ABSTRACT. The most important geomorphological systems are determining elevations and contour maps of land features. In this research, two satellite scene versions of ASTER GDEM (1 and 3) were adopted, to study the relief and geomorphological statistics of Sanam Mountain in Basra province. The study showed through comparison of the shading shapes of Sanam mountain for both ASTER GDIM versions and Sentinel-2 satellite image, that the surface relief of the ASTER GDEM Ver. 1 is close to the real scene of the mountain, while the boundary and recorded elevation for the highest peak was better represented by Ver. 3., where was closer to the real elevation of field measurements.

ABSTRACT. Beetroot peels (BR) fibers have been employed as a natural reinforcement for Unsaturated Polyester (UPE) due to their low cost, biodegradability characteristics and eco-friendliness. Beetroot peels particulates of about (180 and 75 µm) sieve siz, of different weight percentage (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt.% % ) were used as fillers in a (UPE) matrix. The effect of the beetroot particle size on physical, mechanical and structural properties of the final natural composite. The mechanical properties, such as hardness and impact strength, was investigated. The results of the physical tests show that the density of (UPE/ 180 MBR) composite increases by increasing weight percentage of beetroot peels powder, but by using the beetroot peels with the particle size (75 microns) , the density of (UPE/ 75 MBR) has decreased by increasing weight percentage of beetroot peels powder. The thermal conductivity values of (UPE/ MBR) composites were increased by increasing the weight percentage of beetroot peels powder. The thermal conductivity values of (UPE/ 180 MBR) composites have higher values, by compared with the thermal conductivity values of (UPE/ 75 MBR) composites. The results showed that the best mechanical properties were get by adding (2 Wt.% ) to the (UPE)matrix using (180 MBR) and at ( 4 Wt.% ) by adding the ( 75 MBR) . The techniques (EDS) and (SEM) were used to investigate the chemical compositions and the homogeneity degree of both (UPE/ 180 MBR) and (UPE/ 75 MBR) composites, respectively.

ABSTRACT. Lemon peel fibers with micro particle size (MLP) have been used as an eco-friendly plant reinforcement for Unsaturated Polyester (UPE) . Unsaturated polyester was loaded by Lemon peel particles of two different particle sizes (180 and 75 microns) and with different weight percentages (1 - 5 %) to fabricate yellow gelcoat with good properties. The effect of both the size and weight percentage of lemon peel fibers on physical properties (density and thermal conductivity), mechanical properties (hardness and impact strength) and structural properties such as energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) on unsaturated polyester composites has been investigated. The results show that the density of both (UPE/ 180 MLP) and (UPE/ 75 MLP) composites increases by increasing weight percentage of Lemon peel fibers. The unsaturated reinforced by (4% wt ) of lemon peels fibers with particle size ( 75 microns) has higher thermal conductivity value (0.327 watt/ m.c ) compared with the thermal conductivity value ( 0.248Watt/ m.c) for the unsaturated polyester reinforced by (4% wt ) of lemon peels fibers with particle size (180 microns) .The (UPE/ 2% 180 MBR) and (UPE/ 4% 75 MBR) composites shows the best hardness and impact strength values. The techniques (EDS) and (SEM) were used to determine the chemical compositions and the homogeneity degree of the two unsaturated polyester composites, respectively.

ABSTRACT. Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that leads to reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk, especially in postmenopausal women. Often developing silently, it is usually diagnosed only after fractures occur. Preptin, a peptide co-secreted with insulin, has recently been identified as a potential biomarker for bone health. This study aimed to measure preptin levels in the serum of osteoporosis patients in Mosul and explore risk factors such as age, sex, marital status, vitamin D3 and calcium deficiencies, and oxidative stress markers. The study included 100 newly diagnosed patients (75 women, 25 men) and matched healthy controls. Preptin levels were measured using ELISA, and additional biochemical markers like calcium, vitamin D3, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and oxidative stress indicators were assessed. The results showed significantly lower preptin levels in osteoporosis patients, particularly in women, with associations to vitamin D3 and calcium deficiencies. This suggests preptin could be an important early biomarker for osteoporosis.

ABSTRACT. This study offers an in-depth evaluation of hemispherical energy analyzers (HEAs), with a particular focus on key components such as electron sources, lens systems, electrostatic mirrors, and detectors. Based on a review of 179 research papers, 47 significant studies were identified, highlighting advancements and challenges in HEA design. Key findings emphasize the role of advanced electron sources, including Schottky emitters and transition-edge sensors (TES), in improving energy resolution and emission stability. The analysis also underscores the effectiveness of multipole and paracentric lens systems in enhancing electron beam focusing and energy dispersion. However, challenges persist in optimizing the integration of these components, particularly regarding electrostatic field interactions. The study concludes that further innovation is needed in structural design to achieve optimal balance in compactness, stability, and functionality, especially for space applications, while addressing limitations in detector sensitivity and energy resolution.

