IAM L3 CONFERENCE 2026: THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THIRD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND MULTILINGUALISM

This page contains an index consisting of author-provided keywords.

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/sT/ clusters	L2 English Onset Cluster Perception: Comparing L1 Mandarin and Spanish Acquisition of English Phonotactics
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1)Crosslinguistic Influence	Cognitive Retrospective Transfer of L3 to L2 in Article Context Among Native Turkish Speakers
3
3+ languages	Teacher Awareness of Classroom Multilingualism: Insights from Language Portraits
A
accented speech comprehension	Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation
acoustic similarity	Cross-linguistic Influences on the Production of L3 Monophthongs: Evidence from L1 Uyghur- L2 Chinese- L3 English Trilinguals
adolescent learners	Lexical overlap in the multilingual mind: Pupillometric evidence from L2 vs. L3 learners
adverb placement	Reverse Crosslinguistic Influence: Effects of L3 Portuguese on Chinese Learners’ Sensitivity to English Adverb Placement Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English?
Affective variables	Balancing the multilingual mind: How language attitudes shape processing across languages
agency	“We just had that in German and English, that worked out quite well.”: L3-investment and multilingual portfolios in the French language classroom in Germany
Alveolar Trill and Tap Consonants	Alveolar Tap and Trill Consonant Perception and Production by L1-Mandarin L2-English Speakers
anguage(s) of learning	Materialising Multilingualism: Pupils’ Representations of Language Use and Learning Spaces
Arabic	L3 English Wh-Questions among Moroccan Arabic-French Learners: An Optimality Theoretic Account
aspiration	Cognates: enemies or allies?
assement regime	Beliefs on Plurilingual Assessment in Secondary Education: A Qualitative Study of Language Teachers and Plurilingual Students in Hamburg
assessment	Modern Greek at Eight: Assessing Multilingualism in Young Learners
assessment for learning	Co-designing Functional Multilingual Reading Assessment for Learning through pedagogical translanguaging: case studies of teacher-researcher collaboration in the Netherlands and Australia
asylum	Trilingualism in Transnational Displacement: Exploring Language Policies of Asylum-Seeking Children in Transit
attention allocation	Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation
Attitudes	The Variable Bilingual Advantage
B
Bilingual Advantage	The Variable Bilingual Advantage Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation
bilingual advantages	The underlying mechanisms of bilingual effects in L3 learning among Mongolian-Mandarin bilingual children
Bilingual control	Balancing the multilingual mind: How language attitudes shape processing across languages
bilingual education	Bilingual Primary Programs for Turkish- and Arabic-Speaking Children: Exploring English and German Language Learning
Bilingual Elementary Education	Embracing the Power of Diversity: Leveraging Multilingualism and Social Diversity in Bilingual Education
Bilingualism	Balancing the multilingual mind: How language attitudes shape processing across languages
bilingualism vs trilingualism	Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation
C
case marking	The Effect of Case Marking and Word Order on Cross-Linguistic Structural Priming among Tibetan-Chinese-English Trilinguals
categorisation	When Gender Effects Fade: How a Genderless L3 Restructures Multilingual Cognition
CEFR	Modern Greek at Eight: Assessing Multilingualism in Young Learners
CEFR Language assessment	Literacy Asymmetries in Migration Contexts: A Critical Review of CEFR Alignment for PALOP Speakers
centrality	L3 Acquisition in Forced Immersion: A Social Network Analysis of Ukrainian Refugees Learning Polish
China	The Role of Affective Factors in Translanguaging Pedagogy: A Case from a Chinese EMI Writing Classroom
Classroom Observation	Embracing the Power of Diversity: Leveraging Multilingualism and Social Diversity in Bilingual Education
coda obstruents	Development of perception and production of L2 and L3 coda obstruents: A dense data case study
cognate facilitation	Why some cognates facilitate and others do not: Evidence from trilingual translation
cognate processing	The role of reading fluency and phonological awareness in online cognate processing: Eye-movement evidence from child EFL learners
Cognates	Balancing the multilingual mind: How language attitudes shape processing across languages Lexical overlap in the multilingual mind: Pupillometric evidence from L2 vs. L3 learners Cognates: enemies or allies? The learning potential of subtitled English audiovisual material: an eye-tracking study of multilinguals vs. bilinguals
cognition	Multilingualism as a resource, not a threat: teachers beliefs in the Basque minority-language education context
Cognitiv-Typological Approach	Motion Event Construal on Third Language Acquisition: Chinese Learners of German as an L3
cognitive effort	Adapting to within-language variability in L3 German: Evidence from pupillometry in L1 Chinese listeners Lexical overlap in the multilingual mind: Pupillometric evidence from L2 vs. L3 learners
Cognitive functioning	The Variable Bilingual Advantage
cognitive performance	Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation
cognitive restructuring	When Gender Effects Fade: How a Genderless L3 Restructures Multilingual Cognition
Comfort level	Amount of Exposure, Self-Reported Proficiency, and Comfort Levels in Trilingual Children
communication network	When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study
Complex Dynamic Systems Theory	Motivation and Emotion in Multilingual Language Learning: A Longitudinal Study of Tibetan English Majors
conceptual representation	The roles of previously acquired languages in L3 semantic access viewed through a crosslanguage repetition priming task
conceptual vocabulary	Comparing trilinguals', bilinguals', and monolinguals' vocabulary size: Single-Language versus Conceptual Assessment
Consonant cluster phonotactics	L2 English Onset Cluster Perception: Comparing L1 Mandarin and Spanish Acquisition of English Phonotactics
Construction Grammar	Motion Event Construal on Third Language Acquisition: Chinese Learners of German as an L3
Consultations recording	Translanguaging during consultations: maximising multilingual language repertoires in a South African university
Control–Value Theory	Exploring Demotivation in Thai Undergraduate Students’ L3 Learning: A Control–Value Perspective
Corpus	Negation in L3 French
cross-language activation	Cross-language orthographic and phonological activation during L3 word recognition in Tibetan–Chinese–English trilinguals
cross-language similarity	Why some cognates facilitate and others do not: Evidence from trilingual translation
Cross-linguistic collaboration	Language teachers’ mindsets about cross-linguistic collaboration: Insights from the LATECO project
cross-linguistic comparison	Phonological Abilities in Multilingual EFL Contexts: A Cross-National Analysis of Subskill Differentiation
