ABSTRACT. The oases of the Adrar region in southwest Algeria rely on groundwater from the Continental Intercalaire (Albian) aquifer, traditionally exploited through foggaras. This gravity‑driven underground gallery system has sustained oasis agriculture for centuries. In recent decades, motor‑pumped wells, boreholes, and pressurized irrigation systems (sprinkler and drip) have increasingly complemented foggaras, but often without integrated planning of energy use and groundwater abstraction. This paper analyzes the current configuration of irrigation systems in Adrar and discusses how renewable energy, particularly solar photovoltaics, can support a more sustainable modernization pathway. The methodology combines field missions (2018–2020) with surveys of irrigators and data from hydraulic and agricultural services in 29 communes. The inventory reveals 371 boreholes, 11,390 wells, and 706 foggaras, serving irrigated areas totaling about 15,626 ha under gravity irrigation, 8,687 ha under sprinkler irrigation, and approximately 12,257 ha under drip irrigation. Traditional gravity systems offer low‑cost, energy‑free water delivery. Still, they are inefficient and labor-intensive, whereas sprinkler and drip systems can achieve application efficiencies of about 75% and 95%, respectively, at the cost of increased energy demand and technical complexity. The paper argues that coupling modern irrigation with solar energy and prioritizing foggara rehabilitation, water-saving distribution, and separate wastewater/rainwater networks is essential to reduce pressure on fossil groundwater and delay the need for large-scale desalination.

ABSTRACT. This research focuses on addressing the issue of low machine efficiency in the machining area of a metalworking company in Callao, Lima. It highlights the critical role of machinery availability, quality, and performance in the metalworking industry, particularly in machining processes that are essential for high-quality production. Low efficiency in this area contributes to decreased productivity and machine availability, increased rework, and higher operational costs, all of which impact the company's competitiveness. To tackle this challenge, the study proposes the application of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) tools as a central strategy to improve the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) in the machining area. Additionally, the study suggests incorporating standardization practices and Industry 4.0 technologies. TPM is presented as a holistic approach to maximize machine efficiency, involve all personnel in maintenance efforts, and foster a culture of continuous improvement, ultimately enhancing productivity and reducing waste.

ABSTRACT. This work introduces and investigates several classes of harmonic multivalent functions specified in the interior of the unit disk Ω by using Hadamard (convolution) operator. This investigation is conducted within the domain of Bergman spaces, and it focuses on studying various geometric possessions such as coefficient approximations, extreme points, convexly linear combinations, convolution conditions, as well as different types of integral transforms associated with these function classes.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. With increasing levels of human impact from sources such as untreated hospital waste being released into freshwater ecosystems, there are substantial changes to both the water quality and biotic diversity within these environments. The current research was designed to assess how the discharge of effluent from the Medical City Complex (MCC), Baghdad has impacted the diversity of rotifers living in the Tigris River. Sampling events occurred on a monthly basis, from June 2025 – February 2026. Three sampling sites were evaluated; (S1) upstream, (S2) at the discharge location and (S3) downstream from the discharge location. Monthly sampling included measuring six physicochemical parameters (disolved oxygen (DO; mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅; mg/L), pH, electrical conductivity (µS/cm), phosphate (PO₄³⁻; mg/L), and total hardness [mg/L]) and the relative abundence (RA), constancy index, species richness (D), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′), evenness (E), Jaccard similarity index, and cluster analysis of rotifers. Results indicate there exists statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) spatial variability among all three sampling sites. Site S1 exhibited the highest DO and biodiversity indices, while site S2 exhibited elevated levels of PO₄³⁻, and lower ecological stability than S1. Sites with impacted rotifer diversity were all dominated by pollution tolerant taxa (specifically Brachionus sp.). Rotifer density was shown to be negatively correlated (BOD₅ (r = -0.60) and pH (r = -0.44)) and positively correlated (conductivity, hardness, and phosphate concentration) to the physicochemical parameters. Similarity analysis showed that there were a very large number of similarities between S2 and S3; thus supporting the finding that sewage from hospitals has affected the water downstream from hospitals. The results of the present study indicate that rotifers were a sensitive group of organisms that could be used as reliable bioindicators and support the need to incorporate biological assessments into the freshwater monitoring programs.

ABSTRACT. The optimal design of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) requires balancing inherently conflicting objectives, including investment cost, operational reliability, carbon emissions, and renewable penetration. Although multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) such as NSGA-II and MOEA/D have been widely adopted for this purpose, their performance often depends on fixed operator configurations, limiting adaptability under dynamic climatic conditions and varying load profiles. This paper introduces a Green Adaptive Hyper-Heuristic (GAHH) framework for multi-objective renewable energy system optimization. The proposed method adopts a two-level search architecture in which a high-level adaptive controller dynamically selects among low-level metaheuristic operators. Operator selection is driven by a sustainability-aware reward mechanism that jointly considers hypervolume improvement and environmental performance indicators, thereby embedding carbon sensitivity directly into the search process. The framework is evaluated using real hourly meteorological and load data over a full annual horizon (8,760 hours). Comparative results against classical MOEAs demonstrate consistent performance gains, achieving 6--9\% improvement in hypervolume, up to 42\% reduction in CO$_2$ emissions relative to diesel-dominated configurations, renewable penetration exceeding 78\%, and system reliability above 98\%. Sensitivity and robustness analyses under multiple climate and demand scenarios confirm stable convergence behavior with limited performance degradation. These results indicate that GAHH provides a scalable, adaptive, and environmentally aware decision-support framework suitable for sustainable microgrid planning and next-generation smart grid deployment.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) have a wide range of applications across various fields and include several types, such as CR-39. These detectors are affected by radiation, generating narrow radiation damage tracks. These damage tracks indicate the type and energy of the incident particle. Their characteristics include long-term retention of nuclear tracks, high homogeneity, and high sensitivity to radiation. These tracks appear and expand when a suitable abrasive material is used. This study aims to calculate both the diameter of the track formed on the detector surface and the density of these tracks for a range of alpha energies (2.191, 2.467, 2.726, 3.094, 3.212, and 3.500 MeV) using a specially designed computational program. In this study, the detector was irradiated with alpha particles emitted from an americium (241A) source for a period of 5 minutes. A sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with a concentration of 6.25 N and a temperature of 70°C was used, along with different scraping times (30, 60, 70, 75, 80, and 85 minutes). The results showed that the highest absorption of alpha particle energy, corresponding to the maximum track diameter, occurred at an energy of (2.726 MeV). The maximum track density at the same energy was (3951 traces per mm²). Despite the widespread use of CR-39 nuclear trace detectors for measuring alpha particle traces, the relationship between particle energy and the characteristics of the recorded trace has not been adequately studied under different scraping conditions. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of alpha particles on the CR-39 detector and the energy response across a wide range of charged alpha particle energies. This is achieved by calculating the trace diameter and density as energy and etching time vary, using a specially designed computational program. Furthermore, this research contributes to the development of a theoretical and practical understanding of the mechanism for recording alpha particle traces.

