific and technological resources between China and the UK.

ABSTRACT. Green patent included seven basic classifications of green technologies which are alternative energy production, transportation, energy conservation, waste management, agriculture/forestry, administrative regulatory or design aspects and nuclear power generation, could provide sustainable or recyclable resources, less polluting, higher energy efficiency for industry, and also could relieve traditional resource shortage and environment crisis. Meanwhile, for a better industrial and business application, many patent offices around world have launched preferential policy to accelerate or priority the green patent application process since 2009, such as “Green Technology Pilot Program” from USPTO, “Green Channel patent” from UKIPO, “Priority Examination of Invention Patent Applications” from China, etc. So green patents increased rapidly recent years by multi-faceted demands and incentive policy. And compare to the other patents’ private right, green patents’ inventors or patentee would be more preferred to popularization or extension due to the aim of improving the environment. So the concept “Green Patent Sharing Cooperative Framework” springs up, which can help more single patent gather into the patent pool to industrialization by breaking through the region limited, such as “Eco-patent common” program supported by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), IBM, Nokia and Sony. The patent sharing cooperative framework between countries decided by the current development status and consilience of each other. The agreement content formed by technology information, profit distribution and legal permit which should considering the quantity and quality of patents, the character of techniques, the legal status, patent value, the application mood in industry, and the type of patentee. This research focus on the level of green patent development between China and UK, screen the preponderant technical field according by patentometrics results, and then construct a basic sharing cooperative framework between China and UK.

ABSTRACT. Since the 1980s, the organizational form of international production has undergone tremendous changes. The international production network based on the division of labor in the global value chain has become the basic organizational paradigm of the international economy. In the era of economic globalization, integration into the global value chain is a prerequisite to avoid being marginalized in the process of globalization. The transformative capacity, the ability to maintain, reactivate and synthesize internally developed technology over time, is important for enterprises to participate in the global value chain and move further up the global value chain and exert their technological influence. However, there have been few studies to explore the key factors affecting the transformative capacity in the context of global value chain. Building on knowledge management theory and social network theory, this paper aims to reveal the mechanisms of technology transformation by investigating the complex relationships among critical factors influencing the transformative capacity of firms in global value chain. By using Negative binomial regression, results from a sample of 4 years's panel data of Apple’s suppliers indicated that there are significant positive relationships between integration into global value chain, modularization of components provided by suppliers, closeness centrality and transformative capacity. There is a significant negative relationship between structural hole and transformative capacity. Moreover, it is expected that modularization and structural hole in global value chain have no significant relationship with suppliers’ innovation, which means that the mechanism of technology transformation is different from the mechanism of innovation in the context of global value chain. Our theoretical elaboration and empirical testing have significant implications for management of technology transformation and innovation in global value chain by offering a nuanced conceptualization of transformative capacity. This study also provides practical guidance for enterprises to enhance their technological influence and move further up the global value chain.

ABSTRACT. In this paper, based on the data of empirical surveys, multiple regression analysis is performed to analyze the influencing factors of funding obtaining and paper output of scientific researchers. Various influencing factors; including gender, graduate school, work unit, education background, mentor title, career stage, mobility experience and so on; have been analyzed. The Research results are as follow. Males have an advantage over females in funding obtaining and paper output; the prestige of a work unit imposes a great influence on funding obtaining and paper output, while the graduate school doesn't; mobility experience can promote scientific researchers’ funding obtaining and paper output; the effect of passing on from master to disciple has a big impact on scientific researchers' funding obtaining and paper output; scientific researchers in their middle- to late-stage of career have a great advantage both in funding obtaining and in paper output; the experience of science foundation has a great effect on the paper output of scientific researchers, but it means little when it comes to funding obtaining.

ABSTRACT. Though many of previous studies argue the connection or the relationship between economic growth and patents, however, the extant findings are still limited. This paper aims to investigate the mutual impact between Chinese university patenting (CUP) and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) by selecting the indicators of correlation coefficient. The provincial-level distribution both for Chinese university granted invention patents (CUGIPs) and commercialized patents of CUGIPs, as well as patent value for each prolific province, are analyzed and compared. Results show that GRDP has very high positive influence on CUP; on the contrary, this influence is not so high though it is positive. The features of highly centralized and very uneven distribution of CUGIPs and commercialized patents of CUGIPs are also disclosed. As far as patent value concerned, the mean values of Beijing and several southern provinces tend to be much higher than those of northern provinces. The analyses carried out in this paper allow several potential applications and extensions in the field of university patenting, patent commercialization and economic growth.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the UK at the ambassadorial level in 1972, the relations between the two countries have experienced "Comprehensive Partnership" (1998) and "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership" (2004). In 2015, the relations between the two countries have been upgraded to "Global Comprehensive Strategic Partnership for the 21st century", which has ushered in a "Golden Era". The steady and rising development momentum of bilateral relations has laid the foundation for the "win-win cooperation" between China and the UK in science and technology. Based on the thread of the development of bilateral relations, this paper summarized the trend of science and technology cooperation among governments, universities, research institutions and enterprises. It has shown that the visits led by heads of state of both states are accelerators to boost the bilateral relation, multi-channel exchange mechanism between China and UK facilitates to enhance the mutual understanding and trust between the two countries, the existing complementary advantages and common concern from universities, research institutions and enterprises of both sides promote the continuous development of science and technology cooperation. In addition to bilateral S&T cooperation, the two countries have also actively collaborated in multilateral framework of the United Nations. To achieve the 2030 sustainable development goals, the two countries have made remarkable achievements in agriculture, biology and health care cooperation. At present, the two countries still have huge potential for cooperation in high-tech fields, such as artificial intelligence. This article analyzes the reasons underlying the flourishing China-UK S&T Cooperation, the opportunities and challenges for the S&T collaboration in the context of “The Belt and Road” and Brexit , and proposes adhering to the concept of win-win cooperation and open inclusiveness, expanding the coverage of the China-UK joint S&TI fund, strengthening the joint lab building, increasing personnel exchanges and visits to perfect the innovative ecological system in purpose of increasing the mutual strategic trust between China and UK, promoting human destiny community consensus, enriching the content of "21st century" oriented China-UK global comprehensive strategic partnership.

ABSTRACT. Agriculture is one of the key determinants of economic growth and its development highly relies on both abundant natural resource and advanced technology. In recent years, food security and agricultural sustainability issues have aroused public attention due to the severe problems in land and water resources. Thus, the international communities have laid huge emphasis on propelling agricultural development through increasing funding in agricultural technology and initiating positive collaborations among government, industrial sectors and scientific communities. With adequate funding support, the state will create an efficient agricultural technology financing and innovation mechanism and further integrate the national agricultural innovation resources on a productive basis; and through the trilateral collaborations, the state will achieve major value creations from basic research to application research, or eventually to industrialisation production. Observing from a practical perspective, on one hand, Britain is well-acknowledged for its advanced research capacity, particularly in agricultural basic research. Yet since the economic crisis, the UK have been suffering from the moderate growth in economic development; the booming population and severe natural environment conditions even worsen the case. In this macro context, the government and mass society have realised that development of agricultural sector is closely associated with agricultural technology innovation. And on the other, the advancement of agricultural sector is significantly highlighted in the technology development in China. Through decades of explorations in agricultural technology funding, modern agricultural technology system and science and technology (S&T) innovation projects were established on a pragmatic basis. Also, within the years, China and the UK have launched deep conversations and collaborations in the aforementioned fields. This study adopts a comprehensive methodology, incorporating literature reviews, seminars, field research, case studies and comparative analyses, to systematically investigate the policymaking and funding mechanism of agricultural technology financing in both China and the UK; and the funding practices of modern agricultural industrial technology system, S&T innovation projects and agricultural technology strategies in both countries. Through investigation, it is noted that the UK has led the agricultural S&T subsidies in the following ways: First, the UK government plays a fundamental role in directing the agricultural S&T funding policy implementation, in a way that funding bodies, universities, research institutes and industrial sectors collaborate positively to build a powerful Industry-University-Research Institution network that propels the implementation of agricultural innovative activities. Second, the funding bodies highly adopt the value-oriented S&T evaluation system that directs universities and research institutes to initiate effective collaborations with the industries. And thus leads to further economic and social influences. Third, the UK has established a benchmark in policy implementation. Under the value-oriented evaluation system, universities and research institutes search for opportunities to initiate collaborations with the industrial sectors and enlarge their influences through technology innovative activities, i.e. the implementation of agricultural catalysis projects in agricultural technology strategies have propelled the process of agricultural achievement transformation; and the agricultural innovation centre has integrated the existing technology resources through collaborative networks. On the nationwide level, these policy implementations will boost the practices of S&T innovative activities that incorporate multilateral resources, and further adopt the collaborative network to promote the innovative achievements on a fast track basis; whilst on the research institutes level, the advanced management mode plays a key role in both promoting the efficiency of resource utilisation and cooperation between industrial sectors and research institutes. Therefore, based on the aforementioned discussions, the policy implications of agricultural technology funding in China are as followed: First, the state needs to underline and guarantee the investment in agricultural technology. As the chief project in China, agriculture is highly correlated with the social livelihood issues. Thus, to maintain the fundamental position of agricultural technology in propelling agricultural development, the state needs to lay further emphases in its investment to secure the financial foundation of agricultural technology development. Second, the state needs to further improve the implementation practices in agricultural technology funding. The modern agricultural industrial technology system and S&T innovation projects of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences have set positive examples for the future practices. And in the future, it is essential for the policy makers to summarise the existing experience and further establish a proper and effective agricultural technology funding system with the unique Chinese characters. Third, the state needs to take references from the advanced international counterparts, i.e. Britain. The agricultural innovation environmental construction and governmental agricultural technology funding mechanism have provided advanced experience for the future policy implementations. Thus, policy makers in China are expected to fully learn from the international counterparts and support the state reform in agricultural technology funding. Fourth, to strengthen the international cooperation should be considered as another focal point. The agricultural development vastly relies on the key ecological elements such as global atmosphere and water resource, regardless of state boundaries. And international collaboration is proved to be one of the most efficient practices in promoting agricultural advancement. Therefore, it is highly suggested that the government should encourage a multilateral agricultural technology innovation mechanism to support the fast-developing technology progress.

ABSTRACT. This presentation reflects on a number of experiences of bilateral research collaboration since a workshop at Tsinghua University in 2010 entitled 'China-UK Innovation for Sustainable and Equitable Development'. Focusing in particular on the areas of innovation governance and low-carbon development, it reports on a series of projects that have enabled China and UK innovation scholars to engage in processes of mutual learning. The presentation highlights a number of lessons learned from this experience and raises questions for discussion. It points to changes in the innovation systems in each country and the wider global context that call for novel approaches to collaboration into the future.

ABSTRACT. Both the UK and China occupy important positions within the world economy and are supporters of global normative frameworks which aim to promote global development. Both countries view themselves as contributors to the provision of global public goods (GPGs). With China’s rapid development, and the end of the bilateral aid relationship in 2011, both countries have been exploring a new relationship based on collaboration to support greater Chinese participation in the provision of GPGs. Recent years have seen a substantial change in the UK’s approach using its overseas development assistance (ODA) budget. Increasingly, funds are being used to support research cooperation with developmental aims. China is viewed as a key partner. One area of common concern is cooperation for global health. The paper draws on a recent China-UK global health collaboration and a current collaboration for the development of new antimicrobials. Based on theories of network governance, it asks how the UK and China are finding ‘fit’ between their respective systems and institutions to support both countries’ aims and the provision of GPGs.

