ABSTRACT. This article describes the results of a study of the components of the internal picture of a defect and aspects of self-relations of adults with disabilities. Some dominance was noted in the cognitive component. We also found a high degree of self-esteem and sympathy for ourselves.

ABSTRACT. Изучено влияние хронического неонатального введения аналога С-концевого фрагмента аргинин-вазопрессина (АВП) – Ac-D-МPRG, на обучение и степень депрессивности белых крыс трех возрастных групп. Показано, что наиболее существенное действие аналога проявилось в тесте на выработку условной реакции активного избегания. Также хорошо выражено благоприятное влияние на степень депрессивности животных. Согласно полученным данным, можно предположить, что действие пептида проявляется только при воздействии биологически значимого стимула.

ABSTRACT. In modern network neuroscience brain is described as a set of separated computational modules, consolidating into a dynamic network, which structure is defined by requirements of the current task. Synchrony is often viewed as a marker of communication between modules with global synchrony among all elements of the system as a marker of total cognitive efforts. However, there is evidence of the importance of partial synchrony to maintain a high level of performance during specific tasks. The continuum of states between global synchrony and global is called chimera states. Chimera states represent a powerful tool to describe brain dynamic. Here we show that chimera state analysis can be successfully applied to describe the differences between resting-state EEG eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions.

ABSTRACT. The present study examines the concretization of the selected meaning of an ambiguous stimulus as a result of the suppression of other possible meanings (Allahverdov, 1993; Gernsbaher et al., 2001). To test the hypothesis, we used the context-dependent memory effect. We evaluated the recognition of ambiguous and unambiguous verbal stimuli in the same or changed context. The results indicate that in different context ambiguous stimuli are recognized worse than unambiguous ones, confirming the existence of meaning concretization.

ABSTRACT. The study was devoted to the mechanisms of arithmetical task’s solution for multiplication and division. Task’s solution in 2 operation was accompanied by the integration, whereas task’s solution in 3 operations –separation. In case of unsuccessful solution revealed higher power of the alpha band and its weak desynchronization when solving problems. For the alpha band have been shown hemispheric asymmetry, and theta-rhythm – front-back.

ABSTRACT. It was shown that after developing of conditioned reflex to the situation in the snails with 5 (P1) and 3 (P2) stimuli per day during 5 days, a “reminder" of the learning environment in combination with a biosynthesis blockade, on the 3rd day after training leads to impaired memory reconsolidation. However, with a “reminder” on the 6th day after training, the results are different. Snails trained by P1, there is a violation of memory reconsolidation, and by P2, memory preservation is observed.

ABSTRACT. The research is devoted to the study of writing errors in patients with Broca’s aphasia performing the human-specific writing tasks. The aim of the research was to identify the most specific types of writing errors, depending on the cultural and historical significance of the actualized functions of writing in Broca’s aphasia. It was shown that the most specific grammatic errors were syntactic errors such as breaking of the sentence boundaries, omissions of independent and functional words, disorders of agreement and government. Diversity in the performance of writing tasks that are similar in neuropsychological component structure but differ in functional purposes are explained by the choice of different strategies of writing.. The research confirms that when studying agraphia, it is important to consider both structural (speech act operations) and functional (cultural and historical specific) aspects of writing.

ABSTRACT. Colors and emotions are related and this relation could be visualized in two-dimensional space. Participants were asked to measure subjective differences between expressions of basic emotions and basic colors, all presented on the computer monitor. Multidimensional scaling was used to create an integrated color-emotional space. Participants rated differences similarly, which suggests that relations between colors and emotions are universal. This integrative color-emotional space has two dimensions with core emotional axes “valence” and “arousal”. These findings are in agreement with our previous work.

ABSTRACT. Texts comprise a large part of visual information that we process every day, so one of the tasks of language science is to make them more accessible. However, often the text design process is focused on the font size, but not on its type; which might be crucial especially for people with reading disabilities derived from visual deficiency. The current paper represents a study on readability of text rendered in the first dyslexia-specific font, LexiaD. We focused on Russian readers with visual-based reading difficulties. After deliberate recruiting procedure among 9-12 years old children with dyslexia (N=12) only one child (SA) showed huge visual processing problems and normal level of intellectual development. Therefore, we presented the results of case study. SA was asked to orally read two texts, one rendered in LexiaD and another in Verdana. The reading speed, reading quality and comprehension score were measured. LexiaD proved to be faster to read and to produce less reading errors, whereas comprehension score in two fonts were satisfactory and comparable. Our preliminary results showed potential reading benefit of LexiaD for readers with visual-based reading difficulties.

ABSTRACT. In this study we examined the interaction between an intention to forget, strategies that hypothetically support this intention and input of cognitive control. 66 participants (aged 18-22, 80% females) took part in the current study. The experiment consisted of several phases: learning, free recall test, main manipulation and cue-recall test. During the learning phase, the participants learned 24 made-up words till 100% recognition (each made-up word included 5 letters in same order). Each word was assigned to the one of conditions: “Fragmentation”( forgetting strategy without mnemonic goal), “Generating grammar forms”(considered a remembering strategy without mnemonic goal), “Forget”( a mnemonic goal without mnemonic technique), “Forget by fragmentation”( a mnemonic goal to forget with a specific strategy of doing so), “Forget by generating grammar forms”( a mnemonic goal to forget with a remembering strategy) and Control (words that were learned but were not included in the experimental presentation). Moreover, all participants were tested with go/no-go motor task. We detected qualitatively different patterns of results for the participants who demonstrated high or low results in go/no go test. The former performed the same low level of cued-recall in the “Control” and “Forget-Fragmentation” conditions. The latter group performed the same low level in the “Control”, “Forget” and “Forget- Fragmentation” conditions. Thus, the high ability to control over own memory increases the impact of intention, whereas the lower ability to control over own memory increases the impact of a mean.

ABSTRACT. The lipid composition of brain anatomical structures remains poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. In addition, lipids are often assumed to be exclusively structural elements of the brain, and their functionality remains poorly studied on the scale of the whole brain. In our work, we describe the generation and analysis of a lipidome atlas of the healthy adult human brain. Analysis of the lipid composition of 75 regions of the brain of 4 healthy individuals using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry resulted in 3573 high-quality peaks, as well as a subset of 503 manually annotated lipid species covering 20 lipid classes. A comparison of lipid data with the structural and functional MRI of the brain revealed groups of lipids associated with the white and the gray matter of the brain, as well as a group of function-associated lipids. Statistically significant differences in the behavior of different lipids species in different areas of the brain, discovered in this work, can be associated with cytoarchitectural diversity. Moreover, similarities to the functional architecture of the brain make lipids a potential target for the diagnosis of mental disorders. Thus, comparative analysis of the lipid composition of the brain of patients with schizophrenia showed that the greatest changes occur in the lipids associated with the white matter of the brain, as well as lipids associated with the functional activity of the brain.

Funding: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-34-90146.

ABSTRACT. The study found that boys and girls with high physical fitness amid intensive use of computer tools and information technology are characterized by a more optimal functional state of the body compared to the same children with insufficient physical fitness.

ABSTRACT. Резюме.

Гипергомоцистеинемия является одним из факторв риска развития мигрени с аурой. Мы предположили, что пренатальная гипергомоцистеинемия вызывает увеличение вероятности возникновения кортикальной депрессии у крыс. Таким образом, было показано, что высокий уровень гомоцистеина в пренатальный период формирования мозга вызывает изменение чувствительности нейронов соматосенсорной коры крыс к генерации кортикальной распространяющейся депрессии.

Ключевые слова: гипергомоцистеинемия, кортикальная распространяющаяся депрессия, мигрень

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the results of an eye-tracking study which compares professional interpreters’ reading for translation and English-Russian sight translation. The participants of the research were asked to read and sight translate two texts from their B language (English) into their A language (Russian). The study revealed significant differences in oculomotor activity during reading for translation and sight translating.

ABSTRACT. Neurophysiological correlations of the stepwise solving of verbal and non-verbal tasks have been studied. The efficacy of cognitive task fulfillment has been assessed by spectral EEG characteristics, event related potentials (ERPs) and reaction time (RT).

ABSTRACT. It was found that in preschool children 5-6 years old with an increase in the volume of physical activity of a training nature from 36 to 90 minutes per week, a significant improvement in the functional state (FS) is noted. However, a further increase in the load to 180 min per week is accompanied either by a trend of a linear increase in the growths of the considered FS indicators, or a decrease in their absolute value.

ABSTRACT. The athors explore the dynamics of changes in the structure of conceptual categories of the axiological dichotomy truth vs lie.The structure of the conceptual category truth vs lie has been presented in the form of frames having the similar slots, however the conceptual content of the slots reflects axiological changes resulting in the formation of alternative points of axiological reference.

ABSTRACT. Game theory contains a fundamental problem known as Prisoner's dilemma. Its classic wording is well known (Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981). The dilemma is to be solved by two alleged perpetrators independently. Each of them may or may not testify against the partner. If both give such testimony, both will receive an average punishment. If both do not testify, every of them will receive a minimum penalty. If one testifies and the other does not, the first will be released and the second will receive the maximum term. Thus by making "rational" decisions separately, together they implement a non-optimal solution. The specified problem is transdisciplinary. In politics, it is known as the security dilemma (Booth, Wheeler, 2007). Guided by it, policy makers increase military budgets. This requires their geostrategic opponents to take similar measures. A vicious circle of security and weapons accumulation appears (Herz, 1950:165). Reflexive tools provide policymakers with additional decision-making capabilities (Lefebvre, 1982:215-220). Since the end of the last century the situation has been aggravated by the concern for cybersecurity (Buchan, 2017). The fact that the effectiveness of an activity 's subject actions depends on the actions of other subjects is an invariant of human existence. For most species a similar "social" invariant (as applied to behavior) is realized by natural selection at the population level in "long" (evolutionary) time. The presence of cognitive abilities, including reflexive ones allows a person in "rapid" time (under capitalism - "market" time) to select "best" practices. The problem is that the estimates of "best" and "effective" from the viewpoint of an individual and of a number of hierarchically organized social communities do not coincide. Human can try to counteract the increasing aggressiveness of the environment by correcting his own stereotypes, got by understanding the structure of his own mental structures. To build the appropriate instrumentation, we will use the concept of complex thinking (from complex to simple) and the system representations of E. Moren (Morin, 1981). Fig. 1 shows an interpretation of human including the focus of a single human hypostasis and the focus of a multiple human hypostasis. These focuses are covered by a recursive coupling loop defining ways of their mutual continuous (simultaneous) constitution.

Fig. 1. The structure of human as a two-focus system We believe the multiple hypostasis of human to be a large-scale system in the interpretation of the book (Reut, 2013:25 - 27). The Global system is its limit – see Fig. 2. Each class of subsystems shown in Fig. 2 is in continuous interaction with the single hypostasis of human shown in Fig. 1

Fig. 2. Conditional representation of the Global system as an aggregate of several classes of subsystems "drawn on one another" (V.A. Lefevre's term) In up-to-date world, the predominant influence on the upper (according to the scheme of Fig. 2) classes of the Global System is provided by human biological subsystem focused on competition and aggression. As this setting persists for human country-level communities (cultural units),the most part of their resources is constrained by political confrontations. Therefore, when a "third batch" suddenly appears on the geopolitical bridgehead, such as a pandemic of coronavirus, which arose naturally or broke out of laboratories for natural reasons, the main players (administrators of cultural units) have insufficient resources to stop the situation. A citizen who is called upon to carry out a self-isolation regime is forced to solve a personal problem similar to Prisoner 's dilemma. His efforts will only be effective if the vast majority of society is disciplined. We believe that it is necessary to direct the efforts of strategists towards the transition to non-aggressive post-pragmatic strategies of cultural units. Such strategies are dictated by a human biological subsystem focused on altruism (see Fig. 2). It is more ancient than a subsystem of competition and aggression.

References 1. Реут Д.В. Крупномасштабные системы: управление, методология, контроллинг. М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2013. 182 с. 2. Axelrod R., Hamilton W.D. «The Evolution of Cooperation». Science, New Series, Vol. 211, No. 4489 (Mar. 27, 1981), pp. 1390-1396. 3. Booth K., Wheeler N. The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation and Trust in World Politics. Palgrave, 2007. 384 p. 4. Buchanan B. The Cybersecurity Dilemma // Oxford Scholarship Online. 2017-06-22. 5. Herz J.H. Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma // World Politics. 1950. V. 2, Issue 2. С. 157 — 180. 6. Lefebvre V.A. Algebra of Conscience. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1982. 222 p. 7. Morin E. La Methode. La nature de la nature. Editions du Seuil. 1981. 464 p.

1. Reut D.V. Krupnomashtabnye systemy: upravlenye, motodologia, controlling. M.: Izdatelstvo MGTU imeny Baumana, 2013. 182 p.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the state of different-modality information processing and the state of executive functions (from the neuropsychological point of view, functions of the third and first brain units, according to Alexander Luria) at primary school age.We revealed that in the first-graders, the weakness of executive functions was significantly associated with difficulties of information processing of all types - auditory, kinesthetic, visual and visuospatial information processing. In fourth-graders, the weakness of executive functions was significantly associated with poor of visual and kinesthetic information processing and less significantly with visuospatial information processing. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the relationship between deficits of different-modality information processing and several components of the executive functions, namely planning and control processes, serial organization of movements and actions, regulation of activity.

ABSTRACT. We test how syntactic characteristics of a clause are correlated with the viewpoint of cephalic (head) and manual gestures of the speaker. For cephalic channel, a new annotation approach is proposed. We show that for manual gestures transitivity of the verb is highly correlated with the perspective used by the gesturer, although possessive constructions tend to be illustrated with CVPT-gestures too. Cephalic channel brings a new perspective on the multimodal expression, since head movements do not necessarily share the viewpoint in hand gestures and can join CVPT hand gesture giving more prominence to the event being described or take a different perspective conveying some other meaning such as pragmatic or interactive.

ABSTRACT. Speech disfluencies are an important component of natural discourse production and comprehension that may play a role of signals controlling the communication flow. However, the neural circuitry underlying the speech disfluencies is almost an unknown territory. In our recent pilot fMRI study (Smirnova et al., in press) we explored perception of four types of speech disfluencies and their clusters annotated in the “Russian Pear Chats and Stories” corpus: silent pauses, filled pauses, lengthenings (phoneme prolongation as hesitation marker), and self-repairs, or breaks. The present study continues the previous work with a larger sample (N=30) and a focus on neural correlates in connectivity rather than activation domain. Using data-driven approach, we compared the intrinsic connectivity contrast between speech disfluencies of different type and fluent speech. Functional connectivity changes were revealed for three conditions that implicated lengthening alone or in different combinations with other types of speech disfluency and different portions of the left parietal cortex. Our results indicate the promising targets for further studies of the functional connectivity and neural networks in speech disfluency perception. From a broader perspective our study demonstrates how corpus linguistics and neuroimaging may join their efforts for interdisciplinary research of brain and language.

ABSTRACT. Работа посвящена выявлению основных жестов и жестовых признаков в представлениях учащихся средних классов общеобразовательных школ. В основе работы лежит опрос, проводившийся среди 26 школьников. Результаты исследования позволяют описать типовой "среднестатистический" жест как мануальный аналог речевого высказывания, несущий информацию, которую жестикулирующий намеренно передаёт адресату, и достаточно часто имеющий стандартное речевое сопровождение.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the study is to study the neurocognitive mechanisms of attention distortion in social anxiety (SA). Implemented an i-tracker experiment using the modified Ericksen flanker task. Facial expressions (congruent and incongruent stimulus sequences) were used as stimuli. When solving a problem, the severity of SA varies, an erroneous or correct decision, and a sequence of stimuli. During the experiment, the stimulus, time and correctness of the response, parameters of oculomotor activity are recorded. With a high SA compared with a low one, a greater deviation from the target priority for distractors was found, an increase in the solution time and a decrease in the correct solutions (especially under incongruent conditions), as well as a large frequency and duration of fixations, the number and total amplitude of saccades, an increase in the approximate target detection period. The indicators found are measures of the neurocognitive mechanisms of SA that characterize the features of attention biases and information processing in the context of evaluating target activities (threat monitoring, self-focusing, decreased productivity, multitasking).

ABSTRACT. The effect of orange essential oil on the short-term memory has been studied. The number of correct answers and spectral EEG characteristics were calculated in order to assess the effect of test solving efficacy on the short-term memory. It was shown that orange odor induced activation of the brain structures, which favored more effective information memorization during reading and reproducing.

ABSTRACT. The causes of instability of lexical meaning in the language and categories in mental representation are compared. Attention is drawn to the existence of two types of features that make up the structure of semantic categories: relevant (represented by naive theories about the world and forming the core of the category) and salient (perceptually distinguished). Based on a comparative analysis of lexicographical definitions, we propose that the interaction and interchangeability of relevant and salient features account for a flexible structure of semantic categories.

ABSTRACT. A neurochemical study is dedicated to the identification of synaptic correlates of the consolidation of spatial contextual memory. In the sub-fractions of synaptic membranes and synaptoplasm isolated from the fractions of “light” and “heavy” synaptosomes of neocortex and hippocampus of rats, previously trained in the spatial contextual model in the Morris water maze, an activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase, which are markers of, respectively, dopaminergic (DA) and cholinergic (ChE) synapses and indicators of their functional state, was estimated. According to their ability to form long-term memory, animals were divided into quartiles. That helped to identify the minor (heavy) synaptosomal fraction of hippocampus, in which presynapses of DA neurons are concentrated that are key in the mechanism of memory consolidation because of relationship coordination of conjugated DA and ChE links in the neural network of hippocampus and neocortex involved in the consolidation.

ABSTRACT. Currently, there are more and more so-called quantum hypotheses of consciousness, but none of them has been officially recognized. At the same time, biologists are approaching an increasing understanding of the genetic and epigenetic processes underlying cognitive activity. Moreover, there are papers on quantum effects in the DNA molecule itself – such as quantum entanglement, superposition, quantum coherence, and quantum tunneling. Given that DNA replication in neurons is an extremely limited process, we can assume that the so-called “unit of consciousness” can be a DNA molecule (because in nerve cells it can fully perform the function of storing and transmitting information). Moreover, the neurons in the brain are connected into a complex hyper network, which makes it possible to form, in fact, the neural network of structural units of information carriers - DNA molecules.

ABSTRACT. According to the information processing fluency theory, if a new stimulus complies with the implicitly acquired structures it is processed more quickly and efficiently, which is accompanied by a positive affective experience (Reber R. et al., 2004). The theory suggests that different sources of processing fluency (perceptual and conceptual) might cause misattribution. Previous studies demonstrated that changes in perceptual characteristics of the stimuli might affect grammaticality judgments in the AGL task (e.g., Kinder A. et al., 2003; Topolinski, S. & Strack F. 2007; but see Scott, R. B., & Dienes Z. 2010). Our study aims at exploring processing fluency attribution in two directions: how perceptual fluency sources affect rule-based classification judgments and how conceptual fluency sources affect perceptual judgments. According to our main hypothesis, both sources affect judgments of the grammaticality or judgments of the ease of reading in the AGL (artificial grammar learning) task. In the experiment the source of conceptual fluency represented the acquired implicit knowledge, and the source of perceptual fluency represented the various visual clarity of strings created by a noise mask overlaid on it. There were two conditions: test strings with and without the mask. Participants were instructed to rate test strings by grammaticality or by the subjective ease of reading. We used mixed experimental design (Instruction in the test phase as between-subjects factor × [Perceptual Noise × Grammaticality of strings] as within-subjects factors). The readability of the strings was changed by the application of the noise masks. The percentage of randomly generated black pixels varied from 57 to 87 with 2-percent increments. In the learning phase, participants had to memorize 16 grammatical strings (each was repeated three times). In the test phase, one of the experimental groups evaluated grammaticality with a 4-point scale whereas the other evaluated subjective ease of reading (without knowledge of the rules). The control group had the same instruction as the 1st group, but the strings were presented without perceptual noise. An analysis of the results showed the effect of perceptual processing fluency of stimuli on the application of implicit knowledge. But we didn’t find the effect of the conceptual processing fluency of stimulus on the perceptual task performing. Perhaps the low-level perceptual task is solved faster than the high-level characteristic (implicit knowledge) can have time to influence. These results may also indicate the unequal role of different processing fluency sources in the application of implicit knowledge. In next research, it’s necessary to develop perceptual tasks that will be difficult so much as application of implicit knowledge based on intuitive feelings. It’s necessary to systematically study the differences between perceptual and conceptual processing fluency.

ABSTRACT. This article explores how language ( words, grammar and other components) influence our emotions. In analysing studies of the connection between language and emotions, it was suggested that our emotions could depend on such component of language as frequency of sounds in our speech. An online questionnaire showed us that there is a correlation between frequency of sounds and emotions. The finding suggests that, from this perspective, we can create a language of human emotions and enrich our understanding of the role of sounds in life.

ABSTRACT. The article presents the empirical research of the job mentality in high-risk occupations at different stages of professional development - from students (n = 32) to experienced masters (n = 153). The trends of job mentality development are established, which are influenced by real working conditions and distinguish students from experienced specialists. The nonlinearity and unevenness of the separate mentality’s components (cognitive, affective, behavioral and value) development with peaks and dips at stages has been found. A two-way relationship between job mentality and job demand and occupational well-being has been shown.

