ABSTRACT. Gamma ray attenuation coefficients for epoxy resin samples supported with potassium chloride (KCl) at room temperature determined using the open mold method with a radius of (2.9) cm and a height of (0.5) cm. The study examined the impact of different weight fractions of potassium chloride particles on gamma ray attenuation coefficients. The sodium iodide detector system, doped with thallium NaI(Th), was used to analyze gamma ray spectra from point radioactive sources like americium, cesium, and radium. The detector was placed (15) cm apart, and the spectral collection time was set at (900) sec. The intensity of gamma ray photons was used to calculate the net number of light peaks. The linear and mass attenuation coefficient and free path rate were determined, with the best result for equivalent tissues being obtained for a sample with a (10)% reinforcement ratio. The difference in data from ICRU-44 is less than (7)%, confirming the potential use of these materials as equivalent tissues in radiation and biology fields.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the influence of workload and opportunities for career development on job performance and retention among non-uniformed personnel of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in the Philippines. Using quantitative methods, and examined through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the research provides important information on the working conditions of this significant, but often neglected group of the police workforce, and the developmental support provided. The results suggest that excessive task assignments and ongoing time pressure are detrimental to the job performance and retention of PNP non-uniformed personnel. Where there is multitasking, insufficient delegation and rest time, there will be stress and reduced efficiency. The study also indicates that career development opportunities such as training programs, just promotion opportunities, and opportunities to develop skills impact employee motivation and stronger levels of organizational commitment. Non-uniformed personnel are more likely to stay focused and perform well when they see opportunities for the development of their careers. Career opportunities are also a barrier factor for dealing with the stress of a heavy workload. The study highlights the need for the PNP to balance operational demands with professional development support. Strengthening human resource practices in this regard can foster a more resilient, efficient, and committed workforce within the public safety and law enforcement sector in the Philippines.

ABSTRACT. CdO thin films were deposited using chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) over a dynamic substrate travelling at 6 cm/s, at pressures between 1.0 and 2.5 bar. The research investigated the influence of deposition pressure on the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified the existence of cubic CdO crystals, exhibiting a principal peak at 33° associated with the (111) plane. Elevated pressure diminished crystallite size from 60.43 nm to 18.49 nm, concurrently augmenting micro strain and lattice distortion as a result of internal stress. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination corroborated these findings, demonstrating a transition from big irregular grains to smaller compact grains with increasing pressure. The dynamic substrate improved film transparency by enhancing homogeneity and minimizing agglomeration, resulting in a more uniform grain distribution. Optical investigation demonstrated a clear correlation between structural alterations and optical efficacy. The film deposited at 1 pressure demonstrated 85% transmittance, which diminished to 40% at 2.5 bar as a result of heightened grain density and flaws. The optical band gap decreased from 2.17 eV to 2.00 eV with elevated pressure, due to enhanced crystallinity and a rise in defect states. Fluctuations in the absorption coefficient and refractive index corresponded with structural and morphological analyses. This research emphasizes the significance of pressure regulation in enhancing CdO films for use in transparent conductive oxides, photodetectors, and solar cells.

ABSTRACT. This study aims to examine the influence of laser pulse number and laser energy on the optical and structural characteristics of ZnO-CoO thin films produced using the pulsed laser deposition (P.L.D.) technology. The films were fabricated from a 50:50 combination of zinc oxide and cobalt oxide, coated on glass substrates using a Nd:YAG laser with energy ranging from (100 to 350) mj and pulse counts between (200 and 700), thereafter subjected to thermal annealingat(450)°C. The findings indicated that augmenting the laser energy and pulse count enhanced the optical characteristics, resulting in heightened optical absorption, diminished transmittance, and a reduction in the optical energy gap from (2.92 to 2.66) eV. This reduction is ascribed to heightened crystallinity and the formation of novel energy levels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures revealed that the grains were irregularly shaped and grouped, but the surface roughness progressively diminished with increased energy and pulse counts owing to the deposition of greater quantities of material. XRD investigations indicated that the films were polycrystalline, including hexagonal and cubic phases, with the predominant (002) phase remaining unchanged and a notable rise in grain size from (1.8 to 2.12) μm.

ABSTRACT. In this study, an organic–inorganic hybrid polymer for the corrosion protection of steel rebars was prepared from ethyl methacrylate, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMPSM), through free-radical polymerisation using different molar ratios of benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The samples were denoted as W1, W2, and W3. Following acidic hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate with the TMPSM using the sol-gel process, both solutions were then mixed to obtain a hybrid polymer matrix containing both organic and inorganic phases. Subsequently, steel reinforced coatings demonstrated the highest adhesion levels during adhesion tests. The hybrid polymer films were then characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm their skeletal structures. The structural features of the hybrid polymeric coatings were investigated using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the overall impacts of structure on the thermal behaviour and thermal transformation were examined using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry methods, while the surface and morphological characteristics of the corrosion product films were examined using SEM and AFM. The results showed that the coatings were similar in terms of surface topography, verifying their nanoscale distribution (18–200 nm particle size).