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ABSTRACT. Against the background of energy shortage and environment pollution, introduction of electric vehicle has been one of many government’s priorities. China and the UK, known as the major manufacturer and exporter in global automobiles industry, have both launched national long-term programs with the target of becoming the lead market for zero emission vehicles. This paper aims at developing a comparative analysis of innovation policy of EV Industry between China and the UK, with a focus on differentiation of specific policy instruments published by these governments, based on the innovation policy framework of Rothwell and Zegveld. The relevant policy documents are collected firstly so as to explore the different strategies through content analysis. Besides, the policy tools are compared from the perspective of demand-side, environment-side and supply-side respectively. The policy orientation differences and their possible reasons are further discussed lastly.

ABSTRACT. Scientific advisory system for policy making is an important part of national policy making system and S&T system. Its function is to provide advice for policy making of S&T development and the other fields closely related to S&T (such as energy, environment).The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative study of scientific advisory system for policy making between China and the U.K , and to explore the potential and prospect of cooperation. 1. Comparative framework of national scientific advisory system This paper proposes that the comparative framework of scientific advisory system between China and the U.K consists of three parts : (1) Legal basis and rules; (2) Organizational structure; (3) important cases of scientific advice on major policy issues. 2. Comparison of the scientific advisory system between China and the UK In terms of legal basis and rules, the U.K has complete guiding principles for scientific advice. For example, in March 1997, the UK issued the guidelines on the use of scientific advice in policy making, which were updated in 2000, 2005 and 2010. Meanwhile , China lacks the rules and procedures to guide scientific advice. In terms of organizational structure, on the U.K. side, the parliament, the cabinet and government departments have institutionalized scientific advisory bodies . The scientific societies are the important participants in scientific advice, including the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of Engineering. The non-governmental think tanks are important participants in scientific advice .The think tanks at universities such as Science Policy Research Unit(SPRU ) at University of Sussex also play an important role . On the China side, the National Science and Technology Advisory Council to serve the country's top policy makers is on going building .At the government departmental level, there are no institutionalized scientific advisory bodies .On the scientific societies, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Engineering are important players in scientific advice. On the university side, China has a number of university’ think tanks that advise on science and technology policy issues. In the important cases of scientific advice , this paper makes a comparative study on the field of life science between China and the UK 3. The potential and prospect of China-UK cooperation in scientific advice Based on the above comparative study, we can draw a conclusion: the U.K. scientific advisory system has developed very well, while the Chinese scientific advisory system has made great progress in recent years, but there are still many improvements to be made. China should learn from the U.K. ’experience in guidelines and procedure of science advice, governmental advisory institution and nongovernment think tanks. China and the UK have full potential and board prospect for cooperation in science advice on major policy issues. The paper suggests that the Chinese Academy of Sciences ,the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of Engineering cooperate on advice for policy issues such as governance of emerging technologies and global change through mutual visits, joint seminars ,academic conferences and cooperative research .

ABSTRACT. How to urge the outbreak of the new revolution of science in order to solve some fundamental global problems is a major issue for mankind. In order to trigger the world's new scientific revolution, there are two conditions: the one is we must re-examine the conditions of the break out point and the mechanism of the existing scientific revolution; the other one is we should take a new angle after hundreds of years of research on the science and scientific revolution to discover the most effective ideas or answers to accelerate the new revolution. Furthermore, because China and Britain are the best representatives of East and West cultures respectively. Britain once led the scientific revolution under a certain cultural foundation and cognitive perceptions. China has a strong demand for scientific revolution from an oriental cultural connotation. The understanding from two perspectives of the philosophy of science and the methodology of scientific revolution can be combined to see a big picture. Build upon this can well reinterpret modern scientific ideas, reveal the conditions for the occurrence and principles of the new scientific revolution. Therefore, it is possible to effectively promote the outbreak of the scientific revolution. In a word, it is very beneficial to let China and Britain work together to speed up the breakthrough of the new scientific revolution. This paper mainly studies four issues: First, why does the outbreak of the world's new scientific revolution need to be based on a new understanding and interpretation of the existing scientific revolution? Why should the understanding and interpretation of the existing scientific revolution be an ecological understanding and ontological interpretation? What are ecological understanding and ontological interpretation? Second, why do ecological understanding and ontological interpretation need Chinese wisdom or Oriental thinking? Third, why is Britain and China the best strategic partners to jointly interpret the scientific revolution? Fourth, how can China and Britain form a community in which the new scientific revolution can be triggered?

ABSTRACT. Natural resource’s influence on regional development is widely concerned. Differ from the resource allocation’s framework of neoclassical economics, our research applied the factor creation and historical scopes of evolutionary economics, treat entrepreneurship as a specific resource for regional development and explored how it affected by natural resource and industry structure. Besides, we explored China’s “resource curse” phenomenon by views of path dependence and cumulative causation model. We set provinces as research unit, build the empirical model with PLS-SEM. Finally, the results proved natural resource direct negative effect on regional entrepreneurship. Moreover, the path also includes the industry diversity, enterprise scale as well as human capital. Our empirical research brought policy implication to motivation the entrepreneurship in natural resource density region.

ABSTRACT. Talent is a kind of very crucial economic resource and a source of creative power in science, technology, business, arts and culture and other activities. Accompanied with the rapid of globalization, the spread of new information technologies and lower transportation costs, more and more talents have moved to other countries in search for better economic prospects, to escape conflict or simply to be with family members, or other reasons. The international mobility of talents plays a very important role in not only driving scientific progress, but also impacting on the development of economy and society, at the level of original and destination countries, even all over the world.

Hence, analyzing the overall situation of international talent mobility is very important to cultivate, attract and retain talents. This paper investigates international talent mobility with two kinds of big data diagnostic tools----complex network theory and system identification theory， and also proposes a systematic and quantitative analyzing approach for sociological problems. The study and the analyzing approach are quantitative, so that the results in this paper are more credible than other empirical results.

In this paper, the international talent mobility is modelled as complex network by setting nodes of the network as countries, and viewing edge weights as talent attraction index for destination countries and talent retentiveness index for original countries, which are also unknown parameters to be identified. Next, the relationship between them is discussed. Also, the unknown parameters and topology of the networked model are obtained by system identification. With the help of complex network analysis, such as in/out degree, power-law distribution, node-betweenness and network structured entropy, the characters of the international talent mobility are obtained.

According to the proposed networked model, it is known that international talent mobility is not balanced. And in the mobility network, the USA has greater importance than other countries, and its changes may have great impact on the overall trend and characteristics of international talent mobility. Some developing countries with good prospects, also seem to be obsessed with attracting global talents and sending local talents aboard to work or study. Moreover, the largest talent mobility flows exist between developed countries. The result of this paper may support further researches on predicting talent mobility trend and political suggestions for cultivating, attracting and retaining talents in the world. The future work should also include the analysis on the factors and influences of international talent mobility based on the obtained networked model by explicating linear regression or other methods according to statistics in quantification.

ABSTRACT. Universities are the frontier of S&T innovation and the main organization of cultivating innovative talents. Since the Reform and Opening up, the S&T innovation activities of Chinese universities have gone through several different stages of reform and development, including the Recovery of University Science and Technology Innovation(1978-1985), Reform of Science and Technology System(1985-1992), the Deepening of Reform(1992-1998), Building World-class University(1998-2012), Future of University Innovation(2012-), which adapted to the overall environment of the reform of the S&T system and the economic system. In this process, universities play an increasingly important role in the national innovation system. It becomes the main institution of basic research and talent training, and an important force of establishing S&T industries. So China should accelerate the construction of world-class universities, and handle some relationships. Firstly, the relationship between S&T and economy, that is, how to solve the problem of the disjunction between S&T and economy development, which is the basic contradiction of the reform of China's S&T system in the past 40 years. Secondly, the relationship between education and scientific research, which involves the status and role of universities in the national innovation system, and the construction of research universities. Thirdly, the relationship between basic research and talent cultivation in universities and industrialization of achievements, which are interdependent and competitive.

ABSTRACT. Talent is the first resource for innovation, and science and technology talents are of great significance to the nation's science and technology progress and innovation. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, the Chinese government has attached great importance to the work of science and technology talents and has introduced a series of institutional reform measures and policy documents. This paper systematically sorts out the institutional reform measures and policy texts related to Chinese science and technology talents in the past 40 years, analyzes the evolution process and prominent features of the reform of the system of science and technology talents through policy text analysis, comparative analysis and logical framework analysis. In this way, this paper summarizes the development process, key measures and main effects of the reform, and discusses the main problems in the reform process. This paper argues that the reform of the system of science and technology talents focuses on the realistic needs and long-term needs of economic and social development, continuously enhances the status of science and technology talents in terms of institutional mechanisms, fully stimulates the enthusiasm and creativity of scientific and technological talents, and strives to create a good environment in line with the needs of science and technology talents in policy measures, with major talent engineering and internationalization as a breakthrough, has achieved remarkable results in the cultivation of innovative science and technology talents. However, in the implementation, there are still problems such as “hot in the central, cold in the local”, fragment policy, unbalanced improvement, and insufficient legal support, which need further improvement.

ABSTRACT. Which scientists and their scientific achievements or discovery can be favored by the Nobel Prize has been an important issue of academic and public concern. It is necessary to know that the Nobel prizes is a nomination system, and it is a process from nominating candidates to selecting winners. According to the nomination process, there are two important factors that decide who wins the Noble Prize-the nominees and nominators. As an academic prize, the most important property of the nominee is academic impact, meanwhile the identity of the nominators is also concerned.

Thanks to decrypted data in the Nobel Prize official website and Web of Science, it is possible for us to know who nominated who. The candidate's academic impact is measured by H-index and Highest Citation of One Article, and the nominator's identity is identified by administration position and academic title. In order to explore which factors primarily influence the Nobel Prize selection, the survival analysis method was adopted. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression model were used to test empirically.

The results showed that there were significant differences between different subject areas. As a whole, the main factors that influence the probability of winning the Nobel Prize were the Highest Citation of One Article, H-index and the identity of the nominator. In the field of physics, the Highest Citation of One Article is the significant determinant. The member of the Royal Society of Switzerland’s Royal Academy or the Nobel Committee as the nominator also has a significant influence on winning the Nobel Prize, while the nominator is a former Nobel laureate has no significant effect on the probability of winning a Nobel Prize. In the field of physiology, the H-index of nominees is more favorable to win the prize than the Highest Citation of One Article. In addition, a nomination from a former Nobel laureate is more likely to win the Nobel Prize than that from the Members of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. In the field of chemistry, the identity of nominators, rather than the academic impact of nominees, has a significant influence on the probability of winning the Nobel Prize.