ABSTRACT. Infertility is a public health issue, affecting 10–15% of Iraqi women of reproductive age. This review summarizes major risk factors contributing to female infertility in Iraq, with emphasis on local evidence. Key factors include polycystic ovary syndrome (21–53%), tubal disorders (3–61%), ovulatory dysfunction (8–56%), obesity, and pelvic infections. Endocrine abnormalities such as hyperprolactinemia (~6%) and thyroid dysfunction (0.7–4%) were also identified. Regional differences reflect disparities in healthcare access, lifestyle, and exposure to infectious diseases. Infertility in Iraq is a multifactorial condition influenced by lifestyle, endocrine, structural, and infectious causes. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach, including lifestyle modification, infection control, and early diagnostic services. Future Iraqi studies should investigate molecular and genetic pathways to improve prevention and treatment.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: The generation of hydrogen (H2) by semiconductor-based photocatalysis is seen as cost-effective and environmentally advantageous. Nevertheless, insufficient photon absorption and rapid recombination of photon-induced charge (e-/h+) pairs significantly hinder the practical application of this method for hydrogen production. This research aimed to produce hydrogen (H2) while removing contaminants from refinery wastewater by photocatalytic oxidation augmented by laser stimulation, concentrating on the creation of two photoanodes for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) reduction in refinery wastewater. The exploitation of the band gap between two substrates to improve the absorption of rutile TiO2/α-Fe2O3 photocatalysts in the UV and visible spectra resulted in a significant enhancement in TOC removal rates, reaching 96%. The hydrogen generation rate was 7960 μmol/L, and the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency for hydrogen production was 86.92% for pollutant removal, observed under optimal reaction conditions of pH 3, 40C°, a reaction duration of 50 minutes, and a catalyst dosage of 0.4 mg/Lcm², illuminated by a combination of (473+532+632) nm laser and UV source. This study illustrates that rutile TiO2/α-Fe2O3 catalysts serve as innovative photoanodes for effective total organic carbon (TOC) removal and green hydrogen production using photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes, representing the most environmentally sustainable option. possessing considerable potential for advancement in particular applications for refinery wastewater treatment.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: ZnTe1-xSex (ZTS) semiconductor thin films at various contents (x = 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2) are deposited on glass substrates kept at room temperature by the thermal evaporation technique with a thickness of 500 nm. This study examines the effects of varying the Se content on the variables influencing ZTS thin-film solar cell properties. XRD analysis reveals that the ZTS thin films' structure is cubic and polycrystalline, with a preferred orientation of (111) at 2θ ≈ 25.25. The intensities of all the peaks rapidly increase, though they show the same tendencies. The crystallinity of the films becomes higher. Grain and crystalline diameters (from 8.46 to 41.25 nm) both increase as the (x) content rises. Furthermore, AFM was applied to studying the morphology and to estimate the surface roughness of the obtained films. All films were homogeneous and smooth, and the (RMS) roughness of the films increases with increasing (x) content. Consequently, the thin-film crystallite size increases. The optical characteristics of ZTS films were examined using a UV/visible spectrophotometer. These films had a direct gap that shrank as the x content increased, reaching its lowest value of 1.86 eV at x= 0.2. Also, the optical parameters, such as refractive index, were decreased with increasing (x) concentration, which makes them useful in the manufacture of solar cells.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: One of the main causes of end-stage renal disease worldwide is diabetic nephropathy (DN). For prompt intervention and better patient outcomes, early detection of biochemical markers linked to DN pathogenesis is essential. Objectives: the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy was examined in relation to inflammatory indicators (C-reactive protein [CRP], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), α-Klotho, and glycemic control markers (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], glycated albumin, and ractopamines).. Methods: Between October 2024 and April 2025, a six-month cross-sectional study was carried out at Azadi Teaching Hospital and Kirkuk Teaching Hospital. 360 individuals were carefully split into four groups for the study: 90 patients with diabetes who did not have nephropathy, 90 patients with chronic renal disease (CRD), 90 patients with diabetic nephropathy, and 90 healthy controls. Standardized laboratory procedures were used to analyze biochemical parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc testing, correlation analysis, and multivariate regression analysis were all included in the statistical analysis. TNF-α concentrations (204.13±86.17 pg/mL vs. 32.28±13.97 pg/mL, p<0.001) and CRP levels (14.27±4.01 mg/L vs. 4.48±1.58 mg/L, p<0.001) were substantially higher in diabetic patients with nephropathy than in controls. Patients with diabetic nephropathy had significantly lower α-Klotho levels (201.27±81.42 pg/mL compared to 1173.04±271.04 pg/mL in controls, p<0.001). Glycated albumin showed a stronger association with diabetic complications (r=0.78, p<0.001) among glycemic control indicators than ractopamines (r=0.44, p<0.01) and HbA1c (r=0.61, p<0.001). The pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy is significantly influenced by inflammatory indicators and α-Klotho deficiency. Compared to conventional glycemic indicators, glycated albumin seems to be a more sensitive and trustworthy indicator for evaluating glycemic control in individuals with diabetic nephropathy.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: The naproxen ligand was employed to build several complexes via its interaction with metal ions (Co(II) and Zn(II)). The structures of these novel compounds were examined in both solid and solution phases utilizing several spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis, FTIR, and elemental studies, all performed at ambient temperature. The naproxen complexes coordinate with metal ions through the carbonyl oxygen of their carboxyl groups. The chemical formulae of the produced complexes reveal that the CoL complex has octahedral geometry, whereas the ZnL complex indicates tetrahedral geometry. The MTT assay evaluated the cytotoxicity and viability of MDA231 cell lines following 48 hours of exposure to various doses (400, 200, 100, 50, and 25 µg/ml) of the chemicals. The MTT assay results demonstrated substantial inhibition rates for all ligands and their metal complexes at different dosages, in comparison to cisplatin, which acted as the positive control.