ABSTRACT. The study focuses on studying the gamma-ray shielding performance of Al-Cu-Pb-Zn alloys, with an emphasis on their mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) in comparison to theoretical values. The study utilized three different alloy compositions: A1 (Al67Cu23Pb1Z9), A2 (Al67Cu23Pb2Z8), and A3 (Al67Cu23Pb3Z7), adjusting the proportions of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) to assess their impact on gamma-ray attenuation. The findings indicated that the mass attenuation coefficient of the sample A3 was high (0.825 cm2/g) at 60 keV due to its increased lead content that made it have dramatic radiation shielding efficacy. Conversely, sample, A1 recorded the lowest mass attenuation coefficient (0.072 cm2/g) with a radiation of 662 keV. The mass attenuation coefficient was found to decrease gradually with increase of photon energy where Compton scattering becomes ineffective at higher energies. This pattern was not different to the theoretical prognoses attained utilizing the XCOM software to underscore the authenticity of the experimental setting. Besides, the HVL and MFP showed the negative correlation to the mass attenuation coefficient, and the greater concentrations of lead led to lower values found and indicated the increased shielding at decreased material thickness. The agreement between the experimental and theoretical calculations was quite high and particularly, in the immunological levels and mean free path, hence these alloys can effectively be used in gamma ray shielding applications. Also X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed the presence of different phases and elemental composition of alloys with the reason that they have radiation protective potential. On the whole, the results indicate that Al-Cu-Pb-Zn alloys, especially those with a larger amount of lead, have a viable possibility of use in radiation shielding.

ABSTRACT. In this study, thin films of SnSe alloys were fabricated at different annealing temperatures, ranging from room temperature (RT) to 300°C, and their structural, optical, and optoelectronic properties were investigated. The structural properties of the prepared material were determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD) to first ensure the properties of the films and verify their compliance with ASTM standards. Subsequently, other structural properties such as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peaks, crystalline planes spacing, and crystallite size were examined. The optical characterization of the material enabled the estimation of its band gap. The results showed that the band gap values ranged between 1.4 eV and 2.12 eV, depending on the sample conditions.

ABSTRACT. Access to affordable, renewable energy is essential for sustainable development and improving quality of life, especially in rural and agricultural communities. By 2030, the aim is to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and improve health, given that in rural areas 48% of households suffer from respiratory diseases due to the use of these fuels. Reason why, in this research, an analysis of literature on affordable and ecological energy for agricultural communities will be carried out, for which Rayyan was used where with our titles 2,045 publications were found from the database such as Scopus, IEEE Xplore and ScienceDirect in which has been leaked. However, energy generation and consumption continue to cause environmental and social problems due to dependence on unsustainable sources and the increase in natural disasters. The transition to clean energy, such as solar, biomass and wind, can reduce costs and CO2 emissions. Microgrids, supported by artificial intelligence, represent a key to innovation, allowing rural communities more efficient access to energy. Collaboration between the community and the private and government sectors is crucial to the success of these projects. The research bases its data on reliable databases such as Scopus, IEEE Xplore and ScienceDirect, and uses bibliometric analyzes to understand the current energy context and propose sustainable solutions that contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

ABSTRACT. In this study, the cross sections for the reaction 15N (α, n)18F were calculated due to the great importance of fluorine 18, as it is one of the radioactive isotopes used in the medical field, as it is used in diagnosing cancer (pet), and because fluorine is distinguished by a property, which is its strong ability to attract electrons, as it has an electronegative property, as it contains five electrons in its outer 2p shell. The cross sections for the reverse reaction 18F(n, α)15N were also calculated, and the highest probability of producing a fluorine isotope was determined in an energy range of 8.7 to 15 MeV, with energy steps of 0.15 MeV. With a threshold energy of 1.05117 MeV. Semi-empirical equations for the cross sections of the reverse reaction were also derived by deriving equations that depend on the mass of the bombarding particle, the mass of the exiting particle, the masses of the target nucleus, the daughter nucleus, the spin, and the party. We note that the highest probability of a reaction occurring is 16.3444 MeV when the neutron energy is 9.3736 MeV. We note that the cross-section values fluctuate to several peaks, including when the incident neutron energy is 11.3736 MeV, where the cross-section is 8.2743 MeV. As for the neutron energy values calculated by the reverse reaction of the 18F(n,α)15N reaction, the cross-section values range between (16.3444 - 0.4879) mbarn and the energy values range between (11.6236 - 6.3738) MeV