ABSTRACT. Firm upgrading is critical for achieving high-quality economic development, and the value-added tax (VAT) reform is the key initiative of the structural reform from the supply-side. Little literature, however, evaluates the impact of the tax reform on firm upgrading in China. We first estimate the firm upgrading from multiple dimensions based on the new version of development. According to the pilot expansion of VAT reform, we then investigate the impact of the unified tax system on firm upgrading by using a difference-in-difference approach. Results show that the VAT reform significantly accelerates the process of firm upgrading and this impact is chronical. We also find that the impact of the VAT reform on the manufacturing sector is stronger than that on the service sector, attributing to the disparities in the demand for input factors. The upgrading of quality plays a dominant role in firm upgrading, while the improvement of total factor productivity is not fully exploited yet. Further analyses demonstrate that tax reduction, specialisation and factor allocation are major pathways to achieving firm upgrading. Thus, it calls for corresponding policies in these areas to deepen the reform in the tax system.

ABSTRACT. Due to the significant difference between the intellectual property rights and the tangible assets, there are many problems in intellectual property pledge financing, such as the valuation, the mode of financing, credit guarantee, the pledge rights protection and the risk prevention financing, which have become common problems in the international financing market. Chinese intellectual property pledge rules remain within the framework of tangible assets pledge, and the marketization of intellectual property pledge financing hasn’t formed yet.The construction of the marketization of intellectual property pledge financing, as well as intellectual property financing rules, such as financing costs, guarantee methods, pledge disposal ,must be formulated according to different national conditions. This paper clarifies the legal adjustment and complete policy issues required for Chinense IP pledge financing based on chinese markets, and describes how to build an intellectual property market financing environment.

ABSTRACT. The question “why do organizations in one field usually have similar structures” used to be a classic question discussed by the sociologists of organization. However, the similarity and convergence of organizations in structure could not cover up their substantial differences caused by different embedded social contexts. In this regard, the comparative study of different national science academy organizations could provide an essential evidence. Most national science academies in this world play a significant role in their countries’ science and technology governance system. But how to balance the “scientific goals” and the “national goals” and release the tension between the two, is the question that each national academy has to face. In this article, the Royal Society and the Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASAD) are selected and extracted as two “ideal types” to discuss the different attainment patterns of national academies’ organizational goals, especially when their goals are incompatible with each other. On the Royal Society side, although the three Charters signed with the British royal family in 1662, 1663 and 1669 and the supplemental Charter signed in 2012 gave the Royal Society the legitimacy to organize as an "official" scientific community, these legal texts also gave the Royal Society the guarantee of independence to carry out activities independently from the interference of the political authorities. Thus, for the Royal Society, its organizational goals are more focused on its scientific goals, and its national goals are endorsed by the British royal family, which is also a prestigious organization. On the CASAD side, different from the Royal Society, the main body of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is composed of substantive research institutions, while the CASAD first existed as "the leading academic institution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" and "the highest academic leadership and evaluation institution in China". CASAD is not a purely honorable institution, but has practically undertaken the administrative task of leading the nation's scientific development. Therefore, the scientific goals of the CASAD were subordinated to and served the national goals from the very beginning. This article concludes that the broader social contexts determine the strategies that specific organizations adopt in order to achieve their goals.

ABSTRACT. Whether corruption drives firm productivity, repels or attenuates it depends on a host of factors, such as institutional quality, level of competition and firm specific attributes. While institutional theory predicts a negative effect of corruption on the level of firm productivity, empirical evidence is quite mixed. The foremost source of such conflicting conclusions is attributed to the ‘treatment effect’ of corruption, the broad encompassing of corruption measure and weak foundation of theoretical model to variable institutional context, and finally, employment of poor estimation techniques that at the least dwarfs possible strong positive/negative effects of corruption. This paper investigates the corruption-firm level productivity relationship by combining institutional theory with the theory of economics of innovation (which focuses on micro rather than macro aspects of innovation). In particular, we focus on the mediating role of competition that produces a neck-neck effect forcing firms either to survive or to be extinct. Study of such a relationship is important for policy making as government can design effective policies to promote an unconditional productivity growth and contain the residual negative effect of corruption in the process. The latter penetrates at various levels of an economic system and firm performance. We use a unique firm-level panel data for Chinese manufacturing industry to examine our hypothesis. Due to the possibility that corruption may be endogenously correlated with various firm-level, industry level, and provincial level controls, we employ instrumental variable regression as our identification strategy. Employing a two-stage least square and group-level treatment effects in quantile panel estimation, we estimate and test for heterogeneity of the effects of corruption on various measures of TFP. We find that - after correcting for endogeneity bias - corruption is found to impede TFP growth. While the impact remains negative across the distribution of TFP, the smaller effects at higher quantile are associated with the variable size of the firms, competition, ownership and provincial level controls. Acute provincial effects arise as low-growth provinces demonstrate smaller effects of corruption on TFP in contrast to high-growth provinces. Accounting for all effects, we find that an increase in corruption reduces TFP growth by approximately 2%. Sensitivity checks confirm our predictions.

ABSTRACT. Under the background of economic globalization, the characteristics of enterprise collaboration R&D networks and technology innovation performance are the focus of high technology enterprises. In this paper, theoretical research on enterprise collaboration R&D network characteristics, the technology standard-setting capability and technology innovation performance is carried out, and a theoretical model and governing hypotheses are constructed. By analyzing the technology standard-setting capability, the mechanism of enterprise collaboration R&D network characteristics on technology innovation performance is explored. Based on the empirical analysis of a nationwide survey of data on 12 industries including electronics and communications equipment manufacturing, biopharmaceuticals, materials and new energy, the following results have been found. The network center degree, connection breadth and connection strength have positive and significant effects on the technology standards-setting capability, innovative efficiency and innovative benefits. The technology standards-setting capability has a positive impact on innovation efficiency and innovation benefits. At the same time, the technology standard-setting capability plays an intermediary role in the relationship between network center degree, connection breadth, connection strength, and innovation efficiency, innovation benefits. This paper can provide a practical reference for enterprises to assess the value of collaborative R&D networks and improve the technology standard-setting capability for enhanced economic efficiencies.

ABSTRACT. An ecosystem perspective has been called upon recently by scholars to study innovation and entrepreneurship activities. IE ecosystem is considered a multilevel phenomenon through which different stakeholders and actors interact with one another. Previous research has revealed a great degree of heterogeneity in the forms, configurations and impacts of IE systems. Drawing from analysis of comparative cases of leading IE ecosystems, this paper discusses different types of IE ecosystems, and introduces an organizing framework that outlines the key elements in IE ecosystems.

ABSTRACT. Relatively, in China’s business environment of weak intellectual property (IP) protection, how Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) innovate, and more importantly profit from innovation, is an important question of theory and practice. Although some prior studies on China innovation issues ever touched the relevant areas partly, more questions and the cotemporary status of SMEs in China still call the attentions from the academic. In addition, although the manufacturing SMEs located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Region occupy a big proportion of China SMEs, the deep explorations on their thoughts on innovation, new product development, IP protection and so on are still insufficient. To address the above questions, and further classify the outline of manufacturing SMEs in today’s China, an investigation is conducted based on some theoretical hypotheses. Using a survey of SME manufacturers from the PRD Region, we find evidence refuting conventional views that Chinese firms are copycats relaying on government. We find over 88% of firms in our sample engage in some forms of innovation activities, among which 79% of firms conduct formal R&D. To generate product innovations, these firms rely on firm-level capabilities (i.e. first mover advantage, complementary capabilities, product/process complexities) and IP protections (i.e. patents, secrecy), but surprising, are NOT based on government-business relations. The government-business relations only contribute to the firm’s ability to profit from innovation, on top of commercial capabilities and IP regime. We conclude that as vanguards of China’s innovative SMEs, PRD manufacturers are now in an innovation stage well beyond imitation and copycats, in which, strengthening IP protection is essential for further industrial innovation and growth. In summary, our work could present a different fact on manufacturing SMEs in China. With the globalization, any company and enterprise are involved into the global division of labor and competition, the most of manufacturing SMEs in China also believe that innovation is an important way to make profits.

ABSTRACT. High-tech park is an important carrier to promote China's innovation and development, which is also an important area for international development. After entering the new era, the high-tech park has become a strategic highland for cultivating and developing strategic emerging industries and occupying the commanding heights of the world's high-tech industries. Based on the summary of the status quo, development process and internationalization path of the science and technology park, this paper analyzes the relevant modes and types of internationalization of China's high-tech parks.

Shanghai is currently building a science and technology center with international influence. Shanghai high-tech parks are playing an increasingly important role. Shanghai Zhangjiang High-tech Zone was built in the 1990s. After more than 20 years of development, the high-tech zone has gathered many multinational companies and international incubators and overseas talents. Shanghai Zhangjiang High-tech Zone has become an important platform for connecting international cooperation and exchanges.

In recent years, Zhangjiang High-tech Zone has gradually become internationalized, and through international cooperation parks and international incubator sets, it has strengthened international cooperation and exchanges.This paper focuses on the analysis of the internationalization progress of Shanghai Zhangjiang High-tech Zone. Through the in-depth analysis of the case, reveal the current international situation, advantages and challenges of Zhangjiang High-tech Zone. On the whole, Zhangjiang High-tech Zone has a high level of internationalization, especially in China, which has become one of the regions with the highest concentration of overseas talents and the highest concentration of multinational companies. However, facing the new international trend, Zhangjiang High-tech Zone still faces the disadvantage of insufficient international factors, insufficient cross-border docking services and few overseas talents.

Combined with the trend of international cooperation, we propose ideas and countermeasures from the perspective of overseas talent introduction, international incubator construction, overseas park network layout, multinational company services, and Sino-British scientific and technological cooperation etc.

（Oral report）

ABSTRACT. Smart government should be an important orientation of government reform and opening-up, and science and technology policy should be the priority of innovation and development of science and technology government in the new era of digital transition. For this purpose, we have jointly researched and constructed the navigation platform of Shanghai science and technology policy called “Policy Beidou” since 2017, and it have been put into trial operation on Wechat public address and the portal of "Shanghai Science and Technology" in the meantime on May 30, 2018. It has achieved positive progress and social praise since its launch. This research focused on the "visibility" (awareness), "accessibility" (operability), "acquirability" (Sense of Acquisition) of science and technology policy and the difficulties, pain points and blockage points in the implementation of Shanghai Global Science and Technology Innovation Center policy. This research promoted the digitalization of science and technology policy texts, the networking of science and technology policy items and the intellectualization of science and technology policy services, and made Science and Technology Policy Process transforming from Publisher Logic to User Logic in accordance with the principles of demand-oriented, problem-oriented and effect-oriented. Finally, it can enable scientific and technical workers to better “understand policies, find policies and use policies”. This research mainly studied subdivided policy user portrait, developed three-level policy user system, and constructed the policy knowledge map and the three-dimensional policy analysis model (Policy Objects-Policy Key Points-Policy Paths). It involved the development of policy cards with hundreds of thousands of words, the scenario design of more than 150 scientific and technological affairs, and the development and pre-demonstration of the policy service robot called “Xiaokedou”, the quaternity composed of the technological hotlines, the portals, the micro-terminals and the on-line and off-line service halls and the navigation platform called “Policy Beidou”. We believe that new technologies such as Internet plus, big data and artificial intelligence will promote the mode innovation and process reengineering of government management and speed up the process of scientization and socialization of science and technology policy while bringing the profound changes in economic and social development. At present, “Policy Beidou” is still in the stage of version 1.0 which needs further research. The navigation platform of science and technology policy for smart government will be a new management service tool for the globalization of science and technology innovation. It should also be one of the options for Sino-UK cooperation especially urban and regional cooperation in science and technology innovation in the future.