ABSTRACT. Two samples of the superconducting compound Tl0.9Pb0.5Br2Ca2Cu3O9-δ were prepared by solid-state reactions. One sample was exposed to a Cesium-137 radiation source at a dose of 200 MR to study the electrical and structural properties of the superconducting transition temperature, while the other was left unexposed. The effect of gamma radiation on the electrical (transition temperature and resistivity) and structural properties was studied. The four-probe-technique is used to measure electrical resistivity. The results showed that the normal-state resistivity increased with increasing gamma dose, while the transition temperature decreased with the same gamma dose. It also revealed a decrease in the transition temperatures Tc(off) and Tc(on) from 117 to 112 K and from 133 to 129 K, respectively. The structural properties were studied by using X-ray diffraction XRD, and the results showed no significant change in the diffraction angles or peak widths. The intensity of the XRD peaks of the sample decreased with increasing gamma dose. No significant lattice expansion occurred, although the Tl0.9Pb0.5Br2Ca2Cu3O9-δ superconductor was strongly affected by gamma radiation, as both samples were found to have a tetragonal crystal structure.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: The optical and structural characteristics of ZnTe1-0.2Se0.2 (ZTS) semiconductors are examined using the thermal evaporation process. We analyze 500 nm thickness films and explore the effects of annealing temperatures ranging from RT to 373 and 473K. The optical properties of films were assessed using a wavelength range (400-1000nm). ZnTe0.8Se0.2 semiconductors exhibit direct band gaps of 1.86, 1.81, and 1.78eV, respectively. Included in the computed optical constant are the refractive index and extinction coefficient. XRD and AFM studies demonstrate that films are polycrystalline with a superior stoichiometric composition. One of the preferred orientations of the polycrystalline phase is along the (111) direction. Also, increasing the annealing temperature led to an increase in the crystal and grain size, which contributes to improving the structural properties of the films. Additionally, the energy gap of the annealed films is close to the green color in the visible spectrum, making them suitable for optoelectronic applications.

ABSTRACT. A series of new thiazolidinone derivatives (N22-N42) has been prepared from the reaction of some Schiff bases (N1-N21) containing sulfonylamide group with thioglycholic acid in dry benzene. These Schiff bases were synythesized by the condensation reaction of some pharmaceutical compounds with various aldehyde and ketone compounds in absolute ethanol as solvent, using drops of glacial acetic acid as catalyst. The whole synthesized chemical materials have been identified through FT – IR spectroscopy. Structures for some of the newly synthesized chemical materials have been proved by proton magnetic rsonance (1H-NMR) using (DMSO-d6) as a solvent and mass spectroscopy. The thin layer chromatography technique (TLC) has been employed to assess the purity of these final chemical products. The biological activity effect of these chemical products has been studied against certain types of bacteria: gram – positive (Streptococcus pneumonia) and gram – negative (Pseudomonas aerugenosa). Additionally, the anti fungal effect of some chemical products was investigated toward Aspergillus species and the resulte were correlated with fungal Nystatin as control sample. The results were indicated the highest inhibtion zone diameter value for N36, N42 against Streptococcus pneumonia, N34, N36 for Pseudomonas auroginosa and N23, N36, N42 for Aspergillus spp. This is ascribred to the different in the polarity of the new chemical derivatives with each other and standard materials. Hwover, the lowest inhibtion zone diameter value has been observed for N35 in case of Streptococcus pneumonia, N31 for Pseudomonas auroginosa and N35 for Aspergillus spp. The tested chemical compounds revealed a good inhibitory performance against the types of bacteria and the used fungi.