ABSTRACT. The transition toward sustainable industrial practices has intensified the demand for high-performance bio-based lubricants derived from renewable resources. In this study, Aspen Plus process simulation was integrated with response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design to optimize the transesterification of biodiesel-derived fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with trimethylolpropane (TMP) and di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP). Reaction temperature, vacuum pressure, and FAME-to-polyol molar ratio were systematically optimized to maximize ester conversion while minimizing specific energy consumption (SEC). The energy-efficient optima yielded 93.76% conversion with 0.3034 kWh/kg SEC for the TMP system and 91.48% conversion with 0.2959 kWh/kg SEC for the Di-TMP system, corresponding to a ~5% reduction in SEC compared with literature-reported on conventional FAME-based pathway conditions. In-silico viscosity blending using the Refutas logarithmic correlation demonstrated that a 50.13 wt% Di-TMP blend achieves an exact ISO VG 68 kinematic viscosity of 68.0 cSt at 40 oC. By upgrading biodiesel-derived FAME from low-value palm-based residues into premium polyol ester base oils, the proposed framework provides a quantitatively optimized and energy-efficient pathway supporting circular bioeconomy strategies in renewable process industries.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This research investigates the mechanical performance of epoxy composite coatings reinforced with depolymerized polyethylene terephthalate (DPET) and recycled waste glass particles. Different composite formulations were prepared using epoxy as the matrix with varying weight percentages of DPET and glass particles. The studied compositions included: 50% epoxy–25% DPET–25% glass, 50% epoxy–35% DPET–15% glass, 50% epoxy–15% DPET–35% glass, 50% epoxy–50% glass, 50% epoxy–50% DPET, and 100% neat epoxy. Mechanical tests, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and wear behavior, were evaluated to determine the influence of filler composition. The results show that neat epoxy exhibited the highest tensile strength of about 45 MPa due to its homogeneous structure. Among the composites, the formulation containing 50% epoxy, 15% DPET, and 35% glass achieved the best tensile strength of approximately 36 MPa. Impact strength increased significantly with increasing DPET content, reaching the highest value of about 0.95 J for the composite containing 50% epoxy and 50% DPET. Hybrid composites containing both DPET and glass (25% DPET / 25% glass) demonstrated balanced mechanical performance with impact strength ranging between 0.85–0.91 J. Flexural strength also improved with optimized composition, increasing from 48 MPa to approximately 56 MPa. Additionally, the wear rate improved significantly, decreasing from 0.0253 in neat epoxy to about 0.00678 in the 50% epoxy–50% DPET composite. The results confirm that recycled PET improves toughness and impact resistance, while glass particles enhance stiffness and tensile properties. Therefore, hybrid reinforcement using recycled materials provides an effective and sustainable approach for improving epoxy composite coatings

ABSTRACT. . In this work, copper (CuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) colloidal nanoparticles were prepared via laser ablation of Cu and Ag pellet immersed in triple deionized water. Pulsed Nd: YAG laser pulses were employed to irradiate the Cu and Ag targets at 300 mJ/ pulse laser energies and 2.5 min ablation times. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, and particle size analyzer. The XRD pattern of the CuNPs and AgNPs proved the presence of (111), (200) at corresponding 2θ value of 44.56°, 50.68°, and of 38.1 and 44.2 respectively. The sizes of CuNPs, AgNPs, and oil are measured by a Particle size analyzer of about 17.5, 25.2, and 291.2 nm respectively. The effect of Tarragon oil fortified with AgNPs and CuNPs on the activity of E.coli bacteria, was investigated to explore the efficiency of AgNPs, CuNPs fortified tarragon oil on inhibiting the growth of E.coli bacteria. The obtained results showed significant increasing in the inhibition rate after incorporating the Tarragon oil. The achieved inhibition rate of AgNPs and CuNPs are about 11 mm and 20 mm respectively. The mixed component 1:1 oil: AgNPs and Oil: CuNPs, show high activity toward E.coli with improving the efficiency by 73% and 40% , where the inhibition zone was increased to 19 mm and 28 mm respectively . This effect of mixing Tarragon oil on improving the antibacterial activity of AgNPs and CuNPs is strongly related with the specific surface area of metallic nanoparticles after incorporating oil.

ABSTRACT. Surface freshwater is one of the rarest resources on Earth, comprising only 0.007% of the planet's total water. Despite its scarcity, two significant threats diminish its usefulness. The first is human-induced global warming, which has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves, consequently increasing evaporation rates from surface freshwater. The second threat is its reduced usability due to increased chemical and physical pollutants, as well as high levels of dissolved salts. One proposed solution to these problems is desalination. Solar-powered direct and indirect desalination is considered sustainable methods for water desalination. The work was divided into three phases. In the first, spatial techniques were applied in conjunction with standard statistical approaches to identify regions with the highest net solar irradiance levels in Iraq during the period from 2008 to 2022. Those covered 38.33% of Iraq's total area, with solar irradiance being the primary factor in selecting site for solar-powered desalination plant. In second phase, geological integrity was used as a criterion to exclude areas near the eastern border. In third phase, the study area was narrowed down using environmental factors that reduce the efficiency of solar concentrators, namely: annual (rainfall, relative humidity, and number of rising dust days). Those were combined to reduce interest area to 1.93% of Iraq. The interested area located in the Diwaniyah Governorate, with the largest population cluster in Al-Hamza Al-Sharqi district, so it is spatially preferred for the desalination plant.

ABSTRACT. Vitamin D is a type of pro-hormone that interacts with many types of cells and many types of receptors in the body. Vitamin D can be affected by many factors including sun exposure and sleep duration and cause many diseases particularly autoimmune diseases. This study aims to determine the effect of sun and sleep duration on vitamin D level and also to find out the relationship between vitamin D and some immunological and hematological parameters. 124 samples were collected from patients and healthy people in Nineveh city in two months from November 2025-january 2026 and from people of different ages starting from 15 years to 65 years. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological parameters using CBC analysis, for immunological parameters ELISA, as well as AFIAS-6 device was used to determine vitamin D level of individuals. The results demonstrated decreased levels of interleukin-10 in vitamin D deficient and insufficient groups compared to their matched controls as well as elevated WBC counts. In the terms of sun exposure, the results showed increased levels of IL-10 and WBC and decreased levels of TNF-α and IL-12 in patients with less than 2 h sun exposure compared to their matched controls. Statistical analysis also showed high levels of IL-10 and WBC and lower levels of TNF-α in patients with 3-6 h of sleep compared to matched controls. Increased levels of WBC and IL-10 may indicate an immune response to an inflammation in the body as IL-10 plays a regulatory role in immune system.

ABSTRACT. The goal of this paper is to come up with rehabilitation exercises that use ultrasound waves, find out how well these exercises help injured fencers with wrist pain, and find out how well these exercises help injured fencers recover their wrist joint range of motion. There were two groups that were the same: a control group and an experimental group. The researcher used the experimental method. There were tests given before and after the experiments. The experimental method is one of the best ways to do science study and find answers to problems. It involves keeping all variables and important factors the same except for one. The researcher then changes this one variable or factor to find out and measure its scientific effect. One of the researcher's main concerns was the study group and sample. So, people with carpal tunnel syndrome, a total of fourteen people, were chosen as the study group. (12) People were chosen, but two were taken out of the study group because they couldn't keep to the plan set done by the expert. People were split into two groups., with six people in each: a control group and an experimental group. One of the most important things the expert found was that: The researcher came up with rehabilitation exercises that clearly help increase the range of motion in the wrist joint. The rehabilitation exercises, when mixed with the ultrasound waves, also helped relieve pain. One of the most important things the researcher said was that people who have torn wrist ligaments should use the new method and rehabilitation exercises that were created, as well as the ultrasound waves that were used by the researchers and the helpers (like elastic bands, weights, and medicine balls) that were made for them.

ABSTRACT. The refractive-index dispersion of Lithium triborate (LiB₃O₅, LBO) was studied along its three components, x, y, and z, using four analytical models: Cauchy, classical Sellmeier, two-term Sellmeier, and a modified Sellmeier equation. Experimental data were fitted with MATLAB and evaluated using MSE and AAD. The modified Sellmeier equation showed the best accuracy, enabling reliable calculations of birefringence, phase velocity, group velocity, and dispersion parameters. Results confirm normal dispersion behavior, decreasing birefringence with wavelength, and zero-dispersion points significant for ultrafast applications. This provides a refined optical description of LBO for nonlinear frequency conversion and ultrafast photonics.

ABSTRACT. The nuclear reaction cross sections for exotic (_2^6)He and (_2^8)He impinging on (_4^9)Be, (_6^12)C and (_13^27)Al targets were studied using Glauber model in optical approximation. The spatial distributions for exotic (_2^6)He and (_2^8)He isotopes were studied through using the modified harmonic oscillator potential wave functions included in local-scaling transformation. The parameters for both of used potential and technique were fixed so as to produce the available experimental values for size radii for (_2^6)He and (_2^8)He isotopes. The long tails in the calculated spatial distributions were well generated. The theoretical results were compared with available empirical data.