cross-linguistic influence	The Initial State of Third Language Acquisition: How Ab Initio Learners Produce Sentences in an Unknown L3 The effect of previously learnt languages on agreement computation in multilinguals: Evidence from NP production in L3/Ln Danish Cross-linguistic Influence in the Early Acquisition of German as a Third Language Cross-linguistic Influences on the Production of L3 Monophthongs: Evidence from L1 Uyghur- L2 Chinese- L3 English Trilinguals L2 influence on L3 word recognition across proficiency levels: the role of modality and cross-linguistic similarity Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of L3 Norwegian ab initio: An eye-tracking study Motion Event Construal on Third Language Acquisition: Chinese Learners of German as an L3 Cross-Linguistic Influence in English as a Third Language among Child Heritage Speakers in Norway Multilingual word production: Exploring cross-linguistic influence during language switching in Afrikaans-English-Dutch speakers
cross-linguistic influence (CLI)	Multilingual Development Is Not Transfer: The Theory of Grammatical Mapping in L3 Acquisition L3 Phonological Transfer from a Stratified Source: Psycholinguistic Evidence from an Indigenous Trilingual Community
cross-linguistic structural priming	The Effect of Case Marking and Word Order on Cross-Linguistic Structural Priming among Tibetan-Chinese-English Trilinguals
cross-linguistic transfer	Preference for Manner vs. Path in L3 English: Evidence from Multilingual English as L3 Learners
crosslanguage repetition priming	The roles of previously acquired languages in L3 semantic access viewed through a crosslanguage repetition priming task
crosslinguistic influence	Reverse Crosslinguistic Influence: Effects of L3 Portuguese on Chinese Learners’ Sensitivity to English Adverb Placement Tacit and explicit crosslinguistic awareness: Convergence and dissociation in multilingual lexical use L3 acquisition of negation and quantifier scope interpretation in English Metalinguistic knowledge and crosslinguistic influence in L3 Norwegian An investigation of phonological crosslinguistic influence in bilingual and trilingual learners of an artificial language Lexical access in English as L3: a study with multilinguals in Brazil The roles of previously acquired languages in L3 semantic access viewed through a crosslanguage repetition priming task
cultural adjustment	When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study
Cultural awareness	Getting ready for reform: Design principles for a multilingual language teaching approach
cultural distance	When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study
Czech	Reverse CLI under immersion: Ukrainian children acquiring L3 Polish and L3 Czech
D
Deaf education	Examining support for multilingualism: An arts-based approach at a Canadian School for the Deaf
dense data	Development of perception and production of L2 and L3 coda obstruents: A dense data case study
Design principles	Getting ready for reform: Design principles for a multilingual language teaching approach
developmental trajectories	Multilingual Development Is Not Transfer: The Theory of Grammatical Mapping in L3 Acquisition
digital communication practices	Multilingual Parenting One Meme at a Time
digital dimension of FLP	Multilingual Parenting One Meme at a Time
Digital Media	Representation and revitalisation: language attitudes, digital media, and the future of minority languages across diverse multilingual contexts
digital tools	Vocabulary learning while writing with digital tools: An experimental study.
DLC	Individual and institutional Dominant Language Constellations among multilingual students in higher education in Finland
dominance	The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking
dominant language constellation	Challenges and potentialities in multilingual classroom contexts when teaching Portuguese as a foreign language: an analysis of the dominant language constellation
Dominant language constellations	Engaging pre-service teachers with their multilingual identities using dominant language constellation artworks
E
Educational design research	Getting ready for reform: Design principles for a multilingual language teaching approach
educational transitions	Transitions in multilingual settings: English learning as lived experience
EEG study	Can the brain tell us more? EEG insights into vowel auditory discrimination in multilingual speakers
EFL teacher's attitudes	Teacher and Classroom Composition Factors Associated with Multilingual Pedagogy: Attitudes, Teacher Multilingual Identity Beliefs, and Teaching Practices of Foreign Language Teachers in EFL Classrooms in Lower Saxony (Germany)
Emergent multilinguals	Researching Translingual Writing in a Migration Context: Methodological Insights from a Qualitative Case Study
EMI	The Role of Affective Factors in Translanguaging Pedagogy: A Case from a Chinese EMI Writing Classroom
English	Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English? Cross-Linguistic Influence in English as a Third Language among Child Heritage Speakers in Norway The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking
English and multilingualism	Designing Pedagogical Materials for the Multilingual English Classroom: A Case for Teacher Agency
English Language Teaching	Transitions in multilingual settings: English learning as lived experience
English Wh-Questions	L3 English Wh-Questions among Moroccan Arabic-French Learners: An Optimality Theoretic Account
equitable education	Transitions in multilingual settings: English learning as lived experience
Equity and inclusion	Literacy Asymmetries in Migration Contexts: A Critical Review of CEFR Alignment for PALOP Speakers
ethical dilemmas	No moral Foreign Language Effect beyond the L2
ethnic minority students	Motivation and Emotion in Multilingual Language Learning: A Longitudinal Study of Tibetan English Majors
ethnographic case study	“We just had that in German and English, that worked out quite well.”: L3-investment and multilingual portfolios in the French language classroom in Germany
Executive functions	Investigating short term effects of translation on cognitive functions in multilingual speakers
explicit crosslinguistic awareness	Tacit and explicit crosslinguistic awareness: Convergence and dissociation in multilingual lexical use
eye-tracking	Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of L3 Norwegian ab initio: An eye-tracking study The role of reading fluency and phonological awareness in online cognate processing: Eye-movement evidence from child EFL learners
Eyetracking	The learning potential of subtitled English audiovisual material: an eye-tracking study of multilinguals vs. bilinguals
F
Flanker task	Investigating short term effects of translation on cognitive functions in multilingual speakers
FLE	“Well, I didn't think I would understand what I ultimately did understand, but I actually thought it was pretty cool to see that, with the, well, different languages.” - Self-Efficacy and Task Engagement in a Plurilingual Mystery Escape
Focus Group Research	Embracing the Power of Diversity: Leveraging Multilingualism and Social Diversity in Bilingual Education
forced migration	L3 Acquisition in Forced Immersion: A Social Network Analysis of Ukrainian Refugees Learning Polish
foreign language acquisition	Cross-Linguistic Influence in English as a Third Language among Child Heritage Speakers in Norway
foreign language effect	Debating Multilingually: The Dynamics and Effects of Language Choices in Swiss Politics
foreign language learning	The effect of bilingualism on L3 learning: A longitudinal study from kindergarten to the end of primary school
French	L3 English Wh-Questions among Moroccan Arabic-French Learners: An Optimality Theoretic Account
G
game based language learning	“Well, I didn't think I would understand what I ultimately did understand, but I actually thought it was pretty cool to see that, with the, well, different languages.” - Self-Efficacy and Task Engagement in a Plurilingual Mystery Escape