ABSTRACT. Previous studies have shown that flat slabs constructed from reactive powder concrete (RPC) exhibit greater punching shear strength compared to those made from normal concrete (NC). However, constructing a complete slab using RPC may not be economically viable. This study aimed to determine the optimal use of RPC in the critical punching shear area, while the rest of the slab remains composed of NC. Four flat slab specimens with dimensions (940×940×60 mm) and drop panels (500×500×30 mm) were tested, with two column sizes (75×75 mm, 125×125 mm) and two types of concrete within the drop panel area (normal concrete and RPC). The slabs were examined under concentric loading to investigate the influence of RPC and column size on punching shear capacity. Results showed that RPC in the drop panel increased punching shear capacity by 109%, with column dimensions significantly affecting shear resistance.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT: Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a multifunctional detoxification enzyme that plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Leukemia, a malignant hematological disorder, is often associated with disrupted antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress. During the current work, GST was partially purified from the serum of leukemia patients by employing the ammonium sulfate fractionation (75%), dialysis, and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. The purification process yielded a final (9.698-fold) increase in purity exhibiting a specific activity of (1.888 U/mg) and (86.75%) recovery, confirming efficient enrichment of the enzyme. Kinetic evaluation revealed optimum activity at pH 6.25, 0.12 M buffer concentration, and 25 °C, suggesting conformational adaptations of GST under leukemic conditions. Antioxidant status was concurrently assessed by quantifying catalase, reduced glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Leukemia patients exhibited significant reductions in all biomarkers compared with controls: CAT (92.47 ± 12.93 vs 112.78 ± 15.51 mk/L), GSH (10.1 ± 1.33 vs 15.8 ± 2.26 µmol/L), and TAC (196.6 ± 30.81 vs 352.8 ± 52.80 µmol/L). Stratification by disease type indicated that acute leukemia patients had the most profound antioxidant depletion, while chronic patients retained relatively higher levels. Sex- and age-based comparisons revealed additional variability, with females showing lower TAC values than males, and younger ALL patients displaying relatively preserved GSH levels compared with older subtypes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GST purification and characterization provide insights into enzyme behavior under leukemic oxidative stress, while the associated antioxidant depletion underscores the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of GST and redox biomarkers in leukemia management.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT: Tin (Sn) films with a thickness of 400 nm were prepared by the thermal evaporation method, and the samples were then oxidized at 300 and 400 °C. X-ray diffraction was used to study the crystal structure and phase of the film before and after oxidation. The surface morphology was examined by AFM, and the optical properties were analyzed by spectroscopy in the wavelength range of 200-1100 nm. It was observed that the maximum transmittance was less than 70%, and the energy gap increased with increasing oxidation temperature. The film oxidized at 400 °C was tested for H2S gas sensing when the film was exposed to different temperatures and a fixed concentration (20). It was found that the sensitivity increased with increasing temperature, with the highest sensitivity being 0.806, the response time being 22.5 seconds, and the recovery time being 49.5 seconds at 200 °C.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT: Tin oxide (SnO/SnO₂) thin films with an average thickness of about 400 nm were fabricated on glass substrates using physical vapor deposition (PVD). To assess the effect of thermal treatment, the deposited films were subsequently annealed at 200 °C and 300 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed the simultaneous presence of tetragonal SnO and orthorhombic SnO₂ phases in all specimens. After annealing, the diffraction peaks became more intense and narrower, reflecting enhanced crystallinity and grain development. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed a marked reduction in root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness from approximately 9.7 nm in the as-deposited state to about 6.3 nm at 200 °C and 5.4 nm at 300 °C, accompanied by an increase in mean grain size from roughly 49 nm to 67 nm and 62 nm, respectively. UV–visible spectroscopy indicated high optical transparency (>75%) throughout the visible spectrum along with a slight blue shift of the absorption edge. The optical band gap shifted from 2.8 eV (unannealed) to 2.9 eV at 200 °C and remained close to 2.8 eV after annealing at 300 °C. Collectively, these findings confirm that post-deposition annealing improves the crystallinity, surface smoothness, and optoelectronic performance of SnO/SnO₂ thin films, thereby enhancing their suitability for transparent electrodes, optoelectronic components, and gas-sensing applications

ABSTRACT. Abstract. In this work, the researcher used five structures of imidazolate zeolites to separate ozone (O₃) from oxygen (O₂).: ZIF-4 The researcher also used ZIF-8, ZIF-10, ZIF-11 and ZIF-20 to examine the adsorption behavior of ozone, oxygen O3 and O2 in these materials, Monte Carlo simulation was used in this study Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) as well and at a compression of 29010 bar, molecular dynamics (MD) was used, with the highest selectivity of ozone (13.4 compared to oxygen O2) and a tangible adsorption capacity (60.2 mg/g), and as a result after examining the outputs ZIF-4 outperformed the other structures tested. The direct control of the toxicity's absorption capacity through what is known as ZIF-4's enhanced pore engineering, preferential enhancement of ozone (O3) uptake, and its beneficial host-guest interactions is responsible for this improved performance. Using BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) and QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) techniques, empirical verification confirmed all the mathematical predictions, as these results indicated that ZIF-4 is a very suitable material for all ozone separation applications, emphasizing the important role of structural properties in the design of gas separation materials.: Abstract or Use Times New Roman Font: 9 pt, Indent: left 0.2", Right: 0.2", Justified. Each paper must include an abstract. Begin the abstract with the word “Abstract” followed by a period in bold font.

ABSTRACT. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on the use of natural extracts in nanoparticle synthesis. A total of 1,440 English-language documents indexed in the Scopus database were collected between 2009 and June 2025. The bibliometric analysis shows that the use of natural extracts in nanoparticle synthesis has grown steadily, consolidating it as a very active area of research. The rapid adoption of new techniques and underexplored plant sources has allowed many publications to achieve high impact in a short period of time. India, Iran, and China lead in scientific production, and co-authorship networks reveal diverse but interconnected communities, with key authors such as Maaza, Nasrollahzadeh, and Benelli. The most influential journals include the Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Materials Today: Proceedings, and RSC Advances, and Scientific Reports, characterized by their high impact and track record. Three dominant lines of research have been identified: green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, biomedical applications, especially with antimicrobial and antioxidant approaches, and the use of metal oxides in environmental photocatalysis. Overall, the field demonstrates maturity, dynamism, and clear potential to impact health, the environment, and industry.