ABSTRACT. Although there were significantly different solutions to Assignment Problems (AP) accessible over a particular time frame, the expanding use of predictive algorithms (EAs) to related issues presents a method for addressing AP with a broad range of applicability. The primary study offers significant value by alleviating the burden on detectives to assess the requirements for quality meticulously. It achieves this by normalizing all criteria within a unified magnitude, separate from their respective calculating scales, based on whether the focus is on minimum or maximum values. Combining the constraints with a separate Assignment Problem, a gravitational search algorithm for issues with Assignment is suggested (GSA vs AP). The working principle of the proposed method is clarified with a mathematical example, and its efficiency has been compared to that of some well-known techniques. When the results from all (375) instances of the investigation were considered, the number of periods the neighborhood studying algorithm got there (2) compared to the algorithm of completing the conception imitation (117), after repeating the resolution of every issue (25), as well as storing the algorithm outcomes, demonstrated that they agreed only once the algorithm of gravitational search (174). It is an Assignment that the suggested strategy (GSA vs AP) produces a lower determining complexity and a better solution. Each of the findings in GSA (R2020b) was generated using MATLAB.

ABSTRACT. A quantum electronic transport theory used to calculate the rate of electron transfer from the excited ruthenium N3 dye to the conduction band in CdSe semiconductor based donor-acceptor framework. Based on this model, the electron moves from the excited N3 dye to the conduction band in CdSe via a quantum transition process subject to the interference of coupling strength and reorganization energy. The effects of energy reorganization play a crucial role in electron transport, affecting the reaction process, the activation barrier, and injection stability, by changing energy levels and charge distribution. High reorganization energy leads to an increased activation barrier and a decreased probability of electron transfer, while low reorganization energy leads to a rapid injection of electrons. Ethanol and methanol were used as polar media around the N3-CdSe device to study the effects of the solvent.The polarity difference resulting from the dielectric constant clearly affects the reorganized energy and the electrostatic environment. The results show that solvent properties are critically important for electron transfer at the interface, from the perspective of solvent conditions, temperature, and coupling strength, in terms of their effect on electron transfer rates. The increased temperature led to an increase in the vibrational energy of the system, which raised the probability of electrons overcoming this activation barrier and moving into the conduction band in CdSe, resulting in a significant increase in the transport rate. The strong coupling indicates the overlap of wavefunctions between the energy levels of the N3 dye and CdSe in the device. Strong coupling indicates an increased probability of electron transfer due to the strength of the interaction between the donor and acceptor states. In fact, electron transport across surface of N3-CdSe device systems is governed by fundamental principles of quantum state reconfiguration levels, barrier regulation, coupling strength, and thermal activation. Optimizing these parameters is essential for improving charge transport efficiency and overall device performance.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The hormone leptin is produced by cells in the small intestine and adipose tissue; it helps maintain energy balance by reducing food intake, thereby reducing fat mass in adipocytes. The ventromedial and arcuate nuclei, along with other regions of the hypothalamus and the ventral tegmental area, which is responsible for feeding, have specialized receptors for leptin. In addition to its involvement with fat cells, it is involved in other regulatory elements, including obesity. The purpose of this research was to assess leptin levels and other biochemical parameters in healthy male athletes from Kirkuk, Iraq, who smoked cigarettes. Within the same age range, the research included (40) current smokers and (40) healthy non-smokers. We used an ELISA reagent from Sunlong Biotech in China to measure serum leptin levels, and kits from Giesse Diagnostics srl in Italy to measure C-reactive protein, glucose, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Mathematical measurements were taken for LDL and VLDL, which stand for very-low-density lipoprotein. While the levels of leptin were not significantly different between athletes who smoked and those who did not, the levels of C-reactive protein, glucose, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly higher in the former group. There was also a significant decrease in calcium content.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces a new mixture distribution, referred to as the Laplace–General Weibull Distribution (LGWD), which combines the Laplace and General Weibull distributions to provide a more flexible model for lifetime data analysis. The statistical properties of the proposed model are investigated, including the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, and hazard rate function. Additionally, key characteristics such as moments, variance, skewness, kurtosis, mode, and moment-generating function are derived. The performance of the LGWD model is evaluated using real medical data and compared with existing distributions through standard information criteria such as AIC, BIC, and CAIC. The results demonstrate that the proposed distribution offers improved flexibility and superior fitting capability for complex lifetime data.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the biocompatibility and physicochemical properties of sodium alginate-based nanocomposites reinforced with TiO₂, ZrO₂, and MgO nanoparticles for tissue engineering applications. The nanocomposite films were prepared via a solution casting method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, swelling analysis, and MTT assay. XRD results confirmed the coexistence of the amorphous alginate matrix with crystalline nanoparticle phases. FTIR analysis revealed strong interactions between alginate functional groups and nanoparticles. SEM observations showed a transition from a smooth morphology to a rough and heterogeneous structure upon nanoparticle incorporation. Contact angle and swelling studies demonstrated enhanced hydrophilicity and water absorption capacity. The MTT assay confirmed high cell viability, indicating excellent biocompatibility. Overall, the incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles significantly improved the structural, surface, and biological properties of sodium alginate, making these nanocomposites promising candidates for tissue engineering applications.

ABSTRACT. This research aimed to analyze the kinematic and kinetic indicators in the clean and jerk lift of the best Iraqi Olympic weightlifter on both ends of the barbell. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using a survey-based analytical study method. The researcher used a force measurement platform (Forts Plate Form), digital cameras to obtain the values of these indicators, and the motion analysis software (AutoCAD 2023). The research sample was limited to one weightlifter, the Iraqi Olympic champion Ali Ammar Al-Rubaie. The researchers concluded that Ali Ammar possesses a high degree of symmetry in the kinematic indicators on both ends of the barbell. There were minor differences in the relative height values during some phases of the clean and jerk lift, as well as minor differences in the weight's deflection values during some phases. Furthermore, the indicators of the vertical force applied to both sides of the platform achieved a high degree of relative symmetry throughout all phases of the lift, with minor variations that did not significantly affect the overall performance level. The researchers recommend adopting the values presented in this study as benchmark indicators and functions for studies related to performance evaluation in weightlifting.

ABSTRACT. This article evaluates and compares machine learning models for predicting the front bearing temperature of wind turbine gearboxes, a critical indicator of their condition. Within a sustainable predictive maintenance framework, this study compares the performance of Linear Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Regression (SVR), and XGBoost algorithms. Using detailed operational data from SCADA systems, the models are trained to predict front bearing temperatures. The models are then evaluated for accuracy using the metrics R² (coefficient of determination), RMSE (root mean squared error), and MAE (mean absolute error). The results demonstrate that the Random Forest regression model offers the highest predictive performance. This research provides a practical decision-making framework for selecting the most effective machine learning approach to optimize maintenance strategies, reduce operational costs, and minimize environmental impact by anticipating failures and streamlining interventions.

ABSTRACT. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of two types of cartographic maps in representing demographic data for Iraqi governorates and conveying their message to academic users. The first type comprised static maps created using ArcGIS 10.8 and coded using the pie chart method (Pie Chart Maps), whilst the second category comprised interactive maps created using the ArcGIS Online platform. The demographic data was based on the General Population and Housing Census of Iraq for the years 2024–2025, published by the Statistics and Geographic Information Systems Authority / the Iraqi Ministry of Planning / Republic of Iraq. The indicators used in the study included the gender distribution of the population, their distribution by urban and rural areas, and household headship types for all governorates of the Republic of Iraq. The study adopted a comparative descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a standardized questionnaire administered to a purposive sample comprising 17 academics from the teaching staff with varying levels of academic expertise in the field of cartography. The reliability of the instrument was demonstrated using Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.86) for the static map category and (α=0.925) for the interactive map category. The study’s results concluded that the interactive map achieved an overall mean score of 4.07/5, compared to the static map’s overall mean score of 3.60/5, a difference of 0.47 in favour of the interactive map. However, the static map achieved relative superiority among 47.1% of academics regarding suitability for serious academic publication. The study concluded that the complementary nature of the two types enables the highest level of cartographic effectiveness to be achieved within the Iraqi academic context.