ABSTRACT. In this pilot study, we calculated uranium concentrations, equivalent and absorbed doses, and radiological hazard coefficients for ten samples of metal amalgam fillings, which consisted of mercury at a ratio ranging from 50 to 60%, and the rest were zinc, tin, silver, and copper, with ratios varying from one manufacturer to another. These samples were collected from different locations in Iraq, from government hospitals, or purchased from authorized dealers, specifically from Baghdad, using neutron activation technology and a CR-39 solid-state path detector. The samples were ground, pressed into 1.5 cm diameter disc-shaped molds, placed over the detector pieces and secured with adhesive tape. They were then exposed to a neutron flux inside an Americium beryllium accelerator for seven days at a neutron flux rate of 105 n.cm-2.sec-1 and a neutron flux of 6.048×1010 n.cm-2 After that, the chemical scraping stage was carried out, and the effects were calculated manually using an optical microscope and also using computer images. The results showed uranium concentrations ranging between (3.0817 and 5.441 parts per million) for the fifth and seventh samples, respectively, and a risk factor ranging between (0.205724 and 0.363222) for the same samples. In other words, the uranium concentration and the risk factor were at their lowest levels for sample number five, and at their highest levels for sample number seven, as shown in the research input table. Our findings demonstrate that uranium is still used today, albeit in very small quantities, in the composition of these fillings, despite being banned in the 1980s. However, its radiation doses remain within the limits permitted by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Health Organization

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the optical properties of cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films before and after cesium-137 (Cs-137) gamma irradiation, deposited using the Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) method. The CdO films were synthesized on glass substrates with varying nozzle-to-substrate distances to examine the impact of this parameter on optical characteristics. The films underwent irradiation at a dose of approximately 1.2 Gy to assess changes in key optical properties, including transmittance, absorbance, energy band gap, and extinction coefficient. Results indicate that irradiation significantly enhanced optical transmittance across all deposition distances, with values rising by up to 2.6% at 760 nm. The optical band gap narrowed post-irradiation, ranging from 2.224 eV to 2.498 eV, suggesting improved electronic properties for applications in optoelectronic devices. Additionally, the distance between the nozzle and substrate influenced film morphology, with longer distances leading to improved transmittance due to more uniform film deposition. This study underscores the potential of CdO thin films for solar cell applications, as the improvement in transparency and reduced band gap contribute to better light absorption and enhanced electrical conductivity, making them promising for renewable energy technologies.

ABSTRACT. This study included preparing five samples of the alloy S70Se30-XPbX with different lead concentrations x = (0, 5, 10, 15) prepared by the melting point method by partial replacement of selenium by lead. The electrical properties of the five samples were studied according to the replacement percentage. The electrical conductivity analysis revealed changes in the electrical properties of all samples due to the rearrangement of the amorphous material structure, and three different conduction mechanisms were identified. At low temperatures, the electron mobility was achieved by hopping between local states close to the Fermi energy; at medium temperatures, the conduction was achieved by transferring electrons between local levels within the conduction and valence bands; while at high temperatures, the electrons were transferred through extended levels within these two bands. The results showed that the calculated densities of states for localized, extended, and near-Fermi states change with the lead concentration.

ABSTRACT. The most important details of the synthesis by using pulsed laser ablation in deionized water to ablate the Cr2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles and drop-casting the solutions on the substrates to deposit Cr2O3 thin films with concentration ratio (0 , 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8)% of TiO2 are illustrated. Additionally, a concise and precis explanation of the structural analysis included X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and gas sensor performance evaluation were provided. (XRD) test revealed that all samples of Cr2O3: TiO2 films have a polycrystalline nature with Rhombohedral structure and the Cr2O3 is crystalized as a main plane in (012),while TiO2 nanoparticles have anatase phase with tetragonal crystal structure at plane (112). The gas sensor device of the heterojunction of Cr2O3: TiO2/Psi with concentration ratio (0 , 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8)% of TiO2 were examined when exposed to 400ppm of NO2 gas at various temperatures (R.T , 100 , 150)°C. The maximum value of sensitivity was 475.11% detected at 0.6% TiO2 at operation temperature of 100°C.

ABSTRACT. Clean water is becoming increasingly scarce, endangering both human and environmental health. Since 1970, wave power distillation has been a process under development for creating freshwater. The system's movements must be represented in the time domain for real-time utilization in maritime structures. Due of the multilayer integrals in the model that the Cummins equation describes, this could present difficulties. Additionally, the measurement of amount must be predicted a few seconds in advance for the majority of control techniques designed for wave energy converters. In the field of energy from waves, this makes short-term prediction a crucial issue. Principal research on the impact of latches energy management exchanger in standard waves is among previous research on the subject. For application in irregular waves and in real time, the Latching control method was expanded in this thesis. In order to construct a system model, a It was implemented using a simple time-variant descriptive modeling of the ID-memory system. The quasi-causal stimulation factors were calculated using a particular method. An augmented Kalmar filter was chosen to anticipate the unresolved control variables. Simulations in MATLAB as well as Simulink were used to test structure factors, control schemes, and estimate techniques. It was verified that the unstructured version behaved as it should. The control algorithm further produced appropriate behavior. But neither efficiency nor irregularity were improved as a result of this. It was determined as a result that locking command is an inappropriate controlling technique for the Wave Oasis. With standards differences from the range of = 0.01 0.03 m a marine condition characterized by Hs = 2.5 and Tp = 9.1, the estimate technique performed satisfactorily for medium to low noise levels (noise amplitude of (0.01 -0.1 m)). The later should be examined or improved, though, if it was anticipated that the measurement noise would have higher levels of noise.