genAI	Embracing the Power of Diversity: Leveraging Multilingualism and Social Diversity in Bilingual Education
gender	Gender Differences in Multilingual Pragmatic Production: Requests in Catalan, Spanish, and English by Young Learners
German	The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking
German as a Third Language	Motion Event Construal on Third Language Acquisition: Chinese Learners of German as an L3
global language proficiency	The psychology of multilingualism: Language proficiency predicts personality traits
Global North	MULTILINGUALISM FROM THE CLASSROOM:A UNIVERSITIES INITIATIVE IN SOUTH AFRICA
Global South	MULTILINGUALISM FROM THE CLASSROOM:A UNIVERSITIES INITIATIVE IN SOUTH AFRICA
grammatical aspect processing	The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking
grammatical attrition	Reverse CLI under immersion: Ukrainian children acquiring L3 Polish and L3 Czech
grammatical gender	The effect of previously learnt languages on agreement computation in multilinguals: Evidence from NP production in L3/Ln Danish When Gender Effects Fade: How a Genderless L3 Restructures Multilingual Cognition
Grammatical Mapping	Multilingual Development Is Not Transfer: The Theory of Grammatical Mapping in L3 Acquisition
grammatical processing	Can personality affect grammatical processing? Tolerance of ambiguity and relative clause attachment in multilingual speakers
grammatical recomputation	Multilingual Development Is Not Transfer: The Theory of Grammatical Mapping in L3 Acquisition
Greek	The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking
H
Heritage bilingualism	L3 English Trajectories in Heritage Bilingual Students
heritage language	Trilingualism in Transnational Displacement: Exploring Language Policies of Asylum-Seeking Children in Transit
heritage language bilingualism	Cross-Linguistic Influence in English as a Third Language among Child Heritage Speakers in Norway
higher education	The Role of Affective Factors in Translanguaging Pedagogy: A Case from a Chinese EMI Writing Classroom
higher education students	Individual and institutional Dominant Language Constellations among multilingual students in higher education in Finland
I
immigrant youth	Examining simultaneous language and literacy development in trilingual immigrant high-school students: A confluence of individual variation, demographic factors, pedagogy, beliefs and expectations
implementation of multilingual pedagogy	Teacher and Classroom Composition Factors Associated with Multilingual Pedagogy: Attitudes, Teacher Multilingual Identity Beliefs, and Teaching Practices of Foreign Language Teachers in EFL Classrooms in Lower Saxony (Germany)
In-service teachers	Teacher Preparedness for Translanguaging in L3 English Classrooms: Evidence from a Qualitative Intervention Study with Pre-service and In-service Teachers
inclusive pedagogies	Multilingualism and Inclusive Pedagogies in Content-Based Language Teacher Education: Insights from Pre-Service Teachers in Norway
Indigenous Language	L3 Phonological Transfer from a Stratified Source: Psycholinguistic Evidence from an Indigenous Trilingual Community
individual differences	Vocabulary learning while writing with digital tools: An experimental study. Current statistical approaches to L3 VOT studies are unable to detect individual differences in CLI The psychology of multilingualism: Language proficiency predicts personality traits Examining simultaneous language and literacy development in trilingual immigrant high-school students: A confluence of individual variation, demographic factors, pedagogy, beliefs and expectations Does multilingualism help when learning L2/L3 words during writing with digital tools?
influencing factors	Teacher and Classroom Composition Factors Associated with Multilingual Pedagogy: Attitudes, Teacher Multilingual Identity Beliefs, and Teaching Practices of Foreign Language Teachers in EFL Classrooms in Lower Saxony (Germany)
inhibitory control	Task Demands Modulate Inhibitory Control in Trilingual Comprehension：evidence from a novel task
initial state	The Initial State of Third Language Acquisition: How Ab Initio Learners Produce Sentences in an Unknown L3
institutional and individual multilingualism	Individual and institutional Dominant Language Constellations among multilingual students in higher education in Finland
intercomprehension	“Well, I didn't think I would understand what I ultimately did understand, but I actually thought it was pretty cool to see that, with the, well, different languages.” - Self-Efficacy and Task Engagement in a Plurilingual Mystery Escape
investment	“We just had that in German and English, that worked out quite well.”: L3-investment and multilingual portfolios in the French language classroom in Germany
J
Japan	Retired language learners and their motivation for multilingual development
K
Kazakh-Russian bilinguals	L3 acquisition of negation and quantifier scope interpretation in English
L
L1 Turkish Arabic	Bilingual Primary Programs for Turkish- and Arabic-Speaking Children: Exploring English and German Language Learning
L2 English	Can personality affect grammatical processing? Tolerance of ambiguity and relative clause attachment in multilingual speakers
L2 German	Bilingual Primary Programs for Turkish- and Arabic-Speaking Children: Exploring English and German Language Learning
L2 perception	L2 English Onset Cluster Perception: Comparing L1 Mandarin and Spanish Acquisition of English Phonotactics
L2 phonological acquisition	L2 English Onset Cluster Perception: Comparing L1 Mandarin and Spanish Acquisition of English Phonotactics
L2 proficiency	The Variable Bilingual Advantage
L2 vs L3	No moral Foreign Language Effect beyond the L2
L2/L3 proficiency	Why some cognates facilitate and others do not: Evidence from trilingual translation
L3	The roles of previously acquired languages in L3 semantic access viewed through a crosslanguage repetition priming task
L3 acquisition	Reverse Crosslinguistic Influence: Effects of L3 Portuguese on Chinese Learners’ Sensitivity to English Adverb Placement L3 acquisition of negation and quantifier scope interpretation in English Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of L3 Norwegian ab initio: An eye-tracking study An investigation of phonological crosslinguistic influence in bilingual and trilingual learners of an artificial language The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking Can the brain tell us more? EEG insights into vowel auditory discrimination in multilingual speakers Preference for Manner vs. Path in L3 English: Evidence from Multilingual English as L3 Learners
L3 classroom	“We just had that in German and English, that worked out quite well.”: L3-investment and multilingual portfolios in the French language classroom in Germany
L3 demotivation	Exploring Demotivation in Thai Undergraduate Students’ L3 Learning: A Control–Value Perspective
L3 English	Bilingual Primary Programs for Turkish- and Arabic-Speaking Children: Exploring English and German Language Learning
L3 English education	Teacher Preparedness for Translanguaging in L3 English Classrooms: Evidence from a Qualitative Intervention Study with Pre-service and In-service Teachers
L3 learning	Transitions in multilingual settings: English learning as lived experience
L3 phonetics and phonology	Current statistical approaches to L3 VOT studies are unable to detect individual differences in CLI
L3 phonology	Development of perception and production of L2 and L3 coda obstruents: A dense data case study Cognates: enemies or allies?