ABSTRACT. The layout and construction of science city has becoming the key components of national strategy for science and technology innovation. Research of influence factors of science city is beneficial to promote sustainable development of science city. The paper research of influence factors of science city from an organizational ecology perspective, and Construct the index system of 3 level indicators and 12 secondary indicators. The paper select several international science city cases and research those influence factors. The conclusion is: Different type of international science city has different influence factors at different stages of development, Generally speaking, They all have the following characteristics and trends, such as, the constant gathering of elements of innovation, the continuous optimization of institutional culture, the continuous improvement of the basic environment and so on. Finally, the study makes some relevant suggestions in making plan, management mechanism, Share mechanisms of big science facility, legislation and so on.

ABSTRACT. Introducing behavioral insights into public policy making is becoming a common practice in major developed countries and organizational behavior research has become a hot topic in the field of innovative policy research. In this paper, we collected 8966 literatures with topic of organizational behavior research published during 2008-2019 from web of science database. Using the method of scientific knowledge map and the software of CITESPACE, the author conducts text analysis on these nearly 9000 literatures and excavates the research hotspots and frontiers of organizational behavior research. Furthermore, 25 highly cited research articles in this field were extracted using the BIBEXCEL analysis tool, and visual analysis of these 25 papers was performed using the PAJEK tool. Based on the above analysis, this paper identified five major theoretical perspectives of organizational behavior research, respectively is: social exchange theory, organizational learning theory, organizational support perception theory, transformational leadership theory and the theory of planned behavior, etc. Moreover, the paper briefly introduced these five theories, including their research themes and main viewpoints, and summarized that the five theories all place emphasis on the influencing factors of organizational behavior, such as culture, trust, identity and other elements. Finally, the paper indicated the practical demand and possibility of introducing organizational behavior insight into regional innovation policy making in China.

ABSTRACT. Realizing the effective promotion of regional innovation by public policy is particularly important in the strategic context of building an innovative country in China. By constructing regional innovation system evaluation indicators, this paper comprehensively evaluates China's inter-provincial innovation level from the perspective of knowledge innovation and technological innovation, and use SFA to measure the impact of technology funding support policies, talent support policies, intellectual property protection policies and tax policies on regional innovation systems. The research results show that 1)the level of China's regional innovation is rising steadily but there are regional differences,2)the talent support policy has a greater impact on the knowledge innovation subsystem,3)the tax policy has a more obvious impact on the technology innovation subsystem,4)and the science and technology funding support policy and the intellectual property protection policy have a significant effect on the two innovation subsystems.

ABSTRACT. Science communication is the key way for scientific and technological innovation to directly benefit the public, and it can cultivate the social soil of scientific and technological innovation. Since the reform and opening up in the 1970s, the Chinese government has attached great importance to the development of science communication. From the perspective of the evolution of science communication policy system and governance mechanism analysis, this paper systematically sorts out the related policy over the past 40 years since reform and opening-up. Through policy text analysis, combined with the historical statistics of science communication development, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the evolution, main achievements and challenges of the science communication policy and practice in China.

In this paper, the evolution of science communication in China is roughly divided into four stages: institutional reconstruction, structural maturity, legal-system construction and overall strategy upgrading. It analyzes the era background and economic and social needs of the escalating national strategy of science communication in China, and structurally describes the promotion system of science communication policy in modern China.

Then, this paper summarizes the main achievements of science communication in China, including: forming a representation model of science communication social mobilization mechanism led by the government with public engagement; the sustained growth of national investments in science communication and the multi-development of funding channels; the steady development of science communication talents; the diversified trend of infrastructure constructions, and the system of science and technology museum with Chinese characteristics is gradually formed; the rapid growth of the level of informatization of science communication; and the steady improvement of citizens' science literacy.

Finally, this paper analyses the opportunities and challenges that science communication in China is facing at present. The main manifestation is that the strategic orientation of science communication in China needs to be strengthened, and the development of science communication and science and technology innovation is still unbalanced; the implementation effect of science communication policy needs to be improved, the effect of long-term operation mechanism is insufficient and needs to be improved; the internationalization of science communication is relatively lagging behind, and open cooperation still needs to be strengthened; the systematic construction of science communication needs to be further strengthened, the insufficient and unbalanced phenomena still exist; and the support for the construction of science culture is weak, etc. In summary, from the practice of China, we can see that the government's attention is a key factor in the development of science communication. Facing the new context of the new era, China's science communication will continue to develop and prosper along the mode with Chinese characteristics.

ABSTRACT. Research on the Status and Future Trend of China's Science Popularization Industry: Based on Literature Analysis and Assessment Index System This paper systematically analyzes the development status of China's science popularization industry from the aspects of theoretical research and development practice assessment, and on this basis, puts forward the prospect of the development trend of the science popularization industry in China. In the aspect of theoretical research, this paper sorts out the relevant research literature of science popularization industry at home and abroad, classifies the main viewpoints into topics and analyzes and reviews the related research progress. The research shows that the research on China's science popularization industry has been widely carried out in many dimensions and levels, and has achieved a number of research results, which strongly support the government's decision to develop the science popularization industry. In the aspect of status assessment,the index system includes 4 basic dimensions of indexes, i.e. industry scale, industrial resources, industrial growth capability and industrial development potential. The science popularization industry scale dimension shows the current development status of this industry, the science popularization industry resources represent the supports and motivation of the industry development, the industrial growth capability mainly comes from financial status of the industry, and the industrial development potential shows its development trend. Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes and analyzes the future development trend of China's science popularization industry from practice of popular science industry, policy system construction of popular science industry and internationalization of popular science industry.

ABSTRACT. Since the reform and opening up, China's innovation policy has played an important role in the development of China's economy. So how does China’s innovation policy evolve? What are the deep reasons and motivation behind the evolution? How will these reasons and motivations affect future policies? The study of the above issues, in China today, is facing a critical period of how to ensure further development, which needs to be encouraged and supported by the government. It is worth exploring. This paper will systematically sort out the texts of China's innovation policy from 1978 to 2019 and conduct a careful analysis. On this basis, the paper uses the punctuated equilibrium model and analyzes the process of policy evolution and the underlying reasons by means of the problem-policy-political perspective in the Multiple-stream Framework Analysis. Studies have shown that a stable political environment provides a strong guarantee for China's innovation policy to maintain stability, and the interruption of innovation policy is mainly formed by the interaction between the ruling party's ruling ideas and institutional structure of innovation issues; innovation policy is actually increasing investment, technology The reform of the system has continued to deepen, and the process of innovation from the public scientific research institution to the innovation system with the enterprise as the core has been deepened.

ABSTRACT. Choosing an appropriate path of directed technical change, as well as optimizing and improving energy consumption patterns, are crucial to the green and sustainable development of China’s industry. In this paper we incorporate fossil energy, non-fossil energy and environment factors into the traditional production function and calculate the factor output elasticity, the growth rate of environmental total factor productivity, the factor-biased degree of directed technical change and factor substitution elasticity in China's industrial sector based on stochastic frontier analysis of the transcendental logarithmic production function. The results show that the high output elasticity of capital leads to the highest factor-biased degree of directed technical change of capital but it is accompanied by an increase in energy consumption and environmental degradation. At present, the factor-biased degrees of directed technical change in China’s industry, from high to low, are capital, the environment, fossil energy, labor and non-fossil energy; these can be seen as the root cause of, amongst other things, overcapacity, energy shortages and environmental pollution. Optimizing the path of directed technical change into labor, capital and non-fossil energy is an advisable way to solve the above problems. The pattern of energy consumption in industrial production in most provinces is unreasonable and each province should optimize its local energy consumption pattern according to technical change biased towards non-fossil energy and the positive factor substitution relationship between two kinds of energy.

ABSTRACT. Unlike past industry development paths where China always strived to catch-up, China has been one of the leading players around the world in the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) industry. Many observers have attributed this to China’s huge domestic market and massive volume of data, but what has been largely neglected is China’s social and institutional contexts that give rise to them, and the role of international flow of knowledge, resources, and legitimacy. Recent literature on global innovation system (GIS) argues that due to the differences in innovation mode and valuation system, the extent and the form of international interdependencies will significantly vary in different industries, resulting in diverse catch-up pathways. As an industry’s innovation resources e.g. knowledge, financial investment, market, and legitimacy may be generated in multiple locations around the world, it is important to establish structural couplings among them in a GIS.

The AI industry could be identified as a marked-anchored GIS, in which knowledge and financial investment are rather footloose at the international level while market formation and legitimacy are more spatially sticky. The AI industry also differs from other emerging industries in that data is the key production factor, and institutions around data have a singularly important role to play in the growth of the AI industry. This paper thus tries to understand how China succeeds in the catch-up of the AI industry through coupling different GIS resources and making full use of domestic assets.

Supported by 30 semi-structured interviews, the preliminary results of this research show that China’s AI industry has greatly benefited from international knowledge spillover through academic and industrial collaboration. On the other hand, China’s loose regime regarding data also significantly matters. While AI remains a controversial technology in many countries and some of them have set strict rules on data ownership and use, Chinese society generally has a very optimistic attitude towards AI and shows a high level of tolerance (and even ignorance) to AI’s ethical risks. Meanwhile, incremental institutional changes regarding data are being made to adapt to the development of the AI industry. It seems that China’s governance of AI industry still follows the philosophy of crossing the river by feeling the stones, and explicit rules only come after social problems arise, which in turn affect the industry’s further development.

ABSTRACT. From the perspective of transforming innovation theory, this paper makes an empirical test on the relationship between technological innovation and environmental pollution based on the provincial panel data of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 2000 to 2016. This research compared and analyzed the regional differences of regional transforming innovation to reveal the environmental pollution caused by technological innovation. In order to capture the dynamic performance of the impact on environmental pollution by technological innovation and the change of environmental policy regulation, Moran and SAR approaches are adopted. And trying to put forward the idea of technological innovation governance from the perspective of environmental improvement. The results show that there is a positive correlation between patent and industrial SO2 emissions in the absence of environmental policy regulation in 2000-2006. Since 2007, under the environmental policy regulation, patent and industrial SO2 emissions began to show a negative correlation, and this positive-negative correlation gradually expanded from the eastern region to the central and Western regions. Thus, technological innovation can promote the transforming innovation and reduction of environmental pollution only under the regulation of environmental policy. But if add the cross-province energy consumption and remove the impact of environmental regulation policies, technological innovation is actually positively related to environmental pollution. However, environmental policy regulation should be implemented in different regions and provinces to avoid the negative effect of one-size-fits-all on local economic growth.