ABSTRACT. Abstract.This study was conducted in two stages: The first stage: preparing solutions of PVA/CMC binary mixtures, with different weight fractions of CMC (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) for the purpose of preserving them from damage, and studying some of their physical and mechanical properties, which included (viscosity, drying speed, adhesion strength, traction resistance, maximum tensile stress that the material can withstand before reaching the fracture stage, maximum fracture energy, surface hardness and wear reat), and the second stage: preparing solutions of the same mixtures above and in the same previous proportions, for the purpose of treating and coating three different types of paper: Printing cellulose paper, Carton cellulose paper and Cash cellulose paper.

With these prepared mixtures, the effect of the increase in the weight fraction of CMC on some physical and mechanical properties of the treated and coated samples was studied, which are represented by the coating thickness, surface hardness, cutting force, brightness, and water absorption.

The results showed an improvement in wear resistance, and that increasing the CMC content in the PVA body after a weight fraction of 25% leads to the PVA material being subjected to the concept of granular sphericity. The studied properties showed an increase in thickness, an improvement in the values ​​of surface hardness, tensile and scratch strength, a decrease in the intensity of brightness and gloss, and the occurrence of slight color changes on the treated paper. The results of treatment with the prepared mixture solutions also showed their superiority in moisture resistance, which is an important indicator in overcoming paper porosity and maintaining the plasticity of the cellulosic material, and in improving the mechanical and physical properties. This is considered an effective means of preserving paper files and documents from damage. Laboratory specifications for this polymer mixture were prepared, and their results were discussed.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: This study investigates the effect of chemical substitution on the physical properties of the superconducting ceramic composite Bi₂₋ₓPbₓBaCa₁.₈₅Sb₀.₁₅Cu₃O₁₀₊δ with varying amounts of lead substitution (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4). The main objective is to optimize the substitution conditions to enhance the structural and electrical properties of the composite and obtain the maximum superconducting transition temperature (high temperature). The samples were produced by the solid-state reaction (SSR) method under controlled conditions to facilitate gradual atomic diffusion. The four-probe technique was used to investigate the electrical resistivity as a function of temperature, facilitating the calculation of the critical transition temperatures (Tc) and energy gap (Eg) values for different substitution levels. The results show that all samples exhibit superconducting (metallic) properties at 780 °C. In comparison the best and most optimal sample was identified using the SSR method, and under optimal conditions compared to the samples with substitution (x = 0.4), it had the highest critical transition temperature (Tc = 121.8 K), the highest energy gap (Eg = 0.035192588 eV), the lowest bandwidth ΔT(K) = 1.2, and the highest hole concentration P(Hole) = 0.16. These changes reflect the improved superconducting properties upon substitution of lead at the sample (x = 0.4), making this composition ideal for high critical temperature applications.

ABSTRACT. Efficient mixing of viscous Newtonian fluids remains a critical challenge in the development of compact and sustainable process systems. This study examines experimentally laminar chaotic mixing in an inline mixer using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to characterize scalar transport. Instantaneous fluorescence images are processed into spacetime diagrams, which capture the evolution of concentration fields along the flow direction across time. From these diagrams, we extract the rate of concentration fluctuations as a quantitative measure of local mixing intensity. By systematically varying the mixing protocol, we construct spatial maps of mixing efficiency across a range of operating conditions. The results reveal clear trends in mixing performance as a function of flow parameters and offer quantitative benchmarks for mixer optimization. This work provides new insights into scalar transport in viscous laminar flows and supports the energy-efficient design of continuous mixing systems for sustainable processing applications.

ABSTRACT. Flour and wheat are considered important food items that people eat daily, especially for Iraqis, as no meal is devoid of bread or flatbread. Therefore, in this work, mineral concentrations were calculated and the daily intake of every 100 grams of minerals was estimated (minerals are one of the basic elements in nutrition). Seven flour samples collected, three local and four imported, in addition to three samples of local wheat. The results indicated that the major elements in these samples were Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, K, and calcium, and the minor elements were Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, Br, Sn, Ba, Ta, Te, Sr, and Cu. As for the trace elements, they were V, Cr, Co, Ni, Sb, Ga, Rb, Pb, Y, Mo, Ag, Cd, Cs, La, W, Nb, I, Ce, Zr, and Th. As for the ultra-trace elements, they were As, Se, Hf, Ge, Hg, Tl, Bi, and U. It was found that most of the concentrations could be less, close to, or more than the RDA values. Registered by some countries and international scientific organizations, for example, the concentration of Mg was as a maximum of 0.678 in sample 5, and as a minimum of 0.137 in sample 10. The daily intake can be estimated for every 100 grams according to what the person eats daily, at a rate of one to three loaves, i.e. between 125 and 375 grams. When compared with the RDA values of some countries such as the United States of America, Canada, India, European countries, and some scientific institutions such as the World Health Organization, the results for the concentrations of some elements may be more, less, or close to it. This depends on the human need according to their environmental conditions.

