ABSTRACT. The Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit is a pivotal technology in oil refineries used to convert heavy oil fractions into valuable products. This study involves developing an FCC model using Aspen HYSYS version 14, with a focus on evaluating various catalysts' performance through simulation. The model, calibrated to closely match actual refinery conditions, incorporates a one-riser and one-stage regenerator configuration. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to analyze the simulation results, revealing that the first principal component (PC1) explains the most significant variability, mainly related to catalyst properties affecting product distribution and conversion. The second principal component (PC2) also provides significant insights into aspects not covered by PC1. The scree plot analysis indicates that PC1 and PC2 are sufficient to capture the data's overall variability. The observation plot identifies clusters among samples, with the refinery point showing distinct performance characteristics. Recommendations suggest that catalysts with performance close to the refinery's, such as AF-3, should be considered for scale-up, while further comprehensive analysis and model development are needed to accurately reflect actual refinery conditions.

ABSTRACT. Pulp and paper industry is one of the most important and growing industrial sectors in the world. Pulp demand and production is increasing annually. Increasing pulp production capacity along with technological advances will certainly have impact on the environment. Pulp and paper industry requires high water and energy consumption and generates large amounts of wastewater. Life cycle assessment is one method for assessing environmental aspects related to life cycle of product and providing evaluation at each process stage, from raw material collection and processing, production process to product used by consumers. This study aims to evaluate environmental impact of Kraft pulp production through Compact Cooking and Lo-Solids technologies. The principle of Compact Cooking is to optimize cooking temperature and alkali used in impregnation process. Meanwhile, the basic principle of Lo-Solids is to minimize the number of dissolved solids in cooking liquor.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out by using OpenLCA software. The scope reviewed in this study is cradle to gate, starting from wood plantation and transportation until pulp production process. The environmental aspects that will be reviewed in this study include water and energy consumption, emission and wastewater from Kraft pulp process. Several environmental impacts will be analyzed, such as global warming potential, abiotic depletion potential-fossil, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and water consumption. The study finding indicates that power boiler and bleaching process have a greater environmental impact compared to other process in Kraft pulp production. Interpretation of LCA result will be used as reference in developing alternative improvement action to reduce the environmental impact.

ABSTRACT. Substituting petroleum-based plasticizers in the synthetic leather industry with renewable resources, such as epoxidized palm oil (EPO), will mitigate environmental pollution. This study aims to synthesize synthetic leather using EPO and compare its characteristics to those of synthetic leather using commercial plasticizers. Raw materials were compounded, coated on embossed paper, covered with reinforcing fabric, and cured in an oven at 180 ^oC for 1 minute. Control leather (CoL) was synthesized using diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO), A leather (AL) was synthesized using DINP and EPO, B leather (BL) was synthesized only using EPO, and C leather (CL) was synthesized using EPO and ESBO. The synthetic leather characteristics show that the thickness of AL and CL was close to CoL. The longitudinal tensile strength of BL (186.52 N) was not significantly different from CoL (191.41 N) and AL (190.06 N), whereas its transversal tensile strength (44.13 N) was not significantly different from CL (42.37 N). Both the longitudinal and transversal tear strengths of BL were not significantly different from those of AL. Furthermore, the glossiness of BL (4.37 GU) was not significantly different from CoL (4.22 GU) and AL (4.32 GU). Unlike CoL, EPO produces a smooth surface morphology (in AL, BL, CL) and eliminates pinhole defects. CoL, AL, BL, and CL exhibit similar functional groups. DSC analysis shows that BL exhibits thermal stability identical to CoL, AL, and CL. Our findings indicate that EPO could be a promising plasticizer for producing synthetic leather.