ABSTRACT. The Lebanese electricity sector has experienced severe structural and operational challenges over the last decades due to increasing energy demand, dependence on imported fossil fuels, demographic growth, and infrastructure deterioration. These difficulties have generated major economic, environmental, and social consequences while limiting the country’s capacity to achieve sustainable development objectives. This paper investigates the evolution of energy consumption and electricity production in Lebanon with particular emphasis on energy efficiency, sectoral demand distribution, and renewable energy integration potential. Statistical and analytical evaluations are performed to examine the relationship between demographic expansion, economic activity, and final energy consumption in the residential, transportation, and industrial sectors. The study highlights the dominant dependence on fossil fuels and the resulting environmental pressures associated with conventional electricity generation. Renewable energy technologies, particularly solar and hydropower systems, are discussed as strategic solutions for improving national energy sustainability and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The results demonstrate that strengthening energy efficiency policies and accelerating renewable energy deployment are essential for improving electricity reliability, reducing operational costs, and supporting long-term sustainable development in Lebanon.

ABSTRACT. Abstract Burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen linked to nosocomial infections, such as UTIs. It is known for its intrinsic multidrug resistance, robust biofilm formation ability and requires molecular tools to ensure identification (e.g., recA gene). Objectives: This study was conducted to isolate and identify B. cepacia from urinary tract infections, detect the recA gene, and study its antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation by assessing the relationship between biofilm formation and viability, with screening for virulence factors. The study design includes Azadi and Kirkuk Teaching Hospitals, since May 2025 until September 2025. Urine samples were collected from 335 individuals. Identification was done by culture method, biochemical tests and VITEK 2system. Biofilm formation, antibiotic susceptibility and recA gene detection were assayed using microtiter plate, Kirby-Bauer method (CLSI) and PCR respectively. Out of 335 urine samples, 21 (6.27%) were positive for B. cepacia. The recA gene was detected in 13/17 isolates (76.47%), while 4/17 (23.53%) were negative. Biofilm formation was positive in 11/13 isolates (84.6%), and among 16 tested isolates, 3 (18.75%) were strong, 8 (50.0%) moderate, and 5 (31.25%) weak biofilm producers. Antibiotic resistance was highest for Benzylpenicillin 20/21 (95.24%), followed by Vancomycin and Erythromycin 19/21 (90.48%) each, and Tobramycin 18/21 (85.71%). Moderate resistance was seen in Clindamycin 16/21 (76.19%) and Gentamicin 14/21 (66.67%). Lower resistance was observed for Moxifloxacin 9/21 (42.86%) and Levofloxacin 8/21 (38.10%), while Trimethoprim showed the highest sensitivity 18/21 (85.71%). Biofilm-producing isolates demonstrated higher resistance compared to non-producers across most antibiotics.Biofilm assay exhibited great multidrug resistance of B. cepacia associated with biofilm formation and recA gene was found to be a reliable molecular marker for identification of B. cepacian.

ABSTRACT. Solid Blend Electrolytes (SBE) are substantial in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to their chemical and physical stability, improved performance, which boosts ionic conductivity. Two group (E and F) content of Chitosan: Polyaniline with fixed ratio 37.5 wt.% of LiI and or/NaI and various concentration of reduced graphene oxide (0.3 and 0.9) has been fabricated according to solution cast method. The FTIR spectra of the blend nanocomposites filled with different ratios of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) show clear spectral modifications, indicating interaction between the polymer matrix and rGO sheets. These interactions are expected to enhance electrical conductivity, mechanical reinforcement, and charge transport properties of the composite These variations are typically associated with out-of-plane C–H bending and skeletal vibrations influenced by rGO incorporation. The SEM analysis of the Cs: PANI filled with rGO (0.9 wt.%) nanocomposites indicate that the surface appears as a continuous polymer matrix with irregular granular bands distributed throughout the structure. The synergistic effect between lithium salt and higher rGO loading (0.9 wt.%) results in the optimum electrical performance, confirming that ion size and nanofiller concentration are key parameters controlling ionic transport in polymer nanocomposite electrolytes. The aim of this work investigates the influence of salts type and rGO concentration on conductivity, subsequently promote the DSSC efficiency.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of a Mobile Thermal Energy Storage (MTES) system applied to a large commercial building in Beirut, Lebanon. The case focuses on a shopping mall with a floor area of 115,000 m2 and an annual thermal demand of 4,600 MWh, mainly for space heating during a 70-day heating season. The proposed system uses six transport containers charged with industrial waste heat from a regional thermal energy plant located 19 km away. Erythritol, a phase change material (PCM) with high latent heat capacity and thermal stability, was selected as the storage medium to ensure efficient energy transport and release. The economic assessment considers different operational strategies by varying the number of daily trips per container (n=2–12). Capital costs were calculated for each configuration, including PCM, thermal oil, pipes, container shells, heat exchangers, pumps, shipping, and taxes. The Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Payback Period (PBP) were then evaluated over a 20-year project lifetime, assuming a waste heat unit cost of 0 $/MWh. Results show that very low trip frequencies (n=2–3) do not provide competitive profitability, whereas high frequencies (n≥8) shorten payback periods but reduce long-term returns and increase fuel consumption. The optimal operating range lies between n=4 and n=6, yielding a discounted payback period close to one year (1.16–0.81 years) and maximizing NPV to more than $5 million. These findings demonstrate that MTES can provide cost-effective and environmentally responsible heating solution for commercial buildings in Lebanon.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a theoretical study on the performance of a hybrid photovoltaic-solar distiller standalone system for green hydrogen production and storage under summer and winter climate conditions and PV cooling (Forced water (FW), forced air (FA), and natural air (NA)) at Alexandria, Egypt. The power output from the PV system and distilled fresh water are used for hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and stored via compressors. The results show that the power, freshwater, and hydrogen production in summer are greater than in winter. The maximum PEM efficiency is 84.9%, and PV efficiency is 13.4%. Moreover, the overall system efficiency in winter is greater than that of summer with an average value of 8.35, 8.16, and 8.13% for FW, FA, and NA, respectively in winter.

ABSTRACT. This study explores the utility of bipolar soft semi-open sets as a foundation for introducing a new class of weakly open sets. By establishing the structural interconnections between these novel sets and existing bipolar soft frameworks, the paper delineates their fundamental properties. Furthermore, we formalize the operators for bipolar soft semi-closure and semi-interior, providing a detailed characterization of their algebraic and topological behavior.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different factors (such as: sex, birth weight, blood group compatibility between the infant and the mother and type of feeding) on serum bilirubin levels in neonates with jaundice. A total of 72 newborns (aged 3–12 days) were picked and divided into two groups (A group of healthy neonates (12 newborns), A jaundiced group (60 newborns). Comparison between the groups showed a significant elevation in total serum bilirubin (P ≤ 0.01) in jaundiced neonates compared to the healthy ones. Regarding the effect of sex and weight on bilirubin levels in the jaundiced group, no significant differences were detected or shown. However, neonates with incompatible blood group and RH to the mother had a higher incidence of hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice) compared to those with matched blood types. Additionally, the study shows that breastfed infants had higher bilirubin levels compared to those on mixed feeding, whereas no significant difference was shown between breastfed and formula-fed infants.

ABSTRACT. In functional analysis the approximation of function have interest many of authors that its offers a solution to many problems faced by mathematicians, engineers, and economists, the study of function approximation concepts has become a subject of interest and attraction. The problem of approximating functions has been previously considered by several researchers in the field of functional analysis using some well-known operators, but in this case, we were able to generalize these operators and approximate functions in general using them to obtain results of great importance. In this paper, we examine various approximation specifications of a compound q-Baskokov-Stancue operator. We provide an accurate order of approximation, a quantify guesstimate of approximate and a Vorono vskaja-type finding in compact disks.

ABSTRACT. Background: Gastric ulcer disease (GUD), frequently associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, represents a major global health concern due to its complex inflammatory and immunological mechanisms. Understanding the molecular interactions involved in ulcer development is essential for identifying potential therapeutic targets. Materials and Methods: In this study, transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate dysregulated mRNA and miRNA profiles in gastric tissues from patients with GUD. Differential expression analysis and bioinformatics approaches were used to identify key genes, miRNAs, and immune-related pathways involved in disease progression. Results: The analysis identified 1889 upregulated and 340 downregulated mRNAs, along with 37 upregulated and 12 downregulated miRNAs. Several immune-related markers, including TNF, CCL20, TLR4, and CD40, showed significant involvement in inflammatory and immune signaling pathways. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were strongly associated with immune responses, inflammatory signaling, and immune cell recruitment. In addition, miRNA–mRNA interaction network analysis indicated that specific miRNAs, particularly hsa-miR-650, may regulate genes involved in immune homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Conclusion: These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric ulcer disease and highlight the critical role of immune dysregulation and miRNA-mediated gene regulation in disease progression. The identified genes and miRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for improving the diagnosis and treatment of GUD.