ABSTRACT. This study presents a bibliometric analysis focused on scientific articles and reviews in English on the use of nanoparticles in construction materials, collected from the Scopus database between 2010 and June 2025. The results reveal a dynamic and expanding field of research, with notable growth in scientific production, led mainly by China and India, and with emerging contributions from countries such as Iraq and Iran. The journal Construction and Building Materials is consolidated as the main publication source. Salemi N. and Singh LP. are presented as recognized and important local and global references in the literature, while authors such as Mohammed A.A. and Praveenkumar T.R. stand out for their high impact in the field. The co-occurrence analysis and the conceptual structure reveal a division between fundamental studies of nanomaterials and practical applications in construction materials and their characterization. Research is grouped into four main areas: the study of the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials, the improvement of material properties through nanoparticles, the development of sustainable materials, and specific applications in the construction industry. Although the field shows signs of maturity, it maintains sustained growth, with a focus on the development of smart and sustainable materials.

ABSTRACT. Abstract :A Fast ,accurate and sensitive oxidative coupling reaction was developed to measure salbutamol (SAL) either in its pure form or in tablet dosage form by spectrophotometric method. The proposed procedures , specifically rely on coupling of salbutamol with procain (PRO) reagent in the presence of Ferric chloride as an oxidizing agent in an alkaline medium to form a stable, water-soluble yellowish orange complex showing a maximum absorption at 442 nm , Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 2-40 μg/ml, The molar absorptivity and Sandell᾽s sensitivity index values were 6.7246 x 103 L.mol-1.cm-1 and 0.0355 µg /cm2 , with a limit of detection and limit of quantitative of 0.129 and 0.430 µg/ml . The average of recovery was 98.00% , this indicates that the method has high accuracy, with relative standard deviation less than 1%. The proposed method have been used successfully to determine salbutamol in pure and its pharmaceutical preparations (tablets). SEM imaging confirmed the morphological changes of the structures with regular sizes, and clear difference between the blank solution without salbutamol and the sample solution containing it.

ABSTRACT. Lorraine underground contains deep coal seams that cannot be mined for regulatory and economic reasons. These coal seams contain methane but are also part of a sedimentary basin (Lorraine basin) able to store millions of CO2 tons. To compensate all CO2 emissions related to methane recovery in the deep coal seams, including transport and usages, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is performed to evaluate the CO2 to be captured and stored locally with the objective of reaching decarbonized methane. The CO2 capture process used in this setup is the Cryo Pur CO2 capture process, using only electricity; its related CO2 emissions are included in the Life Cycle Analysis. Decarbonized methane is a fuel of great interest to produce low carbon blue Hydrogen. An analysis is done in terms of energy efficiency and carbon balance for the production of decarbonized methane and blue hydrogen.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the impact of various tillage and mulching systems on the growth and physiological traits of maize (Zea mays L.) in arid and semi-arid environments. The Split Plot design was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), which facilitated the arrangement and distribution of the treatments, the experiment included five tillage and three mulching treatments. Results demonstrated that conventional tillage, particularly deep tillage combined with rotary harrow, significantly enhanced plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, root depth, and dry weight compared to conservation tillage systems. This superiority is mainly attributed to improved soil aeration, reduced bulk density, and enhanced root penetration, which facilitate better water infiltration and nutrient uptake, as well as more uniform heat transfer within the soil profile. Organic mulching proved most effective for improving soil moisture retention and regulating temperature, positively affecting plant growth. Deep tillage with organic mulching consistently delivered superior results in the majority of growth parameters. Additionally, these soil management strategies contribute to sustainable agriculture by improving soil structure, reducing erosion, and conserving water. This study highlights how integrating these practices can optimize crop productivity while mitigating environmental stressors, fostering greater sustainability in arid agriculture systems.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Due to the rapid advancement of nanotechnology in agriculture, this research was conducted to investigate the hematological safety of chelated multi-micronutrient nanofertilizer. Thirty-five rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five groups: a control group and four experimental groups, which received 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day for 15 alternate-day doses orally. At 62.5 mg/kg, (MCV) reduced to 38.21±2.09 fL and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and plateletcrit (PCT) increased to 539.71±42.87 g/L and 7.49±1.02, respectively. At a 500 mg/kg dose, RBCs increased to 7.90±2.34 ×10^¹², HCT to 0.42±0.15, and MCV to 52.11±4.46 fL. On the other hand, MCH and MCHC decreased to 18.49±1.46 pg and 355.29±16.27 g/L along with a decrease in MPV to 6.70±0.39 fL. Nanofertilizer produced dose-related hematologic changes, which were severe at both higher and lower doses, with implications for blood safety.