L3 production	Tacit and explicit crosslinguistic awareness: Convergence and dissociation in multilingual lexical use
L3 proficiency	Cross-language orthographic and phonological activation during L3 word recognition in Tibetan–Chinese–English trilinguals
L3 speech acquisition	Cross-linguistic Influences on the Production of L3 Monophthongs: Evidence from L1 Uyghur- L2 Chinese- L3 English Trilinguals
L3 Speech Learning	Alveolar Tap and Trill Consonant Perception and Production by L1-Mandarin L2-English Speakers
L3 speech perception	Adapting to within-language variability in L3 German: Evidence from pupillometry in L1 Chinese listeners
L3 word recognition	L2 influence on L3 word recognition across proficiency levels: the role of modality and cross-linguistic similarity
L3/Ln acquisition	The effect of previously learnt languages on agreement computation in multilinguals: Evidence from NP production in L3/Ln Danish
language	When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study
Language acquisition	When L3 gains are not enough: L2 English attrition and learner profiles in L3 Japanese acquisition Producing phonology out of an ongoing consonant merger: L1 Chongqing Mandarin, L2 Standard Mandarin, and L3 English
language assessment	Comparing trilinguals', bilinguals', and monolinguals' vocabulary size: Single-Language versus Conceptual Assessment
Language attitudes	Balancing the multilingual mind: How language attitudes shape processing across languages Representation and revitalisation: language attitudes, digital media, and the future of minority languages across diverse multilingual contexts How do language attitudes influence multilingual pragmatic awareness?
Language attrition	When L3 gains are not enough: L2 English attrition and learner profiles in L3 Japanese acquisition
Language awareness	Getting ready for reform: Design principles for a multilingual language teaching approach
language co-activation	Exploring language control indices in multilingual speakers of languages of high versus low proximity Why some cognates facilitate and others do not: Evidence from trilingual translation
language control	Exploring language control indices in multilingual speakers of languages of high versus low proximity
language distance	Exploring language control indices in multilingual speakers of languages of high versus low proximity
Language exposure	Amount of Exposure, Self-Reported Proficiency, and Comfort Levels in Trilingual Children
language ideologies	Beyond the classroom: multilingualism through the eyes of language teachers in Quebec
language learning later in life	Language Learning Strategy Preferences among Older Multilingual Learners
language learning motivation and emotion	Motivation and Emotion in Multilingual Language Learning: A Longitudinal Study of Tibetan English Majors
language learning strategies	Language Learning Strategy Preferences among Older Multilingual Learners
language policy	Trilingualism in Transnational Displacement: Exploring Language Policies of Asylum-Seeking Children in Transit Translanguaging during consultations: maximising multilingual language repertoires in a South African university
language portrait	Trilingualism in Transnational Displacement: Exploring Language Policies of Asylum-Seeking Children in Transit
language portraits	Teacher Awareness of Classroom Multilingualism: Insights from Language Portraits
language processing in trilinguals	Why some cognates facilitate and others do not: Evidence from trilingual translation
language production	The effect of previously learnt languages on agreement computation in multilinguals: Evidence from NP production in L3/Ln Danish Exploring language control indices in multilingual speakers of languages of high versus low proximity
Language proficiency	Getting ready for reform: Design principles for a multilingual language teaching approach
language proximity	Exploring language control indices in multilingual speakers of languages of high versus low proximity
language regimes	Debating Multilingually: The Dynamics and Effects of Language Choices in Swiss Politics
language repertoire	Challenges and potentialities in multilingual classroom contexts when teaching Portuguese as a foreign language: an analysis of the dominant language constellation
language repertoires	Translanguaging during consultations: maximising multilingual language repertoires in a South African university
Language switching	Balancing the multilingual mind: How language attitudes shape processing across languages Task Demands Modulate Inhibitory Control in Trilingual Comprehension：evidence from a novel task
language teacher cognition	Towards multilingual pedagogical literacy
language teacher collaboration	Learning and teaching across language subjects: Students’, teachers’, and researchers’ perspectives
language teacher education	Multilingualism and Inclusive Pedagogies in Content-Based Language Teacher Education: Insights from Pre-Service Teachers in Norway
Language teachers	Language teachers’ mindsets about cross-linguistic collaboration: Insights from the LATECO project
language teaching strategies	Challenges and potentialities in multilingual classroom contexts when teaching Portuguese as a foreign language: an analysis of the dominant language constellation
Language transfer	L3 English Wh-Questions among Moroccan Arabic-French Learners: An Optimality Theoretic Account
language typology	Multilingual word production: Exploring cross-linguistic influence during language switching in Afrikaans-English-Dutch speakers
Language-use context	Amount of Exposure, Self-Reported Proficiency, and Comfort Levels in Trilingual Children
learner perspectives	Co-designing Functional Multilingual Reading Assessment for Learning through pedagogical translanguaging: case studies of teacher-researcher collaboration in the Netherlands and Australia
Learner profile	When L3 gains are not enough: L2 English attrition and learner profiles in L3 Japanese acquisition
learning strategies	Cross-linguistic Influence in the Early Acquisition of German as a Third Language
LEGO bricks	Materialising Multilingualism: Pupils’ Representations of Language Use and Learning Spaces
Lexical access	Lexical access in English as L3: a study with multilinguals in Brazil
lexical desicion task	Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation
lexical development	Cross-linguistic Influence in the Early Acquisition of German as a Third Language