ABSTRACT. The paper presents an analysis of some aspects of the cognitive sphere of psoriasis patients compared to reconvalescents. The work presents the results of the study dysfunctional assumptions and copying strategies. The correlation between the expressiveness degree of cognitive assumptions and coping strategy of social support is statistically justified. The obtained data make it possible to understand the value of psychotherapeutic work on a par with the treatment of somatic symptoms.

ABSTRACT. Термином «анозогнозия» в неврологии обозначают обусловленное поражением головного мозга нарушение осознания больным своего заболевания и его последствий, проявляющееся в недооценке больным своего дефицита в двигательной, чувствительной, перцепционной, аффективной или когнитивной сферах и патологической переооценке пострадавших из-за болезни функциональных возможностей (Byrd et al. 2020). При инсульте анозогнозия может иметь обратимый характер, что определяет особую важность ее своевременной диагностики и коррекции, поскольку длительное снижение осознания болезни сопряжено со снижением мотивации больного к выздоровлению и ухудшением результатов медицинской реабилитации (Bartolomeo et al. 2017, Aparicio-Lopez et al. 2019). Для количественной оценки степени выраженности анозогнозии используют специальные диагностические методики, основанные на несколько различающихся подходах. Разноплановость методов диагностики анозогнозии частично объясняет вариабельность приводимых разными авторами показателей ее распространенности при острых нарушениях мозгового кровообращения. Между тем, осведомленность врачей о частоте встречаемости разных вариантов анозогнозии в остром периоде важна для ее своевременной диагностики и соответствующей коррекции. Наиболее перспективный подход к измерению выраженности анозогнозии предполагает сравнение объективного результата выполнения конкретного действия больным либо с его собственной оценкой успешности своих усилий, либо с его исходным предсказанием соответствующего результата. Задачей работы явилось изучить частоту встречаемости анозогнозии когнитивного и двигательного дефицита у больных с острым полушарным инсультом на основании применения разработанной нами стандартизированной методики диагностики нарушений самооценки человеком своих физических и ментальных возможностей, путем сопоставлении прогнозируемых и реальных результатов выполнения простых действий, востребованных в повседневной жизни. Методика включает четыре субшкалы, первые две из которых предназначены для субъективной и объективной оценки возможности выполнения физических действий, а третья и четвертая — для субъективной и объективной оценки возможности выполнения умственных действий. Все субшкалы имели по данным Раш анализа хорошие метрические свойства, что позволило определять разницу их суммарных баллов и на этой основе создать две стандартизированные шкалы для измерения нарушений самооценки двигательных и когнитивных возможностей реабилитации. Разницы сумм баллов, набранных испытуемым по субшкалам субъективной и объективной оценок, составили шкалу нарушений самооценки двигательных возможностей (НСДВ). Аналогичным образом, основу шкалы нарушений самооценки когнитивных возможностей (НСКВ) составляла разница сумм баллов, набранных по субшкалам субъективной и объективной оценок выполнения умственных действий. В качестве критерия патологической переоценки испытуемым своих физических или когнитивных возможностей (анозогнозии двигательной или когнитивной дисфункции) принимается балл, который на соответствующей стандартной шкале НСДВ или НСКВ превышает среднее нормативное значение более чем на два Z балла. Использование стандартизированных шкал НСДВ и НСКВ впервые позволило изучить особенности самооценки повседневных возможностей отдельно в когнитивной и отдельно — в двигательной сфере, провести сравнение выраженности анозогнозии в этих сферах у каждого конкретного пациента и получить данные о структуре анозогнозии и сопряженности ее разных вариантов с другими когнитивными расстройствами у больных в остром периоде ишемического инсульта. Действительно, другими исследователями изучалась частота анозогнозии либо только двигательных расстройств, либо лишь регуляторной дисфункции (Starkstein et al. 2010), однако нарушения самооценки возможностей и в когнитивной сфере, и в двигательной сфере у одних и тех же пациентов не изучались. Применение вышеописанной методики позволило выяснить, что анозогнозия двигательной дисфункции у больных с острым полушарным ишемическим инсультом всегда сочетается с анозогнозией когнитивной дисфункции. Анозогнозия только когнитивной дисфункции встречается у 18%, а сочетанная анозогнозия когнитивной и двигательной дисфункции – у 14% больных в остром периоде полушарного ишемического инсульта. Анозогнозия когнитивной дисфункции (изолированная либо сочетающаяся с анозогнозией двигательной дисфункции) наблюдается в два раза чаще, чем анозогнозия двигательной дисфункции (32% и 14%, соответственно), что установлено впервые. Список литературы. 1. Byrd E.M, Jablonski R.J, Vance D.E. Understanding Anosognosia for Hemiplegia After Stroke. Rehabil Nurs. 2020; 45(1): 3-15. doi: 10.1097/rnj.0000000000000185 2. Bartolomeo P., de Vito S., Seidel Malkinson T. Space-related confabulations after right hemisphere damage. Cortex. 2017; 87:166-173. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.07.007 3. Aparicio-Lopez C., Rodriguez-Rajo P., Sanchez-Carrion R., Ensenat A., Garcia-Molina A. Rehabilitation of anosognosia in patients with unilateral visuospatial neglect. Rev Neurol. 2019; 69(5):190-198. doi: 10.33588/rn.6905.2019090 4. Starkstein, S.E. R.E. Jorge, R.G. Robinson The frequency, clinical correlates, and mechanism of anosognosia after stroke. 2010; 55 (6): 355-361.

ABSTRACT. Based on the analysis of data on factor and logical information content, a set of tests and indicators is justified, suitable for stage-by-stage control of the functional state of schoolgirls aged 11-12.

ABSTRACT. The data obtained indicate a heterochronous change in aerobic, glycolytic anaerobic and alactate anaerobic performance of adolescents 13-15 years of age during puberty. It was found that puberty has a pronounced effect on the development of anaerobic performance and weakly affect aerobic performance.

ABSTRACT. What is the origin and physiological mechanism of the unreasonable effectiveness iof the brain in mathematics? It is obvious that this mechanism could not have appeared through natural selection, if only because the age of mathematics is only a few thousand years. Understanding the physiological mechanism of “phase transition” from the monkey’s brain to the brain of mathematician is especially important in connection with the intention to create a strong artificial intelligence (artificial Mind). The study of the neural mechanisms of the ability to mathematics, starting with simple arithmetic problems seems to be the key to understanding and reproducing the general mechanisms of the Mind. How to reconcile artificial Mind with a superposition of Darwinian and Kantian in human nature? How to combine the far limits of the development of artificial Mind with the spreading meme “man is canceled”? What is the mechanism for the implementation of reasonable decisions that do not promise a near, especially a further good?

ABSTRACT. The paper describes the results of a word association experiment with ten Russian unprefixed verbs of motion. 330 participants attended the experiment. The results show the differences in the associative fields of the considered unidirectional and multidirectional verbs, and also allow us to identify the most typical associations for the verbs of motion in the mental lexicon of a native Russian speaker that can be taken into account for teaching Russian as a second language.

ABSTRACT. Cognitive sciences open up a wide horizon of new research opportunities for natural sciences and the humanitarian sphere, leading, among other things, to rethinking the premises shared by the scientific community by default. The report suggests focusing on the history of the development of the cognitive program in anthropology, on the analysis of the causes of “conflict of interpretations” in the framework of this scientific program, which was originally conceived as a synthesis of the sciences of human cognition and, ultimately, the sciences of man. The experience of the discussions of the last decade in anthropology, in which the supporters and opponents of the convergence of anthropology and cognitive science have stated their positions and their arguments, seems to be a good basis for reaching a meta-theoretical level in the discussion of both research programs.

ABSTRACT. The article represents the results of research phonemic processing when writing non-words by primary school students, features of the test, the word superiority effect and the most typical phonemic coding errors.

ABSTRACT. Социальный интеллект – комплексное понятие, которое можно определить как способность человека правильно понимать поведение людей. На сегодняшний день существуют различные концепции социального интеллекта и методы его измерения, среди которых наиболее выделяющейся является модель Д. Гилфорда (Guilford J.P. и соав., 1975). Несмотря на это, анатомические и функциональные корреляты социального интеллекта остаются предметом дискуссии.

В исследовании приняли участие 42 добровольца (27 женщин и 15 мужчин, возраст 24,6±3,7 лет) без отягощенного психоневрологического анамнеза. Для оценки социального интеллекта использовалась российская адаптация теста Гилфорда, которая была проведена Е.С. Михайловой (Алешиной).

Все изображения были получены на томографе Phillips Achieva 3T с использованием 8-канальной приемной катушки (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands). Для всех испытуемых были собраны функциональные изображения в условиях оперативного покоя с использованием EPI (echo planar imaging) импульсной последовательности (время повторения [TR] = 2 500 мс; время эха [TE] = 35 мс; угол отклонения вектора намагниченности = 90°; 32 среза, поле обзора [FOV] = 208 × 208 мм; матрица = 128 × 128, толщина среза = 3 мм, расстояние между срезами = 4 мм).

Предварительная обработка данных фМРТ покоя был выполнена в программном пакете CONN Functional Connectivity Toolbox (Whitfield-Gabrieli и соав., 2012). Для всех функциональных изображений были выполнены пространственное выравнивание и коррекция различного времени сбора срезов. Для всех анатомических изображений были рассчитаны параметры пространственной нормализации в стандартное анатомическое пространство, после чего данные параметры были применены к функциональным изображениям. После этого ко всем функциональным изображениям был применен сглаживающий Гауссовский фильтр с размером кегля 8 мм. После препроцессинга все изображения были подвержены процедуре коррекции уровня шума (denoising). Для удаления сигналов, не связанных с нейрональной активностью, была использована стратегия CompCor (Behzadi и соав., 2007). В качестве регрессоров общей линейной модели были использованы 6 параметров движения и их производные первого порядка. Последним этапом было использование частотного фильтра с диапазоном частот 0.008–0.09 Гц.

Выбор областей интереса осуществлялся с учетом результатов проведенного ранее исследования (Myznikov A. и соав., 2020, in press). В нем был проведен морфометрический анализ, в рамках которого сравнивались две группы: с высоким (композитная оценка 4,5) и низким (композитная оценка ≤3) уровнями социального интеллекта по тесту Гилфорда. Согласно полученным результатам, группа с высоким уровнем социального интеллекта характеризовалась большим объемом правого и левого хвостатых ядер. Таким образом, в качестве областей интереса для корреляционного анализа данных фМРТ-покоя были выбраны по три зоны для каждого полушария, соответствующие головке, телу и хвосту хвостатого ядра.

Выявление различий в функциональной связности между областями интереса и остальными участками головного мозга проводилось с помощью корреляционного анализа и множественной регрессии, где в качестве переменной интереса выступали значения оценки по тесту Гилфорда для каждого добровольца. Для оценки функциональной связности корреляционный анализ проводился между каждой из выбранных областей интереса (сидами (seeds)) и остальными вокселами функциональных изображений (seed-to-voxel). Статистические параметрические карты строились при повоксельном некоррективанном пороге p<0.001, с последующей коррекцией на множественность сравнений по методу FDR (false discovery rate) на кластерном уровне (p<0.05).

Статистически значимые результаты были получены для сида в области тела правого хвостатого ядра. Было выявлено усиление функциональной связанности между телом правого хвостатого ядра и областью правого теменно-височного стыка и предклиньем, положительно коррелирующее с оценкой по тесту Гилфорда. Корреляция уровня социального интеллекта по тесту Гилфорда и степени повышения функциональной связанности между правым хвостатым ядром и двумя областями (правым височно-теменным стыком и предклиньем), которые по данным мета-анализа Molenberghs и соав. (2016) могут быть аттрибутированы к мозговой системе ТоМ (Theory of Mind), указывает на участие хвостатых ядер в процессах социального взаимодействия на функциональном уровне. В результате исследования получены новые данные, свидетельствующие о правом хвостатом ядре как одном из звеньев, включенных в работу ToM-системы мозга, структурные характеристики которого тесно связаны с уровнем развития социального интеллекта. Полученный результат расширяет представления о звеньевом составе мозговой системы, связанной с обеспечением социального интеллекта.

Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РНФ (проект № 19-18-00436).

Список литературы: 1. Osullivan, M., Guilford, J.P., 1975 Six Factors Of Behavioral Cognition: Understanding Other People. Journal of Educational Measurement 12, 255–271. 2. Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Nieto-Castanon, A. 2012 Conn: A functional connectivity toolbox for correlated and anticorrelated brain networks. Brain connectivity, 2(3), 125-141. 3. Behzadi Y., Restom K., Liau J., Liu T.T. 2007 A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI. Neuroimage, 37(1), 90-101. 4. Myznikov A., Korotkov A., Kireev M., Masharipov R., Starchenko M., Votinov M. 2020 Enlargement of caudate is associated with higher social intelligence in a healthy population. European Neuropsychopharmacology, submitted 5. Molenberghs P., Johnson H., Henry J.D., Mattingley J.B. 2016 Understanding the minds of others: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev., 65, 276-9

ABSTRACT. Одним из перспективных подходов к восстановлению двигательных функций после инсульта является активация корковых систем моторного контроля посредством мысленного представления движений (Ietswaart et al. 2011).Терапевтический эффект данной техники реабилитации подтверждается результатами ТМС исследований, которые показали значительное повышение кортико-спинальной возбудимости при представлении движений (Kaplan et al. 2016, Мокиенко, Фролов. 2013). Ключевым условием мысленной тренировки является наличие обратной связи, сообщающей пациенту о качестве моторного образа при каждой попытке его мысленного представления. Пациент может получать обратную связь в контуре интерфейса мозг-компьютер (ИМК)(Burns et al.2014). В настоящее время технология ИМК, позволяющая управлять внешними устройствами посредством мысленных усилий, которые находят свое отражение в ЭЭГ, используется для создания нейротренажеров для восстановления подвижности парализованных после инсульта пациентов(Birbaumer et al.2007, Котов и др. 2015). Обратная связь – важная часть петли ИМК, так как она является информацией для пользователя об успешности его мысленных усилий. Считается, что наличие обратной связи влияет на обучение пользователя работе в контуре ИМК. Так, в работе (Liburkina et al. 2018) было показано, что вибротактильная обратная связь для некоторых испытуемых имеет большую эффективность, по сравнению с традиционно-используемой – зрительной, при обучении представлению движений и работе в контуре ИМК. В то же время остается неизвестным, существует ли преимущество наличия замкнутого контура, обеспечиваемого технологией ИМК, когда положительная обратная связь возникает только в ответ на «достаточные» со стороны пользователя усилия. Может ли контекст обратной связи – как ответа на мысленные усилия, влиять на восприятие пользователем сенсорной информации? Помимо ИМК на основе представления движений, существует технология нейроинтерфейсов на волне -П300, основанная на вызванных потенциалах – реакциях на внешние стимулы, регистрируемые в ЭЭГ. Данный тип ИМК обычно используется для создания ассистивных устройств, например, для набора текста(Каплан 2016).В настоящем исследовании проверяется гипотеза: может ли контекст обратной связи влиять на активность моторной коры испытуемых, управляющих движениями роботизированной конечности при помощи ИМК на основе П300. 20 здоровых добровольцев приняли участие в исследовании, в котором они управляли движениями пальцев роботизированной конечности посредством концентрации зрительного внимания, направление которого детектировалось по их ЭЭГ активности в контуре нейроинтерфейса на волне П300. В ходе эксперимента они получали обратную связь разного типа: наблюдали за движением целевого (выбранного ими) пальца, ощущали вибротактильную стимуляцию собственного пальца, либо обратная связь была комбинированной. В качестве контроля все типы сенсорной стимуляции предъявлялись также вне контекста обратной связи, то есть неблюдаемое движение и вибротактильная стимуляция возникали случайным образом, в отрыве от нейроинтерфейса. Было обнаружено, что вызванные транскраниальной магнитной стимуляцией первичной моторной коры миографические ответы имели значимо большую амплитуду в только в тех случаях, когда сенсорная информация (наблюдение движения/тактильная стимуляция) воспринимались испытуемыми в контексте обратной связи, в контуре ИМК. Это говорит о повышении кортикоспинальной возбудимости у испытуемых при восприятии обратной связи. Таким образом, в настоящем исследовании контекст обратной связи, как сигнала об успешности мысленных усилий испытуемых, влиял на кортикальную обработку воспринимаемой испытуемыми информации. Это, в свою очередь, говорит потенциальной пользе интерфейсов мозг-компьютер на основе волны П300 в создании нейротренажеров для восстановления после инсульта. Это представляется особенно важным, если учесть тот факт, что не у всех пациентов сохраняется способность сформировать яркий моторный образ, необходимый для управления ИМК-тренажерами на основе представления движений. В то же время способность управлять П300-ИМК у пациентов после инсульта остается на высоком уровне (Ortner et al. 2011).

Список литературы

1. Alexander Kaplan, Anatoly Vasilyev, Sofya Liburkina, Lev Yakovlev. 2016. “Poor BCI Performers Still Could Benefit from Motor Imagery Training” 4 (July 2018): 121–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39955-3. 2. Birbaumer, Niels, and Leonardo G Cohen. 2007. “Brain-Computer Interfaces: Communication and Restoration of Movement in Paralysis.” The Journal of Physiology 579 (Pt 3): 621–36. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.125633. 3. Burns, Alexis, Hojjat Adeli, and John a. Buford. 2014. “Brain-Computer Interface after Nervous System Injury.” The Neuroscientist 20 (September): 639–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858414549015. 4. Carvalho, Raquel, Nuno Dias, and João José Cerqueira. 2019. “Brain-Machine Interface of Upper Limb Recovery in Stroke Patients Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.” Physiotherapy Research International 24 (2). https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.1764. 5. Chatterjee, Aniruddha, Vikram Aggarwal, Ander Ramos, Soumyadipta Acharya, and Nitish V. Thakor. 2007. “A Brain-Computer Interface with Vibrotactile Biofeedback for Haptic Information.” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 4: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-4-40. 6. Ietswaart, Magdalena, Marie Johnston, H. Chris Dijkerman, Sara Joice, Clare L. Scott, Ronald S. MacWalter, and Steven J C Hamilton. 2011. “Mental Practice with Motor Imagery in Stroke Recovery: Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy.” Brain 134 (5): 1373–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr077. 7. Liburkina, S. P., A. N. Vasilyev, L. V. Yakovlev, S. Yu Gordleeva, and A. Ya Kaplan. 2018. “A Motor Imagery-Based Brain–Computer Interface with Vibrotactile Stimuli.” Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 48 (9): 1067–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-018-0669-2. 8. Ortner, R., M. Bruckner, R. Prückl, E. Grünbacher, U. Costa, E. Opisso, J. Medina, and C. Guger. 2011. “Accuracy of a P300 Speller for People with Motor Impairments.” IEEE SSCI 2011 - Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence - CCMB 2011: 2011 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain 42 (4): 114–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCMB.2011.5952115. 9. Каплан, А. Я. 2016. “Нейрофизиологические Основания И Практические Реализации Технологии Мозг-Машинных Интерфейсов В Неврологической Реабилитации.” Физиология Человека 42 (1): 118–27. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0131164616010100. 10. Котов, С, Л Турбина, П Бобров, А Фролов, О Павлова, М Курганская, and Е Бирюкова. 2015. “Применение Комплекса «интерфейс ‘Мозг – Компьютер’ и Экзоскелет» и Техники Воображения Движения Для Реабилитации После Инсульта.” Альманах Клинической Медицины, 15–21. 11. Мокиенко, О А, П Д Бобров, Л А Черникова, and А А Фролов. 2013. “Основанный На Воображении Движения Интерфейс Мозг – Компьютер в Реабилитации Пациентов с Гемипарезом.” Бюллетень Сибирской Медицины том 12 (№2): с. 30–35.

ABSTRACT. In this study, the mu-rhythm of EEG event related desynchronization (ERD) was studied during motor imagery (MI) and peripheral activation by functional electrical stimulation (FES) of an imaginary hand simultaneously. The aim of the study is to estimate the modulating effect of FES on mu-rhythm ERD patterns in EEG during and after right hand motor imagery. The obtained results testify to the enhancing effect of FES on mu-rhythm ERD in EEG. It seems potentially possible to improve the performance and efficiency of BCI systems based on the motor imagery and ERD phenomena.

ABSTRACT. In the current study, we performed simultaneous registration of calcium activity in hippocampal CA1 and retrosplenial cortex during exploration of space and objects using fiber photometry in mice. We demonstrated a specific increase in number of calcium events in retrosplenial cortex when animals explored the arena with the objects of new type or on new places.

ABSTRACT. The article deals with the spatial relationships between geo-concepts including their location relative to each other, the proximity/distance in the space of geomental maps. The research is carried out on the material of Perm, Orenburg, Biysk “naïve” maps and includes: geo-objects layout by using created software tools; calculating distances between the geolocation in the collected corpus; geo-space structure analysis (in the context of the compression/expansion relative to the reference – geographical map). The research revealed that geomental maps are characterized by topological nature; the probabilistic zones of geo-objects localization are defined; regional-centricity is the main factor determining the degree of distortion of space.

ABSTRACT. Cognitive maps are known as spatial patterns of activation of place cells, i.e. neurons that selectively fire only in certain spatial areas, which provide the navigation of animals in space. However, the dynamics of the formation of such maps when an animal is for the first time placed in a new environment remains mostly unknown. The technique of calcium in vivo imaging using head-mounted miniscopes allows the recording of a large number of neurons with cellular resolution from various brain structures of behaving animals without restrictions. In particular, this approach makes it possible to record the neural activity of the hippocampus in a model of free exploratory behavior in a new context. In this study, we obtained the neural activity of mice in a custom made circular track. Based on these data, the time series of place cell activity were reconstructed and the place fields constituting cognitive maps were identified. The properties of these cognitive maps were analyzed - specifically, it was found that place fields in the circular track are evenly distributed, without reference to the proximity of the prominent landmarks of the context. It was shown that the emergence of stable neural responses is relatively rapid and that most of the place fields emerge during the first three visits to the place field. These results provide important information for identifying cause-effect relationships between individual behavioral acts and the emergence of spatial specialization of neuronal ensembles.

