IVRJ 2026: THE 3RD IVR JAPAN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

This page contains an index consisting of author-provided keywords.

A
a Utilitarian theory of the rule of law
abortion	The Flawed Application of Abortion Law in Chile: Reflections and Areas for Improvement
accountability	The Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine: Goals, Challenges and Relation with the Rule of Law
Action
Adam Smith	Adam Smith’s ‘Impartial Spectator’ and the Normativity of Law.
Administrative State	Reappraising the Roberts Court Revolution
Adversarial Procedures	The originality of Bentham's theory of evidence
aesthetics of law
affirmative action	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential
Agonistic Democracy
AI Agents	From Tools to Agents: Rethinking Will, Autonomy, and Legal Personhood in the Age of AI Agents and Avatars
AI anxiety	AI Anxiety and Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Emotional and Ethical Responses among Polish Legal Professionals
AI ethics	From Autonomy to Automation: The Crisis of the Legal Subject in Digital Democracy
Alf Ross
algorithmic fragmentation	Volunteer or Vigilante? Algorithmic Fragmentation and Democratic Legitimacy in Content Moderation
Algorithmic Governance	Democracy After Truth: Reconstructing Ethical and Epistemic Foundations in the Age of AI From Autonomy to Automation: The Crisis of the Legal Subject in Digital Democracy Rethinking democracy in digital healthcare: access, design, and governance
Amnesty	Irregular Migrants and the Case for Amnesty Revisited
Analytical Matrix	Mapping Militant Democracy: A Framework for Understanding Legal Defenses of Democratic Order
animal ethics	Workplace Democracy for Nonhuman Animals
animal labor	Workplace Democracy for Nonhuman Animals
animal rights	Workplace Democracy for Nonhuman Animals
anti-balkanization	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential
apophatic
Arendt	Reconstructing the Juridical Foundations of Humanity: Hannah Arendt on Rights, Dignity, and Human Existence
Aristotle
Artificial Intelligence	Rule of Law and the Possibility of Individualizing Law The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Deliberative Democracy: The Case of the Habermas Machine Democracy After Truth: Reconstructing Ethical and Epistemic Foundations in the Age of AI AI and the Limits of Law: Exploring the Debate on Legal Singularity
Artificial Intelligence (AI)	Artificial Intelligence and Democracy: An Analysis from the Perspective of Constitution, Law and Applied Ethics
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Governance
Artificial intelligence in law	AI Anxiety and Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Emotional and Ethical Responses among Polish Legal Professionals
Atomistic personhood	Relational Personhood as a Theoretical Foundation for Law in Liberal Democracies
Authorisation	Authorising Coercion
Authoritarian Legality
Authoritarian-Populism	INSIDE AND BEYOND PROTESTANTISM: JURISPRUDENCE IN TURMOIL UNDER THE ATTACK OF AUTHORITARIAN-POPULISM
Authority	Authorising Coercion State Punishment and Authority Why Should We Care about The Authority of International Law?
Automatic translation systems	Linguistic Justice and Minority Language Rights in the Age of AI Translation
Autonomy	Beyond Same-sex Marriage: Reconstructing the Marriage Law in Taiwan From Tools to Agents: Rethinking Will, Autonomy, and Legal Personhood in the Age of AI Agents and Avatars
B
Basic rights	An Examination of Arguments for the Human Right to Social Relationship
Bentham	The originality of Bentham's theory of evidence Bentham's Panopticon and His Idea of Indirect Legislation
Bias	Linguistic Justice and Minority Language Rights in the Age of AI Translation
Biopolitics
Bohol Philippines
burdens of voting
C
Capability Approach
Capital Punishment	Death Penalty, Communication, and Democratic Law- Reflections on Jimmy Hsu’s Hybrid Theory of Capital Punishment
Care	The Public Value of Care: Rethinking Family Law in Liberal Democracies
care and dependency	Beyond the Marital-Family Model: Envisioning A Marriage-Free State
Care Ethics	Deprivatising Care & Uncovering Ir-Relationalities: Care Ethics and Individuality in the Law
Caring Relatonship	Beyond Same-sex Marriage: Reconstructing the Marriage Law in Taiwan
Catholic personalism	Re-narrating Human Dignity at the Crossroads of Liberal Modernity
Causal chain	A Puzzle about Intervening Cause
Causal model	A Puzzle about Intervening Cause
central bank	A Trustworthiness Account of Central Bank Independence
challenging the rules of legal culture	Populist deconstruction of the liberal legal order
Character	Among the Poor: Character, Democracy and Social Knowledge in Early-Victorian Manchester
Chevron Doctrine	Reappraising the Roberts Court Revolution
child abuse	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
child custody	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
child maltreatment	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
child protection	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
child welfare	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
children rights	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
children’s rights	Beyond the Marital-Family Model: Envisioning A Marriage-Free State
Citizen Authority Relationships
Civic Trust
Civil Disobedience	Climate Protests, Civil Disobedience, and Democratic Legitimacy: A Legal-Philosophical Analysis
Classical Liberalism	From Tools to Agents: Rethinking Will, Autonomy, and Legal Personhood in the Age of AI Agents and Avatars
climate change	Moral Uncertainty and Typhoon Control Technology
Climate Criminal Law	Climate Protests, Civil Disobedience, and Democratic Legitimacy: A Legal-Philosophical Analysis
Climate Crisis	Climate Protests, Civil Disobedience, and Democratic Legitimacy: A Legal-Philosophical Analysis
Climate Protests	Climate Protests, Civil Disobedience, and Democratic Legitimacy: A Legal-Philosophical Analysis
Coercion	Authorising Coercion
coercive control	Justice Beyond Jurisdiction: Feminist Legal Pluralism and the Cross-Recognition of Sexual Harassment Tribunal Awards in China and Malaysia
Cold War liberalism
Collective Acceptance	The Relation between Law and Its Users: Some Remarks on the Notion of Collective Acceptance/Recognition in the Artifact Theory of Law
collective intentionality	Collective Intentionality and Judicial Deliberation: Preliminary Insights from Collegiate Courts in Europe
Collective Recognition	The Relation between Law and Its Users: Some Remarks on the Notion of Collective Acceptance/Recognition in the Artifact Theory of Law
Collective self-determination	On the moral basis for recognitional legitimacy
collegial courts	Collective Intentionality and Judicial Deliberation: Preliminary Insights from Collegiate Courts in Europe
colonialism	Natural law theory and acquisition of indigenous lands in North America and Japan J. S. Mill on the Settler Colonies
commentary-based moderation	Volunteer or Vigilante? Algorithmic Fragmentation and Democratic Legitimacy in Content Moderation
common good	Social Recognition and the Foundations of Rights: A Comparative Analysis of Hannah Arendt and T.H. Green
Communicative Retributivism	Death Penalty, Communication, and Democratic Law- Reflections on Jimmy Hsu’s Hybrid Theory of Capital Punishment
comparative legal studies	Reevaluating Legal Families: Toward a Dynamic Genealogy and Typology for Legal Mimesis
Completeness	Rules and Principles: A Distinction Through Possible Worlds Semantics
Concreteness	Sociality of Law as Ground of Legal Norms: On the Legal Theory of Werner Maihofer
Conditional Grammar (IF-THEN-UNLESS-OTHERWISE)
conditional sovereign lending	(via Zoom) Fairness and Democratic Legitimacy in Sovereign Debt Governance: Rethinking International Financial Law
Conscience	Rethinking Conscientious Objection for Environmental Sustainability
Conscientious Objection	The Flawed Application of Abortion Law in Chile: Reflections and Areas for Improvement Rethinking Conscientious Objection for Environmental Sustainability
Consciousness	The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order
conservatism	How Can a Landscape of Our Community Shape Nationalist and Conservative Norms?