lexical proficiency	Comparing trilinguals', bilinguals', and monolinguals' vocabulary size: Single-Language versus Conceptual Assessment
lifelong learning	Retired language learners and their motivation for multilingual development
linear word order	Reverse Crosslinguistic Influence: Effects of L3 Portuguese on Chinese Learners’ Sensitivity to English Adverb Placement
linguistic distance	Phonological Abilities in Multilingual EFL Contexts: A Cross-National Analysis of Subskill Differentiation
linguistic landscape	Trilingualism in Transnational Displacement: Exploring Language Policies of Asylum-Seeking Children in Transit
literacy development	Examining simultaneous language and literacy development in trilingual immigrant high-school students: A confluence of individual variation, demographic factors, pedagogy, beliefs and expectations
Literacy trajectories	Literacy Asymmetries in Migration Contexts: A Critical Review of CEFR Alignment for PALOP Speakers
longitudinal data	The effect of bilingualism on L3 learning: A longitudinal study from kindergarten to the end of primary school
Longitudinal modelling	L3 English Trajectories in Heritage Bilingual Students
lower-secondary education	Teacher Awareness of Classroom Multilingualism: Insights from Language Portraits
M
material culture of multilingualism	Materialising Multilingualism: Pupils’ Representations of Language Use and Learning Spaces
mediation mechanisms	The underlying mechanisms of bilingual effects in L3 learning among Mongolian-Mandarin bilingual children
mediation process analysis	When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study
memes	Multilingual Parenting One Meme at a Time
memory recall	When Gender Effects Fade: How a Genderless L3 Restructures Multilingual Cognition
Metalinguistic knowledge	Metalinguistic knowledge and crosslinguistic influence in L3 Norwegian
Mindsets	Language teachers’ mindsets about cross-linguistic collaboration: Insights from the LATECO project
miniature language learning	Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of L3 Norwegian ab initio: An eye-tracking study
minority languages	Representation and revitalisation: language attitudes, digital media, and the future of minority languages across diverse multilingual contexts Multilingualism as a resource, not a threat: teachers beliefs in the Basque minority-language education context
mixed-methods approach	When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study
modality effects	L2 influence on L3 word recognition across proficiency levels: the role of modality and cross-linguistic similarity
Modern Greek	Modern Greek at Eight: Assessing Multilingualism in Young Learners
Mongolian-Mandarin bilinguals	The underlying mechanisms of bilingual effects in L3 learning among Mongolian-Mandarin bilingual children
monolingual mindset	Beliefs on Plurilingual Assessment in Secondary Education: A Qualitative Study of Language Teachers and Plurilingual Students in Hamburg
monolingualism vs bilingualism	Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation
Montreal	Beyond the classroom: multilingualism through the eyes of language teachers in Quebec
moral foreign language effect (FLe/MFLE)	No moral Foreign Language Effect beyond the L2
moral judgments	No moral Foreign Language Effect beyond the L2
morphosyntactic processing	Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of L3 Norwegian ab initio: An eye-tracking study
Motion Event Conceptualization	Motion Event Construal on Third Language Acquisition: Chinese Learners of German as an L3
motion events	Preference for Manner vs. Path in L3 English: Evidence from Multilingual English as L3 Learners
motivation	Retired language learners and their motivation for multilingual development
motivation and anxiety in language learning	The Role of Affective Factors in Translanguaging Pedagogy: A Case from a Chinese EMI Writing Classroom
multilingual advantage	L3 Acquisition Provides a Multilingual Advantage for L2 in Offline, not Online, Measures
multilingual awareness	Cross-linguistic Influence in the Early Acquisition of German as a Third Language Learning and teaching across language subjects: Students’, teachers’, and researchers’ perspectives
multilingual beliefs	Towards multilingual pedagogical literacy
multilingual comprehension	Task Demands Modulate Inhibitory Control in Trilingual Comprehension：evidence from a novel task
multilingual development	Multilingual Development Is Not Transfer: The Theory of Grammatical Mapping in L3 Acquisition L3 English Trajectories in Heritage Bilingual Students Phonological Abilities in Multilingual EFL Contexts: A Cross-National Analysis of Subskill Differentiation
multilingual disadvantage	L3 Acquisition Provides a Multilingual Advantage for L2 in Offline, not Online, Measures
Multilingual education	Transitions in multilingual settings: English learning as lived experience Multilingualism as a resource, not a threat: teachers beliefs in the Basque minority-language education context Engaging pre-service teachers with their multilingual identities using dominant language constellation artworks
multilingual identities	MULTILINGUAL IDENTITIES IN LADIN MINORITY SPEAKERS IN SOUTH TYROL
Multilingual language teaching	Getting ready for reform: Design principles for a multilingual language teaching approach
multilingual learners	Multilingualism and Inclusive Pedagogies in Content-Based Language Teacher Education: Insights from Pre-Service Teachers in Norway
multilingual learning	Exploring Demotivation in Thai Undergraduate Students’ L3 Learning: A Control–Value Perspective
multilingual parenting	Multilingual Parenting One Meme at a Time
multilingual pedagogies	Towards multilingual pedagogical literacy Designing Pedagogical Materials for the Multilingual English Classroom: A Case for Teacher Agency “We just had that in German and English, that worked out quite well.”: L3-investment and multilingual portfolios in the French language classroom in Germany
Multilingual pedagogy	MULTILINGUALISM FROM THE CLASSROOM:A UNIVERSITIES INITIATIVE IN SOUTH AFRICA
multilingual politics	Debating Multilingually: The Dynamics and Effects of Language Choices in Swiss Politics
multilingual pragmatics	Gender Differences in Multilingual Pragmatic Production: Requests in Catalan, Spanish, and English by Young Learners How do language attitudes influence multilingual pragmatic awareness?