This work was funded by RFBR grants #18-34-00640 and #17-00-00215, and the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education Project #075-15-2020-801.

ABSTRACT. Much effort is currently directed at gaining insights into an active neuronal network and trying to compare the processes and connections in an artificial neural network with the thought process as such. Such comparison is not always feasible, since it is conceivable that the processes taking place in artificial neural networks are quite distinct from what is happening in the brain. One can try to approach the problem from a different perspective and generate artificial systems whose key algorithms would reflect the process of occurrence of thought. Our work takes steps in this direction.

ABSTRACT. The study of the parameters of the cardiovascular system and the assessment of psychological comfort in the acute period of adaptation of foreign students to new social and climatic conditions were carried out. The Spielberger's and WHOQOL-100 questionnaires and the Simona-111 integrated monitoring system were used. The revealed relationships of the studied parameters indicate a decrease in cardiovascular resources with an increase in reactive anxiety of foreign students during the adaptation period.

ABSTRACT. The study was devoted to the mechanisms of cognitive task’s solution by musicians and biologists. It was shown that the solving’s time for addition’s tasks in musicians is almost 2 times lower than in biologists. When performing the numerical proof-reading test, all students had a higher-than-average level of attention stability, as well as a high level of accuracy. In biologists, the accuracy of the test was higher, and the rate of activity was lower. For musicians, increased attention span leads to increased productivity and work rate. When performing tasks, the musicians had increased theta and alpha activity in the anterior and posterior regions, which reflected the activation of the voluntary attention system. In biologists, the level of productivity was lower, and the accuracy of execution was higher, which was accompanied by EEG activation’s decrease. In addition the solutin time and the correct answer’s quantity were higher for biologists. In musicians, only theta band frequencies in the frontal-central region were dominant. In biologists, the theta and alpha band frequencies were dominant. If the answer was incorrect, musicians had a decrease, and biologists had an increase in EEG activation

ABSTRACT. A marked increase in material and human losses in all countries was noted, associated with an increase in the frequency of emergencies (ES), which is a consequence of a sharp decrease in the natural adaptive capabilities of a person, which can be raised to the appropriate level using the Russian development of the “Individualized Rescue Person Control System - ( IRCS), which has appeared in the emergency zone. ” The mass introduction of IUSA is in harmony with the plans for the digital development of society and will not require large additional costs. The effectiveness of IUSA can be improved by using the latest advances in convergent science.

ABSTRACT. In this work, the study of the activity of mirrors is carried out when observing the pronunciation of words and the pronunciation of words by the subjects aloud and silently. The aim of the study was to study the activity of mirror neurons in humans during observation, pronunciation and mental reproduction of emotional and neutral words, depending on gender differences. The studies were carried out using electroencephalography and fMRI. The studies carried out allowed us to detect clear gender differences in brain activity when observing and pronouncing words. In particular, a comparison of the conditions for pronouncing the word "Pain" aloud made it possible to detect in men the activation of the frontal, central, temporal, parietal and occipital zones of the cortex, as well as the thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia. In women under these conditions, activation of practically the same brain structures is observed, but their activity is much less pronounced. The results obtained and some published data indicate that mirror neurons by themselves do not provide an understanding of speech actions, although they are involved in these processes. They are likely to provide interaction between the prefrontal, sensory, and motor cortex areas, as well as storage sites in the brain of motor programs.

ABSTRACT. The intersystem interaction of the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems determines the type of adaptive response of the body to environmental factors. We studied the autonomic and hormonal reactivity to the information load in adolescent boys. Assessment of changes was carried out according to the dynamics of indicators of heart rate variability and cortisol levels. Two types of reactivity were identified with the determination of the priority of one or another department of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormone dynamics.

ABSTRACT. The relationship between personal characteristics of players and their behavior in a videogame is studied here. Participants took the Catell test before the videogame. Game paradigm involved participation of bots (NPCs) that were visually indistinguishable from avatars controlled by human participants. The game event logs allowed us to compare behavior and psychological characteristics of humans and bots. After the game session, participants were asked to evaluate personality characteristics of all players and also guess whether a player was a bot. Results allow us to transfer definitions of personal characteristics to virtual agents and draw up their psychological portraits based on their behavior in the game.

ABSTRACT. The paper considers the network structure of the frame “Professional activity” modeled on the basis of the data of the directed chain associative experiment with a multitude of reactions received from two professional groups (linguists and medical professionals). The facts of semantic categorization of information in mental lexicon can help to reveal the structures of cognitive mental representations and demonstrate the features specific for every group. It is shown that the“Professional activity” frame has a complex structure; the hierarchy of subordinate subframes and slots can be up to 3 levels; the distribution of subframes and slots’ volumes makes up a probabilistic hierarchy of the frame; the interrelations of subframes form it as a network. Probabilistic hierarchies of a frame and its network structures are not identical for different professional groups (which is demonstrated by graphs). The structure of “Professional activity” frame of linguists reflects the interrelation of different types of activity in a certain subject domain which includes particular subjects and is realized in certain conditions; the frame structure of medical professionals reflects the interrelation of subjects (subjects and recipients of activity) in certain working conditions and their evaluations of activity. This dissimilarity is determined by the character of activity of different professions.

ABSTRACT. In the framework of a multicenter study of students ' health (Alipov N. N. et al., 2018) estimated changes in the level of cognitive control of behavior by sleep deprivation in students with varying degrees of anxiety. Used the method of "Go/NoGo" diverting EEG. When you are prompted on the computer screen a positive conditioning stimulus ("Go", green circle) of the patient had to wait for the start-up incentive (point) and press the joystick button. Inhibitory stimulus ("NoGo",blue circle) has abolished set aside time depression. Thus, these stimuli change the activity of the subject and made it possible to study the EEG markers of cognitive processes that control behavior. According to the results of mass survey of students of 2nd course of medical and pediatric faculty Russian national research medical University with the help of the spielberger test groups were used with a relatively low (M=34.2±1.2, 6 boys and 7 girls, group I) and high (M=65.0±1.7 points, 7 and 6, group II) the level of trait anxiety. Before the study the students during the week were filled with a "sleep Diary". It was conducted twice: after a normal duration of sleep the day before (M=6.5±0.2 and M=7.6±0.5 hours, group I and II respectively) and partial deprivation (M=3.5±0.2 and M=3.5±0.3). Experiences for each person alternated in a random order. During the experiment EEG was recorded from 19 leads located according to the system 10-20%. Built maps of distribution of values of the modulus of the wavelet transform (KVP) for characterizing the amplitude of the potentials. The state of cognitive control of ongoing activities studied on the basis of the phenomena of synchronization/desynchronization of the alpha rhythm at intervals of time at 200 MS in the interval from the beginning of the presentation of the incentive Go/NoGo (time of presentation – 350 MS) before the advent of start-up incentive. As a parameter characterizing these phenomena, we took the percentage change in KVP on these segments in relation to prestimulate the interval 200 MS before the exposure stimulus Go/NoGo. Positive values of the parameter correspond to the synchronization, and a negative desynchronization caused by these incentives. Using analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) investigated the influence of the factors "anxiety" (2 levels: low and high), "duration of sleep" (normal and repreviously), "stimulus" (Go and NoGo), and time (10 levels: 10 time intervals of 200 MS) to changes in KVP alpha rhythm. The most pronounced and statistically significant impact of deprivation found in the response to stimulus "Go" in securing F8 from less anxious students. After normal sleep duration was observed a pronounced desynchronization of alpha rhythm, and after partial deprivation it was lost (Fig. 1, I), (F(1,24)=5.4, P<0.03). More alarming differences in the reactions after the normal length of sleep and deprivation was observed (Fig.1, II). When analyzing by groups with different levels of anxiety shows the difference in the reaction to stimulus "Go" with normal sleep duration (F(1,24)=8.0, P<0.01). Abstraction F8 corresponds to the lateral prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in monitoring behavior.

Fig.1. Synchronization/desynchronization of the alpha rhythm of the EEG derivations F8 after the presentation of the incentive Go/NoGo in subjects with high and low anxiety in normal sleep, partial deprivation. I – low anxiety, II – high; A – normal sleep, B – partial deprivation; shaded columns – Go, unshaded – NoGo; vertical – change of power of alpha rhythm relative to the EEG prestimulus segment, %; horizontal – time intervals, 200 MS; arrows from left to right the appearance of conditioning (Go/NoGo) and launch incentives; the symbols "*" and "**" shows the difference between the reactions to the stimuli of Go and NoGo (P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively); shows the error of the mean. Thus, sleep deprivation affects the functional state of only less anxious students: cognitive control, reflected in the differences of EEG reactions to stimuli Go/NoGo, they have reduced. However, the absence of pronounced synchronization incentives "NoGo" indicates signs of reducing its level regardless of the length of sleep. The lack of differences and generally expressed positive reactions to (Go, desynchronization) and negative (NoGo, sync) conditioning stimuli have more anxious students suggests that they have even more reduced (Kostandov etc., 2018). Alipov N. N., 2018. Autonomic profile and associated psychometric characteristics of undergraduate students: five-year data of a multicenter study // Alipov N. N. et al. Aharonovsky reading: materials of the II all-Russian scientific-practical conference. 2018. M.: PFUR, 17-18. Kostandov E. A., 2018. The weakening of the brake descending influences from the prefrontal cortex in conditions of increasing the load on working memory in students with learning difficulties. Human physiology. 44(1), 12-19.

ABSTRACT. The principles of integrative approach are now leading in many branches of scientific knowledge. The integrative approach can be guided by the subject matter because it is viewed as an integral characteristic of the human being, manifested in the active attitude towards himself and the surrounding world and developing in the process of his life activity. At the same time, the study of the manifestation of subjectivity features the at the level of personality cognitive style functioning is a relevant direction, because it contributes to the determination of the subject activity role in connection to life activity in changing cognitive styles of cognitive-style hierarchy different levels. In addition, it is important, but poorly studied, to take into account the specifics of the university students professional orientation in the ratio of subject to cognitive style characteristics study. The presented results show: the types of subject-object orientations, revealed in human reflection of inner world and in strategies of interaction with life situations, manifest themselves at cognitive style level of personality functioning and most vividly at level of intellectual styles with a specificity of manifestation in students of different professional directions.

ABSTRACT. В повседневной жизни мы одновременно сталкиваемся с множеством зрительных объектов. Некоторые из них важны для выполняемой в данный момент задачи, другие захватывают наше внимание непроизвольно (Neumann et al. 2011). Лица увеличивают уровень пространственного внимания, что приводит как к быстрому опознанию самих лиц, так и к улучшению распознавания последующих стимулов (Bindemann et al. 2007). Другой социально значимой категорией являются здания, которые играют важную роль в навигации в пространстве (Sala et al. 2003). В настоящее время в механизме опознания изображений большую роль отводят не только восходящему пути передачи зрительной информации, но и нисходящим влияниям. Предполагается, что низкочастотная составляющая зрительной информации быстро передается по магноцеллюлярному пути в лобные отделы коры, которые оказывают нисходящие влияния на области, входящие в вентральный путь, модулирую переработку зрительной информации (Bar et al. 2006, Rokszin et al. 2016). Модель прямой зрительной маскировки позволяет проанализировать влияние на опознание стимула предшествующей незначимой информации (Breitmeyer and Ogmen 2006). Поэтому цель настоящего исследования - оценить эффективность прямой маскировки бытовых предметов двумя категориями социально значимых изображений – зданиями и лицами людей, а также проанализировать влияние низкочастотной фильтрации (НЧФ) маски. В психофизиологическом эксперименте участвовали 20 здоровых испытуемых. Стимулами и масками служили черно-белые фотографии бытовых предметов, зданий и лиц (рис. 1). Предъявление стимулов, регистрацию точности и времени реакции (ВР) проводили с помощью программы E-Рrime 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., USA). ЭЭГ регистрировали на 128-канальном электроэнцефалографе (Electrical Geodesics Inc., USA). ВР опознания стимула зависело от категории маски: при маскировке лицами значимый стимул опознавался быстрее, чем при маске-здании. Анализ распределения индивидуальных значений ВР показал, что категория маски влияла на среднее значение ВР, а ее пространственная частота – на дисперсию распределения, которая увеличивалась при НЧФ. Точность опознания не зависела от категории маски. НЧФ маски снижала точность опознания только при маске-здание. Амплитуды ранних компонентов зрительных вызванных потенциалов зависели и от категории, и от фильтрации маски. При маскировке лицами амплитуды затылочно-височного компонента N50 и лобного Р50 были больше, чем при маске-здании, НЧФ маски приводила к их снижению. Среднелатентные компоненты N150 и Р200 в большей степени зависели от фильтрации маски, чем от ее категории. НЧФ маски приводила к увеличению N150 в лобных и затылочно-височных областях, а также снижению Р200 в затылочных. Влияние категории проявлялось только в увеличении амплитуды затылочно-височного компонента N150 при маске-лице. Можно предположить, что меньшее маскирующее воздействие лиц связано с их способностью увеличивать пространственное внимание. НЧФ приводила к затруднению переработки информации о маскирующем изображении, что усложняло разделение значимой и незначимой информации. Bar M., Kassam S., Ghuman A.S., Boshyan J., Schmid A.M., Dale A.M., Hämäläinen M.S., Marinkovic K., Schacter D.L., Rosen B.R., Halgren E. 2006. Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. PNAS 103, 449-454. Bindemann M., Burton A.M., Langton S.R.H., Schweinberger S.R., Doherty M.J. 2007. The control of attention to faces. Journal of vision 7, 1-8. Breitmeyer B., Ogmen H. 2006. Visual masking. Time slices through conscious and unconscious vision. N.Y.: Oxford University Press. Neumann M.F., Mohamed T.N., Schweinberger S.R. 2011. Face and object encoding under perceptual load: ERP evidence. NeuroImage 54, 3021-3027. Rokszin A.A., Győri-Dani D., Nyul L.G., Csifcsak G. 2016. Electrophysiological correlates of top-down effects facilitating natural image categorization are disrupted by the attenuation of low spatial frequency information. International journal of psychophysiology 100, 19-27. Sala J.B., Rama P., Courtney S.M. 2003. Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory. Neuropsychologia 41, 341-356.

ABSTRACT. Suggestion is used broadly within and beyond clinical settings, and delivering suggestions via hypnosis may lead to positive effects of therapy. Although, being highly suggestible not only helps clinicians to treat one with suggestion-based techniques effectively but also brings the risk of being more susceptible to certain mental disorders. Considering all this, a much better understanding of the nature of hypnotic suggestibility is required. As data evidence implies some resting-state brain activity differences between subjects with varying susceptibility to hypnosis, oscillatory features of such difference are poorly understood. The previous EEG studies have some common downsides, that being a low number of electrodes, small sample sizes, and poor or absent attempts to localize areas that are associated with high susceptibility in resting state. Furthermore, we suggest that more strict-designed EEG studies are required to determine reliable neural biomarkers of hypnotic suggestibility.

ABSTRACT. The report examines neurophysiological data on phoneme discrimination in newborns and infancy. On this basis, the metacognitive processes that provide language development are identified, and the concept of metacognitive processes in the structure of cognitive processes in early ontogenesis is proposed

ABSTRACT. Based on a longitudinal and experimental study of the formation of motor and language functions in preschool children, the nature of the influence of the formation of language zones on the functioning of the cortex is revealed and a model of the reorganization of cortical functions with the emergence of specialized language zones of the cortex in phylogenesis is proposed. The assumption is substantiated that the emergence of language zones in the cortex in phylogenesis and their formation in ontogenesis weakens the general biological functions of the cortex. Based on the proposed model, the reasons and ways of forming two basic cognitive strategies are substantiated. Analytical cognitive strategy is based on earlier lateralization of language zones. Its carriers are more adapted to the use of language with a possible weakening of general biological functions. The synthetic / holistic cognitive strategy is driven by the long-term preferring of the basic bilateral holistic cortical response. The carriers of this strategy are better adapted to the environment and use the language for their adaptation.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this research is to identify the milestones of the acquisition of labial and dental alternations in Russian verbs by 3-to-5-year-old children (N=20). We also study how children acquire the phenomenon of defective paradigm, e.g. pobedit’ — ?pobezhu, ?pobed’u, ?pobezhd-u. The results of our experiment show that labial alternations are acquired earlier than dental alternations, and children acquire paradigm gaps at an early age.

ABSTRACT. The humans are equipped by the ability to perceive and manipulate numerosity (e.g. compare sets of objects) without counting or using symbols (e.g. Dehaene 2011). This ability refers to Approximate Number Sense (ANS). ANS has been assumed an evolutionarily ancient system shared by humans and other species (Cantlon, Brannon 2007; Agrillo, Bisazza 2018). There is a viewpoint that the approximate estimation of numerosity is based on assessment and comparison of visual properties of objects such as cumulative area (the sum of all objects areas in one set), convex hull (the smallest area that includes all objects in one set) (Leibovich, Henik 2013). To assess the effect of the visual properties on the precision of nonsymbolic comparison researchers manipulate by the different visual properties and identify two types of trials. In the congruent trials the different visual properties positively correlate with numerosity, so the set which contains more objects has a larger cumulative area and/or surface area. In the incongruent trials visual properties negatively associate with the numerosity. It has been demonstrated that the accuracy of the non-symbolic comparison was higher in the congruent trials than in incongruent (Gebuis, Reynvoet, 2012). The difference in the accuracy between the congruent and incongruent trials refers to the congruency effect (CE) that reflects the extent in which an individual relies on estimation of the visual properties in perceiving of numerosity (Gebuis, Reynvoet 2012). It has been demonstrated that the different visual properties vary in their effects on estimation of numerosity (Gilmore et al. 2016). Particularly, the CE appeared to be larger for the surface area than for the cumulative area (Gilmore et al. 2016). However, it is unknown in what extent the CE for the different visual properties varies depending on the format of presentation and heterogeneity of objects. This study aimed to estimate how two visual parameters affect the estimation of numerosity depending on formats of presentation (separate or intermixed) and heterogeneity of objects. To achieve this goal the behavioural data of 351 schoolchildren (48% of girls) from grades 4-5 and 8-9 was analyzed. The participants performed the new version of the nonsymbolic comparison test where they had to compare two sets of blue and yellow figures and to select the one with more objects. The stimuli were presented in four conditions: separate/homogeneous, intermixed/homogeneous, separate/heterogeneous, and intermixed/heterogeneous (Figure 1 A - D).

Figure 1 A. Separate/ homogenous Figure 1B. Intermixed/ homogenous Figure 1C. Separate/ heterogeneous Figure 1D. Intermixed/ heterogeneous Figure 1. Four conditions of stimuli presentation In each conditions 32 trials were presented (128 trials in total), in half of the trials the stimuli were congruent on one of the parameters while another parameter was equal for two sets. In another half of the trials the stimuli were incongruent. The number of the figures and the ratio between them were equal across the conditions. The results revealed that the CE was positive and significant in all the conditions except the intermixed/heterogeneous condition, in which the CE was not significant. The strongest CE was identified in the separate/homogenous conditions. The CE was different for two visual properties in the different formats. In general, the effect of the cumulative area was larger than for the surface area. In the separate conditions, regardless heterogeneity, both visual properties produced the CE although in the separate/heterogeneous conditions the CE was weaker. In the intermixed conditions the CE was positive only for the cumulative area and non-significant or negative for the surface area (Figure 2). This means that in the intermixed/heterogeneous conditions only the cumulative area can distort the estimation of numerosity.

Figure 2. The congruency effect for cumulative and surface area in different conditions To sum up, the effect of the visual properties may vary depending on the format of objects presentation and the type of the controlled visual properties. To assess ANS more precisely, the intermixed format of stimuli and control of the cumulative area only is recommended. Reference: 1. Agrillo C., Bisazza A. 2018. Understanding the origin of number sense: a review of fish studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1740), 20160511. 2. Cantlon J. F., Brannon E. M. 2007. Basic math in monkeys and college students. PLoS biology, 5(12). 3. Dehaene S. 2011. The number sense: How the mind creates mathematics. OUP USA. 4. Gebuis T., Reynvoet B. 2012. The role of visual information in numerosity estimation. PloS one, 7(5). 5. Gilmore C., Cragg L., Hogan G., & Inglis M. 2016. Congruency effects in dot comparison tasks: Convex hull is more important than dot area. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 28(8), 923-931. 6. Leibovich T., Henik A. 2013. Magnitude processing in non-symbolic stimuli. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 375.

ABSTRACT. This study explored сontent of inward disorder pattern (IDP) among adolescents with with severe speech disorders (SSD) and adolescents with delayed mental development (DMD). IDP is considered a complex integrative construct that affects I-concept development and is significant for an individual’s successful social adaptation. The inward disorder pattern can be considered both a content and a result of mental representation. The IDP reflects one’s experience of exploring themselves. The both groups are aware of defects’ manifestation, but they demonstrate insufficient knowledge about the causes and limitations. The DMD group associates their defects with their academic and activity challenges, failures, and negative personal traits. The SSD group’s awareness of their defects relates to only some of their academic and activity challenges.