ABSTRACT. This research addresses the need to understand the scientific development and entrepreneurial potential of microbial electricity generation, a technology that converts organic waste into bioelectricity using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) while treating wastewater. Despite its promising dual nature—treatment and electricity production—its degree of maturity and market transfer pathways remained unclear, prompting a bibliometric analysis to map trends, key players, and business opportunities. To this end, a search strategy was designed in the Scopus database (1986–2025) with terms related to microorganisms, energy, conversion, entrepreneurship, and biotechnology, retrieving 215 documents that were filtered, normalized, and exported for analysis. Quantitative methods—annual production, distribution by document type, and citation metrics (citations, h-index)—were combined with mapping tools in VOSviewer: keyword co-occurrence, co-authorship networks, Sankey diagrams, and trend issues. Minimum thresholds were established to focus the maps on the most relevant actors, concepts, and collaborations. The results indicate that 40.2% of the publications are peer-reviewed, 34.1% original articles, 22.4% papers, and 3.3% other formats, with exponential growth in production since 2000. The thematic analysis revealed three main clusters: microbial biotechnology ("bacteria," "metabolism"), applied innovation ("innovation," "bioengineering"), and technical-chemical tools ("chemistry," "biofuel"). The international collaboration network places China, the United States, and India as dominant hubs, and authors such as Singh S. and Zhang W. as leaders. These findings demonstrate the consolidation of the field and open avenues for green ventures, such as the integration of CCMs into water treatment plants and portable power generation devices, providing an empirical basis to guide policies and business models toward a circular bioeconomy.

ABSTRACT. Breast cancer is a type of cancer frequently encountered in women, and there is a need for more efficient and safer therapeutic approaches. Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor that suppresses the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors, but its metabolic stability at high temperatures may restrict its therapeutic activity. In the present theoretical work, based on quantum calculations using the Gaussian software package, we examine the thermodynamic properties of the letrostructure alone and in combination with lead-free perovskite (CaTiO₃)₂ structure. The compatibility of the perovskite was further examined in terms of its biosafety in relation to the hemoglobin molecule. The obtained difference in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values and displacement of enthalpy (ΔH) towards the more stable side, as well as higher deformation and binding energies of perovskite, were found when combined with letrozole. These signs suggest that more spontaneous tumor growth and tight binding to the cancerous formation were achieved, which did not present any apparent hematotoxicity. Then, lead-free perovskites may serve as a potential mediator for enhancing the efficacy of letrozole in breast cancer treatment.

ABSTRACT. This research analyzed the literature indexed in the Scopus database between 1998 and 2024 to show the current state of research on construction materials and sustainability. The bibliometric analysis shows notable growth in the last decade, where established research coexists with emerging trends. Journals such as Construction and Building Materials maintain a high impact, while Sustainability reflects rapid progress, a sign of the growing attention towards urban sustainability. Authors such as Huseien and Adesina, despite their recent careers, have achieved great influence, and works such as that of Behera (2014) continue to set a benchmark. India has become a leader in scientific production and networking, although countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and China are key players in international coordination. The institutional diversity, which includes universities in Asia, Europe, and Africa, reflects a decentralized approach. Keyword networks and thematic maps reveal two parallel approaches: one focused on efficient resource, emissions, and life-cycle management, and a more technical approach focused on improving mechanical properties and developing innovative composites. This suggests an approach to sustainable construction that requires both materials innovation and process development and design decisions.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The Tigris River is the main water resource in central Iraq, yet its quality is increasingly threatened by pollutants from its tributaries. This study assessed the impact of the Diyala tributary on the environmental characteristics of the Tigris River by analyzing physicochemical and biological parameters across four stations from October 2024 to June 2025. Results revealed elevated turbidity, total dissolved solids, biological and chemical oxygen demand, and nutrient concentrations downstream of the confluence, particularly during low-flow seasons. Dissolved oxygen levels decreased significantly, reflecting high organic loads from untreated sewage and agricultural runoff. This study highlights significant spatial variation in the relative abundance and composition of rotifer species (Rotifera) across the four sampling stations in the Diyala and Tigris rivers and their confluence. The dominance of specific taxa such as Rotaria sp., R. neplunia, Monostyla bulla, and Keratella quadrata reflected differences in organic load, nutrient enrichment, and hydrological conditions. These findings confirm that rotifers are sensitive bioindicators of ecological status and water quality, providing reliable insights into the impacts of natural variability and anthropogenic activities on river ecosystems. Consequently, the study underscores the importance of using rotifer communities as effective tools for ecological monitoring and river management strategies.

ABSTRACT. In this study, a green synthesis method for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was developed using Morus nigra (black mulberry) extract in 96% ethanol as a reducing agent and stabilizer. Five extract volumes (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 mL) were evaluated to determine the optimal synthesis conditions. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, with characteristic absorption peaks around 420 nm. When using a volume of 3.0 mL, a well-defined peak with greater stability over time was observed, indicating efficient synthesis and a more uniform size distribution. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of phenolic functional groups and anthocyanins in the extract, confirming their role as reducing and stabilizing agents on the surface of the AgNPs. Complementarily, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis showed that the nanoparticles obtained with 3.0 mL had a lower average hydrodynamic size and a narrower distribution. In antimicrobial assays, the nanoparticles showed the largest inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These results confirm that Morus nigra extract allows the production of stable AgNPs with outstanding antimicrobial activity, positioning this green synthesis strategy as a sustainable and effective alternative to produce functional nanomaterials with potential applications in the biomedical and food industries.