ABSTRACT. In this paper, the thermal photon rate generated by the interaction between a charm quark beam and a gluon in cg→ugγ plasma is studied using a computational approach. The quantum chromodynamics theory of quark-gluon collisions is used to investigate thermal photon emission. In the theoretical computational approach, quark charge flavour quantum number, strength coupling and thermal photon rate are calculated considering critical energy Tc=160 MeV, thermal energy (200-600) MeV, quark and gluon annihilation, photon energy in the range (0.75-10.25) GeV parameter to calibrate and study the photon rate spectrum. Calculation of the thermal photon rate produced by cg→ugγ from the QGP material consisting of quark-gluon plasma. It was found that in collisions it increases with increasing thermal energy, decreasing coupling strength and decreasing photon energy. The thermal photon rate in cg→ugγ increases slightly to a large at photon energyE≤2 GeV and reach to maximum at E=0.75 GeV compared to reaching a small at energyE≫5 GeV and reaching a minimum at energy=10.25 GeV in cg→ugγ systems

ABSTRACT. The land cover study conducted in the Lake Hamrin area of Diyala Governorate, Iraq, significantly contributes to our understanding of environmental changes and their implications for the region's ecological equilibrium. This research utilized three satellite images from 2019, 2022, and 2024, with approximately two-year intervals between each assessment. The images were acquired via the Landsat 8 and 9 OLI satellite data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The study focused on the area within the path 168 and row 36, and the data analysis was performed using ENVI version 5.3. In this study, training samples were systematically collected to identify various land cover components, with field visits conducted to enhance the reliability of our findings. We assessed the ability to distinguish between subclasses using the Jeffreys-Matusita scale. Notably, the lowest value recorded across all studied years was 1.93, highlighting the presence of spectral overlaps that may have influenced the accuracy of the spatial analysis. The maximum likelihood algorithm was employed to conduct a comprehensive land cover analysis, specifically focusing on changes in water mass attributed to environmental and political factors. The overall classification accuracy was calculated using the maximum likelihood method to assess whether lake water mass area alterations significantly impacted other land cover classes. Certain classes exhibited limited stability due to various environmental and human influences, while others were affected by spectral interference and diminished spatial accuracy. The study thoroughly analyzed changes in land cover components and their effects on the ecological balance of the region, specifically regarding alterations in the lake's water mass. The findings revealed significant variations in the area of water bodies over the selected time frame, along with fluctuations in water levels. These changes have notably impacted various taxonomic classes within the region, emphasizing the interconnectedness of these environmental factors.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of electrospun scaffolds made from varying proportions of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The study explains how electrospinning parameters (polymer concentration and voltage) affect the chemical and physical features of PCL/PEO blends. The optimum conditions and concentrations for these blends are found to be suitable for medical applications as scaffolds or drug delivery systems. The mixture of PCL and PEO was dissolved in chloroform to create homogeneous solutions. The electrospinning technique was used to fabricate fibrous mats, which were analyzed for their physical and chemical characteristics. The wettability of the fibrous mat surfaces was assessed using the contact angle. The study found that increasing PEO concentration to 3% in the blend specimen electrospun at 25 KV voltage enhanced membrane wettability and produced more homogeneous fibrous structures, facilitating the creation of biocompatible materials for soft tissue regeneration. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that the strength of the PCL characteristic peaks got weaker as the PEO concentrations increased.

ABSTRACT. In this study, it was used Gaussian 16, which relies on density function theory (DFT), to look at a system that includes Doxorubicin, 18F-FDG medical dye and breast cancer etiology. The computations looked at various electronic characteristics, including the energies of HOMO and LUMO, the energy gap (Eg), and other electronic properties like ionization energy, electron affinity, chemical hardness, and electrophilic index. They also included detailed thermodynamic properties (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) and energetic properties, such as binding energy, deformation energy, and interaction energy. The results show that when the 18F-FDG dye docks with Doxorubicin in cancer cells examination, it led to enhances Gibbs free energy ( 0.649 eV) and lowers interaction energy (-13.3204 eV), while keeping the molecules in stable, which supports the idea of developing a targeted treatment that is both effective and safe at the molecular level. The results show that Doxorubicin works well with heat treatment when docking with 18F-FDG for breast cancer etiology, as it has stable free energy (0.732 eV), moderate heat changes, and a good heat spread, which means it's a suitable option for therapy.