Consistency	Rules and Principles: A Distinction Through Possible Worlds Semantics
constitutional amendment	The Validity of Law in the Context of Populist Constitutional Amendment
Constitutional Court	Capital Sentencing After Taiwan's Constitutional Court’s Death Penalty Ruling: A Critical Reflection through the Lens of Punishment Theory and Human Right Taiwan's Current Democratic Crisis: An Observation from the Perspective of Constitutionalism
Constitutional Court of Korea
Constitutional Court Procedure Act	The Taiwan Constitutional Court in a Dance with Politics: The Debate on Constitutional Loyalty and Democratic Self-Defense
Constitutional Interpretation	INSIDE AND BEYOND PROTESTANTISM: JURISPRUDENCE IN TURMOIL UNDER THE ATTACK OF AUTHORITARIAN-POPULISM
Constitutional Law	Artificial Intelligence and Democracy: An Analysis from the Perspective of Constitution, Law and Applied Ethics
constitutional loyalty	The Taiwan Constitutional Court in a Dance with Politics: The Debate on Constitutional Loyalty and Democratic Self-Defense
Constitutional Relationships
constitutional revision
constitutional rights	Constitutional Rights and Proportionality as an Approach to Human Rights Protection
constitutional values	The Relational Dimension of Judicial Independence: Courts, Power, and Social Trust in Post-2015 Poland
constitutionalism	Taiwan's Current Democratic Crisis: An Observation from the Perspective of Constitutionalism
constitutive rules	On the Relation between Democracy and the Rule of Law. The Constitutive and Normative Approach
Constructed Worlds	How Does Law Exist in Imagined Worlds? On the Rightness of Legal Representation
content moderation	Volunteer or Vigilante? Algorithmic Fragmentation and Democratic Legitimacy in Content Moderation
Content-Based	What Can We Learn from the Waldron–Weinstein Exchange? Symbolic Case Fallacy, Democratic Legitimacy, and Hate Speech Regulation
context-based regulation
convenience of voting
Criminal Law	Democracy, Public Opinion and Criminal Law Theory Restorative Justice Values within the New Indonesian Penal Code Relational Personhood as a Theoretical Foundation for Law in Liberal Democracies Error Regarding Duress
Criminal Liability	Error Regarding Duress
Criminalization	Possession, Retribution, and Disobedience Is it Possible to Construct a Theory of Criminalization?
crisis	Taiwan's Current Democratic Crisis: An Observation from the Perspective of Constitutionalism
Crisis Governance
critical AI literacy	Translation and Interpreting Technologies and Democratic Legitimacy: Toward Institutionally Embedded Linguistic Risk Governance
Critical legal studies	Human Rights, Democracy, and the Idea of Communism
cultural heritage
culture of remembrance (Erinnerungskultur)
Cyberdemocracy
D
Data Silence	Democracy After Truth: Reconstructing Ethical and Epistemic Foundations in the Age of AI
De facto states	On the moral basis for recognitional legitimacy
Death penalty	Capital Sentencing After Taiwan's Constitutional Court’s Death Penalty Ruling: A Critical Reflection through the Lens of Punishment Theory and Human Right
deconstruction of the legal order	Populist deconstruction of the liberal legal order
Deliberative Democracy	Demystifying the Public in the Judicial Review of Japanese Court through the Perspective of Relational Autonomy The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Deliberative Democracy: The Case of the Habermas Machine
Democracy	Capital Sentencing After Taiwan's Constitutional Court’s Death Penalty Ruling: A Critical Reflection through the Lens of Punishment Theory and Human Right Democracy, Public Opinion and Criminal Law Theory Same-sex relationship recognition and democracy in Japan On the Relation between Democracy and the Rule of Law. The Constitutive and Normative Approach Artificial Intelligence and Democracy: An Analysis from the Perspective of Constitution, Law and Applied Ethics Collective Intentionality and Judicial Deliberation: Preliminary Insights from Collegiate Courts in Europe A Trustworthiness Account of Central Bank Independence The Relational Dimension of Judicial Independence: Courts, Power, and Social Trust in Post-2015 Poland Taiwan's Current Democratic Crisis: An Observation from the Perspective of Constitutionalism Democracy After Truth: Reconstructing Ethical and Epistemic Foundations in the Age of AI Making Democracy Intelligible: Dewey, the Social, and Narrative Inquiry From Autonomy to Automation: The Crisis of the Legal Subject in Digital Democracy Human Rights, Democracy, and the Idea of Communism Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies The Arc's Fondations: Rethinking Dyzenhaus on Law and Justice
democratic backsliding
Democratic criminal law	Sentencing as an Expression of a Democratic Criminal Law
Democratic Defense	Mapping Militant Democracy: A Framework for Understanding Legal Defenses of Democratic Order Can ‘militant democracy’ serve as a response to far right?