ABSTRACT. The single-machine scheduling problem with early-tardiness penalties is a well-known NP-hard optimization problem because its objectives are conflicting and search space is exponentially combination of n. To solve this problem efficiently, advanced optimization techniques are needed capable of balancing exploration and exploitation. In this paper, we propose an adaptive Ulti-operator learning firefly algorithm (AML-FFA) to improve the quality and speed of convergence of our solutions. The proposed algorithm integrates three components: (i) a multi-operator local search mechanism utilizing the Swap,Insertion,2-Opt and Block-Move operators for more expansive neighborhood exploration; (ii) an adaptive learning strategy which updates operator selection probabilities dynamically based on their relative improvement performance and (iii) an elite pattern learning mechanism that remembers small collections of jobs of good quality and reinforces them. The performance of the proposed AML-FFA algorithm is tested on various benchmark scheduling instances. Experimental results show that our method consistently outperforms conventional metaheuristic algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and standard Firefly Algorithm (FFA) in terms of both quality and speed of solution convergence. AML-FFA leads to improvements of objective values ranging from 10% to 18% compared to the methods it competes against. A Statistical validation if the Wilcoxon signed-rank test provides confirmation that these improvements are significant at a 95% confidence level. The results show that AML-FFA proposed in this paper is an effective, robust framework for solving complex single-machine scheduling problems, while also being applicable to other combinatorial optimization problems.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the research is to identify theeffect of information technology on raising the efficiency of administrative work in the Departmentof Sports and School Activities at Dhi Qar Directorate rejects education. The researcher used a descriptive approach using survey method. The study population included employees working in sports and school activity departments, for a sample of (88) individuals selected randomly. In order to achieve the research goals, the researcher developed an information technology scale containing (7) dimensions and (69) items. The validity and reliability of the instrument was established with relevant statistical tests. The outcomes revealed that information technology has a statistically influential implication on ameliorating administrative work efficiency in general especially in terms of technical infrastructure and digital capabilities for human resources. But there are barriers to the effective use of technology, especially lack of training and low financial support and insufficient technical preparedness. The study concluded that there is a need to strengthen information technology infrastructure, develop employees’ skills and qualify them through continued training programs, in addition to the use of modern electronic systems that contribute to improving administrative performance and enhancing the quality of work at departments of sports and school activities.

ABSTRACT. This article is a survey of the impact of different additive kinds, such as Fe, Pb, Ni, and Al on plasma a characteristic of zinc (Zn), using laser- induced spectrum breakdown system (In Gas). Plasma for the study was induced with a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser from pressed metal powder samples prepared in varying pro-portions. The electron temperature and electron density are obtained from the emission spectra using the Saha-Boltzmann and McWhirter equations. For different metal additives there was a large difference in the plasma heat capacity. Using the high resistivity elements like Fe increased it, while the thermally conductive ones like Zn and Al decreased in plasma. The agreement of the LIBS analysis with the NIST elemental database indicated that the elemental identification was very reliable. This work has demonstrated that LIBS can be used for not only the compositional but also thermophysical characterization of metallic materials, and it has widespread applications in various industrial, environmental and bio medical fields.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: In this study, the structural and electrical properties of Se90-xSn10+x system at different concentrations (x = 0, 10, 20) were successfully prepared and investigated using the melting point method. The samples change from a semi-crystalline to a more crystalline structure as the tin concentration increases, according to X-ray diffraction measurements. Improved atomic order and crystalline grain development are shown by the peaks' increasing sharpness and intensity. Temperature-dependent electrical conductivity tests were carried out, and the activation energy was assessed, in the extended region, the local region and at the Fermi level. The findings demonstrated that the activation energy is non-uniformly dependent on the concentration of Sn, rising and falling erratically as the concentration of Sn increases. This behavior points to conflicting effects of Sn inclusion on structural order and disorder. Additionally, it was discovered that the tail width somewhat increases at greater Sn content because of the appearance of disorder, while it reduces with rising Sn concentration at intermediate concentrations, indicating a loss in structural order. The density of extended, local states and at the Fermi level was also examined. The findings revealed structure-dependent alterations in line with shifts in the Fermi level. These results confirm a strong correlation between the structural and electrical properties, making the Se-Sn system a promising material for advanced electronic and insulating applications.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Recurrent miscarriage is a multifactorial reproductive disorder frequently linked with infectious and immunological factors, with Toxoplasma gondii showing the strongest causal effect capable of triggering immune imbalance and inflammatory events resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Aim: This study was conducted to assess the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in women with recurrent miscarriage as well as its correlation with inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A total of 126 women with recurrent miscarriage and 60 healthy (control) women were included in a case-control study. They were obtained from Kirkuk Teaching Hospital and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq, from July 2025 to January 2026. An additionally an control group of 60 apparently healthy women. T. gondii antibodies and cytokine levels were using the ELISA technique. IgG antibodies were detected in 23.0% (29/126), IgM in 1.6% (2/126), and combined IgG and IgM in 8.7% (11/126), while 66.7% were seronegative. Cytokine analysis revealed significantly elevated levels of CRP (17.18±3.05), IL-6 (31.19±4.57), and TNF-α (132.47±9.84) in patients compared to controls (0.93±0.26, 4.16±1.47, and 32.91±5.21, respectively; p=0.001), whereas IL-10 (3.62±0.68 vs 19.53±3.28) and IL-4 (49.74±4.41 vs 12.47±2.15) were significantly reduced. Strong positive correlations were observed between Toxoplasma infection and TNF-α (r=+0.80), IL-6 (r=+0.75), and CRP (r=+0.70), while negative correlations were found with IL-10 (r=−0.78) and IL-4 (r=−0.69). ROC analysis demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, particularly for TNF-α (AUC=0.92), IL-10 (AUC=0.91), and IL-6 (AUC=0.90). Toxoplasma gondii infection is strongly associated with immune dysregulation characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced anti-inflammatory responses, suggesting its potential role in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage.

ABSTRACT. The main sources of energy production in Cameroon remain hydroelectricity, thermal power plants using fuel and gas. However, in recent years, the country has experienced an imbalance that creates a gap between production and consumption. It is therefore very important to explore new energy sources such as wind energy. In an effort to search for other sources of energy, this study was conducted in the East region of Cameroon. Since wind speeds are low in this part of the country, it is imperative to look for methods to extract maximum power. To do this, we used the fuzzy adaptive dP-P&O algorithm. This algorithm combines the simplicity of the P&O method with the adaptability of fuzzy logic. It allows the wind turbine to adjust more quickly and more precisely to changing wind conditions. A fusion of clean energy and cutting-edge technology is the driving force behind the global shift toward sustainability, and innovations like fuzzy adaptive controls are essential to harness the full potential of wind energy. With this method, the turbine will be able to extract on average an energy of 790.917kWh per day in the month of January.

ABSTRACT. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and ZnO with nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized using sol-gel and spin-coating procedures. Varying concentrations of NiO NPs (10%, 30%, and 50 %) were deposited to assess the gas sensor's performance. XRD, FESEM, EDX, AFM, and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer were used to study the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the prepared samples. XRD revealed the hexagonal phase of ZnO and the cubic phase of NiO as the main patterns. The crystalline size of the ZnO NPs decreases with the increase in NiO NPs (10%) and then increases for (30% and 50%). FESEM images showed that most of the particles in all of the samples were spherical and had a strong tendency to stick together and the surfaces were also very uniform. The energy band gap of ZnO NPs, 90ZnO/10NiO NCs, 70ZnO/30NiO NCs, and 50ZnO/50NiO NCs had values of approximately 2.89, 2.57, 2.51, and 2.50 eV, respectively. The findings also indicate that ZnO/NiO NCs exhibit improved sensitivity to NO2 gas sensor behavior compared to pure ZnO NPs. In comparison to ZnO NPs, 50ZnO/50NiO NCs samples has the highest sensitivity (39.40% at 150°C).