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces a new mixture of the Komal distribution with a single parameter β. It derives key statistical properties, such as survival function, probability density function, hazard function, and cumulative distribution function. In addition, the study proposes a new hybrid algorithm (PSOMO) by combining the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with the Monkey (MO) algorithm to estimate the survival function based on the two distribution parameters. The simulation was used to compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with the standard algorithm (PSO and MO). The results showed that the proposed algorithm (PSOMO) achieves near perfect accuracy under simulated conditions for the survival function while achieving a lower mean square error than other estimation methods.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. In this practical laboratory study, the aim was to evaluate and measure the levels of uranium present in glass ionomer cement used in restorative dentistry, utilizing the neutron activation analysis technique. This material contains the naturally occurring heavy element uranium-238 as an impurity, just like other restorative dental materials such as zirconia, amalgam, and acrylic. These heavy elements were an essential part of the manufacturing process in the past, but were banned in the early 1980s. Studies continue to prove the presence of very small parts included in their raw materials. The importance of this research lies in determining the extent of exposure of patients and dentists to the radiation emitted by them. Although the expected levels are low, long-term accumulation and exposure to higher levels may have potential health effects. The technique we used is neutron activation analysis, which we chose because it is highly sensitive and accurate for determining uranium concentrations, equivalent and absorbed doses, and hazard index in ten samples of glass ionomer cement. Which we collected from different places in Iraq and explained in the research where we exposed them to a beam of fast neutrons in a neutron generator based on the reaction of (241Am - 9Be) with an effectiveness of 12 Ci and a neutron flux of 105 n.cm-2 and then monitored the alpha particles that are released from the uranium through the CR-39 solid trace detector using an optical microscope and we determined the concentrations accurately. The results showed varying levels of uranium in the samples, and they were all within the acceptable limits. The highest concentration we obtained was 0.3435 mSv/y, which is certainly less than the permissible level approved by the International Atomic Energy Agency, which is 1mSv/y.Our research will contribute to increasing awareness about the presence of uranium in restorative dental materials, and we hope that this research now provides a scientific basis for making future decisions regarding the safety of materials used in dentistry and developing alternatives that contain lower levels of uranium.

ABSTRACT. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are gaining increasing importance in energy storage systems due to their high energy storage densities. These materials store energy by exploiting the latent heat of fusion or vaporization during phase transitions. Optimizing the crystal structure and microstructure of these materials enhances their thermal stability. This paper addresses an important thermodynamic aspect, namely the Specific Heat Capacity (SHC), of aluminum alloys widely used in industry. Various applications (from heat treatment to corrosive materials) demonstrate that SHC (as an intensive property) or SHC (as an extended property) is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and of great importance in practical applications. In this research, a set of ternary alloys, Al90Cu10-xZnx, with different elemental concentrations Zn (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10), were fabricated by pouring the molten material into specially designed molds. The structural and thermal properties of the samples were studied and it was found that these properties are affected by the partial replacement of Copper with Zinc.

ABSTRACT. The main principle of radiation protection is to limit radiation exposure or reduce the value of this exposure as much as possible. One of the most important means used to reduce the value of radiation exposure is the use of radiation shield, which are used to contain radioactive sources or create radiation barriers. The design and selection of appropriate materials for radiation shields depend on the type of radiation and its energy. The current work aims to study the fast neutron shielding using unsaturated polyester composite reinforced with glass. Shielding against fast neutrons remains a critical challenge in radiation protection due to their high power and the inefficiency of conventional materials (e.g., concrete, lead) at manageable weights. Polymer-glass composites emerge as a promising solution, combining the lightweight flexibility of unsaturated polyester with the neutron moderation and absorption capabilities of glass reinforcement. Fast neutron shields were manufactured using unsaturated polyester as a base material with different concentrations of ordinary glass and boron-reinforced glass as reinforcement materials with different concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) and a thickness of 1 cm. For this purpose, the Am-Be neutron source with a neutron flux of 3x105(n/cm2.s) was used. Some shielding properties such as the macroscopic cross-section, half-thickness and mean free path were measured to determine the efficiency of the manufactured shields. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of the reinforcement material, the macroscopic cross-section values increased while the half-thickness and mean free path values decreased. The results also showed that boron-reinforced glass exhibits better shielding properties than ordinary glass due to its content of boron, which is a good neutron absorber.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effects of bioengineered nanoparticles, specifically gold and laponite, Regarding the effect of nanoparticles on thermal behavior, mechanical strength, and antimicrobial effectiveness of polymers. Gold and laponite nanoparticles were synthesized and incorporated into polymer matrices at a concentration of 1% to evaluate their performance improvements. To study the interaction between nanoparticles and Escherichia coli, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used, revealing significant adhesion, membrane damage, and bacterial structural deformation, particularly in the presence of gold nanoparticles. Mechanical testing demonstrated a significant increase in tensile strength from 35.3 MPa (pure polymer) to 42.7 MPa and 47.9 MPa with gold and laponite nanoparticles, respectively. Similarly, thermal decomposition temperatures improved from 265.2°C in the control group to 282.6°C and 294.4°C for the gold-Laponite-reinforced composites. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation coefficient confirmed that these improvements were significant and positively correlated with the incorporation of the nanoparticles. The results support the multifunctional role of gold and Laponite nanoparticles in improving polymer nanocomposites, indicating their promising applications in biomedical and industrial materials that require structural integrity and antibacterial function.