ABSTRACT. An important aspect in the study of personal resources is related to research of the factors influencing adaptation and disadaptation of a person with a borderline psychological state and it includes such an adverse case of personality development as neurotization. We suppose that neurotic disorders raise the risks of rising deviant behavior. The research takes place to demonstrate possible regularities of their conditionality and to define resourceful and antiresourceful characteristics of an individual. It involved 20 teenagers with neurosis and 20 with typical development. We revealed that сhildren's and adolescents' neurotic disorders may determine formation of willingness to act in the deviant way. But they can have personal resources to decline willingness to deviant behaviour: optimism and vital activity, denial of rigid behavioral phenomenon based on gender roles, impulsiveness, looseness and spontaneity. The anti-resources of deviant behavior for a neurotic person are an intention to overcontrol, orientation to social dogmas, depressive and pessimistic event evaluation, inaction of reflection.

ABSTRACT. We studied the role of norepinephrine modulation in decision-making using pupillometry. Participants performed a probabilistic learning task. Pupil dilation preceded the choice of the less rewarding alternative. We hypothesize that the increase in the norepinephrine level might be the result of conflict detection between the planned action and the model of the advantageous choice.

ABSTRACT. На 3 психологических опросника: 1 Оксфордский опросник счастья;2. Шкала субъективного благополучия (ШСБ); 3. Тест Смысложизненных ориентаций (СЖО) отвечали 60 студентов в возрасте от 17 до 25 лет: по 20 студентов факультетов дизайна, экономического и механического, по 10 человек с первого и пятого курса. Корреляции между результатами шкал ШСБ и СЖО показали, что: на 1 курсе для ощущения благополучной жизни дизайнерам и экономистам достаточно эмоциональных факторов, на 5 курсе добавляются факторы независимости и самореализованности, а у экономистов еще и хорошей работы. Механики наиболее рациональны в любом возрасте.

Статистическая обработка результатов проводилась с помощью программы STADIA.

ABSTRACT. The problem of correct sampling for a population is among the most important for experiments conducted in social sciences. Meanwhile, it is not recognised by many linguists, who are based by default on the precondition that all native speakers have the same linguistic intuitions and, therefore, they are interchangeable in linguistic experiments. This work provides clear evidence against this assumption addressing assessments of correctness of some semantic constructions made by different groups of native speakers. It is shown, in particular, that more educated speakers are likely to be more critical to “dubious” constructions and, meanwhile, more lenient towards author’s style of writing than less educated speakers are.

ABSTRACT. Studying the functions of mirror neurons in cognitive processes is an urgent problem of modern psychophysiology. According to the currently popular hypothesis (Skoyles, 2000), mirror neurons can serve as a neural basis for interpreting actions, imitating learning, and imitating the behavior of other people. The purpose of this study was to study the dependence of mirror neuron activity on gender differences in the observation and perception of time3. During the preliminary examination, the features of the lateral organization of the brain were studied with the determination of the leading hand (using the questionnaire method) and the speech hemisphere (dichotic test). As models of cognitive activity, the subjects were offered activities related to the observation and measurement of short time intervals (200 and 800 MS), with the observation and reproduction of a five-second rhythm. As markers of mirror neuron activity, we used depression of the mu-rhythm of the EEG in the alpha and beta frequency ranges, cortical interactions at the frequency of this rhythm, and results of fMRI scans of the brain. The electroencephalographic study involved volunteers, practically healthy men (31 people) and women (34 people) aged 18 to 23 years, and University students. Before and during cognitive activity, EEGS were recorded in the frontal, Central, temporal, parietal, and occipital leads according to the "10-20%" system. When processing the obtained data, the maximum values of cross-correlation functions and spectral power estimates were calculated on short (1.5 s), artifact-free segments of EEG recording for 3 s and 1.5 s before performing a speech or non-speech action and immediately after the specified event. For statistical data processing, we used the "MatLab v 6.5" package, nonparametric variance analysis, and the Wilcoxon criterion for related and independent samples. In part of the experiments, the activity of the brain was studied by fMRI in the observation and perception of time, in the observation and utterance of words. These studies involved 20 men and 20 women aged 19 to 27 years, University students. The results of functional MRI were obtained in the complex of NBICS technologies of the Kurchatov Institute using a SIEMENS Magnetom Verio 3 Tesla tomograph. All fMRI data was pre-processed using the SPM8 package. Within each of the paradigms, pairwise comparisons were made based on student statistics and individual and group maps with a significance level of p<0.001 were obtained. All the obtained statistical maps were applied to the reference T-1 image and anatomically linked "active" voxels to the CONN Atlas. Studies have shown that cognitive activity associated with the observation and perception of time is accompanied by depression of the mu-rhythm at certain frequencies and, most often, increased levels of cortical connections at the frequency of this rhythm between the Central and other cortical zones. The nature of these changes significantly depends on the gender, lateral organization of the brain, the frequency of mu-rhythm, the method of scaling time intervals, the type and stage of the activity performed. The results of fMRI brain scans showed that monitoring the performance of cognitive activity related to the perception of time is accompanied by activation not only regions of the cortex, where the "motor" mirror neurons (Rizzolatti and Sinigalia, 2012), but other sensory, motor and Association areas of the cortex and the basal ganglia and cerebellum, which are considered a place of storage of motor programs. It turned out that the performance of the proposed cognitive activity is partially accompanied by activation of the same brain regions as when observing its performance. In particular, in men, when measuring time intervals,

3 This study is supported by RFBR grant № 18-013-00758.

activation of the middle frontal gyrus, right, precentral gyrus, right and left, temporal pad, right and left, lateral occipital cortex, right and left, basal nuclei and some areas of the cerebellum was detected, which are also activated when observing the performance of this activity. Along with this, activation of the frontal pole, right, postcentral gyrus, right and left, precuneus, lingual gyrus, right and left, middle temporal gyrus, right and left, wedge-shaped and other cortical zones was detected. In addition, research has revealed clear gender differences in the activation of "interested" brain structures when observing and performing the proposed cognitive activity. So, if in men, when measuring time intervals, the number of activated voxels in the precentral gyrus, on the right and on the left is 1426 and 1532 voxels, respectively,in women – 917 and 394 voxels. If the number of activated voxels in the area of the middle temporal gyrus, on the right and left, is 102 and 106 voxels in women when observing the reproduction of the rhythm, then 71 and 15 voxels in men, respectively. Probably, these differences are related to the peculiarities of the lateral organization of the brain in men and women. The results obtained and some literature data (Kosonogov, 2012) indicate that mirror neurons themselves do not provide interpretation of actions, although they participate in these processes. The increase in cortical connections at the mu-rhythm frequency between the Central and other cortical zones, as well as activation of the basal ganglia and cerebellum found during observation and perception of time, suggest that these neurons provide interaction between the prefrontal, sensory and motor cortical zones, as well as places where motor programs are stored in the brain. The result of the interaction of these structures, apparently, is an understanding of the actions and intentions of other people. According to the researchers (Schippers et al., 2010), this is achieved by copying the observer's brain of another person's actions by extracting the corresponding motor programs. This "intermediary" function of mirror neurons explains why they are activated not only when observing, but also when performing and mentally reproducing the same action. The results show that the activity of mirror neurons significantly depends on the gender and lateral organization of the brain.

Literature

Skoyles J. R. 2000. Gesture Language Origins and Right Handedness. Psychology 11, 24 -29. Rizzolatti Jn., Sinigaglia K. 2012. Mirrors in the brain: on the mechanisms of joint action and empathy. Moscow: Languages of Slavic cultures. V. Kosonogov 2012. Why the mirror neurons cannot support action understanding. Neurophysiology 44 (6), 499-502. Schippers MB, Roebroeck A, Renken R, Nanetti L, Keysers C. 2010. Mapping the information flow from one brain to another during gestural communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (20), 9388-9393.

ABSTRACT. Contemporary life raises a lot of questions to which textbooks provide no answers. Therefore, teaching students how to find answers by themselves is invaluable. The author’s didactic reflective tool “Correspondence with Professor” encourages students to write a letter to an imaginary Professor and detail their learning difficulties, then they write a reply (to themselves) on behalf of the Professor and thus discover by themselves how to cope with the difficulties. The instrument was developed on the basis of research literature dealing with "Letter to Myself". Research has shown that the main difficulties of students are related to their self-perception, and realizing what the difficulty is, searching for ways to overcome it and using the reflective questionnaire promote students’ self-help habits and improve students’ self-awareness. The tool allows students to solve learning problems, provides them with a new line of reasoning and conducting a dialogue with themselves; it helps students find inner resources. Students thus become a powerful factor in success and character building, and the ability to cope consciously with the challenges that life poses.

ABSTRACT. The major challenges of BCI asynchronous protocol personalization are outlined. Methods for adaptive individual stimuli selection, EEG sensor topography optimization, adaptive feedback signal generation and key EEG features analysis are introduced. The underlying machine learning and deep learning concepts of the methods are briefly explained. An end-to-end neural network architecture for joint optimization of all protocol parameters required for personalization is presented.

ABSTRACT. The article analyzes the problem of conscious and unconscious aspects of cognitive functioning within the framework of the cognitive resource model, according to which intellectual productivity is determined not by the speed of information processing, but by the properties of certain basic structures that have neurophysiological foundations. The cognitive system is considered as a complex set of specialized subsystems characterized by the limit of available power; at any given moment in time, only part of the cognitive elements from their entire set is simultaneously updated. The metaphor of a distributed network of interconnected neurocognitive structures allows us to formulate hypotheses about the neural functioning and connectedness of network elements: some of the interconnected modules hierarchically interacting with each other have elevated activation levels that allow them to integrate into the global workspace, and some form automatically functioning networks.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanisms and consequences of pharmacologically induced amnesia using the single-trial passive avoidance learning model in young chicks. It was shown that after memory impairment by the administration of protein synthesis inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists, retraining for the same conditional stimulus was impaired. At the same time, training amnestic animals on a new conditional stimulus was successful, which indicates the selective nature of the impairment. The transcriptional activity of the brain was mapped by c-Fos gene expression induced by the repeated training of amnestic animals. It was shown that the levels of c-Fos expression induced by the repeated training on the same stimulus differed from those induced by the training on a new conditional stimulus.

ABSTRACT. The work analyses existing interpretations of a creative task. The author formulates her own understanding of a creative task as a model of a creative activity that is new to the individual and contains hidden problems, and their solution is difficult to some degree for the individual. This approach helps to model with creative tasks any creative activity when an individual has to acquire some new information. The understanding criterion for a creative task is the awareness of its hidden problem or, in other words, a formulated hidden meaning for it. The hidden meaning of a creative task means its brief model, reflecting its hidden problems that an individual cannot comprehend directly with stereotyped methods of informational analysis. The most constructive approach to study the problem of understanding is the systemic one, since it enables the holistic study of complex phenomena. B.F. Lomov’s systemic approach is the most acceptable for the analysis of understanding, because it considers the process of creative task understanding as a complex psychological phenomenon. The systemic analysis considers phenomena on several planes. Firstly, when an investigated phenomenon is considered as a certain system, the main task is to determine the “components” of this phenomenon. If we analyse understanding, we can distinguish components within the structure of understanding, namely the following three components: cognitive, operational and regulatory-personal. Secondly, in accordance with the systemic approach, a phenomenon is examined within the context of other reflective forms. As for the problem of understanding, this requirement is realized with understanding analyzed in connection with thinking as a process. Understanding is considered as a thinking process, which essence is to operate with an individual’s knowledge and experience with the goal to analyse semantically some information. Creative tasks were used as material for studying the understanding process. Thirdly, mental phenomena are multilevel; therefore, they have a hierarchical structure. As for understanding, this principle is implemented in two ways: in the arrangement of its components and in the analysis of its level organization, its hierarchical structure. Fourth, an important condition revealing relations between different subsystems and levels is a defined system-forming factor, which combines various mechanisms into an integrated functional-dynamic system. Such a system-forming factor in the analysis of understanding as a system is its operational component. Depending on the complexity of mental activity mechanisms, some operations, which combination ensures the functioning of strategies, the following strategies for creative task understanding were identified: 1) searches for analogues; 2) combination; 3) a flexible strategy; 4) a productive strategy. Depending on complexity of understanding and its level of manifestation, it can be implemented on different planes. The movement of an individual’s thoughts via these levels resembles stair climbing, from the simplest ones to the most complex. We identified six levels of understanding: recognition, recall, comparing, combination, destruction of stereotypes and the productive level. An individual achieves a certain level of understanding depending on a dominant mental strategy, and the achieved level is the result of strategy functioning. Thus, the understanding levels associated with mnemonic processes are provided by the strategy of searches for analogues. Higher levels of understanding - understanding-combining - are provided by the combining strategy, the understanding level associated with the destruction of stereotypes is related with the flexible strategy, and the highest level of understanding is achieved with the productive strategy. The levels highlighted above are interconnected: each next level includes the previous ones, and their qualities can appear at a higher level. Sixth, it is important to keep in mind the multiplicity of an individual’s existential relationships. This requirement is manifested in the ordering of certain properties, features, characteristics of certain components that make up the understanding. Seventh, the systemic approach requires determining the mental phenomena in different ways. As for our study, this is a research on the conditions of an understanding process, factors affecting its success, effectiveness of understanding, the foundations of understanding, as well as the prerequisites for its optimization as a creative process. Eighth, the systematic approach considers phenomena in their development. This may imply, on the one hand, the study of understanding as a process in its course, development, and on the other hand, the analysis of understanding development during ontogenesis. The first aspect reveals the dynamics of an understanding process, its specifics and the main stages. The other aspect of this requirement explains the development of understanding from its simplest to the most complex forms. Based on our concept, understanding is developed ontogenetically by the levels of understanding that we have identified. Thus, the presented material demonstrates the practicability of the systematic approach to analyze the process of creative task understanding.

ABSTRACT. The functioning of epistemic modality expressions in early (1;5–6;5) and late (14;0–17;1) ontogenesis based on the oral and written communication data of typically developing Russian-speaking children and adolescents is discussed. Epistemic modality is one of the most cognitively complex linguistic categories. The epistemic density of children’s dialogues and narratives reveals the development of verbal reflection of the speaker/writer and indicates the level of their cognitive and communicative development. The epistemic density index of child speech changes with age and depends on a number of factors.

ABSTRACT. Цель работы заключалась в изучении особенностей формирования мысленных образов и их содержания у профессиональных лучников во время выполнения упражнений по стрельбе. Изучение формирования мысленных образов у спортсменов имеет важное значение, в том числе для тренировочного процесса, реабилитации после травмы и др. В настоящее время мысленные, или идеомоторные, тренировки имеют большую популярность. Исследования эффективности использования мысленных образов в спорте начались с работ Е. Джэкобсона (Jacobson, 1931) и Р.Саккета (Sackett, 1934). Существует целый ряд теорий и моделей, объясняющих целесообразность их применения (Веракса с соавт., 2016; Каминский с соавт., 2017). Одной из основных является психонейромышечная теория, основанная на идеомоторном принципе, предложенном У. Карпентером в конце XIX века (Carpenter, 1894), в соответствии с которым во время мысленного предствления движения возникает мышечная активность, идентичная по локализации реальному движению, но гораздо меньшая по величине. В настоящем исследовании приняло участие 11 спортсменов юношеской сборной России (КМС и МС, средний возраст 17 лет). Исследование проходило в тренировочной обстановке подготовки спортсменов к соревновательной деятельности на базе учебно-тренировочного центра в г.Бронницы. Спортсмены должны были выполнять мысленные упражнения по стрельбе (мысленное представление выстрела, двигательная имитация выстрела без лука), после этого они совершали реальные выстрелы. В рамках каждого упражнения спортсмены представляли по 6 выстрелов, также было выполнено по 6 реальных выстрелов. Сразу после проведения экспериментальной процедуры проводилась беседа со спортсменами с целью понять, как именно они представляли выстрелы (образ от 1-го или от 3-го лица, делается ли акцент на зрительный образ, на телесный образ, техническое движение или др.). Помимо субъективного описания были подсчитаны результаты реальных выстрелов в целях сравнения особенностей мысленных образов у стрелков, показавших более высокие результаты и менее высокие. Непосредственно до эксперимента проводилась контрольная стрельба, которая состояла из двух серий с разных дистанций и проходила на улице в условиях относительно стабильного ветра. Результаты исследования показали, что при мысленном представлении выстрела лучники, показавшие более высокие результаты по стрельбе, чаще описывают процесс представления наличием четких зрительных образов (как правило от 1-го лица) на протяжении всего процесса представления (мишень, стрела, мушка, рука и др.), образы при этом последовательные и спокойные, если присутствуют мышечные ощущения – то они очень четкие, быстрые и уверенные. Такие спортсмены также чаще отмечали, что представляемые ими выстрелы были успешные. Лучники, показавшие более низкие результаты стрельбы при мысленном представлении выстрела чаще описывали телесные ощущения, или одновременно зрительные и телесные образы. При описании мысленных образов во время имитации выстрелов лучники с более высокими результатами стрельбы, также как и в случае представления выстрела, чаще описывали четкие зрительные образы. Мышечные действия при этом были четкие и уверенные. Лучники, показавшие более низкие результаты стрельбы при имитации преимущественно описывали телесные и мышечные ощущения. Таким образом, мы можем сделать вывод о том, что более эффективной стратегией формирования мысленных образов у лучников является использование четких зрительных образов, которые должны быть последовательны на протяжении всего этапа представления и содержать все основные элементы (мишень, стрела, мушка, рука и др.). Использование телесных или мышечных образов является менее эффективной стратегией. Исследование проводится при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, проект № 19-78-10134.

Литература

1. Веракса, А. Н.; Горовая, А. Е.; Грушко, А. И.; Леонов, С. В. Мысленная Тренировка в Психологической Подготовке Спортсмена; Спорт: Москва, 2016. 2. Каминский, И. В.; Веракса, А. Н. Традиционные Теории и Современные Взгляды На Природу Мысленного Образа Движения: Применение в Спортивной Практике. Национальный психологический журнал 2017, 2 (26), 16–25. 3. Carpenter CB. Principles of Mental Physiology. 4th ed. New York: NY: Appleton; 1894. 4. Jacobson E. Electrical measurements of neuromuscular states during mental activities V. Variation of specific muscles contracting during imagination. American Journal of Physiology. 1931;96:115–121. 5. Sackett R. The Influences of Symbolic Rehearsal upon Retention of a Maze Habit. Journ of General Psychology. 1934;10.

ABSTRACT. We study the ability of Moderated Confirmatory Factor analysis method (MCFA) to differentiate simulated data sets which imitate the intellectual test results. The data are produced by two kinds of models and satisfy the Spearmen’s Low of Diminishing return. We test whether the MCFA method distinct data that have different localizations of Spearmen’s effect upon the structural models. We demonstrate the difficulties that may appear when one interprets results of the applying MCFA method to the real data.

ABSTRACT. The article provides results of the research of function of brainstem and vestibular system in 110 junior school children with learning difficulties. In accordance with Raven’s progressive matrices test the level of cognitive development of test subjects was normal. To evaluate the function of the brainstem the method of brainstem acoustic evoked potentials was used. To evaluate the function of the vestibular system the method of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials was used, as well as the record of post rotational nystagmus with the help of electrooculography. There were found different combinations of dysfunctions of the brainstem and vestibular system in test subjects.

ABSTRACT. In recent decades, computerized methods of diagnostics for various cognitive functions have become more widespread. In the neuropsychology laboratory of Lomonosov Moscow State University a battery of computer-based tests is being developed for diagnosing the state of cognitive functions in children of senior preschool and primary school ages. We present the preliminary version of integral indexes aimed at assessing the state of the following cognitive functions: executive functions, the processing of auditory and visual-spatial information. To develop these indexes, we assessed the accumulated results of using computer methods with children aged 6–7 years old (80 students). The indexes were compared with the results of a traditional neuropsychological assessment. The results show rather high correlation between indexes which were calculated on the basis of computer battery and traditional neuropsychological assessment. Thus, we can conclude that the new indexes are sensitive enough to estimate the cognitive functions in children 6-9 years old.

ABSTRACT. The embodied personality can be reflected on the performance of fine motor precision tasks. 220 рarticipants (ages: 12-95) performed fine motor tasks - tracing over the provided models for both hands, two sensory conditions (proprioceptive-visual; proprioceptive only) and three movement types (frontal, transversal and sagittal). Differences in line biases (the task focused on precision) were observed through MANOVA analysis for all test conditions, both sexes and different ages. Proprioceptive Diagnostics of Temperament and Character (DP-TC) was used to obtain observations in fine motor performance. The DP-TC of individual and personality differences is based on fine motor precision tasks and allows comparing performances of participants from different cultures with no bias of linguistic interpretation. Results, showed that: 1) in adults, with increasing age, fine motor precision decreased in proprioceptive sensory condition (large effect compared to proprioceptive-visual); 2) the present study shows crucial age-dependent changes without precedents in the literature related to this topic; 3) these results give experimental support for the age effect and show the decline at middle age (approx. 40 years); 4) sex by age-dependent differences were analysed and discussed also; as well as the dynamic changes in embodied personality. This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 19-78-10134.