ABSTRACT. Pulsed laser ablation of a metal target in liquid (PLAL) is a void of contamination and advanced method for nanomaterial synthesis. Over the past decade, researchers have focused on this technique. In this work (TiO2:Al2O3) nanoparticles are produced using PLAL method. Metal targets ablated at a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser with 7 ns pulse duration, for three different energies (300, 500, and 700) mJ. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer(UV-VIS), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) were used to characterize the NPs produced utilizing this approach. The results of the biological tests confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles exhibit affecting both Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria's fighting ability. The PLAL can indicate as clean technology enabled the preparation of (TiO2:Al2O3) nanomaterials with antibacterial properties, thereby eliminating harmful microorganisms

ABSTRACT. This paper will focus on presenting the idea of an e^*SS-lifting module. A module X is named an e^*SS-lifting module if every submodule K of X, there is a submodule Eof K, achieves that X=E⨁J,where J submodule of X, and K∩J is e^*S-essential small submodule of J. Some of the results are known, and they can be considered the basic properties of e^*SS-lifting module. Moreover, by applied this concept, we popularized the notion of a Cofinitely lifting into Cofinitely e^*SS-lifting as follows, X is named cofinitely e^*SS-lifting, given any cofinite submodule A of X, there exists a direct summand P submodule of A satisfying that X=P⨁F for some F submodule of X, and A∩F is e^*S-essential small submodule of X. We examine this notion and derive some associated findings.

ABSTRACT. Let R be an associative ring with unity, and S be a unitary left R-module. We study extensions of the classical concepts of small submodule and hollow module, called G^*-small submodule and G^*-hollow module respectively. A submodule P of an R -module S called G^*-small in S, if whenever P+Q =S for some submodule Q of S with Z_(e^* ) (Q) = Z_(e^* ) (S) implies that Q=S. Which leads to introduce the concept G^*-hollow module which is a nonzero module S satisfied that every proper submodule Q of S is G^*-small in S. We investigate their features.

ABSTRACT. Background: T2DM is a progressive metabolic disease associated with insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, often complicated by pancreatitis with both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Objective: To determine the sex stratified serum levels of GIP, IAPP, PP, insulin, C-peptide, SELENBP1, GSP (glucose-stimulated plasma), IL-6 and ELA1 in healthy control subjects as compared to T2DM patients with and without pancreatitis. Methods: A cross-sectional study comprising of 315 participants (Group A: healthy controls n=90; Group B: T2DM n=180; Group C: T2DM+pancreatitis, n=90). Serum levels of all variables were determined by ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism, and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: GIP and PP progressively decreased in groups. IAPP, insulin, C-peptide, SELENBP1, GSP and IL-6 were upregulated in T2DM with variable values in T2DM+pancreatitis. In T2DM+pancreatitis, ELA1 showed a marked decline (males: 59.609±8.532; females: 55.418±9.421 ng/mL), reflecting extreme exocrine insufficiency (p<0.05). Conclusions: T2DM+pancreatitis has a unique biomarker signature with profound EPI, sustained IL-6 elevation and declining β-cell markers consistent with clinical separation from classical T2DM.

ABSTRACT. In this paper, we aim to estimate the parameter of the Shanker-Rayleigh distribution using maximum likelihood (MLE) on real data (COVID-19). The examined dataset reflects recorded (COVID-19) observations. Fuzzy numbers will be constructed from the Trapezoidal function, and two fuzzy algorithms will be used to turn the fuzzy numbers into crisp numbers. These fuzzy forms are then converted to crisp values to drive the fundamental statistical function. Including (probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, and hazard function), the parameter estimation obtained by the maximum likelihood estimator and the two-yager algorithm. Finally, the fuzzy results will be compared by using the mean square error.

ABSTRACT. This study demonstrates a computational modeling approach based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate The structural, electronic and optical properties of novel XHfH3 (X = Li, Na, K, Rb) hydride perovskite. The results reveal that the lattice constants and cell volume are increased with increasing the atomic number of alkali metals. Moreover, the electronic properties examinations confirm the metallic behavior of all the considered compounds. Furthermore, the optical properties are improved through the involvement of alkali metals. Thus, the studied hydrides hold great promise in optoelectronic industries and pave the way toward experimental synthesis of hydride-based materials.

ABSTRACT. Markarian galaxies exhibit a declining molecular-to-atomic hydrogen mass ratio (MH₂/MHI) with increasing Hubble type, decreasing from approximately 8.7 in early types (t → −5) to nearly zero in late types (t ≈ 10), indicating evolutionary suppression of molecular gas. The star formation rate (SFR) correlates strongly with baryonic mass (slope = 0.70, r = 0.72), with young galaxies showing elevated specific star formation rates (SFR-to-mass ratios), especially in the visible and K bands, where partial correlations reach up to 0.95 in older galaxies. Markarian galaxies have about half as much gas as other field galaxies, yet they nevertheless have normal star-formation efficiency, which is probably due to nuclear activity. Early-type galaxies, on the other hand, have weaker SFR–gas-mass correlations because they have less gas. Atomic hydrogen mass scales moderately with baryonic mass (slopes ~0.5–0.63), with decreased scaling in older galaxies attributed to evolutionary and environmental effects. In different types of galaxies, baryonic mass and gas mass are very closely related (slopes 0.75–0.85, partial correlations 0.84–0.87). supports the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation and demonstrates the importance of gas in low-mass systems. These scaling relations explain how the amount of gas, the stage of a galaxy's history, and the processes that occur within galaxies work together to govern how stars form and how galaxies grow.

ABSTRACT. When working under uncertainty it is essential for a model to be robust enough to handle ambiguity, indistinguishability and computation limits to ensure a proper decision-making process. Classical fuzzy sets address the vagueness, while rough sets address superficial boundary uncertainty. Abstract Diophantine fuzzy sets increase the expressive power of classical models by adding some aspects of number theory. Abstract: Neuromorphic computing emerged as a promising brain-inspired paradigm for energy-efficient and real-time decision making based on spiking neural networks (SNNs). This study analyses how the classical Diophantine Neuromorphic Fuzzy Rough Sets (DN-FRS) are involved in multi-attribute decision-making (MADM). A literature survey summarizes the development of fuzzy rough set frameworks into their neuromorphic models. An exploration of how things have traditionally done will highlight strengths and weaknesses of previous approaches. According to the research, DN-FRS provides a scalable, accurate, and energy-efficient framework to tackle MADM problems, outperforming conventional methods. It describes theoretical foundations, methodology, and avenues for application to finance, healthcare, and engineering systems.

ABSTRACT. This study explores the feasibility of recycling waste polystyrene particles (WPS) with a cement matrix to produce a sustainable composite material. The composite material, containing cement, water, and waste particles (WPS), was characterized for its mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed significant improvements in thermal insulation and reduced compressive strength, compared to Portland cement. The addition of WPS enhanced the material's durability and resistance to cracking. This innovative composite material offers a promising solution for recycling waste polystyrene particles, reducing waste disposal issues, developing sustainable construction material, and improving the green environment.

ABSTRACT. This work deals with the study of the compositional and antibacterial properties of (Fe2O3 NPS) generated by green technology using Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract with the sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed the crystalline nature of Fe2O3NPs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed the morphology of Fe2O3 NPs. FESEM and XRD calculated the average diameters of Fe2O3 to be (33.50-53.08) nm and (57.63-77.13) nm, 6.4934 nm and 7.0696 nm for Sol gel and green-manufactured Fe2O3 NP, respectively. The energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) and XRD pattern indicated that the produced (Fe2O3) Nps were highly pure. Fe2O3 NPs showed good antifungal activity against E. coli and Klebsiella sp. (gram-negative) bacterial pathogens, and the antifungal activity of the fungi (C. albicans).