Democratic Governance	Democratic Governance as a Societal Value: Engaged Rulemaking in Digital Times
Democratic healthcare	Rethinking democracy in digital healthcare: access, design, and governance
Democratic Law	Death Penalty, Communication, and Democratic Law- Reflections on Jimmy Hsu’s Hybrid Theory of Capital Punishment
democratic legitimacy	What Can We Learn from the Waldron–Weinstein Exchange? Symbolic Case Fallacy, Democratic Legitimacy, and Hate Speech Regulation (via Zoom) Fairness and Democratic Legitimacy in Sovereign Debt Governance: Rethinking International Financial Law Volunteer or Vigilante? Algorithmic Fragmentation and Democratic Legitimacy in Content Moderation
democratic relationships
Democratic Resilience	Can ‘militant democracy’ serve as a response to far right?
democratic self-defense	The Taiwan Constitutional Court in a Dance with Politics: The Debate on Constitutional Loyalty and Democratic Self-Defense
Democratic Transformation	Phenomenology of Human Rights: Empathy and the identification with the ‘we’ of humanity
Democratic Values	The Seniority Problem with Legislative Intent: Party Power Dynamics and Democratic Values Translation and Interpreting Technologies and Democratic Legitimacy: Toward Institutionally Embedded Linguistic Risk Governance
developmental state
Dewey	Making Democracy Intelligible: Dewey, the Social, and Narrative Inquiry
Digital harms	Relational Personhood as a Theoretical Foundation for Law in Liberal Democracies
Digital health	Rethinking democracy in digital healthcare: access, design, and governance
Digital inequality	Rethinking democracy in digital healthcare: access, design, and governance
Digital Regulations	Democratic Governance as a Societal Value: Engaged Rulemaking in Digital Times
dignity	Reconstructing the Juridical Foundations of Humanity: Hannah Arendt on Rights, Dignity, and Human Existence The Arc's Fondations: Rethinking Dyzenhaus on Law and Justice
Disaster Ethics	The Ethics of Intervening in Nature for Disaster Prevention
Disaster-prevention	The Ethics of Intervening in Nature for Disaster Prevention
disciplinary responsibility
Discursive Discourse	Demystifying the Public in the Judicial Review of Japanese Court through the Perspective of Relational Autonomy
Disruptive politics	Epistemic Dimension of Structural Injustice and Disruption
Distribution	How Egalitarianism Can Overcome Environmental Injustice? Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies
Distributive Justice	The Self-respect Approach to Responsibility-cut: A novel distributive demand of relational equality
Duress	Error Regarding Duress
Duties of Care	Deprivatising Care & Uncovering Ir-Relationalities: Care Ethics and Individuality in the Law
duty to obey	Possession, Retribution, and Disobedience
E
e Democracy	Democratic Governance as a Societal Value: Engaged Rulemaking in Digital Times
East Asia
Eastern and Central Europe	At a slight angle to the Universe: SWAIL and history of international law
Effectiveness gap	Irregular Migrants and the Case for Amnesty Revisited
electoral integrity
ELSI	Moral Uncertainty and Typhoon Control Technology
Emotion
Empathy	Phenomenology of Human Rights: Empathy and the identification with the ‘we’ of humanity
Employment Insurance Law	The Self-respect Approach to Responsibility-cut: A novel distributive demand of relational equality
Environmental Ethics	The Ethics of Intervening in Nature for Disaster Prevention
Environmental Injustice	How Egalitarianism Can Overcome Environmental Injustice?
epistemic democracy	Democratic Legitimacy under Epistemic Uncertainty
epistemic horizons	At a slight angle to the Universe: SWAIL and history of international law
Epistemic Injustice	Democracy After Truth: Reconstructing Ethical and Epistemic Foundations in the Age of AI Epistemic Dimension of Structural Injustice and Disruption Beyond Deparochialization: Rethinking Global Justice through the Lens of the Marginalized
epistemic norms	Democratic Legitimacy under Epistemic Uncertainty
Epistemic Responsibility	Democracy After Truth: Reconstructing Ethical and Epistemic Foundations in the Age of AI
epistemic uncertainty	Democratic Legitimacy under Epistemic Uncertainty
Equality	Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies
Ethical Leadership
Ethics	Artificial Intelligence and Democracy: An Analysis from the Perspective of Constitution, Law and Applied Ethics
Ethnodemocracy	Democracy and Its Pretenders
EU Law	Investigating the Lisbon Treaty’s Impact - A Stochastic Block Model
Evidence	The originality of Bentham's theory of evidence
Evidence-Based Law
Evidential Pluralism
Excuse	Error Regarding Duress
explication	Practical Decision Making and the Problem of Framework Choice
F
Facts	From Facts to Norms: Wittgenstein and Kelsen Revisited
fair share view	Partial Compliance, Fair Play, and Reciprocity
family	Limits and Contradictions of Family Reunification in Immigration Law
family ethics	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
family justice	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
family law	Beyond the Marital-Family Model: Envisioning A Marriage-Free State The Public Value of Care: Rethinking Family Law in Liberal Democracies
family policy	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
Family relationships	The Public Value of Care: Rethinking Family Law in Liberal Democracies
family reunification	Limits and Contradictions of Family Reunification in Immigration Law
Feminism	Locating Nedelsky in Relational Autonomy Debates
feminist contract theory	Beyond the Marital-Family Model: Envisioning A Marriage-Free State
feminist jurisprudence	Justice Beyond Jurisdiction: Feminist Legal Pluralism and the Cross-Recognition of Sexual Harassment Tribunal Awards in China and Malaysia