Multilingual Processing	Cognitive Retrospective Transfer of L3 to L2 in Article Context Among Native Turkish Speakers
Multilingual qualitative methodology	Researching Translingual Writing in a Migration Context: Methodological Insights from a Qualitative Case Study
multilingual repertoires	Teacher Awareness of Classroom Multilingualism: Insights from Language Portraits
multilingual students	“We just had that in German and English, that worked out quite well.”: L3-investment and multilingual portfolios in the French language classroom in Germany
multilingual writing	Monitoring the writing process in multilinguals. An analysis of pauses and online-revisions in L1, L2, and L3
multilingualism	The effect of bilingualism on L3 learning: A longitudinal study from kindergarten to the end of primary school Beyond the classroom: multilingualism through the eyes of language teachers in Quebec Modern Greek at Eight: Assessing Multilingualism in Young Learners Embracing the Power of Diversity: Leveraging Multilingualism and Social Diversity in Bilingual Education Exploring language control indices in multilingual speakers of languages of high versus low proximity Multilingualism as a resource, not a threat: teachers beliefs in the Basque minority-language education context Can personality affect grammatical processing? Tolerance of ambiguity and relative clause attachment in multilingual speakers Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation The psychology of multilingualism: Language proficiency predicts personality traits The learning potential of subtitled English audiovisual material: an eye-tracking study of multilinguals vs. bilinguals Motivation and Emotion in Multilingual Language Learning: A Longitudinal Study of Tibetan English Majors Producing phonology out of an ongoing consonant merger: L1 Chongqing Mandarin, L2 Standard Mandarin, and L3 English Materialising Multilingualism: Pupils’ Representations of Language Use and Learning Spaces When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study Language Learning Strategy Preferences among Older Multilingual Learners Examining support for multilingualism: An arts-based approach at a Canadian School for the Deaf MULTILINGUALISM FROM THE CLASSROOM:A UNIVERSITIES INITIATIVE IN SOUTH AFRICA Multilingual word production: Exploring cross-linguistic influence during language switching in Afrikaans-English-Dutch speakers Investigating short term effects of translation on cognitive functions in multilingual speakers Preference for Manner vs. Path in L3 English: Evidence from Multilingual English as L3 Learners
multilingualism in minority contexts	MULTILINGUAL IDENTITIES IN LADIN MINORITY SPEAKERS IN SOUTH TYROL
multimodal narratives	Transitions in multilingual settings: English learning as lived experience
multimodality	Examining support for multilingualism: An arts-based approach at a Canadian School for the Deaf
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n-2 repetition cost	Task Demands Modulate Inhibitory Control in Trilingual Comprehension：evidence from a novel task
natural language processing	Debating Multilingually: The Dynamics and Effects of Language Choices in Swiss Politics
Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA)	When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study
Negation	Negation in L3 French L3 Acquisition Provides a Multilingual Advantage for L2 in Offline, not Online, Measures
Non-linearity	The Variable Bilingual Advantage
Norway	Retired language learners and their motivation for multilingual development
Norwegian	Cross-Linguistic Influence in English as a Third Language among Child Heritage Speakers in Norway
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older language learners	Language Learning Strategy Preferences among Older Multilingual Learners
Optimality Theory	L3 English Wh-Questions among Moroccan Arabic-French Learners: An Optimality Theoretic Account
orthographic and phonological similarity	L2 influence on L3 word recognition across proficiency levels: the role of modality and cross-linguistic similarity
orthography and phonology	Cross-language orthographic and phonological activation during L3 word recognition in Tibetan–Chinese–English trilinguals
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parasitic model	The roles of previously acquired languages in L3 semantic access viewed through a crosslanguage repetition priming task
pauses and online revisions	Monitoring the writing process in multilinguals. An analysis of pauses and online-revisions in L1, L2, and L3
Pedagogical materials design	Designing Pedagogical Materials for the Multilingual English Classroom: A Case for Teacher Agency
pedagogical translanguaging	The Role of Affective Factors in Translanguaging Pedagogy: A Case from a Chinese EMI Writing Classroom Co-designing Functional Multilingual Reading Assessment for Learning through pedagogical translanguaging: case studies of teacher-researcher collaboration in the Netherlands and Australia
peer interaction	L3 Acquisition in Forced Immersion: A Social Network Analysis of Ukrainian Refugees Learning Polish
perception-production development	Development of perception and production of L2 and L3 coda obstruents: A dense data case study
personality	Can personality affect grammatical processing? Tolerance of ambiguity and relative clause attachment in multilingual speakers The psychology of multilingualism: Language proficiency predicts personality traits
personality traits	Exploring Demotivation in Thai Undergraduate Students’ L3 Learning: A Control–Value Perspective
PhD project	“Well, I didn't think I would understand what I ultimately did understand, but I actually thought it was pretty cool to see that, with the, well, different languages.” - Self-Efficacy and Task Engagement in a Plurilingual Mystery Escape
phonetics	An investigation of phonological crosslinguistic influence in bilingual and trilingual learners of an artificial language
phonetics and phonology	Can the brain tell us more? EEG insights into vowel auditory discrimination in multilingual speakers
phonologcal subskills	Phonological Abilities in Multilingual EFL Contexts: A Cross-National Analysis of Subskill Differentiation
phonological assessment	Phonological Abilities in Multilingual EFL Contexts: A Cross-National Analysis of Subskill Differentiation
phonological awareness	The role of reading fluency and phonological awareness in online cognate processing: Eye-movement evidence from child EFL learners
phonological development in EFL	Phonological Abilities in Multilingual EFL Contexts: A Cross-National Analysis of Subskill Differentiation
Phonological Transfer	L3 Phonological Transfer from a Stratified Source: Psycholinguistic Evidence from an Indigenous Trilingual Community
phonology	An investigation of phonological crosslinguistic influence in bilingual and trilingual learners of an artificial language Producing phonology out of an ongoing consonant merger: L1 Chongqing Mandarin, L2 Standard Mandarin, and L3 English
Plurilingual approaches	Between Openness and Implementation: Teachers’ Plurilingual Awareness and Teaching Practices in Linguistically Diverse Adult Classrooms
plurilingual assessment	Beliefs on Plurilingual Assessment in Secondary Education: A Qualitative Study of Language Teachers and Plurilingual Students in Hamburg
Plurilingualism	Between Openness and Implementation: Teachers’ Plurilingual Awareness and Teaching Practices in Linguistically Diverse Adult Classrooms
polar questions	L3 Acquisition Provides a Multilingual Advantage for L2 in Offline, not Online, Measures
Polish	Reverse CLI under immersion: Ukrainian children acquiring L3 Polish and L3 Czech
political polarization	Debating Multilingually: The Dynamics and Effects of Language Choices in Swiss Politics
portfolios	“We just had that in German and English, that worked out quite well.”: L3-investment and multilingual portfolios in the French language classroom in Germany
Portuguese foreign language learning	Challenges and potentialities in multilingual classroom contexts when teaching Portuguese as a foreign language: an analysis of the dominant language constellation
Portuguese-speaking African countries migrants	Literacy Asymmetries in Migration Contexts: A Critical Review of CEFR Alignment for PALOP Speakers
postlexical processes	Cognates: enemies or allies?
Pragmatic awareness	How do language attitudes influence multilingual pragmatic awareness?