ABSTRACT. Upper echelon theory provides a framework predicting firm strategy and performance through demographic characteristics of top management team. Previous studies have proposed two competing mechanisms based on information and decision-making theory and social identity theory, which makes it difficult to explain the mixed empirical results. Most scholars attempt to identify mediating or moderating variables relating to external environmental factors, while other scholars turn to the perspective of firm governance structure, but few attempt to refine the concept and measurement of heterogeneity. In recent years, an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the impact of CEO-TMT interaction on firm outcomes, considering the differences between CEO and TMT members and their varying impacts on firm performance, especially in the setting of SMEs. Based on this, in this paper we use the heterogeneity of TMT tenure as an example, differentiate CEO-TMT tenure difference from non-CEO team member heterogeneity, and explore the interaction between the heterogeneity of executive team tenure and management power on firm performance. The results show that when the non-CEO team tenure heterogeneity is low, the relationship between management power and firm performance will be stronger. On the contrary, when the CEO-TMT tenure difference is low, the relationship between the two will be weaker. Our results point to the importance of CEO-TMT tenure difference that is not captured in the traditional heterogeneity calculation method.

ABSTRACT. It has been widely acknowledged that technology convergence of innovation network can promote technology innovation. However, the efficiency of this process has rarely been addressed. Theoretically, only technology convergence with high efficiency is able to achieve technological catch-up. It is of great value to explore the driving forces that enhance the promoting role of technology convergence in technology catch-up. In an innovation network, technology convergence of high efficiency requires the appropriate speed of knowledge flow and appropriate degree of network embeddedness, one is the pusher and the other is the puller. Meanwhile, today's industry transformation led by artificial intelligence (AI) just makes knowledge flow and embeddedness under a state of rapid turbulence. Therefore, it is worthy to doubt that in the modern transformation of the new scientific and technological revolution, will the technology convergence, knowledge flow and embeddedness be the emerging opportunity for technology catch-up in AI? Will their impacts on industrial technology catch-up vary among different models? Motivated by these considerations, this paper utilizes existing theory to build a framework which includes a quadripartite graph model of dividing technology catch-up’s pattern, and a theory of opportunity identification triad: opportunity search, opportunity recognition, and opportunity evaluation. Then we use this framework to guide an empirical exploration of opportunity identification by taking four technology catch-up patterns of AI as an example. While there are some measurement issues arising from the use of patent data, we find three aspects’ results including technology catch-up patterns, technology convergence’s impact on catch-up, and the technology convergence’s differential effects on technology catch-up under different pattern.

ABSTRACT. The main purpose of this study is to explore how public research and development (R&D) subsidy influences high-tech SMEs’ collaborations with universities. This study also tests how science parks and SMEs’ high educational R&D human resources moderate the impact of R&D subsidy on high-tech SMEs’ collaborations with universities. High-tech SMEs are an increasingly essential force of innovation and national economic growth in China. High-tech SMEs in China are expected to enhance their innovation capabilities by establishing R&D collaborations with universities. However, high-tech SMEs are exposed to more serious issues of newness liabilities comparing with larger firms, resulting in inhibiting their collaborations with universities, as well as acquiring and absorbing knowledge generated by universities. Thus, R&D subsidy is deployed by Chinese governments to stimulate high-tech SMEs’ R&D collaboration with universities. Collaborating with universities and hence acquiring, absorbing and co-creating science and technological knowledge, rely on talented R&D staffs of firms. Thus, as an important source of firms’ absorptive capacity, high educational R&D human resources may enhance the positive effect of R&D subsidy on SMEs’ R&D collaboration with universities. On the other hand, if a firm is located in science parks, the main effect of R&D subsidy on firm-university collaborations may also be enhanced. As science parks not only provide rich knowledge spillover for high-tech SMEs, but also help extending SMEs R&D networks such as bridging them with universities. This study employs an exclusive panel data came from a survey of high-tech firms conducted by the Jiangsu Science and Technology Department, covering the period from 2010 to 2014. Propensity score matching, fixed-effect regression with instrumental variables, panel data Tobit models, cox regression and negative binomial regression with fixed-effect are adopted. The dependent variable of this study, i.e. SMEs’ R&D collaboration with universities, are measured by their investment on firm-university R&D collaboration and the citation of R&D achievements from universities in their patent applications. The empirical results indicate that R&D subsidy promotes SMEs’ investment on R&D collaborations with universities, and it also enhances the citations of university research achievements in SMEs’ own invention patent applications. These confirms the positive effects of R&D subsidy on SMEs’ collaboration with universities. Regarding moderating effects, firms’ high educational R&D human resources positively moderate R&D subsidy’s stimulation on SMEs’ citations of university patents in their own applications, while no significant moderating effects are found on the correlations between R&D subsidy and SMEs’ investment on R&D collaborations. Interestingly, locating in science parks are found to inhibit SMEs’ investment on R&D collaborations with universities, and negatively moderate the effects of R&D subsidy on frim-university collaboration investments. Locating in science parks are found to significantly promoted firms’ citations of knowledge from universities in their invention patent applications, however, negatively moderate the positive effects of R&D subsidy on SMEs’ use of knowledge generated by universities. These results imply the antagonistic effects existing between locating in science parks and R&D subsidies, which may due to the overlapping of and redundancy of public resources. Therefore, public R&D subsidies can stimulate high-tech SMEs outside of science parks to collaborate with universities, but failed to be the icing on the cake for SMEs in the science parks. This study contributes to studies on R&D subsidy, public policy, and innovation system as well. It also contributes to triple helix model and organizational learning theory. Several important policy implications are also obtained from this study.

ABSTRACT. China's economy has entered a new normal stage, and innovation drive has become the only way for China to achieve sustainable development. Based on academic literature, a comprehensive review of innovation policies, management and related research can reveal the current research situation and existing problems in this field. Based on Renmin University of China's photocopied newspaper and periodical materials " Innovation Policy and Management", 1375 journal articles collected from 2009 to 2018 were selected as research samples. Using bibliometrics to analyze high-yield scholars and institutions, as well as classic literature in this field, and using social network analysis method to analyze the co-occurrence of main authors' cooperation and keywords. The results show that Chen Jin, Li Zhengfeng, Liu Xielin and others are the main core scholars in the field of innovation policy and management, but the academic cooperation network in this field has not yet been formed. Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University and Dalian University of Technology are the main research institutions in this field. The average amount of citations in foreign languages in the selected sample is higher than that in Chinese, and the foreign language literature accounts for a larger proportion in the classic literature. Technological innovation is a hot research topic in the field of innovation policy and management, and is at the core of keyword network in this field.

ABSTRACT. In light of the problem that the emerging economies are increasingly locked-in at the lower end of global value chains (GVCs), this paper incorporates intellectual property rights（IPR）protection into the research framework on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) and positional upgrade in GVCs. A dynamic panel threshold model is constructed using national panel data of emerging economics spanning from 2009 to 2016 in order to examine IPR protection threshold effect in the impact of OFDI on positional upgrade of emerging economies in the GVCs. Our research shows that IPR protection exerts a single threshold effect in OFDI’s impact on positional upgrade in the GVCs. In general, when IPR protection is lower than the threshold value, OFDI towards developed countries has a significant facilitation effect on positional upgrade in GVCs, while OFDI towards developing countries imposes a significant inhibition effect; after IPR protection overcomes the threshold value, the facilitation effect of OFDI towards developed countries on positional upgrade in GVCs increases, while the inhibition effect of OFDI towards developing countries weakens. An examination of patent-intensive industries found that there exist single threshold effects of IPR protection in the role of OFDI towards developed countries in upgrading the position of five patent-intensive industries in GVCs, and the outcomes of these effects are also varied.

ABSTRACT. Although research has begun to acknowledge the theory by which we understand the pattern and process of innovation, most efforts to date present an incomplete picture of innovation system. The problem confronted is what principles should be followed to build an innovation system model, and what structure and function should the whole system have. Techno-Economic Network(TEN) model proposed by Bell and Canon (1994) provides a basic and flexible tool to account for the dynamic network relationship among science, technology, market and finance beside innovation system. The following researches has already caught up several "necessary factors" into TEN model but did not underplay the role of entrepreneurs. Herein, we briefly review relevant conceptual literature, and consider the implications of incorporating the notion of entrepreneurship into network. This raises a series of theoretically important and practically relevant questions: What is the role of entrepreneurs in the innovation system? And how do entrepreneurs engage in networking? We therefore use both Co-word Analysis method to empirically examine their relationship and the measure of visualization to make the results more distinct and reliable. Consistent with our predictions, findings from 2802 articles whose key words contained entrepreneur, entrepreneurship and innovation in Web of Science database from 1971 to 2017 demonstrated that entrepreneurs played an essential leading role in innovation system and had complex interactions with other actors in the network. Overall, we add important insights to the literature, as we flesh out an extended TEN model that unfolds alongside efforts to complete the innovation system. We then discuss how this model, which highlights distinctive elements such as entrepreneurship, can stimulate a broader research agenda focused on the inquiry of dynamic networking in the innovation system.

ABSTRACT. The article critically reviews the definitions and measurement of science literacy, and science culture by international and Chinese scholars and organizations, such as Martin Bauer et al. (2012), Council of Canadian Academies (2014), China Association for Science and Technology (2018). We propose the definitions of science culture, and science culture literacy (SCL)both with Chinese characteristics, and with an international perspective. SCL has individual and national dimensions. Finally, we propose the indicator system for the measurement of Chinese science culture literacy from three dimensions, i.e., 1) the key indicators of national education system; 2) the key indicators of national S&T system; 3) the key indicators of public understanding of science. The indicator system for SCL may have international implications.

ABSTRACT. This paper combines data from Chinese listed firms’ annual reports, the Chinese stock market financial statements database and the Zephyr database from 2001 to 2015 to examine how acquirers’ operating performance changes after cross-border M&A activities, and uses entrepreneurial orientation as a moderating factor to test whether or not firms’ performance during cross-border M&A is affected by different degrees of entrepreneurial orientation. The results obtained for the whole sample show that the performance of Chinese listed firms is fluctuant after cross-border M&A within the sample years. It increases one year after the acquisition but drops two years later and then follows an increasing trend again. The moderating factor of entrepreneurial orientation is not significant for the sample as a whole. However, after dividing the sample into separate industry groups, it becomes clear that different industries have their own characteristics. For example, entrepreneurial orientation helps Chinese listed firms to adapt to the post-acquisition situation and even to improve their performance to some extent in the metal mining industry and the business services industry.