ABSTRACT. We propose a novel classical algorithm for bid data analysis based on controlled qubit paradigm veloped in (Borisenok 2019). The dynamical system corresponding to the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) neuron contains the control parameter, i.e. the electrical current (or other external signal) stimulating the action potential (outcome) in the axon. Choosing the appropriate shape of the control via speed gradient or alternative algorithms one can keep the system making evolution on a given 2d surface. With the same approach as in Borisenok 2019 the 2d big data set can be projected on the surface in the phase space, and the HH system will pass in sequence all the data points. The corresponding Rips complexes will be computed based on the set of the data point coordinates as a straight analog of the data set projected on the surface of the Bloch sphere for the driven qubit (Borisenok 2019). Due to the robustness of the speed gradient algorithm, we do not need to know the initial state of the HH dynamical system. In this approach we involve only one HH neuron, while the tool for coding the data set position is the dynamical control field. Then the similar computational procedure as has been done by Huang et al. 2018 could be applied to the dynamical object to find out all Betti characteristics for the multi point Rips complex. The proposed algorithm can be easily extended for multi dimensional data. In general, a multi-dimensional big data set can be covered with a small number of driven HH neurons.

ABSTRACT. В докладе поставлен вопрос о философско-методологических основаниях когнитивных исследований. Речь идет об эволюционной антропологии, которая дает основание для понимания природы человека и человеческого мышления как результата биологической и культурной эволюции. Итогом этой эволюции стали новые психические функции и соответствующие изменения в строении и деятельности мозга. Обращается внимание на особенности предметной деятельности и социального поведения человека как различных форм активности, претерпевающих изменения в ходе социогенеза

ABSTRACT. Development of clinical-psychological multi-level model of anti-relapse behavior based on interaction of mental patients, their families, persons from the general population and experts of system of mental health care Vladimirova S.V., Gutkevich E.V., Ivanova A.A. niipzso@gmail.com Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (Tomsk, Russia)

The project was based on results of study of need for clinical-psychological, psychosocial services among mentally ill people and their families in 2010-2019 (1, 2, 3). Screening-questioning took place anonymously. The questionnaire was author's development of researchers. Questions were answered by persons having visited for consultation on World Mental Health Day the clinic of Mental Health Research Institute (Tomsk, Russia), who were randomly selected by researchers. According to results of express-questioning it has been established that patients and their relatives do not have information about mental health and disorders. They would like to know more about symptoms of the beginning of relapse, about the list of available and free of charge drugs, social privileges. 98% of having visited persons explained the reason of their visit as a desire to receive a professional evaluation of their sensations of mental ill-health by experts. The overwhelming number of respondents (85%) considers as necessary creation of the local organization for mental patients and their relatives. It would increase access to obtaining the information by modern ways on the Internet site. The analysis of screening-questioning showed that psychological and social support is necessary for all persons with mental health problems and their families, and it can be rendered also by the organizations which are led by users. The need for such organizations in Russia is still not satisfied. Such public organizations have to be engaged first of all in education of patients and their relatives, protection of their rights and the organization of leisure time as well as provision of drugs. The purpose of carrying out the World Mental Health Day at clinic of Mental Health Research Institute was an aspiration to cause interest in the public; to develop effective interrelations between medical institutions and social departments that allows developing the long-term general medical, psychological, social-rehabilitative and preventive activities for mental health care, focused on improvement of quality of life of not only persons with psychological problems, but also of the entire population. The leading role in formation of anti-relapse behavior is attributed to psychological care for patients with mental disorders based on psychological diagnostics and psychological intervention, and also clinical-psychological support of the patient and patient’s family at different levels with control of psychological health of the patient and relatives at the intermediate stages established by the study program and the main control stage during the World Mental Health Day. Research objective: development of clinical-psychological multi-level model of anti-relapse behavior based on interaction of mentally ill people, their families, persons from general population and specialists of mental health care system. Research hypothesis: development and introduction of clinical-psychological multi-level model of anti-relapse behavior based on interaction of mentally ill people, their families, persons from general population and mental health professionals will allow increasing the psychological literacy, reducing possibilities of relapse of mental disease, developing new competences and improving quality of life of mental patients and members of their families, and also reducing the risk of development of mental health problems in general population. Methodological basis of study: The integrative, “biopsychosocial” model of mental diseases, meaning a complex approach taking into account biological, psychological and social factors in the etiology of mental diseases. Research methods: 1. Clinical-psychological methods of research: - theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign literature on prevention of relapses; - social-psychological method based on questioning of persons with mental disorders, their relatives and persons from general population; - experimental-psychological method - use of the specialized hardware-software complex “Multi-Psychometer”; psychological intervention (informing, motivation, psychocorrection); 2. Clinical-dynamic method including observation of mental state of persons with mental disorders in dynamics during stay at clinic of Mental Health Research Institute and also during clinical-psychological support after discharge from the hospital; 3. Follow-up method to assess state of patients after discharge from the hospital over time; 4. Clinical-genealogical method – includes clinical examination of all family members and also diagnostics of disturbances of family functioning. 5. Statistical methods of research with use of the SPSS 17 program: - Non-parametric ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test to check the total uniformity of multiple samples. - Non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney criterion with Bonferroni correction to detect statistically significant differences between those obtained in result of the investigation. - Correlation analysis Pearson. - Wilkinson criterion for pairwise comparison of dependent groups. Methods of statistical research have been considered and approved by the qualified statistician of Mental Health Research Institute. It is planned to carry out complex examination of 200 patients of clinic of Mental Health Research Institute according to the protocol which will be considered and approved by Local Ethics Committee at Mental Health Research Institute, from them 100 persons will be with clinical-psychological maintenance. Questioning and testing of 200 members of families of persons with mental disorders, and also questioning and testing of 500 people from the general population is supposed. Novelty of this study is in scientific justification of development of clinical-psychological multi-level (individual, family, society) model of anti-relapse behaviour based on interaction of mentally ill persons, their families, persons from general population and specialists of mental health care system. The practical significance of the study consists in development of the program based on the clinical-psychological and psychosocial support promoting prevention of relapses of mental disorders, reduction of number of patients and duration of their stay in psychiatric hospitals, improvement of quality of life of mentally ill persons, their families and persons from general population. The value of this study is trajectory to patient benefit that consists in improvement of functioning in cognitive, emotional and behavioural domains. Patients learn to trace their state, to estimate it critically and to understand, what changes in their state can be the indication for the visit to appropriate experts. This study is multidisciplinary, based on interaction of experts of different professions – psychologists, psychiatrists, geneticists, social workers united by the common task – good mental health of population.

(1) Gutkevich E., Lebedeva V., Vladimirova S., Semke A. EV1017 - Mental health care of the family - Reality and innovative projects in the Russian practice. European Psychiatry. 2017, Vol 41, Suppl S: S735-S735.

(2) Vladimirova S., Lebedeva V., Gutkevich E., Semke A., Bokhan N., Garganeeva N. EV951- To the question of destigmatization of psychiatry and mentally ill persons in the modern society. European Psychiatry. 2016, Vol 33, Suppl S: S523-S523.

(3) Gutkevich E. F-71 - Mental disorders and hereditary diseases: comorbidity, phenotypes and "field of action" of the gene. 26th World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics (WCPG). Glasgow, Scotland. 11-15 October , 2018. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019, Vol 29, Suppl 4: 1148-1148.

ABSTRACT. Objective. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood occurs in 2-6% of adults in the population. These patients are characterized by attention disorders, impulsivity, emotional lability, and low stress tolerance. Material and methods. The authors present the results of the clinical, psychological (TOVA) and electroencephalographic examination of 40 patients with ADHD, aged from 18 to 45 years. Results and conclusion. Adult patients with ADHD were characterized by both subjective and objective disorders of memory and attention. The results of the electroencephalographic study suggested the dysfunction of the frontal-thalamic regulatory system and the lack of non-specific activation of the reticular formation.

ABSTRACT. A clinical and psychological study of the characteristics of the cognitive sphere in 134 relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease was carried out using a clinical and psychopathological assessment of anamnesis and status, a comprehensive neuropsychological study, psychometric methods and determination of the ApoE genotype. Relatives of patients with AD obtained significant correlations of the AroE4 (+) genotype and constitutional cognitive deficiency in the form of difficulties in memorizing digital material and mastering manual skills, significantly lower indicators of the kinetic and spatial organization of praxis, the volume and inhibitory traces in auditory speech memory.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to reveal the development of the specific type of gamma oscillations, i.e. 40Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR), in children’s primary auditory cortex. Typically developing children in different age-groups (8–12 years) participated in the present study. We used of whole-head MEG to register gamma oscillations and individual MRI of each child for precise source estimation. The pilot data showed that, in comparison to previous studies, clear bilateral 40Hz ASSR is already presented in 10-year-olds. The possibility of using this response as a biomarker of autism is discussed.

ABSTRACT. Results of study of cognitive learning effectiveness of subjects with different type of verbal intelligence in experiment using aitrecker and diagnostic instrumentation are presented. Differences in the effectiveness of teaching of different groups of subjects have been established depending on the method of information presented.

ABSTRACT. The study uses a systematic review approach to identify neural systems and processes associated with various dimensions of cultural values from the most supported macroscopic models of culture. In sum, 47 studies were analyzed using the G.Hofstede model as the main theoretical framework, and also the models of F.Trompenaars and M.Gelfand. Individualism/collectivism and affectivity/neutrality are the two main dimensions covered by the reviewed studies, whereas other dimensions received much less attention. Potential neurocognitive mechanisms underlying individualism, affectivity and long-term orientation are identified. It is concluded that contemporary cultural neuroscience cannot adequately represent the whole diversity of value systems as it is biased in terms of theoretical focus and sampling procedures.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to identify EEG markers associated with different subcomponents of cognitive control processes and to analyze their impairment in patients at ultra-high risk (UHR) of schizophrenia. In 20 mentally healthy subjects and 20 UHR patients (right - handed men, 18-20 years old) P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 ERP components in "Go / No go" saccadic paradigm have been studied. ERP components analysis points to violation of sensory perception, spatial attention, and result monitoring in UHR patients. The findings suggest a complicated trajectory of cognitive impairment development at the pre-manifest stage of schizophrenia. Neuronal circuits of right hemisphere are seemingly functioning almost as in norm at the stage of sensory processing. The same can be assumed for the left hemisphere circuits at the stage of result monitoring and memory updating in UHR patients.

ABSTRACT. This research is done in the field of cognitive linguistics where the data of language and speech have to be mapped onto a conceptual structure in which the linguistically rendered information is arranged according to a particular pattern. At present, such conceptual structures are associated with ontologies representing “a catalog of the types of things that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest D from the perspective of a person who uses a language L for the purpose of talking about D” (Sowa 2001).This understanding of ontologies, first employed in knowledge engineering, is now adopted by various disciplines within cognitive science, such as cognitive psychology, neuroscience, methodology of teacher / learner interaction, etc. (Gavrilova and Leshcheva 2015, Poldrack and Yarkoni 2016, Hey et al. 2017 among others). Application of ontologies in language studies develops both linguistic semantics, and the broader field of linguistic semiotics concerned with creation and interpretation of linguistic signs, including narratives, media narratives in particular.

In its narrow (linguistic) sense, a narrative is “a story”, or text about real or fictive events that have a coherent temporal and / or causative sequence. In its broad sense, typical of media studies, a narrative is an arrangement of meaning evoked by a verbal text (Жаботинская 2017: 31). This meaning is an integral part of semiosis: in creation of a text by the teller, semiosis evolves in the direction: EXPERIENCED WORLD – ITS CONSTRUAL (the teller’s perception, or image) – STRUCTURED TEXT (a narrative in its narrow sense); in interpretation of a text by the recipient, semiosis proceeds conversely: STRUCTURED TEXT (a narrative in its narrow sense – ITS ARRANGED MEANING (a narrative in its broad sense) – EXPERIENCED WORLD (image of the world construed by the recipient) (Zhabotynska 2013). In this study, the pivot of discussion is the media’s perception of the experienced world, or the verbally rendered image imposed upon the readers. Such image is defined as “a narrative-based concept – NBC” which is retrieved from a bulk of multiple thematically homogeneous texts, and which is a construct emergent from the meaning of a so-called “meta-text” with its referential and relational coherence: it has a limited set of iterated textual referents that exhibit different kinds of relations (a detailed definition of an NBC and the procedure of its analysis is provided in (Жаботинская 2017, Zhabotynska and Velivchenko 2019)).

In this study, similarly to the previous ones done by the author, the linguistically rendered information is considered to be an ontology viewed as thematically coherent whole which has its structural arrangement (this understanding is consonant with Fillmore's classical definition of a frame). Methodology of such arrangement may be different, with one of the options proposed in the theoretical framework termed Semantics of Lingual Networks (for the recent update see Жаботинская 2018). According to the highlights of this conception, (1) information manifested by linguistic units of different levels, from words to texts, is structured with 17 basic propositional schemas that, being differently combined, create various configurations of conceptual networks; (2) a network with covert relations in between its nodes is a matrix; (3) networks and matrices may elaborate their nodes, thus being structured in-depth with the same basic propositional schemas; the levels of structuring are: domains within a particular conceptual space, parcels within domains, thematic chunks within parcels, and individual concepts within thematic chunks; (4) a network / matrix is viewed as a conceptual model when it demonstrates only the thematic nodes and their relations (explicit or implicit); a network / matrix is viewed as a cognitive model when it is modified with a cognitive operation (e.g. prominence). Being in line with the above premises, the present study proposes the regular types of ontologies structured as conceptual / cognitive networks (or matrices) that arrange an NBC in different ways compatible with the objectives and goals of the conducted analysis.

It is argued that conceptual / cognitive ontologies can be classified into relational, entity-focused, and event-focused ones. (a) Relational ontologies forefront the types of relations in between the actors (nodes). (b) Entity-focused ontologies forefront a particular actor (node) which becomes a target concept, with its relations viewed as subordinate to the target. (c) Event-focused ontologies forefront a particular event bounded by time limits and populated by several actors whose properties are particularized with regard to this event. These types of ontologies are interdependent: a relational ontology may be developed into an event-focused ontology, and both of them may be developed into entity-focused ontologies. All three types of ontologies – relational, event-focused, and entity-focused – may have one or several facets. The notion of a facet subsumes the varieties of an NBC created by one and the same narrator within different time spans or within different contexts, as well as the varieties of an NBC created by different narrators, especially those with different mind-sets.

The above proposals are illustrated with different ontologies of the COVID-19 narrative-based concept that includes information featured by the newspaper articles that appeared at the e-platforms of the British mainstream media in January-May, 2020. This NBC, initially structured as a single-facet relational ontology, or network (with the nodes VIRUS, THE INFECTED, THE UNINFECTED, DOCTORS, MEDICATIONS, SCHOLARS, VACCINE, GOVERNMENT, MEDIA that have their entailment), is then restructured into an entity-focused ontology (exemplified by VIRUS concept) and an event-focused ontology (exemplified by QUARANTINE concept). A single-facet ontology is further extended into a multi-facet one with the analysed data differentiated in between several media sources whose narratives are compared with one another. It is maintained that all types of ontologies are applicable in the analysis of linguistic data mapped on different parts of an ontology, and in stratification of the linguistic material to be used in the English classroom.

References Жаботинская С.А. 2017. Нарративные политические концепты: методика лингвокогнитивного анализа // Концепты и контрасты: монография / ред. Н. В. Петлюченко. Одесса: Гельветика, 30–40. Жаботинская С.А. 2018. Генеративизм, когнитивизм и семантика лингвальных сетей // Doctrina multiplex, veritus una. Учень багато, істина одна: зб. наук. праць до ювілею Ізабелли Рафіїлівни Буніятової. Київ: Ун-т Грінченка, 99–141. Gavrilova, T.A. and Leshcheva, I.A. 2015. Ontology design and individual cognitive peculiarities: A pilot study. Expert Systems with Applications, 42, 3883–3892. Hay, L., Duffy, A. H., McTeague, C., Pidgeon, L. M., Vuletic, T. and Grealy, M. 2017. Towards a shared ontology: a generic classification of cognitive processes in conceptual design. Design Science, 3. Poldrack, R. and Yarkoni, T. 2016. From brain maps to cognitive ontologies: Informatics and the search for mental structure. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 587–612. Sowa, J. F. 2001. Building, sharing, and merging ontologies [online]. URL: http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/ontoshar.htm Zhabotynska, S. 2013. Saussure’s theory of the linguistic sign: a cognitive perspective. In: Papers of the International Congress of Linguistics, 20-27 July, 2013, Geneva [online]. URL: http://www.cil19.org/uploads/documents/Saussure_Theory_Of_The_Linguistic_Sign-A_Cognitive_Perspective.pdf Zhabotynska, S. and Velivchenko, V. 2019. New media and strategic narratives: the Dutch referendum on Ukraine – EU Association Agreement in Ukrainian and Russian Internet blogs. European Security, 28(3), 360–381.

ABSTRACT. In connection with the socio-economic changes in society in recent years, connected with Industry 4.0 the ever-increasing role of engineering professions the research of concepts already existing in science has become actualized and received new development. Such phenomena is the concept of “emotional intelligence” (EI). The paper discusses the main areas associated with this concept, the historical overview, reveals its main characteristics and emphasizes the influence of EI on the successful professional activities of a modern engineer – a person capable of meeting and solving urgent tasks, including raising public awareness of new technologies, providing technological support for lifelong learning, making decisions, leadership in interdisciplinary and system engineering, as well as effective communication and development of cooperation in solving social problems. The paper underlines that a successful communication transaction, it is vital that the parties involved can align their emotional environments that is essential for the success of the communication process.

ABSTRACT. The abstract presents the results of eye-tracking research aimed at studying the features of visual perception of multicode texts of extremist discourse by groups of forensic linguistics experts and non-experts. We have found differences in the parameters of eye movement by groups and types of illustration. Also significant differences were found in the time parameters of the visual examination and the oral responses of the respondents.

ABSTRACT. We present the results of the study aimed at evaluation of the specifics of the parameters of eye movements during reading of texts with or without word wrapping by elementary school students. We have found differences in the parameters of eye movements between reading speed groups and types of texts. Also significant differences were found in the time parameters of oral reading and features of eye movements in words with hyphenation.

ABSTRACT. Stimuli deeply effecting on unstable physiological processes during fall-asleep are crucial in development of non-invasive techniques to improve short-time (less than 20 min) nap. Binaural beat (BB) technique may be one of the promising incentives of this kind. Current study revealed that the latency of daytime nap accompanied by BBs depends on beat frequency. The frequency of 4 Hz was capable to decrease the latency more effectively compared with 8 Hz and 16 Hz BBs as well as to increase total duration of 2nd and 3rd sleep stage.

ABSTRACT. В современном обществе человеку приходится жить в условиях высоких информационных нагрузок и лимита времени. Было обследовано 50 человек. с разным вегетативным статусом. Изучались показатели окуломоторной активность студентов при решении когнитивных задач в условиях дефицита времени.

ABSTRACT. The report presents the possibilities of using the toolkit of cognitive research of complex systems, such as socio-economic, environmental, political and, in particular, actively developing cyberphysical systems. Among many approaches, theories, methods used to study complex systems, to predict their development, make decisions on their management, a special place is occupied by cognitive modeling of complex systems. Cognitive modeling is done in stages; a brief description of the steps is given and their necessity is explained. An example of the cognitive map "The system of education in the socio-economic environment of the country." The graphs of impulse processes at 4 vertices of the cognitive map are shown, corresponding to one of the analyzed scenarios. Cognitive simulation of social, economic, environmental, and other complex systems is an interdisciplinary study that requires theoretical and practical knowledge in many industries, attracting expert knowledge, and the use of large amounts of statistical data.

ABSTRACT. An integrative model of the structure-level organisation of the personal cognitive style developed on the basis of empirical research materials is presented. The article describes cognitive-style profiles of various degrees of complexity that determine the success of cognitive activity of students majoring in two disciplines.

ABSTRACT. Человек живет в сверхурбанизированном мире: происходит стремительное разрастание и изменение городов путем масштабного градостроительства, что приводит к возникновению у индивида необходимости «прочтения» образа города, заложенного архитекторами и проектировщиками, с целью эффективной ориентации в пространстве. Результатом процесса восприятия и оценки городской среды и ее архитектурных элементов является формирование образа. Нами была выделена трехкомпонентная структура образа города, содержащая пространственный (расположение объектов городской среды в пространстве), психосемантический (оценка субъектов восприятия как города в целом, так и его отдельных, в первую очередь, архитектурных элементов) и эмоциональный (эмоциональное состояние субъекта городской среды, возникшее в процессе ее восприятия) компоненты, а также факторы, влияющие на построение образа городской среды на уровне трех ее компонентов. Наименее изученным является информационный фактор – вербально предъявляемая дополнительная информация о воспринимаемой окружающей среде. Было выдвинуто предположения Нами было выдвинуто предположение, что информация, содержащая исторический и культурный контекст об архитектурных объектах городской среды (информационный фактор), будет влиять на построение образа городской среды, причем на все три ее составляющих компонента – пространственный, психосемантический и эмоциональный.

ABSTRACT. There was completed a digital dynamic mapping of the psychophysiological system among primary school-aged children. Based on the classification of PPh data while monitoring, the corresponding search for ADHD-specific markers was made. As expected, the PPh status digital map that relies on the integrated indicators of sensorimotor activity, event-related parameters of autonomic regulation and EEG markers could be effective to increase the sensitivity and reliability of child ADHD.