Pre-service teachers	Teacher Preparedness for Translanguaging in L3 English Classrooms: Evidence from a Qualitative Intervention Study with Pre-service and In-service Teachers
primary school	Gender Differences in Multilingual Pragmatic Production: Requests in Catalan, Spanish, and English by Young Learners Bilingual Primary Programs for Turkish- and Arabic-Speaking Children: Exploring English and German Language Learning
professional development	Learning and teaching across language subjects: Students’, teachers’, and researchers’ perspectives Between Openness and Implementation: Teachers’ Plurilingual Awareness and Teaching Practices in Linguistically Diverse Adult Classrooms
Proficiency	Balancing the multilingual mind: How language attitudes shape processing across languages
Psycholinguistics	Lexical access in English as L3: a study with multilinguals in Brazil
psychological-emotional factors	Examining simultaneous language and literacy development in trilingual immigrant high-school students: A confluence of individual variation, demographic factors, pedagogy, beliefs and expectations
pupillometry	Adapting to within-language variability in L3 German: Evidence from pupillometry in L1 Chinese listeners Lexical overlap in the multilingual mind: Pupillometric evidence from L2 vs. L3 learners
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reading	The role of reading fluency and phonological awareness in online cognate processing: Eye-movement evidence from child EFL learners
reading education	Co-designing Functional Multilingual Reading Assessment for Learning through pedagogical translanguaging: case studies of teacher-researcher collaboration in the Netherlands and Australia
reflexive thematic analysis	When Languages Diverge: Asymmetric Effects of Lingua Franca, Host Language, and Mother Tongues on Intercultural Adjustment — A Mixed‑Methods Longitudinal Study
regional accent	Adapting to within-language variability in L3 German: Evidence from pupillometry in L1 Chinese listeners
regressive CLI	L3 Acquisition Provides a Multilingual Advantage for L2 in Offline, not Online, Measures
regressive cross-linguistic influence	Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English?
regressive transfer	Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English?
relative clause attachment	Can personality affect grammatical processing? Tolerance of ambiguity and relative clause attachment in multilingual speakers
requests	Gender Differences in Multilingual Pragmatic Production: Requests in Catalan, Spanish, and English by Young Learners
retired language learners	Retired language learners and their motivation for multilingual development
Retrospective Cognitive Transfer	Cognitive Retrospective Transfer of L3 to L2 in Article Context Among Native Turkish Speakers
reverse cross-linguistic influence	Reverse CLI under immersion: Ukrainian children acquiring L3 Polish and L3 Czech
reverse transfer	Reverse Crosslinguistic Influence: Effects of L3 Portuguese on Chinese Learners’ Sensitivity to English Adverb Placement
Russian	The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking
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Santali	L3 Phonological Transfer from a Stratified Source: Psycholinguistic Evidence from an Indigenous Trilingual Community
Scandinavian languages	Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English?
school context	Examining simultaneous language and literacy development in trilingual immigrant high-school students: A confluence of individual variation, demographic factors, pedagogy, beliefs and expectations
scope ambiguity	L3 acquisition of negation and quantifier scope interpretation in English
second language acquisition	L3 Acquisition in Forced Immersion: A Social Network Analysis of Ukrainian Refugees Learning Polish
self-efficacy	“Well, I didn't think I would understand what I ultimately did understand, but I actually thought it was pretty cool to see that, with the, well, different languages.” - Self-Efficacy and Task Engagement in a Plurilingual Mystery Escape
Self-reported proficiency	Amount of Exposure, Self-Reported Proficiency, and Comfort Levels in Trilingual Children
semantic access	The roles of previously acquired languages in L3 semantic access viewed through a crosslanguage repetition priming task
sentiment analysis	Debating Multilingually: The Dynamics and Effects of Language Choices in Swiss Politics
simulation	Current statistical approaches to L3 VOT studies are unable to detect individual differences in CLI
SLA	The learning potential of subtitled English audiovisual material: an eye-tracking study of multilinguals vs. bilinguals
Social Diversity	Embracing the Power of Diversity: Leveraging Multilingualism and Social Diversity in Bilingual Education
Social Network Analysis	L3 Acquisition in Forced Immersion: A Social Network Analysis of Ukrainian Refugees Learning Polish
Socio-affect	The Variable Bilingual Advantage
Sociolinguistics	Representation and revitalisation: language attitudes, digital media, and the future of minority languages across diverse multilingual contexts
Sonority sequencing	L2 English Onset Cluster Perception: Comparing L1 Mandarin and Spanish Acquisition of English Phonotactics
sound change	Producing phonology out of an ongoing consonant merger: L1 Chongqing Mandarin, L2 Standard Mandarin, and L3 English
Speech Perception and Production	Alveolar Tap and Trill Consonant Perception and Production by L1-Mandarin L2-English Speakers
statistics	Current statistical approaches to L3 VOT studies are unable to detect individual differences in CLI
structural similarity	The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking
structure-dependent development	Multilingual Development Is Not Transfer: The Theory of Grammatical Mapping in L3 Acquisition
students' beliefs	Beliefs on Plurilingual Assessment in Secondary Education: A Qualitative Study of Language Teachers and Plurilingual Students in Hamburg
Subtitles	The learning potential of subtitled English audiovisual material: an eye-tracking study of multilinguals vs. bilinguals
sustainable collaboration	Learning and teaching across language subjects: Students’, teachers’, and researchers’ perspectives
switching cost	Adapting to within-language variability in L3 German: Evidence from pupillometry in L1 Chinese listeners
Syntax	The Initial State of Third Language Acquisition: How Ab Initio Learners Produce Sentences in an Unknown L3 Negation in L3 French
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tacit crosslinguistic awareness	Tacit and explicit crosslinguistic awareness: Convergence and dissociation in multilingual lexical use
task demands	Task Demands Modulate Inhibitory Control in Trilingual Comprehension：evidence from a novel task
task engagement	“Well, I didn't think I would understand what I ultimately did understand, but I actually thought it was pretty cool to see that, with the, well, different languages.” - Self-Efficacy and Task Engagement in a Plurilingual Mystery Escape
task switch paradigm	Multilingual cognition: Accented speech processing and attention allocation
Teacher agency	Designing Pedagogical Materials for the Multilingual English Classroom: A Case for Teacher Agency
Teacher attitudes	Teacher Preparedness for Translanguaging in L3 English Classrooms: Evidence from a Qualitative Intervention Study with Pre-service and In-service Teachers
teacher beliefs and practices	Teacher Awareness of Classroom Multilingualism: Insights from Language Portraits
Teacher cognitions	Engaging pre-service teachers with their multilingual identities using dominant language constellation artworks
Teacher education	Designing Pedagogical Materials for the Multilingual English Classroom: A Case for Teacher Agency