ABSTRACT. The subject of integrating production planning and control scheduling problems is becoming increasingly important, getting more and more attention in the complicated and constantly changing environment, presenting a new integrated model for aggregate production planning and scheduling problems, in which the production cost, total production time, changeover cost, and product delivery delays are minimized. After that, a new hybrid metaheuristic algorithm is proposed that combines the Whale Optimization Algorithm and the Grey Wolves Optimization Algorithm. The results are compared with different sample sizes using the standard algorithms (Genetic, Whale, and Greywolf) and dynamic programming based on mean square error. The result shows that the hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm provides the best result.

ABSTRACT. Recently, aggregate production planning has become increasingly important and complex. Therefore, this paper introduces a new multi-objective model for aggregate production planning that aims to minimize production costs, total production time, changeover costs, and product delivery delays. Additionally, a new hybrid metaheuristic algorithm (WAFOA) is proposed, which combines the Whale Optimization Algorithm and the Fly Optimization Algorithm to solve a multi-objective aggregate production planning problem. Three standard metaheuristic algorithms (Genetic, Whale Optimization, and Fly Optimization) are also tested with varying sample sizes for comparison. The results showed that the hybrid metaheuristic algorithm produced the best outcomes.

ABSTRACT. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles fabricated through Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAIL). High-purity metallic targets were ablated in deionized water using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at wavelengths of 532 nm and 1064 nm. The structural and optical properties of the resulting nanoparticles were analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Tauc plot analysis, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).The results revealed a clear dependence of nanoparticle characteristics on the laser wavelength. Samples synthesized at 532 nm exhibited stronger optical absorption, wider band gaps, smaller particle sizes, and well-dispersed quasi-spherical morphologies due to quantum confinement effects, whereas larger nanoparticles with reduced absorption were obtained at 1064 nm. TEM imaging confirmed the uniform distribution of nanoparticles produced at 532 nm, corresponding to increased band gaps of ZnO (3.45 eV) and CuO (1.90 eV). EDX analysis further verified the high purity and accurate elemental composition of all samples.These findings underscore the potential of PLAIL as a clean, additive-free technique for tailoring nanostructures suitable for photocatalytic self-cleaning surfaces and other environmentally sustainable applications.

ABSTRACT. The Far North region of Cameroon, presents extreme thermal challenges for photovoltaics (PV), with ambient temperatures frequently exceeding 45°C. This study experimentally quantifies PV performance losses under real-world Sudano-Sahelian conditions in Maroua. Hourly monitoring over 12 months revealed critical thermal stress: PV modules operated 91% of the time above 25°C, peaking at 67°C. Despite high solar irradiance, close to 1000 W/m², this caused significant power degradation. Results show a power loss of approximately 9.5 W per module, 19% of rated power, corresponding to a thermal degradation rate of 0.46% per °C. These findings underscore the severe impact of heat on PV yield in Sudano-Sahelian climates and provide critical experimental evidence supporting the urgent need for advanced heat-resilient PV designs and cooling strategies to enhance energy production in such demanding environments

ABSTRACT. This paper studies the development and implementation of maintenance strategies for wind turbine gear trains over a given operating period M. Using a predefined threshold of oil contamination by particles, the degradation of gear trains is monitored. The progressive contamination of the lubricating oil is indeed a key indicator of internal wear. When the contamination level reaches a critical threshold, corrective actions are implemented to limit the risks of failure and performance losses. The principle is as follows: when the contamination reaches a critical threshold, the production rate is reduced to perform either filtration or an oil change. With this in mind, two strategies are proposed to mitigate production losses and extend the lifetime of the components. The first strategy consists of performing imperfect maintenance actions at regular intervals, in the form of filtration, to temporarily limit the effect of contamination. A mathematical model is then developed to determine the optimal preventive maintenance (PM) period that minimizes the total expected cost per unit of time, including the costs of maintenance actions, filtration, and production losses. The second strategy, on the other hand, combines, in addition to oil filtration actions, more efficient complete oil change operations, after a certain number of filtrations. A second mathematical model is implemented to determine the optimal oil change and preventive maintenance periods, thus minimizing the average total cost per unit of time, by integrating intervention costs, production losses, and the cumulative effects of contamination. Both strategies are also compared with the taxes and pollution costs of filtration and oil change operations to take into account the impact of these interventions on the environment, since although they produce renewable energy, maintenance operations generate potentially polluting waste. Using numerical data, both strategies are evaluated and compared. The results show that integrating an oil change significantly reduces the overall maintenance cost while delaying preventive maintenance operations. Thus, the two proposed models provide a decision-making framework applicable to any similar system.