ABSTRACT. Мозговые механизмы сенсорного и ментального внимания изучены далеко не в равной степени. В частности, нам не известны психофизиологические исследования подготовительного ментального внимания. Этапы подготовительного и исполнительного внимания могут быть четко разделены при применении экспериментальной парадигмы вызванной активности, широко применяемой в психофизиологии с различными видами нейровизуализации. При этой парадигме исследуемая умственная деятельность повторяется многократно с соответствующим контролем внешних входов. Однако этот контроль может различным образом влиять на состояния и проявления ментального внимания. Целью настоящей работы была проверка предположения, что специфичность мозговых механизмов ментального внимания всё же может быть выявлена при исследовании ЭЭГ в условиях непосредственного сопоставления ЭЭГ-коррелят ментального и сенсорного внимания. В исследовании приняло участие 45 здоровых добровольцев. Тестовые задания предъявлялись однородными блоками, в каждом блоке по 80 или по 40 проб. В блоке заданий с доминированием сенсорного внимания (ДСВ) пробами являлись пары стимулов: слово (фраза) и соответствующее цветное изображение. Испытуемые запоминали изображения. Для исследования состояний с доминированием ментального внимания (ДМВ) использовались задания на продуктивное (ДМВп) и репродуктивное воображение (ДМВр). В блоке заданий ДМВр использовались стимулы: слово (фраза), используемые в задании ДСВ, и белый экран компьютера. После предъявления слова (фразы) испытуемые вспоминали и мысленно представляли соответствующий образ на фоне белого экрана. В блоке заданий ДМВп стимулами являлись новые слова (фразы) и белый экран. После предъявления вербального стимула испытуемые придумывали изображение-химеру или картину, соответствующую предъявленным словам. Все задания выполнялись с открытыми глазами. Состояние покоя с открытыми глазами (ПГО) использовалось как референтное. Длительность предъявления вербальных стимулов – 500 мс., длительность предъявления второго стимула (изображение или белый экран) – 5 сек., интервал между стимулами – 800 мс. В конце каждой пробы испытуемые нажимали на кнопку в случае успешного выполнения задания. Методика регистрации и анализа ЭЭГ представлена в работе (Бойцова и др. 2018). На этапе подготовительного внимания (300 мс перед первым стимулом в пробе относительно ПГО) в задании ДСВ отмечались увеличения мощности ЭЭГ в θ-диапазоне во всех отведениях и уменьшения α2-мощности в отдельных отведениях. На этапе подготовительного внимания в задании ДМВ отмечались уменьшения α2-мощности в затылочно-теменных отделах. На этапе исполнительного внимания (5 сек. после второго стимула относительно ПГО) в задании ДСВ продолжается уменьшение мощности в α2-диапазоне в затылочных отделах, а в заданиях ДМВ происходит уменьшение θ- и α2-мощности в лобных и теменных отведениях. Такую динамику ЭЭГ можно объяснить завышенной мобилизацией неких ресурсов на этапе подготовительного внимания, которая сменяется редукцией используемых ресурсов при непосредственном выполнении задания. Эти ресурсы различны для заданий ДМВ и ДСВ. Используя существующие в литературе представления о связи синхронизации в θ-диапазоне с активацией рабочей памяти (Klimesch et al., 2008, Addante et al., 2011, Takase et al., 2019) и о связи десинхронизации в α-диапазоне с активацией внешне-направленного внимания (Ray, Cole 1985, Cooper et al., 2003), можно предположить, что на подготовительном этапе для задания ДСВ активируется именно рабочая память, а для ментальных заданий (ДМВ) особое значение играет настройка на точное восприятие вербальной информации, которая должна конкретизировать задачу в следующей пробе. Выполнение задания ДСВ относительно соответствующих предстимульных участков характеризуется уменьшением мощности во всех частотных диапазонах ЭЭГ, в θ-диапазоне данное уменьшение выражено во всех отведениях. Подобные изменения в картине ЭЭГ мы наблюдали ранее в условиях открывания глаз на свету (Данько 2006). Это позволяет говорить о некотором дополнительном усилении внешней направленности внимания для ДСВ заданий в переходе от подготовительного внимания к исполнительному. Выполнение заданий ДМВ относительно соответствующих предстимульных участков характеризуется уменьшениями θ- и α1-мощности при увеличении α2-мощности практически во всех отведениях. Как мы предполагали ранее [Бойцова и др. 2018] выполнение заданий с ДМВ требует блокирования внешних входов, что отражается в увеличении α2-мощности, но также для выполнения задания необходимо сохранять и определенный уровень внешнего внимания, для контроля перехода к следующей пробе, что может отражаться в уменьшениях α1-, θ-мощности. Таким образом, специфичность механизмов исполнительного ментального и сенсорного внимания нашим исследованием подтверждается. В этих же условиях различия между ЭЭГ-коррелятами заданий ДМВ и ДСВ на этапе подготовительного внимания заметно меньше, чем на этапе исполнительного внимания, что не позволяет с уверенностью декларировать специфичный характер подготовительного ментального внимания в данных условиях исследования.

1.Klimesch W., Freundberger R., Sauseng P., Gruber W. A short review of slow phase synchronization and memory: Evidence for control processes in different memory systems? // Brain Res. 2008. V. 1235. P. 31–44. 2.Addante RJ,  Watrous AJ,  Yonelinas AP,  Ekstrom AD, and  Ranganath C Prestimulus theta activity predicts correct source memory retrieval //PNAS June 28, 2011 108 (26) 10702-10707 3.Takase R, Boasen J, Yokosawa K. Different roles for theta- and alpha-band brain rhythms during sequential memory// Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2019 Jul; 2019:1713-1716 4.Ray W.J., Cole H.W. EEG activity during cognitive processing: influence of attentional factors // Int. J. Psychophysiol. 1985. V. 3. № 1. P. 43-48 5.Cooper N.R., Croft R.J., Dominey S.J., et al. Paradox lost? Exploring the role of alpha oscillations during externally vs. internally directed attention and the implications for idling and inhibition hypotheses // Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2003. V. 47. № 1. P. 65-74. 6.Данько С.Г. Об отражении различных аспектов активации мозга в электроэнцефалограмме: что показывает количественная электроэнцефалография состояний покоя с открытыми и закрытыми глазами // Физиология человека. 2006. Т. 32. № 4. С. 5-17. 7.Бойцова Ю.A., Данько С.Г., Соловьева М.Л. ЭЭГ-корреляты ментального внимания модифицируются режимом предъявления конкретизирующих зрительных сигналов // Физиология человека. 2018. Т. 44. №. 3. С. 123-128. 8.Fan J., Byrne J., Worden M.S., et al. The Relation of Brain Oscillations to Attentional Networks // The Journal of Neuroscience. 2007. V. 6. № 27. P. 6197–6206.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the study is to determine the possibility to recognize the child’s psychoneurological state by the features of their voice and speech by adults and automatically. The participants of the study were typically developing (TD) children (n = 30), children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD, n = 30) and children with Down syndrome (DS, n = 30) aged 5-12 years; adults (n = 285). “Typical development – developmental disorder" states of the children by speech was recognized by adults and classified automatically. The perceptual study with listeners with professional experience (psychiatric students and psychiatrists) included an additional task to recognize the severity of developmental disorders "light – medium – severe". Acoustic characteristics of speech classified as speech of children with TD and developmental disorders are determined. The results of perceptual and automatic classification showed similar results for more accurate recognition of speech of children with Down syndrome vs. speech of ASD children.

ABSTRACT. С позиции теории кодирования и передачи информации доказывается, что в практике взаимодействия человека со знаниями наступает новый период, когда знания, будучи в цифровом коде в компьютерах, могут перемещаться с одного материального носителя на другой самостоятельно. Примером такого материя-независимого кодирования (МНК) становятся облачные технологии. Возникновение материя-независимого кодирования приводит к тому, что передача оцифрованных знаний из прошлого в будущее теперь будет совершаться не обязательно с участием сознания и подсознания человека. Мозг человека остается носителем смысла только в материя-зависимом кодировании.

ABSTRACT. The article describes an optical-electronic system based on a supercomputer, which is designed to create the illusion of the presence of an interlocutor next to the glass, who is actually located remotely, thereby significantly contributing to the understanding of his motives and personality traits at a distance. This system can be used in various areas of human life, which can remotely solve the tasks quickly and effectively assigned to them in a relatively short time.

ABSTRACT. The paper presents the results of research into a dominating influence of the native language of Turkic-Russian bilinguals on perception of the semantic component of Russian nouns. The study is based on the psycholinguistic database RuWordPerсeption. The database contains information on the weight of 5 modalities contibuting to perception of sematics of 200 nouns, 200 adjectives, and 200 verbs of the Russian language. The results obtained are consistent with patterns revealed in other languages and confirm that a person’s perceptual experience affects their understanding of sematics. They allowed allowed us to discover both similarities and differences in the weight of each perception modality and their correlation in two groups of respondents.

ABSTRACT. 122 children (60 girls and 61 boys) aged 7-8 years and their parents in Arkhangelsk were examined. The dependence of indicators of cognitive development of the surveyed schoolchildren on the type of family education is established. The analysis of correlations has shown that the greatest influence on the formation of the cognitive sphere of the surveyed students is provided by the styles of family education: "dependence and lack of independence of the mother", " shift in the attitudes of the parent in relation to the child's gender (preference for masculine qualities)", "dissatisfaction with the role of the hostess". It is revealed that the indicators of verbal and logical thinking, visual and spatial perception, and tempo organization of activity are most affected by family education.

ABSTRACT. Language deficits in patients with brain tumors inevitably lead to a social disability. The frequent subjective patients’ complaint after neurosurgical treatment is a difficulty in daily communication that reduces the quality of life. The goal of the present study was to investigate the linguistic nature of brain tumor patients’ communication difficulties in early postsurgical period. 22 patients with brain tumors were assessed with the Russian Aphasia Test before and 1-8 days after the surgery. The study was focused on the discourse level, which was assessed using a picture-based story elicitation. The decline in discourse production abilities in the acute post-surgical phase was identified by evaluating four criteria: fluency, grammar, paraphasias and information content. Statistical analysis was performed using R.

ABSTRACT. As part of the development of the database of video images of natural emotional facial expressions, we assessed the relationship between the level of alexithymia and the type of emotional response with subjective evaluation of emotional states induceb by viewing emotional videos. We have shown that participants with a predominance of the euphoric type of emotional response revealed a significant negative relationship between the level of alexithymia and assessments of their condition on the scales "enjoying," "happy," "joyful," "embarrassed," and "shy": the higher the alexithymia level, the lower grades on these scales. Participants with a predominance of a refractory type of response showed a positive relationship between the level of alexithymia and the ratings on the “broken” scale. The results, although preliminary, suggest that the effective induction of positive emotions can be reduced in participants with a higher level of alexithymia, and this parameter should be monitored during research.

ABSTRACT. The research is devoted to the development of a methodology for conducting an experimental study of the speaker's deictic behavior in virtual reality (VR). Based on the created platform of VR experiments (SciVi. VR), the components of the scene are defined, and five person-oriented and distance-oriented scenes are characterized. Several types of deictic behavior in the VR environment are described, some of which are not typical for ordinary communication. It also gives an idea of the classifier of linguistic deictic means (lexical units, grammatical categories, syntactic constructions, etc.) and non-linguistic deictic means (gaze, gestures, facial expressions) created by the analysis of 731 annotated replicas of 24 informants. The analysis of deictics used by the speaker allows us to determine its coordinate system, orientation modes in VR, typical for different types of scenes and types of communicative behavior.

ABSTRACT. Brain damage is one of negative conditions, which may affect psychological development starting from infancy. Organization of the process of rehabilitation initially requires profound and detailed clinical analysis on different levels: organic, electrophysiological, neuropsychological and psychological. Luria’s neuropsychological theory together with the theory of psychological development represents a solid background for assessment and organization of the process rehabilitation in cases of patients with brain damage after several years since the event. The objective of this study is to preset results of rehabilitation of individual case of adolescent patient with early brain damage in right hemisphere and cerebellum as a consequence of a stroke with evolution more ten years without any formal treatment. The article presents the data of neuropsychological and electrophysiological assessment followed by procedures and results of his rehabilitation. The method of individual case study was used in this research, performing a pre-and-post qualitative assessment before and after of the application of the program of neuropsychological rehabilitation during the period of four months. The results obtained in the study allowed to point out positive improvement in the functioning of functional systems for practical, playful, graphic and verbal actions of the patient. Positive changes were obtained in the motor sphere, muscle tone and balance. The patient became more independent in his general behavior, he showed higher level of regulation, responsibility and active participation in his day-to-day life. Neuropsychological assessment should consider psychophysiological cause of the patient’s difficulties together with guiding activity of psychological age. Results of such assessment lead to elaboration and application of effective programs for rehabilitation even after long periods without a formal treatment.

ABSTRACT. Improving the quality of cognitive activity as a result of the use of additional relevant information by the subject is considered as a short-term effect of activating a reflexive work style, implemented against the background of the development of a hyperadaptive state of the body – fatigue.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. The knowing subject is the constructor of new scientific knowledge, the bearer of flexible rationality. At the stage of scientific research, he uses a metaphor that reveals the activity of cognitive processes, the mentality of the cognizing subject, his constructive role in the formation of linguistic and conceptual pictures of the world. The aesthetic color of the metaphor expresses the beauty of the subject's thoughts and feelings. Beauty appears as an emotional and rational synthesis of the harmony of the whole. The subject's flexible rationality provides the heuristic status of metaphor as a cognitive tool for generating new knowledge.

ABSTRACT. Elementary discourse units (EDUs; N=2201) produced by six speakers of the “Russian Pear Chats & Stories” corpus (RUPEX) were annotated for structural types, distinguishing between clausal, subclausal, regulatory, truncated, and paraclausal units. We compared the distribution of EDU types uttered by the same participants in monologic vs. conversation stages of the recordings. Contrasted to monologues, speakers use significantly more paraclausal EDUs and significantly fewer clausal and regulatory EDUs (χ2; p < 0.001). Individual differences were also revealed, as frequencies of regulatory EDUs in monologues and of paraclausal EDUs in conversation vary considerably across speakers. Overall, the distribution of EDU types can serve for establishing individual speakers’ strategies as well as to distinguish between communicative modes.

ABSTRACT. During the research six main factors determining functional state (FS) structure of 6-7 aged children’s organisms: vegetative regulation of physiological functions, cognitive activity effectiveness, physical working capability, hemodynamic support of cognitive activity, non-specific organism resistance; emotional status were identified. It has been stated out that on the background of identified similarities of structure of organism’s FS among 6-7 aged boys and girls the contribution to common sampling variance are divided differently. With consideration for the given circumstance, the most informational indexes were found out and comparative norms suitable to express-mark of FS of boys and girls of the examined aged group were developed.

ABSTRACT. This research addresses the relationship between sex and cognitive style «field dependence-field independence». One of the reasons for unstable and conflicting results on this topic is the use of inadequate mathematical methods. In this research the same data were verified by parametric (Student's T-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney U-test) criteria for determining the significance of the difference between boys and girls in early adolescents. It is shown that depending on the chosen criterion, completely different conclusions can be derived.

ABSTRACT. This report proposes an approach to the use of virtual reality technology for training and improving the skills of athletes of different skill levels, as well as for testing them, in particular for detecting visual-motor reactions in conditions close to real ones. As an example, a simulated virtual environment will be presented, simulating a hockey field in which an athlete (goalkeeper) is tasked with reflecting the pucks in conditions of different difficulty levels.

ABSTRACT. Стойка, или посадка, является основополагающей позой хоккеиста, необходимой ему как для отработки различных навыков и движений, так и во время игры (Walsh et al., 2018; Cech, 2015). Отработка любых навыков в хоккее начинается с принятия основной стойки атлетом, при этом важным аспектом является умение переносить центр тяжести с одной ноги на другую, а также с пятки на носок и обратно (покачивание). Такой навык обеспечивает правильную технику передвижения на коньках без отрыва коньков ото льда (Букатин, 1985). Во время игры правильная стойка хоккеиста обеспечивает ему устойчивое положение на льду, а также создает оптимальные условия для максимального отталкивания, скольжения, смены движения и ритма бега, а также для работы рук. Кроме того, правильная посадка обеспечивает хоккеисту хороший обзор поля. Основные характеристики посадки хоккеиста: живот втянут, голова поднята, туловище наклонено вперед, ноги согнуты под углом 100–120 градусов, голеностопные и тазобедренные суставы по углом 70 градусов и располагаются примерно на ширине плеч. Плечи немного выдвинуты вперед и опережают проекцию колен. Проекция колен опережает проекцию стопы. Руки хоккеиста согнуты в локтевых суставах (Букатин, 1985). Сохранение стойки, или так называемого постурального баланса, является сложным процессом, включающим в себя интегрированную совокупность биомеханических, нейрофизиологических и нейропсихических явлений, которые влияют друг на друга и взаимно компенсируются в каждый момент времени (Грибанов, Шерстенникова, 2013). В математической модели, предназначенной для исследования механизмов регуляции позы (Терехов, Левик, 2007), выделяют две составляющие: биомеханическую модель тела человека и модель управления, отражающую, собственно, механизмы регуляции позы, – причем последняя во многом зависит от первой. Обычно при анализе положения тела анализируются углы, хотя рассмотрение изменения угла, как самостоятельного параметра стойки, не менее информативно. В хоккейной стойке основной характеристикой является взаиморасположения голеней, бедер, тела человека. Оценивая взаиморасположение данных сегментов можно наблюдать динамику стойки у игрока в процессе выполнения произвольного задания, например, при реагировании на летящие в его направлении шайбы. Для анализа динамики стойки во время выполнения различных заданий одной из эффективных стратегий представляется использование методов отслеживания движений тела, в частности использование оптических систем видеоанализа. Чтобы восстановить положение тела в пространстве по данным видеоанализа, или данным другой системы отслеживания движений, необходимо знать как минимум положение двух точек на каждом из отслеживаемых сегментов тела. Современные системы позволяют регистрировать не только положение отслеживаемых маркеров, но и их ориентацию. Изменение ориентации маркера, закрепленного на сегменте тела совпадает с изменением ориентации и этого сегмента. Таким образом, помимо фиксации значений углов в суставах, для анализа стойки человека можно использовать данные об ориентации маркеров, используя при этом меньший набор маркеров. Для восстановления углов в таком случае может использоваться калибровочное положение, которое позволит связать начальные значения направляющих векторов отслеживаемых тел с сегментами. Предлагаемый подход не противоречит дополнительному использованию калибровочной позы, но наличие точно определенных значений углов между сегментами тела, т.е. углов в суставах, не является базовой информацией необходимой для анализа. Для анализа динамики стойки хоккеиста предлагается использовать следующие маркерные показатели: изменения углов в коленных и тазобедренных суставах. Изменения угла в голеностопном суставе, зафиксированным ботинком, претерпевают незначительные изменения вне зависимости от изменения стойки, в связи с чем они были исключены из рассмотрения. Анализ дополнительных величин, таких как расстояние между маркерами на бедрах и высота головы над полом позволяют отслеживать наиболее распространенные ошибки, совершаемые начинающими хоккеистами, в том числе: (1) сведение коленей; (2) распрямление ног; (3) смещение центра масс вперед. С использованием системы ATR Track и системы позиционного отслеживания движения Vive Pro Eye нами было проведено пилотное исследование статических характеристик стойки у хоккеистов по сравнению с новичками (10 испытуемых – 4 профессиональных хоккеиста и 6 новичков). Задача испытуемых заключалась в принятии основной стойки хоккеиста и нахождение в ней в течении 5 минут. В целях обеспечения экологической валидности исследования все испытуемые надевали защитное снаряжение (коленные щитки, шлем, перчатки), а также коньки и брали в руку клюшку. Стояли испытуемые на спецальном искусственном льду из пластика. По результатам анализа данных позиционного отслеживания с систем ATR Track и Vive Pro Eye можно сделать следующие выводы: (1) профессиональные хоккеисты при сохранении стойки характеризуются большей амплитудой колебаний, чем новички, которые не имели опыта игры в хоккей. Опытные хоккеисты имели характерные изменения углов в суставах - от 1 до 3 градусов. Новички же характеризовались колебаниями, не превосходящими 1 градуса. (2) по данным записанным на ATR Track и Vive Pro Eye разницы в выбранных маркерных величинах не наблюдалось. На основе полученных данных мы можем сделать предположение о том, что у неопытных спортсменов сохранение стойки хоккеиста требует участия других более сложных механизмов в связи с отсутствием автоматизации навыка, а также более сильным напряжением регуляторных систем организма, которое проявляется в меньшей амплитуде колебаний. Исследование проводится при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, проект № 19-78-10134. Литература Букатин, А.Ю. Начальное обучение технике катания на коньках / Букатин А.Ю., Перегудов Ю.Н. // Хоккей : Ежегодник. - М., 1985. - С. 43-45,48-49 Грибанов А.В., Шерстенникова А.К. Физиологические механизмы регуляции постурального баланса человека (обзор) // Журнал медико-биологических исследований, 2013. Терехов А.В., Левик Ю.С., Солопова И.А. Механизмы коррекции референтного положения в системе регуляции вертикальной позы // Физиология человека. 2007. Т. 33, № 3. С. 1–8. Cech, Pavol. (2015). Effect of Short Term Balance Training on Postural Stability in Ice Hockey Players. AUC Kinanthropologica. 50. 13-20. Walsh Mark, Slattery Eric, McMath Arden, Cox Ronald, Haworth Joshua Training history constrains postural sway dynamics: A study of balance in collegiate ice hockey players / Gait & Posture, Volume 66, 2018, pp. 278-282

ABSTRACT. Lipidomics is one of the omics technologies aimed at detection and quantification of the complete set of lipids in a sample (the sample lipidome). Despite growing evidence of a crucial role that lipids play in brain function, studies of brain lipid composition are rare. There is growing evidence of new functions of the cerebellum in neuronal plasticity and specific features of the development of this structure in humans. The objectives of the present work were: 1) find patterns of spatial distribution of lipids in the cerebellar micronetworks; 2) identify human-specific features of cerebellar lipidome when compared with chimpanzee and macaque cerebellum. The results of MALDI mass spectrometry imaging showed that molecular layer, granular layer and white matter of the cerebellum have unique lipid profiles. Lipidome-based hierarchical clustering of different cerebellar regions revealed evolutionary differences between the structures. Remarkably, the most significant evolutionary distance was observed between the lipid profiles of the white matter of humans and other primates. This fact may be due to significant changes in axonal myelin sheaths during the evolution of the human brain. ​​

ABSTRACT. The ability to perform quick mental calculations are vital skills both for school children and for adults. Analysing recent trends in mathematical education research Lilienthal et al. (2019) noted an increase in number of studies using eye tracking methodologies to explore strategies in mathematical problem solving as well as mathematical perception. This trend reflects growing appreciation for the potential of eye-tracking indices to reveal valuable information about cognitive processes. An important factor in our ability to perform mathematical operations is cognitive load associated with the task. Results in many fields of cognitive science show that eye-tracking metrics, such as blink rate, saccade rate and fixation duration, can be used as objective physiological measures of perceived cognitive load (see Chen et al., 2011, Eckstein et al., 2017). The goal of this study was to discover whether relations exist among cognitive effort during mental arithmetic and eye movements.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this article was to determine the specifics of the subjective perception of stress factors of the urban environment of a metropolis by youth. As a result of a survey of 408 young residents of Yekaterinburg, a structural model of stress factors of the modern Russian metropolis was formed. This model describes the mechanisms of interaction of the real and virtual image of the city in assessing its stressfulness for young people.