ABSTRACT. One certitude of the institutional approach to entrepreneurship is that entrepreneurial activity is higher in communities where there are normative institutions supporting entrepreneurship (Lee & Cole, 2003; Marquis, Lounsbury, & Greenwood, 2011). However, does normative support for entrepreneurship always increase the prevalence of such activities? Research in organizational behavior shows that setting expectations that are not within reach of the worker can actually lead to burnout due to the stress of high expectations and lower performance (such as, Pearce & Randel, 2004). What’s more, on a community or societal level, structural-functionalism posits that conformity to expectations and socially desirable goals decreases when the social group lacks the means to meet those expectations (Merton, 1938). Together, these bodies of research suggest that valuing entrepreneurial activity could decrease entrepreneurial activity unless the community has the means to support actors as they endeavor to meet entrepreneurial expectations because, absent support, actors endeavoring to meet entrepreneurial expectations will burnout. We test hypotheses based on this argument using data on university technology transfer from 98 Chinese research universities to the industry from 2009 to 2012. We follow Schumpeter’s broad definition of entrepreneurship as the production and introduction of new products, services, and production processes, as well as entering new markets (Schumpeter, 1934). In an effort to further develop China’s national innovation system, the national government released national policies that encourage both university technology transfer and entrepreneurial-city construction to meet the goal of building an innovative nation (A. Chen, Patton, & Kenney, 2016; J. Chen, Yin, & Mei, 2018; Yin, Wang, & Chen, 2017). As a result, both provinces and cities in China are competing to use public policies to encourage entrepreneurship and attract university technology transfer. In this case, licensing new technology to business organizations constitutes entrepreneurial activity on the part of universities because they are producing and “selling” new technologies to customers (Belitski, Aginskaja, & Marozau, 2018; Guerrero & Urbano, 2012). This provides an ideal context for us to test our theoretical question because there are clear standards and expectations being set for universities to engage in community entrepreneurial activity. At the same time, few universities in China had accumulated strong internal organizational capability to push knowledge spillover out of the university, nor had the community developed adequate infrastructure and absorptive capacity to pull the knowledge from the university. In the absence of these necessary resources, capacity and institutional support, social expectations from the institutions will create regulatory pressure that decreases entrepreneurial activities in reality.

ABSTRACT. The economic growth driven by industrial revolution (Schumpeter, Perez,1995,2017).The revolution opened with stages and new institutions and organizations (Miettinen，2014). Facing new industrial revolution, with trap of former institutional and technology regime, there will be new opportunity for catching countries (Liu et al 2019). In second industrial revolution, Germany and USA became the leading country by innovation of mass production and labs in enterprises. During the third revolution, Japan catches the opportunity to become the global IT leaders. The global flagship enterprises are Sony. Now, the fourth industrial revolution are kicking off and may give other countries the opportunity to leapfrog. China is one of the candidate countries.

ABSTRACT. Science foundation not only undertakes the function of funding projects, but also plays a leading role in the production of knowledge and the formation of new disciplines in the new era. In order to cope with the new round of scientific and technological revolution and the changing scientific research paradigm, and to better fulfill the mission entrusted to science foundation in the new era, it is imperative to reform the discipline layout of science foundation. This paper will start with the policy requirements of the reform of scientific fund discipline layout in the new era. On the basis of investigating the basic attributes of discipline, we analyze the problems existing in the discipline development and the basic situation of the scientific fund discipline layout, and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for the reform of the discipline layout.

ABSTRACT. The R&D environment influences the quality and efficiency of R&D activities. A healthy and excellent R&D environment can help research and innovation actors to maximize their efficiency. So we consider R&D environment as one aspect of national competitiveness. This study attempts to find the difference of R&D environment competitiveness of China and the UK, by comparing indicators such as venture capital, FDI, higher education expenditure and enrollment ratio, thus to provide a reference for cooperation between the two countries.

ABSTRACT. Building upon a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, this paper examines the role of knowledge capital (KC) investment in improving firms’ future productivity growth. Based on the analysis of Chinese listed firms from 2009-2015, we find firms with high R&D expenses lead to significant future productivity growth, but their contemporaneous profitability are lower than that of those firms with lower level of knowledge capital investment. This may be due to the fact that investment in KC is classified as a corporate expense, and thus deducted from profits. Our calibrated KC model indicates that KC investments are also large and pro-cyclical. Firms with high KC investments will show higher corporate earning ratios and high values of growth opportunities in the future periods. Firms therefore should continue investing in knowledge capital even if they may face a short term fall in probability as a result of internal knowledge investment.

ABSTRACT. [Purpose/Significanc] The Chinese government proposed the strategy of implementing innovation-driven development at the 18th National Congress, emphasizing the leading role of technological innovation in comprehensive innovation. With the continuous deepening of the reform and opening up process, the future of scientific and technological innovation will inevitably emancipate and continue to support and guide the rapid development of China's economy and society. In this development process, the effective Scientific and Technological Achievement Transformation (STAT) will play a key role. Under the incentive and standardization of China's scientific and technological achievements transformation policy, in 2017, the contract value of China's scientific and technological achievements transformation reached 12.1 billion, a year-on-year increase of 66%. The number of contract items was 9907, a year-on-year increase of 34%. The average contract value was 1.22 million, a year-on-year increase of 24%. Furthermore, the number of institutions with contract revenues exceeding 100 million yuan reached 31, a year-on-year increase of 55%. These evidences all indicate the positive effects of the government's policy of STAT. However, as the number of scientific and technological achievements transformation policies has increased year by year and the scope of policy coverage has expanded, the complexity of the STAT has gradually emerged, and the public's demand for policy interpretation has continuously increased. Therefore, in order to adapt to the actual needs of the current scientific and technological achievements transformation policy analysis, the establishment of an efficient and accurate policy analysis framework for STAT have become the focus of research. For this purpose, we focus on the highlight information mining behind the policy of STAT. [Background/Status] At present, although there is no authoritative and recognized policy structure framework, some scholars have made tentative explorations on the composition of innovation policies according to different research needs. In 1985, Rothwell and Zegveld proposed a framework for the supply, demand and environmental classification of innovation policies, which was widely used as a basis for policy classification in future research on the STAT[1]. Freitas and Nick divide the science and technology innovation policy into mission-based and diffusion-based, specific-type and general-type, local-led and central-led, and establish a policy planning coding framework with 46 items[2]. Gong Qinlin et al. constructed an analytical framework for regional innovation policy systems that includes the three dimensions of innovation activities, innovation activities, and innovation policy tools[3]. Wang Yongjie divided the contents of the policy texts into 11 dimensions and perform an analysis on the content of the each dimension using the quantitative statistics method[4]．Xie Qing utilized the content analysis method to encode the 37 policy texts of the new energy automobile industry, which was divided into four aspects of the twelve policy tool dimensions and the innovation value chain, using various policy tools[5]. The quantitative description of the policy's promotion and positive impact on the innovation value chain link, and then the proportional relationship between policy tools and the innovation value chain, found a policy tool that significantly affects the innovation value chain. Tang Zhiwei built a policy analysis framework from the instrumental dimension of open government data policy and the content evaluation dimension of open government data[6]. The content evaluation dimension innovatively defines policy readiness, execution degree, influence, and uses coding to divide analysis. Units, using statistical means to compare the differences between categories and distributions. From the perspective of methodology, the above analysis method belongs to the quantitative statistical method, which divides the content of the policy text into several dimensions, determines the boundary of each policy dimension, and then performs statistical analysis on various characteristics of the policy dimension. The method considers that the strength of policy effectiveness in a dimension is positively related to the number of policies within that dimension. With the deepening of the research and practice of policy text analysis based on text mining, new ideas and methods such as Textual Data and Text Universe have emerged. Based on these new ideas, scholars pay more attention to the full integration of text mining technology and policy text analysis framework. For example, in 2015, American scholar Feldman et al. proposed a research framework for policy text content based on massive data and text mining methods[7]. Su Jingqin extracted keywords from central and local representative technological innovation policy texts from 2000 to 2010 and provide the composition of China's technology innovation policy and the comparison of central and local policies using central analysis and small group analysis[8]. Yang Hui et al. adopted the new perspective of the theme model to conduct semantic-based topic mining on the collected policy text data, and simultaneously combine the word frequency and distribution pattern research, time discretization, empirical research and other methods to comprehensively compare and analyze China and the United States and the European Union Climate policy situation[9]. JI Zuqiang extracted keywords from policy texts and develop 22 features to build Intermediate representation of the policy text, and then use the principal component analysis to evaluate the Transformation Ability of Scientific and Technological Achievements in Fujian Province[10]. The text mining method generally extracts representative metadata features (such as keywords) as the intermediate representation of the text, and then uses data mining technology to analyze the statistical pattern of the keyword occurrence so that discover some latent knowledge behind the text. [Method/Process] In order to develop an efficient and accurate scientific and technological achievements transformation policy text analysis method framework, we attempt to capture the highlight theme based on the text mining technology and propose a framework of Text Analysis Based on Highlight Mining for Chinese Policies of Scientific and Technological Achievement Transformation (HM-CPSTAT), which includes two main models, named Core Concept Extraction model (CCE) and Policy Text Comparison Analysis model (PTCA), respectively. At present, the scientific and technology achievement transformation analysis usually base on domain keywords generation. It is because keywords could be considered as classical example of key meta-data of policy text and reveal the core concept related to policy content from a more fundamental level. Therefore, extracting key words from policy text have fundamental research value. For this purpose, we construct the feature representation of words by combining its linguistics structure and statistic characteristic at first, and then calibrate keywords by experts marking and applying it for training logistical regression model, and extract keywords that could represent the core concept at the final stage. Particularly, we develop 10 lexical patterns by automatic learning those keywords, those lexical pattern covered more than 90% of keywords with 4-6 Chinese character. Furthermore, we adopt three static characteristic: TF-IDF, NPD, TextRank, to describe the importance attribute form three aspect equally. Base on CCE model, HM-CPSTAT mine the highlight of policy text from word and chapter level, using natural language processing technology including word2vec, unsupervised topic modeling and automatic summary technology to mine, analysis and compare the valuable highlight information of Chinese Policies of Scientific and Technological Achievement Transformation. Specifically, we use word2vec to construct the embedding of words and keywords, and then extend the core keyword set by calculating the semantic similarity and analogical reasoning characteristic. Additionally, we find out those core concept words by performing a topic modeling for scientific and technology policy text, then extend core keyword to mine highlight information. In order to improve the semantics integrity and readability of highlight, we also use extractive automatic extraction technology to extract sentences to improve the understandability of the highlight. [Result/Conclusion] Finally, we select 68 national document, 58 regional document, 8 government regulation, 166 normative documents policy text from pkulaw.cn v6 legal database by searching “scientific and technology achievement transformation” from 2014-2017, denoted as original dataset A. Meanwhile, choosing STAT policy texts from October.2014 to December. 2017 in “Excerpt of important policy related to enhancing scientific achievement transformation” to combine with original data source A. After confirming data source, we provide an estimation of highlight information of HM-CPSTAT from three basic dimensions: core keyword extraction, word level highlight and chapter level highlight. Specifically, from those extracted relatively importance domain keywords, we can find the construction pattern of linguistic form of the policy and the systematic characteristic implicated in the policy discourse, to further improve the construction of policy word list and syntax analysis task of the text. For the result of word level highlight, we can conclude that the word2vec and LDA could efficient capture the related to candidate words, to further improve the understandability of the highlight information. Finally, the abstract generation result improves the completeness of highlight information. This is mainly because that the adding words of domain key concept could reveal the highlight information at a better way, then by k-means cluster process could better discover the main issue of the context, and significantly improve the core information volume of extracted abstract sentence. [References/ Citation] [1]. RothweU R, Zegveld W. Reindustrilization and Technology [M]. London：Longman RTI (Research Triangle Institute) International, 1985． [2]. Isabe1 Freitas, Nick T.Mapping Public Support for Innovation: A Comparison of Policy Alignment in the UK and France [J]. Research Policy, 2008(37)：1446—1464． [3]. Gong Qinlin, Liu Ciyin. Evaluation of Regional Innovation Policy System Based on Three-Dimensional Analytical Framework——A Case of“1+10”Innovation Policy System in Chengdu [J]. Soft Science, 2015(9)：14—18． [4]. Wang Yongji, Zhang Sancong. Quantitative Analysis on Transformation of Science & Technology Achievements Policy Texts in China from 2009 to 2016 [J]. Science and Technology Management Research, 2018(2):39-48. [5]. Xie Qing, Tian Zhilong. How Innovation Policy Promotes China's New Energy Vehicle Industry: A Text Research from Policy Tools and Innovation Value Chain [J]. SCIENCE OF SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF S. & T., 2015(6):3-14. [6]. Tang Zhiwei, Gong Zepeng, Guo Yuhui. A Comparative Study on Sino-US Open Government Data Policies Based on Two-Dimensional Analysis Framework [J]. Chinese Public Administration, 2017(7):41-48. [7]. Feldman M, Kenney M, Lissoni F. The new data frontier: Special issue of research policy [J]. Research Policy, 2015, 44 (9): 1629-1632. [8]. Su Jingqin, Xu Tingao, Li Xiaoang. Research on the structure and relationship of China’s technological innovation policies based on Co-word analysis [J]．Science&Technology Progress and Policy, 2013(9)：110—115． [9]. Yang Hui, Yang Jianglin. Quantitative Analysis of Policy Text Merged with LDA Model——Based on the Field of International Climate as Demonstration [J]. Journal of Modern Information, 2016, 36(5):71-81. [10]. JI Z, Zhen C, LI W, et al. An Empirical Analysis on the Evaluation of Transformation Ability of Scientific and Technological Achievements in Fujian Province [J]. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, 2017 (icssm).