Fiction of law	The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order
Fictional and Imagined Legal Systems	How Does Law Exist in Imagined Worlds? On the Rightness of Legal Representation
Finality	The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order
Foucault	Bentham's Panopticon and His Idea of Indirect Legislation
Fragmantation	From Autonomy to Automation: The Crisis of the Legal Subject in Digital Democracy
framework choice	Practical Decision Making and the Problem of Framework Choice
France
Freedom	Sociality of Law as Ground of Legal Norms: On the Legal Theory of Werner Maihofer
Freedom of Expression	Freedom of Artistic Expression: Norm Entrepreneur or Destroyer of Moral Order? On the Reliability of Empirical Assumptions in Proportionality under Robert Alexy’s Principle Theory
Freedom of Speech	What Can We Learn from the Waldron–Weinstein Exchange? Symbolic Case Fallacy, Democratic Legitimacy, and Hate Speech Regulation
G
Gender
genealogical approach	Reevaluating Legal Families: Toward a Dynamic Genealogy and Typology for Legal Mimesis
General Jurisprudence	Authorising Coercion
Georg Jellinek
Global Intellectual History
global justice	(via Zoom) Fairness and Democratic Legitimacy in Sovereign Debt Governance: Rethinking International Financial Law Beyond Deparochialization: Rethinking Global Justice through the Lens of the Marginalized
Global South	The End of the Rules-Based Order, Long Live the Rules-Based Order Beyond Deparochialization: Rethinking Global Justice through the Lens of the Marginalized
Golden Mean
good work	Workplace Democracy for Nonhuman Animals
Great Recall	Taiwan's Current Democratic Crisis: An Observation from the Perspective of Constitutionalism
H
Habermas	The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Deliberative Democracy: The Case of the Habermas Machine
Habermas Machine	The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Deliberative Democracy: The Case of the Habermas Machine
Hannah Arendt
Hans Kelsen	From Facts to Norms: Wittgenstein and Kelsen Revisited
harm principle	Is it Possible to Construct a Theory of Criminalization?
Hart-Devlin Controversy	Is it Possible to Construct a Theory of Criminalization?
Hate Speech Regulation	What Can We Learn from the Waldron–Weinstein Exchange? Symbolic Case Fallacy, Democratic Legitimacy, and Hate Speech Regulation
Health justice	Rethinking democracy in digital healthcare: access, design, and governance
Healthcare Ethics	Rethinking Conscientious Objection for Environmental Sustainability
Hegel	State Punishment and Authority
Hermeneutics	At a slight angle to the Universe: SWAIL and history of international law The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order
Human Dignity	Re-narrating Human Dignity at the Crossroads of Liberal Modernity
human existence	Reconstructing the Juridical Foundations of Humanity: Hannah Arendt on Rights, Dignity, and Human Existence
Human right	Capital Sentencing After Taiwan's Constitutional Court’s Death Penalty Ruling: A Critical Reflection through the Lens of Punishment Theory and Human Right
Human right to social relationship	An Examination of Arguments for the Human Right to Social Relationship
Human Rights	Re-narrating Human Dignity at the Crossroads of Liberal Modernity How Can a Landscape of Our Community Shape Nationalist and Conservative Norms? The Legal Right to Protection from Loneliness: Social Isolation, Disability and Old Age. An Examination of Arguments for the Human Right to Social Relationship Phenomenology of Human Rights: Empathy and the identification with the ‘we’ of humanity Human Rights, Democracy, and the Idea of Communism Reconstructing the Juridical Foundations of Humanity: Hannah Arendt on Rights, Dignity, and Human Existence
I
Ibn Khaldun
ideal-observer theory	Adam Smith’s ‘Impartial Spectator’ and the Normativity of Law.
Image-based sexual abuse	Relational Personhood as a Theoretical Foundation for Law in Liberal Democracies
immigration	Limits and Contradictions of Family Reunification in Immigration Law
Immigration Justice	Irregular Migrants and the Case for Amnesty Revisited
impartial spectator	Adam Smith’s ‘Impartial Spectator’ and the Normativity of Law.
Imprisonment	State Punishment and Authority
inchoate offense	Possession, Retribution, and Disobedience
Index Model	On the Reliability of Empirical Assumptions in Proportionality under Robert Alexy’s Principle Theory
indirect legislation	Bentham's Panopticon and His Idea of Indirect Legislation
individualization of law	Rule of Law and the Possibility of Individualizing Law
Indonesian criminal code	Restorative Justice Values within the New Indonesian Penal Code
Injustice	Responding to Injustice: Judith Shklar’s two concepts of rights
inspection or surveillance	Bentham's Panopticon and His Idea of Indirect Legislation
Institutional accountability	Translation and Interpreting Technologies and Democratic Legitimacy: Toward Institutionally Embedded Linguistic Risk Governance Rethinking democracy in digital healthcare: access, design, and governance
Institutional Design
Institutions	Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies
Instrumental Reason
Intellectual History
Internal Morality of Law	The Rule-like Features of Law and its Moral Value: A Critique of Lon Fuller’s Argument from Reciprocity The Force and Internal Morality of Law
International Court of Justice
international financial law	(via Zoom) Fairness and Democratic Legitimacy in Sovereign Debt Governance: Rethinking International Financial Law
international law	The End of the Rules-Based Order, Long Live the Rules-Based Order Why Should We Care about The Authority of International Law?
international migration	How Can a Landscape of Our Community Shape Nationalist and Conservative Norms?