ABSTRACT. The question of how neurons are assembled into "ensembles", how it is genetically determined, how much self-organization plays a role in this, and what factors influence the processes of assembly and functioning of "ensembles" is one of the key issues in modern brain research. As a rule, the "synaptic concept" excludes an important and evolutionarily older system of information exchange between cells — the tonic and non-synaptic action of neurotransmitters. It is shown that in the mammalian body there is a system that allows, with minimal energy costs for synthesizing the mediator and its subsequent disposal, to deliver an information signal to a group of cells ("at the right time to the right place"), taking into account the individual characteristics of the target cell phenotype and with minimal changes in the existing chemical environment. It is represented by short protein molecules-regulatory peptides. Acting as regulators on the functions of individual groups of cells, these molecules are able to trigger the implementation of various neuronal biochemical processes, control the work of entire systems and organs, including complex acts of behavior. Our research shows that the action of neuropeptides is based primarily on the molecular and chemical regulation of the sensitivity of various types of receptors to their specific ligands (neurotransmitters). The effect of regulatory peptides is similar to the "equalizer effect", which allows selectively correcting the amplitude (the total effect) the chemical signal entering the cell depends on the setting of the" receiving characteristics» of the target cell receptors.

ABSTRACT. In this paper we present some results of an interdisciplinary experimental study of the perception and understanding of multimodal extremist texts. The interpretation of the meaning of a multimodal message is implemented using the mechanism of semantic and grammatical coordination which allows to build the relationships between the meanings ​​of individual components of an image and a statement. We have also observed that the incorrect decoding of a component meaning which realizes the actant function in the syntactic structure leads to distortion of the interconnections and the inability to correctly interpret the entire meaning of the multimodal text.

ABSTRACT. The gut microbiota is connected to the brain through a bidirectional communication, which is called the axis "gut microbiota-gut-brain." It’s shown that administration of a cocktail of antibiotics to mice caused dysbiosis and leads to cognitive dysfunction. We have shown that administration of butyric acid prevented these changes. It was suggested that microbiota disturbance butyric acid has a protective effect on the central nervous system.

ABSTRACT. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the way people live. They are forced to make decisions about social distance. And this is not only dictated by the external requirements of living in an epidemic, it is also associated with emotional regulation, which can be reflected in the justifications of different elections. Our study, conducted on a Chinese sample (during the recession period of the epidemic), analyzed the foundations of Decision Making and their possible connections with individual differences on the scales of implicit theories of emotions (ITE) and empathy.In addition, we were interested in people's trust in the media in these extraordinary circumstances. Five verbal tasks were formulated on the topic of wearing or not wearing a mask. Verbal tasks with questionnaires (for ITE and empathy) were sent out over the Internet.Participants responded to the questionnaires by will, and after answering some of them received 10 yuan in compensation for the time. Almost half of the participants (n = 244) are students studying in China. All 436 Chinese respondents are from 15 to 57 years old. As the data show, most Chinese people (3/4 of the sample) trust the media regarding epidemic data. But the rationale for wearing a mask - as a necessary condition for social distance - is different. People do not hide the fact that they take care of themselves in the first place (3/4 because of this reason when Making the decision of wearing a mask). Moreover, despite the fact that the implicit theories of emotions and empathy are correlated with each other, it was revealed only that cognitive empathy particular at the aspect of Perspective Taking differs in individuals with different justifications for Dicision Making. Perception of risk is also included in the basis of Decision Making. As the epidemic declines in Russia, research will continue on the Russian sample.

ABSTRACT. In the present study, we compare the predictions by two theories of intelligence: parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) and Barbey's network neuroscience theory of intelligence. We show that even with a low amount of data for the analysis P-FIT based brain activity accounts for the same variance in non-verbal intelligence as Barbey's network neuroscience theory. We hypothesize that our results can be explained by the fact that parietal and frontal brain activity plays a dominating role in the intelligence related-tasks.

ABSTRACT. Decreasing the level of control activity can be distinguished as one of the feature of solving insight-type tasks. This process is unconscious and cannot be detected during verbal report. Using hardware methods is one of good promising for this type of research. The method of ERP allows us to identify the dynamics of cognitive control's functioning, but also has a number of drawbacks: there are the need to analyze a long running solving of problem, the need to exclude quick solutions from the sample, the specific procedure that leaves marks on decision-making process. In this research we identified EEG correlates of attention, which will allow to us in future analyze the dynamics of cognitive control's functioning in insight-type tasks and eliminate the limitations of the method of ERP.

ABSTRACT. Today, the number of known models of intelligence has reached several hundred (Kotseruba&Tsotsos 2018), but even the most advanced of them do not take into account many significant individual people differences in the information processing. A new psychologically sound model of mental architecture is proposed that takes into account the characteristics of various psychological types of a person. The main idea of the new approach assumes that the input information flow is sequentially processed by three modules, forming as a result 3 relatively independent different information subflows: description of objects, description of the dynamics of the situation and structure of the situation. For each such real subflow, its corresponding subflow of subjective assessments is constructed, describing not its information itself, but only its evaluation and assessment by the carrier of the psyche. Further, from these 6 partial information subflows, integrated flows are built: the so-called information aspects (IA). Each IA forms its own situation model and includes 3 components: informational objects subflow, dynamics subflow and structure subflow (each of them is or real or estimated). There are only 8 different combinations of 6 source forming subflows. Further, the information of each aspect is independently processed using 8 specialized knowledge and data bases and, as a result, gives 8 fundamentally different models of the situation. The individual hierarchy of these models creates an information basis for deciding on an action plan. This approach models the decision-making structure of psychologically different types of people. For example, the 8 described types of individual information exchange perfectly correspond to the 8 psychological types of personality defined by Carl Jung, disclose the information content of the concepts of extraversion and introversion, various types of intuition and ethics, etc.

ABSTRACT. This aerobatic paper is devoted to assessing the role of the father in the formation of emotional intelligence at an early age. Due to the novelty of the subject of emotional intelligence in Russian psychology, there is still not enough quality tools for assessing emotional intelligence in childhood and adolescence. Therefore, the assessment of the factor of completeness / incompleteness of the family has to be carried out already after adolescence, evaluating the results. The study involved 114 people aged 18 to 21 years (mean age 19.7 years): 23 young men from a complete family, 21 young men from an incomplete family, 38 girls from a complete family, and 32 girls from an incomplete family. Differences between young men from a complete and an incomplete family were shown by the level of development of individual components of emotional intelligence. Important was also the age of the young man, when the family became incomplete. The features of the connection of emotional intelligence with intra-family emotional communications in a complete and incomplete family were also shown.

ABSTRACT. This work is devoted to the development of phoneme and word recognition tools for Russian and Japanese languages ​​with internal pronunciation using EEG data. The possibility of reconstructing words in various languages, as well as reproducing nonexistent words (neologisms), remains poorly understood. It is known that the task of recognizing words is more complex than recognizing individual phonemes. An important problem is also the choice of technology for potential removal in order to achieve optimal spatio-temporal resolution. The aim of this work was to study the EEG correlates of the internal distribution of multilevel elements - the background of the Russian language, a dictionary of Russian and Japanese languages. At the same time, various methods of initiating internal pronunciation were investigated. A computer algorithm for extracting and normalizing features from a signal with classification.

ABSTRACT. The results of research on a sample of primary school children in Moscow are presented. The results of this study showed that when the combination of adverse and favorable effects of the environmental and social environment, and Vice versa, the actions of environmental factors were partially leveled, which affected the cognitive functions and adaptive processes of primary school children. With a favorable impact of environmental factors (environmental and social environments) cognitive functions of primary school children were higher than age norms and proceeded without overstrain of functional systems.

ABSTRACT. The ability to predict the potential occurrence of a hazardous event and behave in such a way as to reduce the likelihood of risk is based on a set of cognitive abilities and is considered critical for safety. This study is based on the hypothesis that the safe behavior of workers of modern production and warehouse is based on the features of implicit learning, intelligence and the specifics of suppressing irrelevant incentives in equal conditions of safety training. On a sample of 83 people warehouse workers and 67 production workers, clustered into groups of medium-high intelligence and medium-low level, measurements of the performance of the test with artificial grammar and the Stroop effect were made. Significant differences in cluster subgroups were identified both in terms of the experiment with artificial grammar and in terms of the Stroop effect. The expected improvements in behavioral indicators were identified only in the first group of “medium-high intelligence” for the persons, who performed the experiment with artificial grammar in the best way.

ABSTRACT. Reading is a complex skill that includes a number of components, including the ability to decode a graphic representation of a word (orthographic decoding), the ability to establish a connection between graphic and phonetic images of a word and its meaning (vocabulary), general exposure to print, which facilitates understanding of the structure of the text as a whole. The level of the reading skill, that is, the quality and speed of reading comprehension, is determined by a number of individual characteristics of the reader, which are called reading-related skills. To assess the print exposure of readers in English, K. Stanovich and R. West developed an author recognition test (ART) [Stanovich, West 1989] to most accurately determine how much time subjects generally devote to reading, avoiding the influence social desirability in questionnaires. To solve this problem, a special test design was proposed in [Stanovich, West 1989 subtracting the number of wrongly selected foils fromthe number of correctly selected authors. A more modern version of the English ART was developed by (Moore, Gordon 2015). Similar tests were developed for Chinese (Chen, Fang 2015), Korean (Lee et al. 2018), Dutch (Brysbaert et al. 2019), and German (Grolig et al. 2020). We present a version of such test developed for Russian.

ABSTRACT. Statistically significant differences between children were revealed by the total computer load per week and the amount of “screen time” due to the level of development of physical activity. It was established that students of 2 classes with a high level of physical activity spend less time watching a TV and using computer tools during the week. They have lower values of the informatization index compared to schoolchildren with insufficient physical activity against the background of the optimal functional state of the body.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the study was to carry out a structural model of predictors of academic achievement in the Russian language. The model includes the regulatory processes of the cognitive level of conscious self-regulation, motivational, and emotional indicators. The study sample consisted of 178 students in grades 7 and 9. We used structural modeling method to confirm this model. The model allows us to evaluate the contribution of cognitive and non-cognitive predictors to the achievement of learning goals. The results show that conscious self-regulation, positive and negative emotions have a significant impact on non-cognitive factors (cognitive activity, achievement motivation, and self-efficacy). The contribution of conscious self-regulation is mediated. The only direct contribution to academic achievement in Russian is the motivation of achievement.

ABSTRACT. В работе рассмотрены методы оценки и пути развития коммуникации у детей с тяжёлыми и множественными нарушениями развития, проведён лонгитюдный анализ развития коммуникативного уровня детей с различными патологиями развития. Улучшение уровня коммуникации после комплексного воздействия наблюдается в 90% случаях.

ABSTRACT. A study of the cognitive development of healthy children conceived using the IVF procedure was started at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution of Mental Health Research Center, the main task was to select tools for assessing the cognitive status of children, determine the relationship between diagnostic tools and conduct a pilot study. The methods of psychodiagnostics are selected - WISC and the questionnaire of the functional ensemble of temperament (STQ-77), means of classical diagnostics of auditory-speech memory and visual attention. Subjects: children aged 5 to 12 years, born as a result of IVF. 5 boys and 6 girls and 11 mothers. The main results: the IQ coefficient for all examined children falls into the norm of development, according to STQ-77, a decrease on the anxiety scale was found, while studying memory and attention, certain deficits were found. Summary. The study is pilot in nature, the data obtained will allow a more detailed assessment of the cognitive development of children conceived using IVF when expanding the sample.

ABSTRACT. This paper describes a quasi experimental investigation of fatigue effects on task-switching performance and their possible registration via pupillary responses. Controversial data were obtained regarding the main hypothesis of the study, which did not give a clear answer to the question of the interaction of mental fatigue and the presence of switching. However, pupillary reactions have shown themselves to be a promising indicator of decreased performance.

ABSTRACT. The results of psychological characteristics study of the speakers foreign languages are presented. Students with special educational needs in foreign languages learning of the Alliance Française cultural center and of the Southern Federal University (46 people) took part at the research. They were divided into three conditional groups: 1) bilinguals, 2) multilinguals and 3) monolinguals. We revealed the dominance of a realistic style of thinking, a tendency to passivity in behavior and a high level of attachment in bilinguals, in contrast to polilinguals (p <0.05) and also a higher level of aggression in polylinguals in contrast to bilinguals (p <0.05). It is concluded that the differences in the psychological characteristics of bilinguals and polilinguals are due to the characteristics of their dominant thinking styles.

ABSTRACT. The article discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations of the cognitive sociology of science, the research interests of which are aimed at confirming the status of science as a sphere of “reflexive production”. Cognitive sociology of science in the framework of cognitive science is also focused on the cognition of knowledge, however, it seeks to expand the space of the research process to the level of the social dimension and argues that there is a relationship between knowledge and the social structure of science. Social processes are understood to be inseparable from the course of scientific research and the production of scientific facts, which are not regarded as statements describing "reality", since reality itself is the result of the process of scientific construction that takes place in the microstructures of the everyday life of scientific laboratories.

ABSTRACT. The article discusses the issue of near synonyms within cognitive framework. The synonyms networks are built by Wolfram Mathematica software and presented at different levels. The lexical profiles of the analyzed words based on COCA are given to show the conceptual peculiarities differentiating the words’ usage in the contemporary English language.

ABSTRACT. This study shows that such a metacognitive ability as a ToM acts as a mental resource in the elderly and senile ages and is interrelated with socio-demographic characteristics (level of education), the state of physical and psychological health of women. It is shown that this interaction is formed by psychological systems that ensure the successful course of aging in women. Factors of unfavorable course of aging are highlighted.

ABSTRACT. The theses present the results of several series of experiments, which are aimed at studying the contribution of various factors to metacognitive monitoring of the solution of learning tasks. Monitoring was found to be based on two sources. First, these are processes of heuristic inference of metacognitive judgment. Second, analytical strategies by which students assess their own cognition in learning.

ABSTRACT. A number of the hormone leptin effects are realized through the accumulation of triphosphoinositides on the synaptic plasmatic membrane, but the molecular mechanisms of these processes and their involvement to the regulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 field are not fully understood. The paper analyzes the molecular mechanisms of the glutamate receptors signaling pathways association formation and leptin receptor depending on the functional state of the synapse in the hippocampus.

ABSTRACT. Актуальность. В эпоху коммемораций (Нора, 2005) интерес ученых разных школ и направлений обращен к памяти, причем не просто как индивидуальному когнитивному психическому процессу, способствующему формированию личностной и социальной идентичности, ответственному за познание предметного и социального миров и адаптацию к ним, но и как социально-культурному явлению. Подобный междисциплинарный мнемонический поворот позволяет рефлексировать культуру как сообщество памяти, исследовать коллективную и коммуникативную память (Хальбвакс, 2007; Ассман, 2008; Ассман, 2014; Донцов, Гончарова, 2005; Донцов, Стефаненко, 2017), контрпамять (Хаттон, 2004) и постпамять (М.Хирш, 2002). Цель: выявление специфических особенностей коллективной и семейной памяти как памяти Других, являющейся результатом действия эффекта когнитивного и эмпатического резонанса личности с ними. Новизна: коллективная память может позиционироваться как обобщенная и управляемая память Других, а семейная память как результат коммуникации личности со Значимыми Другими. Методы исследования. Исследование опирается на качественную методологию и включает в себя методы теоретического анализа, изучение конкретных случаев, имеющих отношение к коллективной памяти немцев России, переживших депортацию, глубинное интервью с тремя поколениями семей. Теоретические результаты исследования. Коллективная память рассматривается как совокупность актуально значимых репрезентаций прошлого, конституирующая смыслы безопасности личности и группы, выступающая в качестве доминантной идентификационной матрицы для них, сохраняющая целостность коллективной общности, ее консолидацию и границы, а также транслирующая культурные коды, значимые для ее единства и конструирования смыслов настоящего и будущего. Основными атрибутами коллективной памяти являются: отсутствие полного изоморфизма по форме и содержанию между фактом, историческим событием, субъектом и их представленностью в коллективной памяти; непрерывность и открытость, связанные с постоянным обновлением и дополнением ее содержания за счет совместного проживания и переживания новых событий и этапов жизни группы; динамичность, отражающая изменение локализации репрезентаций некоторых событий и их вытеснение на периферию пространства коллективной памяти; наличие закрытых зон, опосредованных опытом проживания, выживания и переживания в условиях тотальной угрозы существования группы, расхождениями между дискурсами официальной и приватной памяти непосредственных участников или очевидцев тех или иных событий; эмоциональность и избирательность, указывающие на то, что некоторые прошлые события стабильно сохраняются в коллективной памяти, и внимание на них устойчиво фиксируется, независимо от знака их оценивания; коммуникативность и нарративная организация, характеризующие то, что коллективная память манифестируется и обнаруживается только при взаимодействии людей в диахронном и синхронном измерениях; специфичность пространственно-временного хронотопа коллективной памяти, обусловленная тем, что проекции коллективной памяти представлены во всех инстанциях темпоральности; возможность управления и внешняя интервенция, приводящие к реконфигурации пространства коллективной памяти и его форматированию под определенные задачи и потребности. Контент семейной памяти характеризуется различной степенью осознанности и охватывает разные режимы бытия: повседневность (семейные традиции, ритуалы, дни и места памяти) и экстремальность (войны, катастрофы, репрессии, геноцид). Независимо от бытийного режима семейная память выполняет те же основные функции, что и коллективная память, она сохраняется и транслируется только в процессе коммуникации между членами семьи, благодаря которой прошлое становится памятью (Хальбвакс, 2007). Семейная память является коммуникативной памятью, проявляясь через интеракции Я – Другой, объективируясь посредством дискурса и нуждаясь в языке как основном средстве выражения прожитого и пережитого опыта. Семья может назначить рассказчиком и хранителем той или иной семейной истории любого своего представителя, но чаще всего – это Значимый Другой. Создание памятного семейного нарратива происходит благодаря таким механизмам как эмоциональная идентификация со значимыми и близкими Другими, эмпатия, рефлексия ответственности перед собой и Другими, конструирование согласованных интерсубъективных смыслов. Семейные рассказы передаются как аксиологические инварианты и смысловые константы, а возможность личностной идентификации с семейными историями позволяет запустить механизм трансгенерационной трансмиссии, основной целью которой выступает своеобразная индивидуализация семьи и акцентирование ее отличий от других. Результаты эмпирического исследования. Результаты свидетельствуют о том, что создание автобиографического нарратива – сложный многозначный символический процесс, связанный с повторным прохождением и актуализацией следов травматического события в индивидуальной памяти человека, а также трансляции воспоминаний о нем Другим. Личность, взаимодействуя с Другими и рассказывая о событиях, очевидцем которых она была, формирует коммуникативную память, расширяет круг «Мы», включая в него своих собеседников, эмоционально вовлекая их в реконструкцию и переживание прошлых событий, активизируя их эмпатию и сопричастность прошлому. Результаты указывают на частично вытесненный, не переработанный травматический опыт респондентов, переживших депортацию. Об этом можно судить по взаимосвязанным показателям: фрагментация рассказа, отстраненность рассказчика, наличие смысловых лакун, упрощение и подмена контекста, фреймированность повествования, табуирование некоторых аспектов травматического прошлого. При межпоколенческой передачи контента семейной памяти проявляются не артикулированные темы первого поколения, происходит схематизация и упрощение контента семейной памяти, смена дискурса с жертвенного на героический. Выводы Пространство коллективной памяти самонастраивается и самоорганизуется, но при этом является управляемым, и может позиционироваться как обобщенная и управляемая память Других. Семейная память представляет собой коммуникативную память, основанную на эффекте соучастия и сопричастности прожитого, пережитого и проговоренного опыта Значимого Другого. Анализ содержания семейной памяти у трех поколений российских немцев, первое из которых пережило депортацию, позволяет обозначить условия перехода содержания семейной памяти в метанарратив коллективной памяти: символическое конструирование травмы на социальном уровне с обозначением природы боли и страданий, статусов жертвы / агрессора и степени распределения ответственности, включение в личностную идентификационную матрицу и коллективную идентичность группы опыта пережитого и его культурных смыслов. Выполнение этих условий способствует восстановлению группового здоровья и благополучия, элиминированию защитного вытеснения.