Teacher identity	Engaging pre-service teachers with their multilingual identities using dominant language constellation artworks Between Openness and Implementation: Teachers’ Plurilingual Awareness and Teaching Practices in Linguistically Diverse Adult Classrooms
teacher perspectives	Co-designing Functional Multilingual Reading Assessment for Learning through pedagogical translanguaging: case studies of teacher-researcher collaboration in the Netherlands and Australia
Teacher preparedness	Teacher Preparedness for Translanguaging in L3 English Classrooms: Evidence from a Qualitative Intervention Study with Pre-service and In-service Teachers
teacher-researcher collaboration	Co-designing Functional Multilingual Reading Assessment for Learning through pedagogical translanguaging: case studies of teacher-researcher collaboration in the Netherlands and Australia
teachers beliefs	Multilingualism as a resource, not a threat: teachers beliefs in the Basque minority-language education context
teachers' beliefs	Beliefs on Plurilingual Assessment in Secondary Education: A Qualitative Study of Language Teachers and Plurilingual Students in Hamburg Beyond the classroom: multilingualism through the eyes of language teachers in Quebec
Teachers' plurilingual awareness	Between Openness and Implementation: Teachers’ Plurilingual Awareness and Teaching Practices in Linguistically Diverse Adult Classrooms
Thai undergraduate students	Exploring Demotivation in Thai Undergraduate Students’ L3 Learning: A Control–Value Perspective
Third language acquisition	L3 English Wh-Questions among Moroccan Arabic-French Learners: An Optimality Theoretic Account Metalinguistic knowledge and crosslinguistic influence in L3 Norwegian Negation in L3 French Motivation and Emotion in Multilingual Language Learning: A Longitudinal Study of Tibetan English Majors L3 English Trajectories in Heritage Bilingual Students Multilingual word production: Exploring cross-linguistic influence during language switching in Afrikaans-English-Dutch speakers
Third Language Acquisition (L3)	Cross-linguistic Influence in the Early Acquisition of German as a Third Language L3 Phonological Transfer from a Stratified Source: Psycholinguistic Evidence from an Indigenous Trilingual Community Motion Event Construal on Third Language Acquisition: Chinese Learners of German as an L3
third language learning	The underlying mechanisms of bilingual effects in L3 learning among Mongolian-Mandarin bilingual children
Tibetan-Chinese-English trilinguals	The Effect of Case Marking and Word Order on Cross-Linguistic Structural Priming among Tibetan-Chinese-English Trilinguals
tolerance of ambiguity	Can personality affect grammatical processing? Tolerance of ambiguity and relative clause attachment in multilingual speakers
transfer	The Initial State of Third Language Acquisition: How Ab Initio Learners Produce Sentences in an Unknown L3 Multilingual Development Is Not Transfer: The Theory of Grammatical Mapping in L3 Acquisition
Translanguaging	MULTILINGUAL IDENTITIES IN LADIN MINORITY SPEAKERS IN SOUTH TYROL Cross-linguistic Influence in the Early Acquisition of German as a Third Language Teacher Preparedness for Translanguaging in L3 English Classrooms: Evidence from a Qualitative Intervention Study with Pre-service and In-service Teachers Multilingualism as a resource, not a threat: teachers beliefs in the Basque minority-language education context MULTILINGUALISM FROM THE CLASSROOM:A UNIVERSITIES INITIATIVE IN SOUTH AFRICA
Translanguaging strategies	Translanguaging during consultations: maximising multilingual language repertoires in a South African university
Translation	Investigating short term effects of translation on cognitive functions in multilingual speakers
translation production	Why some cognates facilitate and others do not: Evidence from trilingual translation
translation recognition task	Cross-language orthographic and phonological activation during L3 word recognition in Tibetan–Chinese–English trilinguals
Translingual writing practices	Researching Translingual Writing in a Migration Context: Methodological Insights from a Qualitative Case Study
transliterations	Translanguaging during consultations: maximising multilingual language repertoires in a South African university
trilingual	Comparing trilinguals', bilinguals', and monolinguals' vocabulary size: Single-Language versus Conceptual Assessment
Trilingual children	Amount of Exposure, Self-Reported Proficiency, and Comfort Levels in Trilingual Children
trilingual decision-making	No moral Foreign Language Effect beyond the L2
trilingual lexical processing	Cross-language orthographic and phonological activation during L3 word recognition in Tibetan–Chinese–English trilinguals
Trilingual Speech Production	L3 Phonological Transfer from a Stratified Source: Psycholinguistic Evidence from an Indigenous Trilingual Community
trilingualism	When Gender Effects Fade: How a Genderless L3 Restructures Multilingual Cognition
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Ukrainian	Reverse CLI under immersion: Ukrainian children acquiring L3 Polish and L3 Czech
Ukrainian refugees	L3 Acquisition in Forced Immersion: A Social Network Analysis of Ukrainian Refugees Learning Polish
Universal Grammar	Multilingual Development Is Not Transfer: The Theory of Grammatical Mapping in L3 Acquisition
Uyghur-Chinese-English trilinguals	Cross-linguistic Influences on the Production of L3 Monophthongs: Evidence from L1 Uyghur- L2 Chinese- L3 English Trilinguals
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V2	Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English?
Verb placement	Negation in L3 French Cross-Linguistic Influence in English as a Third Language among Child Heritage Speakers in Norway
verbal aspect	Reverse CLI under immersion: Ukrainian children acquiring L3 Polish and L3 Czech
visual world eye-tracking	The Role of Structural Similarity and Dominance in L3 Aspect Processing: Insights from Eye-Tracking
Visualising multilingualism	Designing Pedagogical Materials for the Multilingual English Classroom: A Case for Teacher Agency
vocabulary learning	Vocabulary learning while writing with digital tools: An experimental study. Does multilingualism help when learning L2/L3 words during writing with digital tools?
voiced stop lenition	Cognates: enemies or allies?
VOT	Cognates: enemies or allies?
vowel auditory discrimination	Can the brain tell us more? EEG insights into vowel auditory discrimination in multilingual speakers
vowel production	Cross-linguistic Influences on the Production of L3 Monophthongs: Evidence from L1 Uyghur- L2 Chinese- L3 English Trilinguals
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well-being	Transitions in multilingual settings: English learning as lived experience
word order	The Effect of Case Marking and Word Order on Cross-Linguistic Structural Priming among Tibetan-Chinese-English Trilinguals Regressive cross-linguistic influence as co-activation: Can L3 Scandinavian trigger V2 in L2 English?
word recognition	Lexical overlap in the multilingual mind: Pupillometric evidence from L2 vs. L3 learners
Writing	Vocabulary learning while writing with digital tools: An experimental study. Does multilingualism help when learning L2/L3 words during writing with digital tools?
writing process	Monitoring the writing process in multilinguals. An analysis of pauses and online-revisions in L1, L2, and L3
writing skills	The Role of Affective Factors in Translanguaging Pedagogy: A Case from a Chinese EMI Writing Classroom
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young language learners	Learning and teaching across language subjects: Students’, teachers’, and researchers’ perspectives
young learners	Gender Differences in Multilingual Pragmatic Production: Requests in Catalan, Spanish, and English by Young Learners

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