ABSTRACT. Abstract: In the present study, Te₆₀₋ₓSe₄₀₊ₓ (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20) chalcogenide alloys were synthesized using the melt-point technique to examine the influence of selenium substitution on their structural and electrical properties. Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction confirmed the polycrystalline nature of all samples, with noticeable changes in crystallinity as selenium content increased. Temperature-dependent electrical conductivity measurements were performed, and activation energies were determined in the extended state region, localized state region, and near the Fermi level. The results show that the activation energy varies non-monotonically with selenium content, reflecting competing effects between compositional modification and structural rearrangement within the Se-Te network. The band-tail width (ΔE) also exhibits composition-dependent variation, indicating changes in the degree of disorder and the distribution of localized energy states. The densities of electronic states in the extended region, localized region, and at the Fermi level were evaluated and found to depend strongly on alloy composition. Overall, the results demonstrate that selenium substitution plays a key role in tuning the electronic structure and structural characteristics of Te-Se alloys.

ABSTRACT. The Lebanese electricity sector has experienced severe instability due to insufficient national electricity production, increasing demand, dependence on fossil fuels, and the widespread use of private diesel generators. These conditions have generated significant environmental pollution, economic losses, and operational inefficiencies. This paper presents a microgrid-based optimization approach for improving electricity production sustainability and reducing operational costs in Lebanon. An analytical and numerical model was developed to evaluate the economic and environmental performance of integrating solar photovoltaic systems into residential electricity production through decentralized microgrid architectures. The proposed model compares conventional diesel-generator-based electricity production with renewable-energy-supported microgrid systems while considering operational costs, energy demand, and pollution-related impacts. Numerical simulations and residential energy consumption analyses demonstrate that microgrid integration can significantly reduce electricity production costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and dependence on fossil fuels. The results confirm that renewable-energy-based microgrids constitute a promising strategy for enhancing energy resilience and supporting sustainable electricity transition in Lebanon.

ABSTRACT. This study focuses on the synthesis of Schiff base polyester based on folic acid and investigation of the relationship between their structure and properties, including optical, thermal, liquid crystalline, and biological properties. The biological activity was assessed in order to examine the potential influence of incorporating folic acid. Monomers from Schiff base, were prepared by condensing folic acid with(E)-(4-(((2-((4-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid (F1), followed by polycondensation with ethylene glycol to obtain the p1. The structural study using FTIR, 13C-NMR, and 1H-NMR confirmed the formation of azomethine and ester bonds. UV-vis analysis showed strong UV absorption and wide optical band gap (3.91-3.98 ev), indicating insulating properties and potential use in UV protection applications, while the refractive index remained constant (n = 1.2), reflecting optical stability after the polymerisation process. Thermal analysis DSC and TGA indicating good thermal stability. The POM confirmed the presence of liquid crystalline phase (SmA), while SEM revealed the presence of heterogeneous aggregate forms. Biological tests showed that Schiff base monomers exhibited significant biological activity, while the polyester showed a decrease in biological performance, due to esterification of active functional groups. Overall, folic acid- based polyesters demonstrate promising multifunctional characteristics, which supports their potential for photovoltaic and biomedical application

ABSTRACT. This study investigates land use/land cover (LULC) changes and urban growth patterns in Baghdad over a 20-year period (2005–2025) using integrated GIS and remote sensing techniques. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery (2005, 2015, and 2025) was analyzed to assess spatiotemporal transformations in four major land classes: urban areas, agricultural land, barren land, and water bodies. A supervised classification approach based on the Maximum Likelihood algorithm was applied, supported by more than 100 training samples to ensure classification reliability. Post-classification change detection was conducted to quantify land transitions across two time intervals (2005–2015 and 2015–2025). The results reveal a significant expansion of urban areas, increasing from 13.91% in 2005 to 26.18% in 2025, indicating a rapid and continuous urban growth trend. In contrast, agricultural land declined sharply from 60.00% to 30.97%, reflecting substantial land conversion. Barren land showed a notable increase, while water bodies exhibited minor fluctuations. Spatial analysis indicates that urban expansion follows a center–periphery pattern, extending from central urban areas toward the outskirts, particularly along major transportation corridors. The findings show that this growth in cities is caused by factors in the economy, population, the conversion of farmland to cities, people moving from the country to the city, being close to transportation lines, and business opportunities. The findings highlight the Unbalanced effects of urban expansion on land resources and emphasize the need for sustainable urban planning strategies to manage growth and protect agricultural land. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating GIS and remote sensing techniques for monitoring urban dynamics and supporting decision-making processes.

ABSTRACT. The physical and mechanical properties of PMMA nanocomposites, based on a methyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrate supported by volumetric proportions of bioceramides, were investigated. The PMMA was prepared from magnesia, alumina, and silica, each in a 1-mole ratio, using chemical precipitation. The resulting system, MgAl₂SiO₆, was calcined at 1250 °C and labeled MASO. The nanocomposites were prepared using a selected mixture with a fixed volume fraction of 40% PMMA and 60% support additives, specifically hydroxyapatite (50% to 60%). The MASO volume fraction changed from 0% to 10% with respect to hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite was prepared using a green synthesis process, converting fish bones into a bioceramic material. This was achieved through a controlled protocol that included cleaning, drying, and calcination at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000°C, followed by grinding and refining to a particle size distribution from 50 nm to 10 μm. SEM, XRD, and EDX techniques were employed to validate and support the interpretation of the results. Density, hardness, compressive strength, and fracture resistance were tested, and Young's modulus was calculated due to its impact on orthopedic processes and performance. The biocomposite nanomaterials were tested in vitro using a body fluid mimicking fluid (SBF) for 21 days to verify their compatibility with human tissues. During the immersion process, a nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) material was formed on the surface of the coated material. This, in addition to the toxicity test, indicates the possibility of using these composite nanomaterials in the manufacture of prosthetics and orthotics, and that they are non-toxic and medically successful.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: his study conducted an experimental comparison between two types of polymeric stabilizers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), through Impact on the structure, photo-stimulative, and optical properties of ZnO@Ag₂O core-shell composites deposited on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, using thermal spray technology, which is characterized by its low cost and ease of application. Structural analyses The use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a fundamental difference in growth mechanisms between the two samples; the PVA-stabilized S12 sample grew according to the Fulmer-Weber model, forming a thin layer with an island-like structure, and exhibited high optical transparency with a bandgap estimated at 3.90 eV. In contrast, the use of PVP in the S13 sample with a higher silver loading resulted in a uniformly distributed granular morphology, leading In the formation of an efficient p-n junction, accompanied by a noticeable red shift in the optical spectrum and a decrease in the bandgap to 3.75 eV. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis attested to the chemical purity of both films and also confirmed that each polymer matrix, effectively aided in particle stabilization. The results obtained for the photocatalytic performance monitored by the decomposition of methylene blue (MB) followed pseudo-first-order Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Sample S13 had the highest decomposition efficiency of 16.33% and rate constant k = 0.00693 min⁻¹, which was due to its widened visible light capture and effective Disconnections in the busbars capabilities. In contrast, Sample S12 showed a k - approximation equality of k = 0.00683 min⁻¹, supported by good mass transfer circumstances and the diffusion coefficient increment.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Recent years have witnessed an increase in the use of nutritional supplements among children, as they are useful in treating nutritional problems and enhancing growth and immune system performance. However, improper or excessive consumption may lead to harmful effects on health. This study aims to ascertain the concentration of radon and uranium isotopes and the associated radiological hazards for 11 samples collected from pharmacies and medical stores in Iraq using the CR-39 detector by both nuclear fission and exposure methods. The results showed that the average activity values for the 238U, 235U, and 234U were 4.607 - 0.054 Bq/L, 0.215 - 0.002 Bq/L, 4.754 - 0.056Bq/L, respectively, with an average value of total natural uranium 2.839 ± 0.892 Bq/L. The average value of the total annual effective dose AED, the risk of deaths from cancer per million individuals RECFPMP were 0.1 ± 0.04 μSv/y, 0.5 ± 0.1, respectively. As for radon, the concentration of radon in air with the average value was (42.55±2.52) Bq/m3, and the average values of the annual effective dose (AAIED), The risk of an excess cancer fatality per million persons (RECFPMP) were (1.34±0.07) nSv/y, (4.68±0.29) respectively. All measured results were less than the reference levels determined by UNSCEAR (2008) and the safety standards set by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the World Health Organization (WHO), The findings provide definitive scientific evidence for consumers and regulatory bodies to evaluate the safety of nutritional supplements in the Iraqi market.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to create and assess zinc oxide-copper oxide (ZnO-CuO) nanocatalysts on glass substrates. These films are created using the Chemical Spray Pyrolysis method. The analysis of the composite material’s structural, optical, and catalytic characteristics was the study’s main goal. The ZnO-CuO composite’s formation was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination, which showed distinctive peaks for hexagonal ZnO (dominant at 2𝜃 = 31.85°) and monoclinic CuO (at 2𝜃 ≈ 35.3° and 38.6°) in complete accordance with conventional reference cards. SEM images revealed that the composite membranes are composed of irregularly shaped nanoparticles with large agglomerates. Because of their high surface energy, nanomaterials frequently experience this aggregation. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of the molecule’s primary constituents, demonstrating the film’s chemical composition and purity. Compared with pure films, the composite films exhibited better optical absorption in both the UV and visible regions, leading to enhanced photocatalytic activity, as evidenced by the notable degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under sunlight. The absorbance dropped by 18.34% for sample X1 and 12.64% for sample X2, demonstrating effective catalytic activity and validating these composites' potential for optoelectronic and environmental applications.