ABSTRACT. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a significant air pollutant primarily emitted from traffic and industrial activities, posing health risks. Accurate predictions of urban NO2 concentrations are essential for effectively controlling air pollution. In this study, we focus on forecasting NO2 levels in New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt — a rapidly developing industrial area — to enhance air quality management and urban planning. This research employs comparative analysis of three machine learning (ML) models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machines (SVM). Hourly datasets were collected from the New Borg El-Arab City Weather Station and an IoT-based air quality monitoring system with Arduino from 2nd January 2021 to 30th May 2021. While Key environmental and meteorological variables, such as Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Temperature (T), Relative Humidity (RH), and Wind Direction (WD), were collected, only four variables were selected to forecast NO2 concentration based on their higher correlation with NO2 as determined using Correlation Matrix. The study employed R2, RMSE, MAE, and MSE as evaluation metrics to assess the model's performance, ensuring robust comparisons. The findings indicate that ANN, RF, and SVM achieved a high accuracy, exceeding 91% for NO2 prediction. The comparative analysis revealed that the ANN surpassed the other ML models with an RMSE of .7350 during training and 1.2281 for testing. This study contributes to the ongoing efforts to achieve sustainable urban development and improve public health outcomes in Egypt.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. This study presents the fabrication of CuO nanoparticles through the use of atmospheric plasma jet technology. The prepared synthesized CuO nanoparticles were analyzed by multiple characterization analyzations, like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) moreover UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD results showed the absence of additional peaks associated with secondary phases, confirming the high purity of the CuO nanoparticles. Besides, the CuO NPs synthesized with high purity that assured by EDX analysis. SEM analysis was used to examine the surface morphology, revealing a high degree of nanoparticle agglomeration. The energy bandgap was 4 eV for CuO Nanoparticles. The current–voltage analysis indicated that the solar cell achieved a power conversion efficiency of 0.031%, with a fill factor of 18.46%.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. In the present study, we investigate the antibacterial, antiinvariant and antioxidant activities of photosynthesized selenium nanoparticles against 50 bacterial isolates were obtained, belonging to E. coli, representing (33.3%), out of (150) samples, distributed among 30 isolates (60%) from urinary tract infections, 15 isolates (30%) from wounds and 5 isolates (10%) from burns. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that there was variation in susceptibility of E. coli isolates to the antimicrobials used. The Antimicrobial Activity of MC-SeNPs on different E. coli Isolates by Resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MC-SeNPs was between (1250- 312.5µg/ml). The effect of the MC-SeNPs on the biofilm formation using SUB-MIC 1 show that the highest percentage of inhibition for the isolates forming strong biofilms was 85%, and the minimum was 7.8%. The highest percentage of inhibition on the isolates forming moderate biofilms was 57%, and the minimum was 44%. Finally, the highest percentage of inhibition for weak biofilm formation was 71%, and the minimum was 39%. The results of Antioxidant Activity showed that % DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity increase with increase the concentration of Myrtus communis L. leaf extract, MC-SeNPs and AA. To assess the potency of Photosynthesized MC-SeNPs at hemolyzing RBC, in vitro hemolytic activity was measured in a dose-dependent manner. Even at higher doses, the Photosynthesized MC-SeNPs were observed to have the least hemolytic effect, thereby indicating low toxicity. We conclude from the current study that MC-SeNPs are characterized by their antimicrobial, ant virulence, and antioxidant properties, as well as have low toxicity which allows for a wide range of medical, industrial, and environmental applications.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: In this study, high-temperature superconducting samples of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ (Hg-1223) were synthesized using the Sol-Gel method and sintered at three different temperatures: 800°C, 825°C, and 850°C. Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the desired Hg-1223 phase, with varying degrees of phase purity depending on the sintering temperature. Lattice parameters, phase ratios, and crystallite sizes were calculated and correlated with the processing conditions. Surface morphology examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 5 μm magnification revealed clear grain growth and increased densification with rising sintering temperatures. The microstructural evolution contributed significantly to the electrical behavior of the samples. Electrical resistivity measurements as a function of temperature showed superconducting transitions in all samples with a constant onset critical temperature (Tc(onset) ≈ 171.3 K). The sample sintered at 850°C exhibited the sharpest transition (ΔTc ≈ 37.3 K), indicating improved homogeneity and stronger intergranular connectivity. All samples displayed comparable energy gap values (~0.026 eV), confirming the superconducting nature of the Hg-1223 phase. Overall, the results demonstrate that the Sol-Gel method is an effective route for producing high-quality Hg-based superconductors. The sample processed at 850°C achieved the best combination of structural integrity, phase purity, and superconducting performance, making it a promising candidate for future applications in high-temperature superconducting technologies