ABSTRACT. Tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanoparticles were synthesized via pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) under varying laser fluences to investigate the correlation between ablation energy and nanoscale structural evolution. The study demonstrates that precise tuning of laser energy enables control over crystallinity, morphology, and optical response through plasma–liquid interactions. X-ray diffraction confirmed the monoclinic WO₃ phase, with crystallite size decreasing from ~47 nm at 100 mJ to ~28 nm at 350 mJ due to enhanced fragmentation and rapid quenching. FESEM and TEM analyses revealed a morphological transition from well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles at low fluence to fused, irregular aggregates at high fluence. EDS spectra verified the high purity of the synthesized material, with slight oxygen enrichment typical of PLAL-derived oxides. UV–Vis absorbance spectra indicated a strong dependence on fluence, with the 100 mJ sample exhibiting the highest optical activity and sharpest band-edge transition, attributed to quantum confinement and reduced defect density. These findings establish an optimal fluence window (100–150 mJ) for producing uniform, crystalline, and optically active WO₃ nanoparticles. The work validates PLAL as a scalable, green, and tunable approach for designing high-performance semiconductor nanostructures for photocatalytic and optoelectronic applications.

ABSTRACT. In this bibliometric analysis of research on silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from 2019 to 2024, highlighting publication trends, geographic distribution, authorship, and keyword usage. Significant growth in the number of publications is observed, especially in chemistry and materials science, although with a lesser focus on medical applications. India and China lead in the number of published articles and citations, with notable contributions from Saudi Arabia. Muhammad Ikram is identified as the most cited author in this field. The analysis revealed a strong interest in green synthesis and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles, with recurring keywords such as “silver nanoparticles,” “green synthesis,” and “antibacterial,” indicating a focus on green synthesis methods. The most relevant journals in this field include “Nanomaterials,” “Polymers,” and “ACS Omega,” which facilitate the dissemination of findings. The study also highlights the importance of collaboration between researchers and the growing funding in this area, with an emphasis on exploring synthesis methods and addressing challenges such as toxicity and stability. The research used the Scopus database and tools such as VOSviewer and Excel for data analysis and seeks to improve collaboration between researchers and advance the field of biomedicine related to silver nanoparticles.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. This study focuses on the numerical simulation of a turbulent flow interacting with a slotted plate, with the aim of analyzing the aeroacoustic coupling mechanisms responsible for the generation of self-sustained tones. Based on a reference experiment conducted, an unsteady two-dimensional simulation was performed, employing the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) model to accurately capture the vortex structures. Numerical results at Reynolds numbers 4700 and 4800 show a symmetric behavior in the simulation, unlike the experiment which reveals a transition to antisymmetric behavior at 4800. Acoustics level simulation enabled the detection of a peak of frequency in the acoustic signal similar to what was obtained by the microphone. Additionally, the simulation allowed the exploration of areas that are experimentally difficult to access near the plate. A correlation between the upstream and downstream velocity fields was also demonstrated, highlighting the coherent structures responsible for the feedback loop. The overall good agreement between simulation and experiment validates the numerical approach for understanding the studied physical phenomena.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. This study investigates the coupled dynamics of flow, acoustics, and heat transfer in a rectangular jet impinging on a heated plate at a single Reynolds number of 3550. The flow field was characterized using the Q-criterion and vortex line visualization, supported by Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to extract dominant energetic modes. Acoustic measurements from four microphones and velocity probe signals within the jet were analyzed in both frequency and modal domains to identify correlations between flow structures and acoustic resonance. Finally, heat transfer reliability was assessed through the Stanton number distribution obtained from infrared thermography of the plate. Results reveal that coherent vortical structures govern both the acoustic response and the spatial distribution of Stanton number. A clear link is established between dominant flow modes, acoustic frequencies, and localized heat transfer enhancement, demonstrating the robustness of the impinging jet configuration for thermal management applications.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. In this investigation, the influence of the plate temperature on both aeroacoustics and flow characteristics of a jet impinging from a rectangular nozzle and Re = 3750 was considered. Experiments were conducted using Particle Image Velocimetry Technique (PIV), Infrared Thermography and microphones to simultaneously capture different flow structures, heat transfer behavior and sound pressure levels. As the plate was heated, the sound pressure level increased by approximately 7 dB, accompanied by the emergence of a secondary frequency peak at 105 Hz. This frequency was linked to the changes that occurred in the vortex convection velocity near the heated plate wall, suggesting a strong coupling between thermal effects and flow instabilities. When the plate was cooled to steady-state conditions, the secondary peak in the frequency spectrum disappeared and the sound pressure level decreased. These findings confirmed the reversible thermal influence on the jet’s aeroacoustics response.

ABSTRACT. Distribution networks suffer transformer overloads and phase imbalance, exacerbated by sparse load measurements. We propose a data-robust hybrid optimization framework that couples Biogeography-Based Optimization for global exploration with gradient descent for local refinement to allocate transformer loading and balance phases under uncertainty. In simulation studies, the method reduces phase imbalance by 49.99%, cuts overloaded transformers by 28.71% (from 68%), and lowers underloaded units by 10.86% (from 18%). The framework accommodates incomplete daily profiles, enhances reliability, mitigates energy losses and equipment degradation, and supports scalable deployment for grid operations. By uniting metaheuristic robustness with analytical rigor, it offers a practical pathway to extend asset lifespan, reduce maintenance costs, and improve service quality. This work establishes a foundation for data-efficient optimization in distribution systems and paves the way for adaptive, self-healing grids.