ABSTRACT. This paper gives the physical modeling of the nanostructured thermoelectric materials in the industrial waste heat recovery. Thermoelectric generators harness the Seebeck effect to directly transform waste heat directly to electricity, although efficiency is compromised by simultaneous, coupled electrical and thermal characteristics. These are decoupled by nanostructuring using quantum confinement and selective Phonon scattering. Its methodology is a combination of density functional theory and Boltzmann equations of electron and phonon transport with an inclusion of scattering processes using the rule of Matthiessen. Structural analysis indicates that optimized nanoinclusions, grain boundaries and 1D/2D geometries minimize lattice thermal conductivity at the expense of electrical conductivity. The finite element analysis at the system level allows the thermoelectric generator design to be performed by geometric optimization and hybrid integration of prototyping. Through this framework, development of efficient and stable materials that will be used in industrial energy harvesting will be accelerated.

ABSTRACT. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) offer a promising pathway to reduce HVAC energy demand by increasing the effective thermal inertia of building envelopes through latent heat storage. This study compares the thermal and energy performance of single-layer (SL) versus double-layer (DL) BioPCM configurations integrated into the external walls of a typical two-story Lebanese residential building located in Beirut (Mediterranean coastal climate). Annual simulations were conducted using the EnergyPlus engine within DesignBuilder, employing the Conduction Finite Difference (CondFD) algorithm, realistic occupancy (6:00–23:00), and HVAC setpoints of 24°C for cooling (COP 3) and 21°C for heating (COP 0.85). The investigated cases included a reference model (No PCM), an SL model with an internal BioPCM M182/Q19 layer, and twelve DL models combining the same internal Q19 layer with an external BioPCM layer having melting points from 18°C to 29°C. Results show that PCM integration consistently reduces HVAC energy consumption, with DL systems outperforming SL across annual metrics. Cooling energy decreased from 33,366 kWh (No PCM) to 29,035 kWh for SL (12.98% reduction), and to 26,823 kWh for the best DL case (19.61%, external Q22). Heating demand dropped from 6,868 kWh (No PCM) to 5,062 kWh for SL (26.30% reduction) and to 4,343 kWh for the best DL case (36.76%, external Q19). Consequently, total annual HVAC energy was reduced from 40,234 kWh to 34,097 kWh for SL (15.25%) and to 31,204 kWh for the best DL configuration (22.44%, external Q19). Indoor temperature profiles further indicate that DL PCMs improve thermal stability and mitigate summer overheating compared to No PCM and SL configurations. Overall, the findings confirm that layered BioPCM design and melting-point selection can deliver meaningful year-round energy savings and improved indoor thermal stability for Lebanese residential buildings.

ABSTRACT. Hydrogen is widely recognized as a key component of future low-carbon energy systems. However, its large-scale deployment remains limited by high production costs and the complexity of managing its supply chain. In particular, production and allocation decisions are often treated separately, despite their strong interdependence. This work proposes a techno-economic optimization framework that jointly considers hydrogen production through electrolysis and its allocation to different demand sectors. The model integrates physical relations governing energy conversion with economic factors such as electricity cost and market prices. The objective is to determine both the optimal production level and the allocation strategy in order to maximize overall profitability. The proposed formulation highlights the trade-offs between energy consumption, production costs, and revenue generation. It also provides insights into how key parameters, such as electricity price and system efficiency, influence optimal decisions. Overall, the model provides a structured and practical approach to support decision-making in hydrogen supply systems.

ABSTRACT. This paper proposes a novel, unbiased difference-based convex estimator (DBCE) to address the multicollinearity problem in the Partially Linear Model (PLM). The variance matrix for prior information was accurately derived, and the DBCE estimator was shown to significantly outperform the difference-based Ordinary least squares estimator(DBOLS) in terms of the mean squared error matrix(MSME). Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the DBCE estimator consistently outperformed the DBOLS estimator by achieving the lowest estimator scalar mean squared error (SMSE). These results were confirmed using real-world economic data, establishing the DBCE estimator as a highly efficient and reliable alternative in semiparametric regression analysis.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the structural properties of 60Fe,62Ni,64Zn, and the N=50 isotones 76Fe,78Ni, and 80Zn within the HF+BCS framework using Skyrme interaction in terms of PECs, deformation parameter, and binding energy values. As it was observed, the shell closure at N=50 is maintained to be robust for 78Ni but weakened for the other isotones, showing that the shell closure has become less robust in the neighboring nuclei. In contrast, the behavior around N=34 suggests the emergence of a new magic number. The good agreement between the calculated and experimental results demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of the HF+BCS approach with Skyrme interaction in describing nuclear structure.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: - Proton therapy has become a crucial modality in modern radiation treatment due to its ability to deliver highly localized doses with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissues. A key parameter in understanding proton–tissue interactions is the Linear Energy Transfer (LET), which quantifies the energy deposited by charged particles per unit path length. In this work, LET and range values were calculated theoretically using the Bethe-Bloch formula, numerically extracted from the PSTAR, and simulated using SRIM to account for detailed proton –matter interactions with energies ranging from (70-250) MeV for different compounds (Polyethylene, A-150, B-100, Paraffin Wax, Water, Polystyrene, Polymethyl methacrylate,),Comparisons among these methods reveal the degree of consistency and deviation between theoretical, tabulated, and simulation-based LET estimations. The results demonstrate that tissue-equivalent materials such as polyethylene, A-150, and paraffin wax show LET trends that closely match soft-tissue behavior, validating their use in dosimetry and phantoms for proton therapy. the semi-empirical formula for calculating LET of proton and their range in these tissues were produced through knowing energy of proton. This work supports improved accuracy in treatment planning and contributes to enhancing proton therapy safety and effectiveness.

ABSTRACT. Turbulence intensity (TI) is an important factor in wind energy installations. It affects not only the project's safety, performance, and economic feasibility but also the selection of an appropriate turbine class. The assessment of turbulence intensity (TI) usually requires specialized instruments and high-resolution datasets that are not reliably available, especially in limited data areas. Nonetheless, due to the observed correlation between Weibull parameters and TI, it is possible to calculate TI indirectly from these values. In Iraq, Weibull parameter maps are available at typical elevations of 30 m, 50 m, and 100 m (e.g., GEOSUN maps), offering a significant basis for generating identical TI maps at these altitudes. Such an approach offers a practical and scientifically grounded solution to address existing data gaps, thereby supporting more informed planning, assessment, and optimization of wind energy projects. The results provide thematic maps that illustrate the distribution of turbulence intensity at different heights. The resulting maps provide valuable information for wind energy engineers and decision makers. The research recommends incorporating artificial intelligence techniques in the future to improve the accuracy of disturbance prediction. This methodology is particularly important given the global expansion of renewable energy projects.