ABSTRACT. Based on the research results of scholars at home and abroad, a PMC index model was established with 9 policies on scientific and technological talents in fujian province from 2000 to 2016 as the research object. And through the text mining method of policy text mining and quantitative analysis, draw PMC surface. The empirical results show that these 9 policies are all good policies, and there is still a large room for improvement. The modification of the original policy and the formulation of the policy for scientific and technological personnel in the future provide certain reference significance.

ABSTRACT. The scientific research facilities and instruments are important means to explore the unknown world, discover the natural law and achieve technical change, also are important resources of basic condition for technological innovation. How to put the scientific research facilities and instruments in efficient use plays a significant part in the reform of science and technology management. It not only concerns the effectiveness of the fiscal fund, but also affects the innovative ability of science and technology. Many universities and research institutions in China have established various forms of sharing platforms, and regions such as Beijing, Guangdong and Shanghai etc. promote the sharing of large scale scientific research instruments by local legislation. This paper conducts a study on the condition of the opening and sharing of the scientific research facilities and instruments, and finds that there are still problems such as conceptual ambiguity and barely satisfactory sharing rates in the management of scientific research instruments. The crux of the matter is the system of scientific research management, especially when the management system which is apt to put more value on the research goods instead of researchers hinders the ability of the sharing service, and it cannot function well through the use of fiscal subsidy or economic stimulus unilaterally. Thus, in the point of view of this paper, to enhance the operation rates of the scientific research facilities and instruments, the economic stimulus should be made of cautious use, and the sticking point of the matter is to dredge and improve the scientific research management system. This paper recommends regulating the opening and sharing of the scientific research facilities under the law, specifying the responsibilities and rights of all parties involved, introducing the market mechanism gradually and exploring the mixed operation modes of diverse forms, meanwhile, improving the innovative incentive mechanism of scientific research and creating more ways of support.

ABSTRACT. City cluster has become a completely new regional unit of one country to participate in global competition and international division of labor. As a vital carrier for global economy’s shifting center of gravity, it plays a decisive role in shaping new pattern of the world’s political and economic development in the 21st century. Collaborative innovation drives regional integration led by metropolitan area and city cluster, which represents a general trend of China’s regional development. City cluster on the Western Taiwan Straits is a national-level city cluster on the southeastern coast of China separated from the Eastern Taiwan Straits only by a strip of water, and Fujian is in the core area of the Maritime Silk Road in the 21st Century. To achieve collaborative innovation of city cluster on the Western Taiwan Straits, Fujian should take advantage of the “core area” to promote the construction of two collaborative development areas-northeastern Fujian and southwestern Fujian, interact with the Eastern Taiwan Straits, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and Yangtze River Delta Region, connect the hinterland of western and central Fujian, initiate institutional innovation and technological innovation and build a new regional innovation corridor.

ABSTRACT. The impact of housing price’s uncertainty on enterprises innovation

ABSTRACT. It is crucial to improve the technological innovation ability of Chinese manufacturing industry in the "Made in China 2025" plan. However, the shortage of funds and financing difficulty has become bottlenecks owing to policy-making and financial measures. To solve the problems, a game model based on the coevolution among policy makers, investors or financing institutions and innovators is constructed. It should be noted that the three parties are quite different in their goal setting and expectations of earnings. For example, policy makers usually evaluate the social benefits from the macroscopic view, and investors pay more attention to the short-term investment profits, while innovators must take into account both economic benefits and long-term development of enterprises. Thus, in the model, the utility function of the investor and the innovators is proposed under different policy interventions, and the optimization goal is determine as the consistency of multiple goals and the maximization of the overall utility. This explains the dynamic evolution rule of investment follow-up and main technology innovation activities under the policy adjustment and intervention. The results show that: (1) the negotiation cost of innovators with investors and financing institutions is high without policy intervention, leading to delay of cycle or even missing opportunities; (2) when the policy is appropriate, the negotiation efficiency will be improved with the shorten cycle and the increased comprehensive utility; (3) appropriate reward and punishment mechanism will contribute to the positive development of the game; (4) The intensity of punishment is inversely proportional to the strength of policy support, which will be helpful to improve the autonomy of innovation.

ABSTRACT. Artificial intelligence(AI) had been regarded as an typical double-blades high technology. AI security has become an important issues in academia and industry caused by rapid development of AI applications. Based on core SCI papers adopted by the Web of Science database, scientometrics method and visualized tool were used to explore the AI security and innovation research distribution of countries, institutions, and research hot spots. Recent Social survey and policy concerns were discussed as supplement and validation to the result of scientometrics. Then, a qualitative analysis framework was constructed for analyzing AI security in integrated qualitative and quantitative perspectives, by referencing and extending traditioanl cyber security analysis framework. Then, suggestions on international AI security and innovation cooperation were presented.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the moderating effect of returnees and their time-based features, which include entry speed and irregularity, in helping domestic firms absorbing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) knowledge spillovers. Firms in China have put great efforts to learn from FDI advanced expertise and hiring skilled employees is one of the efficient channels. Recently, China have witnessed a growing number of returnees, who have studied and/or worked outside Chinese mainland for at least two years, returning to their home and having become a significant skilled labour force. As the returnees often possess a global perspective and understand multiple cultures, domestic firms are eager to hire them and expect they can act as a ‘bridge’ with the foreign firms, so that help absorbing FDI knowledge spillovers as an important individual-level channel.

However very limited research was conducted on this topic and most studies have produced inconsistent findings. To reconcile, we argue that the time-based features of returnee entry should be considered in the process. Specifically, we think the returnee entry speed and irregularity can play different roles in boosting domestic firms to absorb FDI knowledge spillover. As the returnees are often skill adequacy and may serve as the knowledge brokerage, the quicker they join in domestic market, the more improvements on domestic firms’ knowledge base and absorptive capability, thus may further domestic firms benefit from FDI knowledge. On the contrary, as the returnees have stayed abroad for a long time, they are usually context unknown and suffering from insufficient local embeddedness, so they need regular time to establish local relationship and readjust to the local environment. As a result, an irregularity of the returnee entry, such as an abrupt and discontinuous change of the returnee entry into an industry, is often accompanied by a sudden rise of competition and an unstable environment, which makes the interaction between returnees and local environment very difficult, and thus may constrain the returnee’s role in helping absorbing FDI knowledge spillover.

Using an unapparelled dataset containing comprehensive information about 14065 Chinese high-tech firms located in Zhongguancun (ZGC) science park in Beijing during 2007 to 2013, we employ the propensity score matching (PSM) and the generalized moment method (GMM) and finally find that the positive relationship between FDI in the industry and the total factor productivity of domestic firms becomes stronger as the returnee entry speed increases while weaker as the returnee entry irregularity increases. Our research highlights that the time-based features of returnees should be carefully considered for domestic firms as special channels to absorb foreign knowledge and they may contribute to the inconclusiveness of FDI spillover effects. By emphasising these, we are hopefully to help domestic firms choose a better strategy to attract highly skilled returnees and to exploit FDI knowledge spillovers more effectively. Therefore, the findings have important implications for policy-makers and practitioners, as well as contribute to the FDI knowledge spillover theories.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the moderating effect of industrial structure at the regional level (S, specialization and D, diversification) with different technology relatedness in helping Chinese firms to absorb Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) spillovers.

Using a comprehensive dataset containing about 153,745 above-scale industrial firms in China, we use machine learning (ML) algorithms to explore novel patterns in data (threshold effects, interaction between variables) and help us refine the preliminary theoretical model.

We make two theoretical contributions. Firstly, we argue that non-linear relationship may exist between FDI and productivity, leading to mixed results.Secondly,we further argue that the FDI productivity spillover may be affected by the industrial structure of the local area, such that in areas with higher diversification and specialization among technology-related industries, the FDI spillover will be more prominent.

The findings have important implications for both firms and policy makers. We help firms to choose the suitable amount and proportion of foreign capital with data mining techniques and provide tools for them to observe the important features impacting on their productivity. We also help the local policy makers to optimize the industrial structures in order to increase FDI spillover to local firms.

ABSTRACT. Science and Technology Finance has received increasing attention among academic scholars and policy makers. This study reviews the main research trajectories, practices and policies of the Science and Technology Finance domain over the period 1900-2019, associated with bibliometrics. The evidence of both theoretical studies and practical activities indicates that Science and Technology Finance has developed rapidly. The results show that the Science and Technology Finance research has gone through three phases, namely, “emergency” (1900-1990), “fermentation” (1990-2006), “take-off” (2007-2019) phases. The research of Science and Technology Finance domain can be classified into three areas: sci-tech finance pattern, the role of social financial capital in science, technology and innovation, the effect of government subsidy on the science. And the other four topics for future research are also identified.

ABSTRACT. The policies that promote the integrative development between culture and technology industries were the main approaches to boost China’s digital creative industries in past years. In 2012 China has published “National Guideline on Culture and Technology Innovation Project” and identified 34 “National Culture and Technology Integration Demonstration Zones” (NCTID zones) to accumulate and support the digital creative industries. Meanwhile, the scope of the New and High Technology Areas with the Government's Primary Support has been expanded to cover the technology utilized by cultural industries. In 2016, the 13th Five-Year National Strategic Emerging Industries Development Plan officially included the digital creative industry, for the first time, as one of seven National Strategic Emerging industries.

After seven years’ development, the 34 NCTID zones have attracted industries like Digital Press & Publishing, Video and Movie, Design, Online Game and so on and contributed significantly to the regional innovation and development.

The digital creative industry in UK has also benefited from a series of promotion policies from the British government in past years, for instance, the Digital Britain: Final Report in 2009, which proposed to build a global creative industry center for the coming digital era, and the UK Digital Strategy in 2017, aiming to create a world-leading digital economy for everyone in the post-Brexit era.