international rule of law	The Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine: Goals, Challenges and Relation with the Rule of Law
Interpersonal interactions	Placing Interpersonal Interactions at the Center of Justice Theory
Interpretation	The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order
interpretativism	The Arc's Fondations: Rethinking Dyzenhaus on Law and Justice
Intervening cause	A Puzzle about Intervening Cause
Intervention	A Puzzle about Intervening Cause
Irregular migrants	Irregular Migrants and the Case for Amnesty Revisited
J
J. S. Mill	J. S. Mill on the Settler Colonies
James Weinstein	What Can We Learn from the Waldron–Weinstein Exchange? Symbolic Case Fallacy, Democratic Legitimacy, and Hate Speech Regulation
Japan	Same-sex relationship recognition and democracy in Japan
Jennifer Nedelsky	Locating Nedelsky in Relational Autonomy Debates
Jeremy Waldron	Re-narrating Human Dignity at the Crossroads of Liberal Modernity What Can We Learn from the Waldron–Weinstein Exchange? Symbolic Case Fallacy, Democratic Legitimacy, and Hate Speech Regulation
Judge	The originality of Bentham's theory of evidence
judicial deliberation	Collective Intentionality and Judicial Deliberation: Preliminary Insights from Collegiate Courts in Europe
judicial ethics
judicial independence	The Relational Dimension of Judicial Independence: Courts, Power, and Social Trust in Post-2015 Poland
judicial review	Demystifying the Public in the Judicial Review of Japanese Court through the Perspective of Relational Autonomy Constitutional Rights and Proportionality as an Approach to Human Rights Protection
Judith Shklar	Responding to Injustice: Judith Shklar’s two concepts of rights
Justice	On the moral basis for recognitional legitimacy Placing Interpersonal Interactions at the Center of Justice Theory AI and the Limits of Law: Exploring the Debate on Legal Singularity
justification	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential
K
Kant	State Punishment and Authority
Korean nationalism
L
language access	Translation and Interpreting Technologies and Democratic Legitimacy: Toward Institutionally Embedded Linguistic Risk Governance
Language and law	The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order
law	The Legal Right to Protection from Loneliness: Social Isolation, Disability and Old Age. Reconstructing the Juridical Foundations of Humanity: Hannah Arendt on Rights, Dignity, and Human Existence
Law and art	Freedom of Artistic Expression: Norm Entrepreneur or Destroyer of Moral Order?
law and coercion	The Force and Internal Morality of Law
legal aesthetics
Legal Disruption
legal education
legal ethics
legal families	Reevaluating Legal Families: Toward a Dynamic Genealogy and Typology for Legal Mimesis
legal history	At a slight angle to the Universe: SWAIL and history of international law Natural law theory and acquisition of indigenous lands in North America and Japan
legal memory
legal mimesis	Reevaluating Legal Families: Toward a Dynamic Genealogy and Typology for Legal Mimesis
Legal Moralism	Is it Possible to Construct a Theory of Criminalization?
legal ontology	Collective Intentionality and Judicial Deliberation: Preliminary Insights from Collegiate Courts in Europe How Does Law Exist in Imagined Worlds? On the Rightness of Legal Representation
Legal Personalization	AI and the Limits of Law: Exploring the Debate on Legal Singularity
Legal Personhood	From Tools to Agents: Rethinking Will, Autonomy, and Legal Personhood in the Age of AI Agents and Avatars
Legal philosophy	Authorising Coercion Artificial Intelligence and Democracy: An Analysis from the Perspective of Constitution, Law and Applied Ethics The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order The Arc's Fondations: Rethinking Dyzenhaus on Law and Justice
legal positivism	The Arc's Fondations: Rethinking Dyzenhaus on Law and Justice
Legal Power	The Relation between Law and Its Users: Some Remarks on the Notion of Collective Acceptance/Recognition in the Artifact Theory of Law
Legal professions	AI Anxiety and Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Emotional and Ethical Responses among Polish Legal Professionals
Legal Protestantism	INSIDE AND BEYOND PROTESTANTISM: JURISPRUDENCE IN TURMOIL UNDER THE ATTACK OF AUTHORITARIAN-POPULISM
Legal Reasoning	Rules and Principles: A Distinction Through Possible Worlds Semantics
legal reform	Reevaluating Legal Families: Toward a Dynamic Genealogy and Typology for Legal Mimesis
legal revivals	Reevaluating Legal Families: Toward a Dynamic Genealogy and Typology for Legal Mimesis
Legal Singularity	AI and the Limits of Law: Exploring the Debate on Legal Singularity
Legal theory	Relational Personhood as a Theoretical Foundation for Law in Liberal Democracies
legal theory of Klaus Guenther	Rule of Law and the Possibility of Individualizing Law
legal transplants	Reevaluating Legal Families: Toward a Dynamic Genealogy and Typology for Legal Mimesis
legal validity	The Validity of Law in the Context of Populist Constitutional Amendment
Legislative Intent	The Seniority Problem with Legislative Intent: Party Power Dynamics and Democratic Values
Legislative Policy	The Statutory Legislative Model and Participatory Democracy: Strengths, Limits, and Democratic Tensions
legitimacy	Translation and Interpreting Technologies and Democratic Legitimacy: Toward Institutionally Embedded Linguistic Risk Governance The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order Why Should We Care about The Authority of International Law?
Lex
Lex imperfecta	The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order
Liberal Democracies	Relational Personhood as a Theoretical Foundation for Law in Liberal Democracies
liberal legal order	Populist deconstruction of the liberal legal order
liberal modernity	Re-narrating Human Dignity at the Crossroads of Liberal Modernity
Liberal Nationalism	Irregular Migrants and the Case for Amnesty Revisited
Liberalism	Democracy and Its Pretenders
Linguistic injustice	Linguistic Justice and Minority Language Rights in the Age of AI Translation
Lisbon Treaty	Investigating the Lisbon Treaty’s Impact - A Stochastic Block Model
Local Government
logical probabilities	Practical Decision Making and the Problem of Framework Choice
Lon Fuller	The Rule-like Features of Law and its Moral Value: A Critique of Lon Fuller’s Argument from Reciprocity
Loneliness	The Legal Right to Protection from Loneliness: Social Isolation, Disability and Old Age.
M
machine translation and interpreting	Translation and Interpreting Technologies and Democratic Legitimacy: Toward Institutionally Embedded Linguistic Risk Governance
Major Questions Doctrine	Reappraising the Roberts Court Revolution
Manchester	Among the Poor: Character, Democracy and Social Knowledge in Early-Victorian Manchester
Marriage	The Public Value of Care: Rethinking Family Law in Liberal Democracies
marriage abolition	Beyond the Marital-Family Model: Envisioning A Marriage-Free State
Meaning	From Facts to Norms: Wittgenstein and Kelsen Revisited
memory laws
Meta-Method / Interpretive Reasoning
Microtargeting	From Autonomy to Automation: The Crisis of the Legal Subject in Digital Democracy
Middle East
militant democracy	Mapping Militant Democracy: A Framework for Understanding Legal Defenses of Democratic Order Can ‘militant democracy’ serve as a response to far right?