ABSTRACT. The abundance of cockroaches in hospital environments, particularly in sewage systems, makes them potential human health risk factors through the transmission of various pathogens. This study evaluates the parasitic contamination carried by American cockroaches collected from the sewage systems in hospitals in Dhuluiya, Salah Al-Din Province, Iraq. A total of 37 American cockroaches were collected from sewage systems, and both internal and external parasites were isolated between October 2024 and March 2025. The parasites were identified microscopically using Lugol's iodine dye. The results revealed the presence of 14 different parasite species, with Nyctothyrous ovalis being the most prevalent gut flora. Other dangerous types, such as Strongyloides stercoralis and Enterobius vermicularis, were also identified. Additional pathogenic parasites included Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichomonas hominis, Entamoeba histolytica, Dipylidium spp., and Fasciola hepatica. This study suggests that the sewage systems in local hospitals in Salah Al-Din Province, Iraq, act as a source of medically important parasites.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the influence of annealing temperature on the structural, morphological, and superconducting properties of the high-temperature superconductor Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O₈₊δ (Bi-2223) synthesized via the solid-state reaction method. Pure oxides and nitrates were mixed, calcined, and annealed at 650°C, 750°C, and 850°C in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. XRD analysis revealed that the Bi-2223 phase purity significantly increased with temperature, reaching 85% at 850°C, accompanied by the highest c/a ratio (6.9) and largest crystallite size (62.3 nm). Electrical measurements showed that the 850°C sample exhibited the highest onset critical temperature (113.8 K) and the narrowest transition width (ΔTc = 4.2 K), with optimal hole concentration (p = 0.1388). SEM observations confirmed improved grain connectivity and reduced porosity at higher temperatures. At the same time, AFM analysis demonstrated a decrease in surface roughness from 9.8 nm at 650°C to 3.2 nm at 850°C, indicating enhanced surface homogeneity. The results confirm that annealing at 850°C optimizes phase formation, crystallinity, and microstructural uniformity, thereby improving superconducting performance. This study highlights the critical role of thermal treatment in tailoring the physical properties of Bi-based superconductors, providing a clear pathway for achieving high phase purity and superior superconducting characteristics suitable for advanced technological applications.

ABSTRACT. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are central to modern energy storage technologies, powering applications from portable electronics to electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. However, conventional electrode designs and modeling approaches fall short in addressing persistent limitations in energy density, ion transport, and charge transfer efficiency. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes an advanced mathematical model based on the Butler-Volmer and Fick’s diffusion equations, aimed at evaluating the impact of nanostructured electrodes on charging behavior. The model is simulated using MATLAB to analyze ion diffusion dynamics and electrochemical kinetics under varying electrode-to-efficiency ratios. Results show that increasing this ratio from 1 to 5 leads to a 33% improvement in charging current density, while maintaining a rapid charging time of 10 milliseconds and highly stable current output with a maximum fluctuation of only 0.038%. These findings highlight the potential of nanostructured electrodes to significantly enhance the performance and efficiency of Li-ion batteries. The study underscores their commercial viability and relevance in accelerating the transition toward sustainable energy systems.

ABSTRACT. In this paper, structural properties of transparent nylon samples are investigated using (XRD) analysis. Four samples were examined at varying preparation temperatures: 130°C, 150°C, 170°C, and 190°C. The crystallite size was calculated using two methods: Williamson-Hall and Halder-Wagner. Best Crystallite Size: The highest crystallite size was D = 158.879 Å, obtained using the Halder-Wagner method. Dislocation Density: The lowest dislocation density was 3.96153 × 10⁻⁵ lines/Ų, observed in the sample prepared at 190°C using the Halder-Wagner method. This result corresponds to a slope of 0.68524 with an error margin of ± 0.15252. Crystallinity: The highest crystallinity recorded was 95.589%, indicating a highly ordered atomic arrangement. Peak Broadening (FWHM): The sample prepared at 150°C showed the highest average Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of 0.26639 radians, suggesting greater peak broadening. This broadening typically indicates fewer impurities and a high degree of crystalline order. Purity and Preparation Quality: The results suggest that the sample with broader peaks (150°C) has fewer impurities and better crystalline uniformity, reflecting high preparation quality. Peak Area Analysis: For the sample at 130°C, the total peak area was 6526.84, with 6238.96 attributed to crystalline peaks.