Comparing the policies of the digital creative industry between two countries, we found that the British policies laid much emphasis on the systematic support to the industries in terms of organization and management, talent training, financial support and products marketing etc. More importantly, the British government paid great attention to the guiding role of the policy research to keep the effectiveness, consistency and equity of the policies. China needs to work closely with the UK to improve its research methods and topics for the digital creative industry promotion policies in the future.

ABSTRACT. The service efficiency of science and technology resources is one of the most important issues concerned by Chinese S&T management. In order to allocate S&T resources in a more reasonable way, it is necessary to study the returns to scale of scientific research institutions in China to maximize the efficiency of resources. Returns to scale can help decision makers decide whether to expand or reduce the size of the organization, thus to improve the performance of the organization's operations. Due to the complexity of scientific research activities, the increase proportion of research funding is not always the same as that of researchers' input. This paper adopts the idea of variable proportional return to scale. DEA method is used to analyze the directional returns to scale and optimal investment direction of scientific research institutions. The input-output indicators used in this paper are staff, funding, SCI papers, and high-quality papers. This paper aims to analyze the returns to scale of 22 agricultural universities in China between 2011 and 2018. So these colleges should avoid increasing inputs further so that the S&T resources can be used more efficiently．In particular, the three output indicators cover only part of the basic research in the biological field. Results turned out that: Using the method in this paper, each university can find fileds with increasing, unchanged and decreasing directional returns to scale and the optimal resource investment in the next step, so as to make clear how to increase or reduce resource investment in the next step, which can be used as reference when making relevant decisions. For instance, China Agricultural University is in the diminishing directional returns to scale in terms of resource investment growth. Therefore, from the perspective of scale efficiency, the input of resources should be appropriately reduced. In the direction of decreasing investment, if the proportion of researcher reduction exceeds that of scientific research funds, the directional returns to scale of the institute will increase, thus improving the scale efficiency of the institute. What needs to be pointed out particularly is that the selection of input-output indicators is the premise and basis of this analysis. These indicators, especially the output indicators, do not fully represent all the contributions of the biological institutes. Although all these 22 universities have biological orientation, they are not completely in consistency due to their specific research directions and subject characteristics. In fact, the selected three indicators only cover part of basic research and student development. Secondly, because of the particularity of scientific research activities, there is a time lag between input and output, and the current output is not completely the result of the current input. Therefore, the research in this paper is an attempt to the proposed method, and further research is needed in the future.

ABSTRACT. We examine how province-level government-market context moderates the relationship between social capital to new business opportunities, and its performance. To do this, we blend a theory of entrepreneurship, which highlights the importance of social capital in promoting innovation and uncertainty, with institutional theory to develop a multi-level model of entrepreneurial entry and performance. We merge data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and government-market relationship index for 25 provinces in 2012, 2014 and 2016. Consistent with the theory of entrepreneurship above and Chinese reality, we hypothesize that social capital measured with the cost of eating out promote new business creation. Our results, which are based on a multilevel fixed-effects model using a large representative sample of 5247 households, suggest that entrepreneurs’ social capital increases the probability of entrepreneurial entry and better performance. However, the strength of these relationships depends on the government-market context, with more social capital (or strong social network) substantially more likely to lead to new ventures and better entrepreneurial performance in provinces with stronger government. These findings provide suggestive evidence that government-market relationship not only channels household effort to productive entrepreneurial activities, but also affects the role of households’ social capital in entrepreneurial entry and performance.

ABSTRACT. Innovation is the key to maintain the core competitiveness of enterprises. Under the background of knowledge economy and global economic integration, enterprises must improve their innovation ability, master the core technology, and create their own advantages and strong overall strength if they want to survive and develop in the increasingly intensified market competition. The literature on corporate governance shows that foreign capital can bring necessary resources to innovation activities, thus promoting enterprise innovation. Since the reform and opening up, China's economic growth rate has been three times that of the world average, creating a growth miracle attracting worldwide attention. It is generally believed that the introduction of foreign capital can not only bring capital to the enterprises in developing countries, but also bring advanced technology and management experience, that is, through the multinational companies in the local investment plant or cooperative operation, produce spillover effect, so as to benefit local enterprises. However, some scholars suggest that local enterprises may be dependent on technologies brought by foreign capital, and meanwhile, foreign capital may also bring problems such as resource acquisition, thus hindering the innovation of enterprises. From the late 1980s, China began to implement the strategy of "market for technology" to introduce foreign capital. In order to explore how the relationship between foreign ownership and enterprise innovation, and foreign ownership affects the concrete means of enterprise innovation, this article is based on a 2012 world bank - enterprise manufacturing sector survey data in China, under the background of China's manufacturing enterprises, foreign ownership and the relationship between enterprise innovation behavior and empirical research. It is found that the foreign capital stock ownership will affect the technology introduction and the innovation behavior of enterprises. Foreign ownership has a significant positive impact on enterprise innovation behavior. Under the established ownership structure, whether or not the introduction of technology affects the innovation behavior of enterprises. Technology introduction plays an intermediary role in foreign ownership and enterprise innovation. On the basis of taking into account the sample selection bias and endogenous problem, this study further used the propensity score matching method to estimate the impact of foreign ownership on enterprise innovation behavior. After controlling the endogenous problem and sample selection bias, the above conclusions are still robust.

ABSTRACT. In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge has become an important source of core competitiveness of enterprises. In order to improve the ability of innovation, enterprises continuously exchange knowledge with universities, research institutes, other enterprises, intermediary organizations and other entities to form an innovation network. However, in the high uncertainty and complex network environment, due to contract incompleteness and information asymmetry, there were risks such as opportunistic behavior, insufficient knowledge sharing, and free ride. As an important supplement to formal governance, informal governance based on social norms helps regulate organizational behavior and prevent opportunistic behavior. Informal governance mainly had four governance mechanisms: trust, reputation, collection sanctions and cooperative culture. Each mechanism plays a coordinating role under certain conditions. At present, scholars' research on informal governance mainly focuses on trust and reputation mechanisms. Therefore, from the perspective of joint sanctions, this paper studied the premise and characteristics of joint sanctions from the perspective of informal governance, and drew the three paths of joint sanctions in the organization of individuals, organizations and the overall network. Only through the collection action of the four mechanisms can network governance achieve the maximum effect.

ABSTRACT. Based on complex network and GIS research method, the paper analyses the topology statistics and special structure characteristics of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei innovation network during the evolution since 2000 with patent cooperation data among 13 cities. The results show that: (1) With short average path length and high clustering coefficient, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Innovation Network is a typical small world network; (2)With the degree distribution transforms from long tale distribution to bell curve distribution, the rising of structure entropy, and the richer cooperation relation, the network is evolving towards homogeneous status; (3) The node weight distribution and the edge weight distribution exhibit power law distribution characteristics and the node degree is highly correlated to node weight with power law function relation; (4) The difference between nodes is big with heavy polarization phenomenon, as cities except Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang take part in little cooperation with little innovation link; (5) The structure analysis of the network shows that among four blocks, all the blocks are inactive with little innovation link and small cooperation strength except core block. Based on the research results above, the paper put forward the suggestions on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei collaborative innovation.

ABSTRACT. Unlike U.S capital market, In China, there exists “lockup period” in the venture capital exit process. Due to these causations, venture capital institutions are nearly impossible to exit in a short time after IPO, so it is extremely necessary for venture capitalists to combine their own investment strategy and dividend payment strategy of listed ventures, thus realizing the optimization of both stock-selling and dividend payment. Based on the statistic data of IPO firms with the participation of venture capitals from 2004 to 2018, using real option theory, this paper points out that, either in the “holding period” or the “exit window” of VCs’ exit process, there is a significant positive relationship between the number of dividends payment and the exit performance of VCs. Meanwhile, this paper also finds the significant negative correlation between the dividend amount of IPO firms and the exit performance of VCs regardless of period. Furthermore, during the Exit window, with the increase of venture capitals’ shareholder ratio in IPO firms, this effect is more obvious. Essential suggestions are come forward for regulatory authorities to investigate relevant polices of regulations on venture capital institutions in this paper.

ABSTRACT. As external balancing mechanism，third-party evaluation has the advantage of independence，objectivity and impartiality，compared with internal evaluation. Independence is the core of evaluation，which is critical to objectivity and impartiality of evaluation finding. In this study, the comparison had been on third-party evaluation, independence evaluation and external evaluation，which had different emphasis. The third-party evaluation focused the evaluators, which aimed to differ with the fist party and the second party. Modern Agriculture Industrial Technogical System (MAITS) is a program, which have been funded by Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) in China for almost 8 years. In order to account to public，the third-party evaluation was asked to do on MAITS in 2015. This study took this evaluation as an example, and discussed what was third-party evaluation's independence. In this case study, independence needed to be ensured from two parts, evaluation organizations and evaluation procedures. Fisrtly, independence of evaluators contained spirit, institutions and their members, and legal status of institutions. Secondly, independence of evaluation procedures was suggested to ensure through both itself and external. As for procedures, three points needed to be involved, including choosing experts, getting data, and forming the evaluation report. As for the external supervision, there were four pionts including introducing competition mechanism, disclosuring the evaluation process and results, constructing an open and transparent supervision mechnism, and improving the use of results.

ABSTRACT. The goal of entrepreneurship education. After the founding of New China, the concept of "combining education with productive labor" was clearly put forward, emphasising production practice and encouraging extracurricular activities of scientific and technological works. The goal was to train socialist workers and successors. In the 1980s, Britain, facing the serious high unemployment rate, explicitly put forward the concept of "self-employment" to encourage universities to carry out entrepreneurship education.

The policy of entrepreneurship education. The policy issued by the Ministry of Education of China to encourage colleges and universities to carry out entrepreneurship education marks that the administrative departments of the government are promoting entrepreneurship education in Colleges and universities in an all-round way; the State Council has issued a civilised policy to promote entrepreneurship education in finance, taxation, industry, insurance and venture capital, and has put forward the general idea and specific requirements of entrepreneurship education in Colleges and universities, which indicates that the policies and environment for promoting entrepreneurship education in the whole society have been comprehensively improved. The UK Higher Education Entrepreneurship Program is the beginning of the government's policy to promote entrepreneurship education. It clearly points out that the fundamental goal of entrepreneurship education is to form a culture of stimulating entrepreneurship, encouraging innovation and rewarding success in the whole society, focusing on the general improvement of young people's entrepreneurship ability, and providing support and assistance to entrepreneurs in an all-round way.

The mode of entrepreneurship education. Chinese universities generally offer entrepreneurship education courses, mostly elective courses with loose structure, but they have not formed a complete entrepreneurship education security system, and entrepreneurship education is free from formal teaching. The curriculum system of entrepreneurship education in British universities is relatively complete, and the integration of entrepreneurship knowledge education and skills education can provide students with practical entrepreneurship experience.

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes the strategic significance of transformation basic research achievements, analyzes the conceptual boundaries and forms of basic research achievements, and constructs three transformation modes of knowledge transfer, talent use and direct application for different forms and transformation needs, and proposes the operation paths.