Minority languages	Linguistic Justice and Minority Language Rights in the Age of AI Translation
mismatch	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential
Mistake Theory	Error Regarding Duress
modern Japan	Natural law theory and acquisition of indigenous lands in North America and Japan
moral disagreement	Moral Uncertainty and Typhoon Control Technology
Mother
N
Narrative Inquiry	Making Democracy Intelligible: Dewey, the Social, and Narrative Inquiry
nationalism	How Can a Landscape of Our Community Shape Nationalist and Conservative Norms?
natural justification	The Force and Internal Morality of Law
natural law	Natural law theory and acquisition of indigenous lands in North America and Japan The Arc's Fondations: Rethinking Dyzenhaus on Law and Justice
Nature of Things (Natur der	Sociality of Law as Ground of Legal Norms: On the Legal Theory of Werner Maihofer
Necessity	Climate Protests, Civil Disobedience, and Democratic Legitimacy: A Legal-Philosophical Analysis
Network Analysis	Investigating the Lisbon Treaty’s Impact - A Stochastic Block Model
Nomos
non-ideal theory	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential
Norm	From Facts to Norms: Wittgenstein and Kelsen Revisited
Norm entrepreneurs	Freedom of Artistic Expression: Norm Entrepreneur or Destroyer of Moral Order?
Normalization of Exception
normativity of law	Adam Smith’s ‘Impartial Spectator’ and the Normativity of Law.
O
Open Border Arguments	Irregular Migrants and the Case for Amnesty Revisited
Ordinary Citizens	The Relation between Law and Its Users: Some Remarks on the Notion of Collective Acceptance/Recognition in the Artifact Theory of Law
over and under inclusiveness	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential
P
Panopticon	Bentham's Panopticon and His Idea of Indirect Legislation
parasocial trust	Volunteer or Vigilante? Algorithmic Fragmentation and Democratic Legitimacy in Content Moderation
parental allocation	Beyond the Marital-Family Model: Envisioning A Marriage-Free State
parental authority	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
parental autonomy	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
parental rights	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
Parenthood
parenting	Against Right-to-Parent Allocation: Building a Children-Rights Framework
partial compliance	Partial Compliance, Fair Play, and Reciprocity
Participatory Democracy	The Statutory Legislative Model and Participatory Democracy: Strengths, Limits, and Democratic Tensions
Participatory design	Rethinking democracy in digital healthcare: access, design, and governance
party dissolution system	Can ‘militant democracy’ serve as a response to far right?
Personal Autonomy	Demystifying the Public in the Judicial Review of Japanese Court through the Perspective of Relational Autonomy
personalized law	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential AI and the Limits of Law: Exploring the Debate on Legal Singularity
Phenomenology	Phenomenology of Human Rights: Empathy and the identification with the ‘we’ of humanity
philosophical practice	Beyond Deparochialization: Rethinking Global Justice through the Lens of the Marginalized
Plato
plurality	Adam Smith’s ‘Impartial Spectator’ and the Normativity of Law.
political equality
political independence	A Trustworthiness Account of Central Bank Independence
political legitimacy	Democratic Legitimacy under Epistemic Uncertainty
Political Liberalism	The Public Value of Care: Rethinking Family Law in Liberal Democracies
Political Philosophy
Political theory
populism	The Validity of Law in the Context of Populist Constitutional Amendment
possession offense	Possession, Retribution, and Disobedience
Possible Worlds Semantics	Rules and Principles: A Distinction Through Possible Worlds Semantics
Post-War Democratization	Constitutional Thought of Mobilization in the 1930s–1950s: the War Cooperation of Japanese Legal Scholars and Post-War Democratization
postal voting
Poverty	Among the Poor: Character, Democracy and Social Knowledge in Early-Victorian Manchester
power and knowledge	At a slight angle to the Universe: SWAIL and history of international law
practical decision making	Practical Decision Making and the Problem of Framework Choice
Practical Rationality
Pragmatism	Democracy and Its Pretenders
Precedents	Investigating the Lisbon Treaty’s Impact - A Stochastic Block Model
principle
principle of fair paly	Partial Compliance, Fair Play, and Reciprocity
Principles	Rules and Principles: A Distinction Through Possible Worlds Semantics
private justice	Volunteer or Vigilante? Algorithmic Fragmentation and Democratic Legitimacy in Content Moderation
Procedurality	Mapping Militant Democracy: A Framework for Understanding Legal Defenses of Democratic Order
Professional ethics	AI Anxiety and Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Emotional and Ethical Responses among Polish Legal Professionals
Proportionality	Capital Sentencing After Taiwan's Constitutional Court’s Death Penalty Ruling: A Critical Reflection through the Lens of Punishment Theory and Human Right Constitutional Rights and Proportionality as an Approach to Human Rights Protection On the Reliability of Empirical Assumptions in Proportionality under Robert Alexy’s Principle Theory
Public Opinion	Democracy, Public Opinion and Criminal Law Theory
Public values and punishment	Sentencing as an Expression of a Democratic Criminal Law
Public-Private Dichotomy	Demystifying the Public in the Judicial Review of Japanese Court through the Perspective of Relational Autonomy
Punishment	State Punishment and Authority
Pure Theory of Law	From Facts to Norms: Wittgenstein and Kelsen Revisited
Purgative Rationale	Death Penalty, Communication, and Democratic Law- Reflections on Jimmy Hsu’s Hybrid Theory of Capital Punishment
R
Rational Agent	The Rule-like Features of Law and its Moral Value: A Critique of Lon Fuller’s Argument from Reciprocity
rationality	Democratic Legitimacy under Epistemic Uncertainty
rationalization of policy	On the Relation between Democracy and the Rule of Law. The Constitutive and Normative Approach
Rawls	Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies Placing Interpersonal Interactions at the Center of Justice Theory
reasonable disagreements	Democratic Legitimacy under Epistemic Uncertainty
reasons	On the Relation between Democracy and the Rule of Law. The Constitutive and Normative Approach
Reciprocal Relationship	The Rule-like Features of Law and its Moral Value: A Critique of Lon Fuller’s Argument from Reciprocity
reciprocity	Justice Beyond Jurisdiction: Feminist Legal Pluralism and the Cross-Recognition of Sexual Harassment Tribunal Awards in China and Malaysia Partial Compliance, Fair Play, and Reciprocity
Recognitional legitimacy	On the moral basis for recognitional legitimacy
reflective equilibrium	Practical Decision Making and the Problem of Framework Choice
Regularity	Mapping Militant Democracy: A Framework for Understanding Legal Defenses of Democratic Order
Relational Autonomy	Locating Nedelsky in Relational Autonomy Debates The Self-respect Approach to Responsibility-cut: A novel distributive demand of relational equality Demystifying the Public in the Judicial Review of Japanese Court through the Perspective of Relational Autonomy
Relational Egalitarianism	How Egalitarianism Can Overcome Environmental Injustice?
Relational Equality	The Self-respect Approach to Responsibility-cut: A novel distributive demand of relational equality
Relational ethics	Rethinking democracy in digital healthcare: access, design, and governance
Relational personhood	Relational Personhood as a Theoretical Foundation for Law in Liberal Democracies
Relationality	The Legal Right to Protection from Loneliness: Social Isolation, Disability and Old Age.
relationship between law and morality	Moral and Legal Vectors: Why Law is a Blackhole
Relationships	Placing Interpersonal Interactions at the Center of Justice Theory
reliance	Moral and Legal Vectors: Why Law is a Blackhole
religion	How Can a Landscape of Our Community Shape Nationalist and Conservative Norms?
Respect	Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies
Responsibility	The Self-respect Approach to Responsibility-cut: A novel distributive demand of relational equality
restorative justice	Restorative Justice Values within the New Indonesian Penal Code
retribution	Possession, Retribution, and Disobedience
Retributive Theory	Capital Sentencing After Taiwan's Constitutional Court’s Death Penalty Ruling: A Critical Reflection through the Lens of Punishment Theory and Human Right
right to have rights	Social Recognition and the Foundations of Rights: A Comparative Analysis of Hannah Arendt and T.H. Green
right to housing
Rightness of Representation	How Does Law Exist in Imagined Worlds? On the Rightness of Legal Representation
rights	Social Recognition and the Foundations of Rights: A Comparative Analysis of Hannah Arendt and T.H. Green
risk regulation	Possession, Retribution, and Disobedience
ritual of elections
Robert Alexy	On the Reliability of Empirical Assumptions in Proportionality under Robert Alexy’s Principle Theory
Roberts Court Revolution	Reappraising the Roberts Court Revolution
role conflict
role models	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential
Ronald Dworkin	What Can We Learn from the Waldron–Weinstein Exchange? Symbolic Case Fallacy, Democratic Legitimacy, and Hate Speech Regulation INSIDE AND BEYOND PROTESTANTISM: JURISPRUDENCE IN TURMOIL UNDER THE ATTACK OF AUTHORITARIAN-POPULISM
Rule making	Democratic Governance as a Societal Value: Engaged Rulemaking in Digital Times
Rule of Law	Rule of Law and the Possibility of Individualizing Law On the Relation between Democracy and the Rule of Law. The Constitutive and Normative Approach Responding to Injustice: Judith Shklar’s two concepts of rights Can ‘militant democracy’ serve as a response to far right? Moral and Legal Vectors: Why Law is a Blackhole Climate Protests, Civil Disobedience, and Democratic Legitimacy: A Legal-Philosophical Analysis The Arc's Fondations: Rethinking Dyzenhaus on Law and Justice AI and the Limits of Law: Exploring the Debate on Legal Singularity
Rule of the law	Capital Sentencing After Taiwan's Constitutional Court’s Death Penalty Ruling: A Critical Reflection through the Lens of Punishment Theory and Human Right
Rule-Like Feature	The Rule-like Features of Law and its Moral Value: A Critique of Lon Fuller’s Argument from Reciprocity
Rules	Rules and Principles: A Distinction Through Possible Worlds Semantics
rules-based order	The End of the Rules-Based Order, Long Live the Rules-Based Order
S
Sache)	Sociality of Law as Ground of Legal Norms: On the Legal Theory of Werner Maihofer
same sex marriage	Same-sex relationship recognition and democracy in Japan
same sex relationships	Same-sex relationship recognition and democracy in Japan
Same-sex Marriage	Beyond Same-sex Marriage: Reconstructing the Marriage Law in Taiwan
Seana Shiffrin	Death Penalty, Communication, and Democratic Law- Reflections on Jimmy Hsu’s Hybrid Theory of Capital Punishment
secret ballot
Security of Expectation
Self-governance	Demystifying the Public in the Judicial Review of Japanese Court through the Perspective of Relational Autonomy
Self-respect	The Self-respect Approach to Responsibility-cut: A novel distributive demand of relational equality Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies
Sentencing theory	Sentencing as an Expression of a Democratic Criminal Law
separation of powers	Taiwan's Current Democratic Crisis: An Observation from the Perspective of Constitutionalism
sexual and reproductive rights	The Flawed Application of Abortion Law in Chile: Reflections and Areas for Improvement
slack-taking view	Partial Compliance, Fair Play, and Reciprocity
Social Choice Theory	The Seniority Problem with Legislative Intent: Party Power Dynamics and Democratic Values
Social Deprivation	The Legal Right to Protection from Loneliness: Social Isolation, Disability and Old Age.
Social ethos	Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies
social recognition	Social Recognition and the Foundations of Rights: A Comparative Analysis of Hannah Arendt and T.H. Green
Social reform	Among the Poor: Character, Democracy and Social Knowledge in Early-Victorian Manchester
Social Thesis	How Does Law Exist in Imagined Worlds? On the Rightness of Legal Representation
Social-Connection Model	Epistemic Dimension of Structural Injustice and Disruption
Sociality	Sociality of Law as Ground of Legal Norms: On the Legal Theory of Werner Maihofer
society
sociology
South Korean democratic theory
sovereign debt governance	(via Zoom) Fairness and Democratic Legitimacy in Sovereign Debt Governance: Rethinking International Financial Law
sovereignty	Justice Beyond Jurisdiction: Feminist Legal Pluralism and the Cross-Recognition of Sexual Harassment Tribunal Awards in China and Malaysia
Special Tribunal Aggression Ukraine	The Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine: Goals, Challenges and Relation with the Rule of Law
Stability	Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies
State of Emergency
State Sovereignty
Status Subiectionis
Statutory Interpretation	The Seniority Problem with Legislative Intent: Party Power Dynamics and Democratic Values Reappraising the Roberts Court Revolution
Statutory Legislative Policy	The Statutory Legislative Model and Participatory Democracy: Strengths, Limits, and Democratic Tensions
stigma	Personalized Affirmative Action? On Its Potential
Stochastic Block Model	Investigating the Lisbon Treaty’s Impact - A Stochastic Block Model
Structural Injustice	Epistemic Dimension of Structural Injustice and Disruption
Subjectivity	Deprivatising Care & Uncovering Ir-Relationalities: Care Ethics and Individuality in the Law
Sustainability	Rethinking Conscientious Objection for Environmental Sustainability
Suzuki Yasuzō	Constitutional Thought of Mobilization in the 1930s–1950s: the War Cooperation of Japanese Legal Scholars and Post-War Democratization
SWAIL	At a slight angle to the Universe: SWAIL and history of international law
Symbolic Case Fallacy	What Can We Learn from the Waldron–Weinstein Exchange? Symbolic Case Fallacy, Democratic Legitimacy, and Hate Speech Regulation
T
Taiwan Constitutional Court	The Taiwan Constitutional Court in a Dance with Politics: The Debate on Constitutional Loyalty and Democratic Self-Defense
teaching
technology	Moral Uncertainty and Typhoon Control Technology
terra nullius	Natural law theory and acquisition of indigenous lands in North America and Japan
Territorial sovereignty	On the moral basis for recognitional legitimacy
The Artifact Theory of Law	The Relation between Law and Its Users: Some Remarks on the Notion of Collective Acceptance/Recognition in the Artifact Theory of Law
The Cambridge Analytica	From Autonomy to Automation: The Crisis of the Legal Subject in Digital Democracy
the Idea of Communism	Human Rights, Democracy, and the Idea of Communism
The Principle of Non-Exclusion	Death Penalty, Communication, and Democratic Law- Reflections on Jimmy Hsu’s Hybrid Theory of Capital Punishment
The Social	Making Democracy Intelligible: Dewey, the Social, and Narrative Inquiry
Theodemocracy	Democracy and Its Pretenders
theory of elections
theory of motivation	Bentham's Panopticon and His Idea of Indirect Legislation
theory of rights
Tort Law	Deprivatising Care & Uncovering Ir-Relationalities: Care Ethics and Individuality in the Law
Total War System	Constitutional Thought of Mobilization in the 1930s–1950s: the War Cooperation of Japanese Legal Scholars and Post-War Democratization
Tractatus Logico-Philosophoicus	From Facts to Norms: Wittgenstein and Kelsen Revisited
Trans
transnational justice	Justice Beyond Jurisdiction: Feminist Legal Pluralism and the Cross-Recognition of Sexual Harassment Tribunal Awards in China and Malaysia
Transparency
Treat like cases alike	Capital Sentencing After Taiwan's Constitutional Court’s Death Penalty Ruling: A Critical Reflection through the Lens of Punishment Theory and Human Right
Trial	The originality of Bentham's theory of evidence
trust	A Trustworthiness Account of Central Bank Independence
Trust in AI	AI Anxiety and Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Emotional and Ethical Responses among Polish Legal Professionals
trustworthiness	A Trustworthiness Account of Central Bank Independence
Truth	Democracy After Truth: Reconstructing Ethical and Epistemic Foundations in the Age of AI
U
UN Peacebuilding	Phenomenology of Human Rights: Empathy and the identification with the ‘we’ of humanity
Uncertainty	The Fiction of Finality – Law Between Uncertainty and Order
United States	Limits and Contradictions of Family Reunification in Immigration Law
United States' hegemonic decline	The End of the Rules-Based Order, Long Live the Rules-Based Order
Utilitarianism	J. S. Mill on the Settler Colonies
V
values
Values based Law	Democratic Governance as a Societal Value: Engaged Rulemaking in Digital Times
Victorian Britain	Among the Poor: Character, Democracy and Social Knowledge in Early-Victorian Manchester
vigilante moderation	Volunteer or Vigilante? Algorithmic Fragmentation and Democratic Legitimacy in Content Moderation
voluntarism
Voluntary action	A Puzzle about Intervening Cause
Voluntary termination of pregnancy Law	The Flawed Application of Abortion Law in Chile: Reflections and Areas for Improvement
volunteer moderation	Volunteer or Vigilante? Algorithmic Fragmentation and Democratic Legitimacy in Content Moderation
W
Weight Formula	On the Reliability of Empirical Assumptions in Proportionality under Robert Alexy’s Principle Theory
wel being	Same-sex relationship recognition and democracy in Japan
Well-ordered society	Self-respect, Stability and Distribution in Liberal Democratic Societies
Werner Maihofer	Sociality of Law as Ground of Legal Norms: On the Legal Theory of Werner Maihofer
Western-centrism	Beyond Deparochialization: Rethinking Global Justice through the Lens of the Marginalized
Will	From Tools to Agents: Rethinking Will, Autonomy, and Legal Personhood in the Age of AI Agents and Avatars
Wittgenstein I	From Facts to Norms: Wittgenstein and Kelsen Revisited
workplace democracy	Workplace Democracy for Nonhuman Animals
world order	The End of the Rules-Based Order, Long Live the Rules-Based Order
wrongfulness	Possession, Retribution, and Disobedience
‘
‘Așabiyya

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