ABSTRACT. The main assumption of the study was that ensemble activity of specialized (task-specific) neurons depends on the learning history and would be the “core” component of the pattern of population activity in the recorded cortical region. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the structure of activity patterns of retrosplenial neurons in two groups of rats with a different history of learning of the same operant behavior. Two groups of rats (Long-Evans, male, 8-15 months) were trained to perform self-paced behavior of pressing levers to get food from the feeders. One group of rats learned the first cycle in one step, during a single session of training (“one-stage” group, n=4), and the other group acquired the same first task in the course of four daily sessions through step-by-step shaping procedure (“four-stages” group, n=4). After all rats acquired the first skill, both groups were allowed to learn a similar operant task at the opposite side of the cage in one session. To identify features of behavioral events that generate similar ensemble firing patterns we performed hierarchical cluster analysis. In our analysis, we calculated pairwise similarities by correlating population firing rate vectors between pairs of distinct behavioral acts. Our results demonstrated the similarity in the hierarchical structure of the population and task-specific activity patterns in rats’ retrosplenial cortex during successive phases of a complex task. We also suggested that two main factors could be distinguished in this structure: the first was associated with the “space” logic of the task (it was common for groups with different learning histories), and the second one related to the way behavior is formed.

ABSTRACT. The report, using the term “cognitive style” as an example, examines the stages of the transfer of psychological terms into cognitive poetics. The role of this term in the construction of a typological model of idiostyle is determined. I offer the possible linguistic and stylistic analogues  to the categories of the cognitive-style approach in psychology (field dependence / field independence, analytics / synthetics, intuitiveness / discursiveness, etc.).  The conclusion is drawn on the productivity of applying the term “cognitive style” to both the process of generation and the process of perception of the text.

ABSTRACT. The report presents new diagnostic characteristics of the author’s modification techniques «Mental Rotation» through the use of features 3-D modeling technology. Statistical parameters are described the time variation and performance solving test tasks «Strategies to solving tasks of mental rotation». According to the results of the experimental study are made summarizing diagnostic fixation about existing the deficit feature of means solving cognitive tasks in different categories of test subjects.

ABSTRACT. In the current study, we performed simultaneous registration of calcium activity in hippocampal CA1 and retrosplenial cortex during exploration of space and objects using fiber photometry in mice. We demonstrated a specific increase in number of calcium events in retrosplenial cortex when animals explored the arena with the objects of new type or on new places.

ABSTRACT. Cognitive styles were widely studied as crucial factors of various cognitive tasks performance. However, most of these studies deal with the contribution of one cognitive style separately, not addressing the critical issue of various styles interactions. The purpose of our study was to reveal distinct subgroups characterized by multiple style dimensions (using the latent class analysis procedure), and further assess between-group differences in signal detection/discrimination tasks performance. We carried out an experiment (N=120), in which we assessed five cognitive styles as well as two psychophysical tasks performance indices. Thus, we highlight the necessity of studying not only effects of separate cognitive styles, but also their interactions. The results could have practical implications in professional selection of specialists performing perceptual tasks under uncertainty.

ABSTRACT. In the present study, the interactions among brain areas involved in the processing of non-selected meaning while dealing with ambiguous word pairs were investigated. The study was aimed at clarifying the question of which brain structures and how exactly are involved in supporting the processes of unconscious selection of one of the meanings of a word and what can happen, at the same time, with its unselected meaning. Experimental model utilized in a current study assumed, that experimental conditions required the completion of visually presented phrases with missing letters, which consisted of a pair of words “adjective-noun”. For example, the following phrases were presented: “mia_noi far_” (ground meat), "-ootballnui f_nat" (soccer fan), etc. The research design was created in such a way as to provide an opportunity to assess the aftereffect of the selection (or unselected) of word meaning while this word repeatedly encountered in a different context (requiring a different solution, for example, when presenting “mya_noi -arsh” (ground meat) after “vo_nnui -arsh” (military march)). The unconsciousness way of the process of choosing the word meaning was controlled by a survey conducted after the study. It was used to identify and reject samples in which both variants of completing phrases were recognized. Following our previous fMRI findings revealed in this experimental settings, the process of completion of ambiguous word pairs, as compared with unambiguous pair, was associated with decreased hemodynamic in the posterior hippocampus. According to one of the proposed hypotheses (Allakhverdov, 1993, Gernsbacher et al., 1997) the unconscious process of automatic disambiguation while dealing with ambiguous stimuli heavily relies on the suppression of the non-selected meaning. To testify further the relationship between the decrease in hippocampal activation and hypothetical operation of meaning suppression, we conducted a present study by utilizing the analysis generalized psychophysiological interactions approach (GPPI). We used fMRI data obtained on 17 healthy right-handed subjects performing the task of completion of adjective-noun pairs comprising words with missed letters: ambiguous pairs, as compared with unambiguous ones, had at least two variants of completion (as it was outlined above). To assess the effect of an unconscious meaning selection we contrasted experimental conditions with an unambiguous completion (“mya_noi far_”), during the first encounter with the pair of words with experimental conditions assuming two options for completion (“mya_noi -arsh”). GPPI analysis was conducted for the volume of interest located within the right and left hippocampus in which the effect of decreased BOLD signal was revealed. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed using a 3 Tesla Philips Achieva (Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands). Structural images were acquired using a T1-weighted pulse sequence (T1W-3D-FFE; repetition time [TR] = 2.5 ms; TE = 3.1 ms; 30° flip angle), measuring 130 axial slices (field of view [FOV] = 240 × 240 mm; 256 × 256 scan matrix) of 0.94 mm thickness. Functional images were obtained using an echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence (TE = 35 ms; 90° flip angle; FOV = 208 × 208 mm; 128 × 128 scan matrix). Thirty-two continuous 3.5-mm-thick axial slices (voxel size = 3 × 3 × 3.5 mm), covering the entire cerebrum and most of the cerebellum, were oriented with respect to the structural image. The images were acquired using a TR of 2,000 ms. Image pre-processing and statistical analyses of the fMRI data were performed using SPM12 software (Statistical parametric mapping, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm12/). The data obtained for each subject were spatially realigned to the first functional image. To avoid effects from differences in the time of acquisition for each slice, slice-time correction was applied. The resulting functional images were spatially normalized to a standard stereotactic MNI template (Montreal Neurological Institute) and smoothed (using a Gaussian filter, 8 mm full-width at half-maximum). To prevent head motions of participants “Philadelphia” cervical MRI-compatible collar was used. The estimated beta coefficients of the corresponding PPI-predictors were calculated for every subject (i.e., a t-contrast between each of the analyzed experimental trial and baseline) and they were subsequently submitted to a second-level group analysis performed using one-way ANOVA (as implemented in SPM12 software http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm12/). To avoid false-positive findings, we applied the FWE (p < 0.05) correction for multiple comparisons at the cluster level with cluster defining threshold (CDT) p = 0.001. GPPI analysis revealed the modulatory effect of the automatic disambiguation process on the functional coupling between the region of interest in the left hippocampus and the left and right inferior frontal gyrus, right caudate nucleus, the right inferior and superior parietal lobules (BA 39/7). The completion of ambiguous word pairs, as compared with unambiguous ones, was associated with a decrease in functional interactions within these integrated brain regions. Taking into account that both the reduction of the BOLD signal in the hippocampus and the reduction in its connectivity with prefrontal and parietal brain regions were associated with automatic disambiguation, the revealed data supports the hypothesis of active suppression of the unselected meaning. This effect is close in its manifestation to the so-called forgetting effect associated with retrieving information from memory (retrieval-induced forgetting (Anderson, Bjork, & Bjork, 2000)), which at the neurophysiological level can manifest itself as a relative decrease in activity of hippocampus. Therefore revealed results demonstrate the new evidence for involving the processes of suppressing unselected word meanings when choosing the meaning of an ambiguous word.

The study was funded by RFBR (the research project 18-00-00646 K (18-00-00645)).

Allakhverdov, V.M. 1993. The experience of theoretical psychology, publishing house St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg. Gernsbacher, M. A. 1997. Attenuating interference during comprehension: The role of suppression. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, Vol. 37 (p. 85–104). Academic Press. Anderson, M.C., Bjork, E.L. & Bjork, R.A. 2000. Retrieval-induced forgetting: Evidence for a recall-specific mechanism. Psychon Bull Rev 7, 522–530 (2000).

ABSTRACT. P300-based brain-computer interface (P300 BCI) provides the user an ability to control a computer by non-invasively recorded brain electrical activity. It is known that P300 BCI requires a high concentration from the user and therefore is prone to errors due to a possible attention loss and gaze shifts. We studied the features of the user's gaze and visual evoked potentials in P300 BCI during two experimental conditions: “classic”, when the user's attention and gaze were directed to one stimulus, and “distraction”, when the attention and gaze were directed to two different stimuli. It was found that the accuracy of the interface depends on the direction of the user's gaze to a much greater extent than on the direction of attention. The P300 amplitude was significantly higher for the attended stimulus, while the N100 amplitude was greater for the stimulus to which only the gaze was directed. The results suggest that the user's gaze direction and the early component of the H100 play a crucial role in P300 BCI performance.

ABSTRACT. Доклад посвящен исследованию приемов мнемотехники в древнеиндийских лингвистических трактатах. Автор рассматривает специальные мнемотехнические приемы, позволяющие заучивать и хранить в памяти гимны Ригведы, особенное внимание уделяется мнемотехникам, разработанным в словаре Ниганту и в грамматике Панини: классификация слов и морфем, типы правил-сутр, техника пратьяхар и анубандх, падежное оформление терминов и технических обозначений и т.п. Подобные мнемонические приемы позволяли запоминать объемные тексты и использовать их в ритуальном и научном дискурсе.

ABSTRACT. The role of phonology in visual word recognition is a crucial theoretical issue in psycholinguistics research of reading. The question is: what is stored in mental lexicon, phonological representations mapped onto semantics or both phonological and orthographic ones? The dual-route theory (Coltheart 1980) argues for two independent ways of printed words processing; one relies on phonological representation and the other on the visual image of the word, for frequent words read by skilled readers the visual route to the meaning is accessed faster. The single-route theory (Frost 1998) claims that phonological processing is a default procedure of cognitive system and meaning only can be accessed via phonological representation. Strong phonological models claim phonological processing to be mandatory and automatized. Homophones turn out to be an ideal testing ground: if a homophone is processed in the same way as any other orthographic neighbour, it gives evidence for the visual route to meaning. If homophony facilitates processing, it gives evidence for the phonological route. Newmann and collegues (2012) use ERP method to clarify the role of phonology in the activation of high frequency words during silent reading using target homophones (The students arranged to meet in the library), homophone errors (The students arranged to meat in the library) and spelling controls – orthographic neighbors (The students arranged to mean in the library) and find that N400 effect is more pronounced for spelling controls in comparison to homophone errors which is compatible with strong phonological model. However, it is an interesting issue in a cross-linguistic perspective, taking into account different degrees of orthographic transparency in different languages. We address to Russian language with more or less transparent orthography and regular homophony of words with voiced and devoiced consonants in the end (e.g. kot /kot/ ‘cat’- kod /kot/ ‘code’). 52 congruent phrases (adjective+noun) were made up according to associative dictionary of Russian (pushistyj kot ‘fluffy cat’, sekretnyj kod ‘secret code’), 52 phrases with homophone substitution (pushistyj kod ‘fluffy code’, sekretnyj kot ‘secret cat’) and 52 phrases with orthographic neighbour substitution (pushistyj kol ‘fluffy stake’) and 262 fillers (congruent phrases, e.g. staryj drug ‘old friend’, belyj flag ‘white flag’). We used Neurovizor BMM-52 multi-channel electroencephalograph, 1000 Hz sampling rate, and Neocortex software. 19 native speakers of Russian, age 18-23, right-handed, were instructed to read the phrases and to decide whether the noun is animate or inanimate. The participants were presented with each word for 500 ms, the intertrial interval was 2000-3000 ms. EEG was recorded. In the 300-400 ms time window, one-way ANOVA shows significant effect of Condition (congruent word/homophone/orthographic neighbour) in central and parietal regions: we reproduce N400 effect for both incongruent conditions (homophones and orthographic neighbours), but Bonferroni test also shows significant difference between these incongruent conditions: in central and left parietal regions N400 effect is more pronounced for homophones than for orthographic neighbours. Our data show that homophone errors provoke N400 effect which is more compatible with a dual-route model. At the same time, we see that N400 effect is even more pronounced in homophone errors than in orthographic neighbours, which could reflect the process of meaning competition and inhibition.

ABSTRACT. Введение: Принятие решений при социальных взаимодействиях требует умения предсказывать поведение других, которая тесно связана с возможностью формировать представление о содержании мыслей, намерений, мотивов и т.д. оппонента, известную как «theory of mind» (TOM). Изучение TOM является одним из важных направлений в науках о мозге человека и мозговая основа TOM интенсивно изучалась как в нормальном состоянии, так и при различных нарушениях психики. В современном мире наши социальные взаимодействия в реальной жизни все больше заменяются взаимодействиями в виртуальной среде, которая в целом обеднена социально-значимой информацией по сравнению с «живым» общением. При этом взаимодействия в виртуальной среде могут осуществляться как со знакомыми оппонентами, так и с анонимными. Влияние анонимности на работу нейрональной системы TOM при социальных взаимодействиях в виртуальной среде остается малоизученным. Цель: Изучить влияние анонимности оппонента на работу нейрональной системы ТОМ при социальном взаимодействии. Методы: Проведен анализ данных фМРТ 25 здоровых испытуемых (18 женщин, средний возраст 24.04±3.21), полученных на 3T томографе Philips Achieva. Все участники исследования дали письменное информированное согласие до начала исследования. Протокол исследования утвержден комиссией по этике ИМЧ РАН. Для моделирования социальных взаимодействий мы использовали модифицированную парадигму агрессии Тейлора (ТАП) [1]. Тестовое задание представляло собой игру на время реакции с двумя оппонентами, один из которых был анонимным, а со вторым из ним испытуемый знакомился перед исследованием. Во время игры игроки могли выбирать размер штрафа для оппонента или не штрафовать его. Большой размер штрафа полученный испытуемым рассматривался как провокация агрессии, а размер штрафа выбранного испытуемым для оппонента - как поведенческое проявление агрессии. Зависимость амплитуды фМРТ-сигнала в момент провокации от суммы, которую отнимал у испытуемого его оппонент определялась при помощи параметрического модулятора общей линейной модели. Эффект анонимности оценивался при помощи внутрисубъектного дисперсионного анализа повторных измерений. Для коррекции на множественность сравнений использовался метод контроля доли ложноположительных ошибок («False discovery rate», FDR) c уровнем значимости p<0.05 на воксельном уровне. Для оценки изменений функциональной связности («functional connectivity») между дистантно расположенными областями головного мозга, связанными с взаимодействием с анонимным и реальным оппонентом, использовался обобщенный метод «психофизиологических взаимодействий» («generalized psychophysiological interaction», gPPI) (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/gppi, McLaren, et al., 2012). В качестве областей интереса в данной работе были использованы 15 областей выявленных в мета анализе из 144-х наборов данных, как основные области, связанные с системой TОМ [Molenberghs и др., 2016]. Локализация значимых (FDR, p<0,025 размер кластера k>15) различий функциональной связности определялась с помощью программы xjView (http://www.alivelearn.net/xjview/). Для определения относительных различий в функциональной связности между экспериментальными условиями в выявленных кластерах использовалась программа REX (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/rex/). Результаты: Анализ поведенческих данных не выявил статистически значимого эффекта анонимности на уровень агрессии испытуемых (размер суммы, отнимаемой испытуемыми у их оппонентов в пробах, сразу после того когда у испытуемых оппонент отнимал относительно много денег). При анализе влияния анонимности (анонимный vs реальный оппонент) на уровень функциональной активности мозга (GLM) при использовании параметрического модулятора установлено, что условие анонимности оппонента (относительно реального) характеризуется билатеральным снижением в кластере, включающем кору островка Рейля и вторичную соматосенсорную кору (SII) и билатеральным повышением в верхней лобной извилине и области теменно-височного стыка (rTPJ), а также в правой вентролатеральной префронтальной коре, правой верхней височной извилине и передних подкорковых ядрах - левом хвостатом ядре и правой скорлупе. Анализ функциональной связности (gPPI) показал, что большая часть системы ТОМ, характеризуется дезинтеграцией - функциональные взаимодействия между входящими в ее состав структурами снижаются при восприятии провокации от анонимного оппонента. И лишь в области rTPJ наблюдается относительно повышение взаимодействий. Выводы: Полученные данные подтверждают предположение о том, что в условиях взаимодействия с анонимным оппонентом работа системы ТОМ адаптируясь к новой среде изменяется и указывают на вероятный механизм этого изменения. Вероятным механизмом, учитывая известное вовлечение rTPJ в обеспечение социальных взаимодействий и выявленный в настоящей работе характер изменений функциональной активности и взаимодействий этой структуры, является «достройка» необходимой информации. Т.е. усиленная работа одних звеньев, на фоне недостаточной вовлеченности других.

Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РНФ (проект № 19-18-00436).

Литература 1. Wagels, L., Votinov, M., Kellermann, T., Konzok, J., Jung, S., Montag, C., … Habel, U. (2019). Exogenous testosterone and the monoamine-oxidase A polymorphism influence anger, aggression and neural responses to provocation in males. Neuropharmacology, 156, 107491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.006 2. McLaren, D. G., Ries, M. L., Xu, G., & Johnson, S. C. (2012). A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI): A comparison to standard approaches. NeuroImage, 61(4), 1277–1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.068 3. Molenberghs, P., Johnson, H., Henry, J. D., & Mattingley, J. B. (2016). Understanding the minds of others: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, 276–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.020

ABSTRACT. Our research focuses on the personal self-regulation mechanisms defining the observer`s strategies. The psychophysical research of loudness discrimination of tonal signals (method 2AFC) was carried out, N=106. The influence of self-regulation processes (questionnaires: HAKEMP-90 (Kuhl J.); Style of self-regulation of behavior (Morosanova V.); Self-organization of behavior (Bond M., Feather N.) on RT and sensory sensitivity index Aˈ was found out. The individual performance strategies were identified in self-reports by the content analysis. The qualitative analysis of individual ways in signal discrimination was carried out.

ABSTRACT. The article presents the theoretical and empirical research of the subjective occupational well-being construct. The proposed three-factor model comprises social and professional demand in the structure of the occupational well-being. Approbation of The Occupational Well-being Scale presents a results of test reliability and validity. The empirical results of testing in tax officers (n = 288) reflect the distinct nature of their job well-being and its dependence on sociodemographic indicators (gender, age, job position, length of service).

ABSTRACT. This study was aimed to develop a procedure for analyzing nystagmus activity during observing stimulation in a virtual reality to study the spatial positioning system performance. 10 people took part in the experiment. Virtual optokinetic drum was used as stimulation, rotating around the observation point in a horizontal plane in two directions-clockwise and counterclockwise, with angular velocities of 30, 45 and 60 deg/s. The inner surface of the drum was painted with alternating black-and-white stripes, measuring 12 degrees of angle each. Each rotation lasted 1 min. Two-factor ANOVA (rotation speed factor and direction factor) with repeated measures found a significant (F=5.787, df=2, p=0.041) effect of the rotation speed factor on the dependent variables: the intensity of the self-motion illusion, the Total score of "Simulator sickness questionnaire" and the relative duration of the nystagmus slow phases. It was found that as the rotation speed increased, the value of the Total score of the questionnaire and the subjective intensity of the illusion increased. It also turned out that during the experience of the illusion, the duration of the slow phases of optokinetic nystagmus was increased. Thus, in this study, a procedure for analyzing nystagmus activity was developed to determine the state of the spatial positioning system under the condition of observing stimulation in a virtual reality.

ABSTRACT. The article draws an analogy between Human Life and Integrated Expert System (IES)and also between genomic DNA language, natural human language and computer language. Molecular biology has shown that a living cell is the universal interpreting device for DNA code and the basic structure of life. The life is as a molecular computer running on a program written in DNA language. DNA code can be considered as a text written in symbols belonging to some alphabet. The model of Human Health is described like as IES with classical components: Knowledge Base, Working Memory, etc. The roles of DNA language, patient, physician, etc. are shown in terms which are usually used in Artificial Intelligence. Authors hope that the presented model can be useful for understanding of principles of Human Health, Treatment, etc. From other hand, the model can be useful for cognitive investigations.

ABSTRACT. Одна из актуальных задач, стоящих перед современными организациями при привлечении клиентов из разных стран, - это позиционирование своей компании в виртуальном пространстве в виде веб-сайта. Выход за пределы национальных границ требует учета особенностей межкультурной коммуникации, грамотной подачи важной информации о компании и ее услугах. В своей работе, опирающиеся на проведенные ранее исследования (см. [1, 4]), мы обратились к изучению предпочтений клиентов в оформлении веб-сайтов страховых компаний компаний. Ориентация на ценности и интересы потребителя услуг и продуктов организации в разработке ее веб-сайта является актуальной тенденцией в маркетинговой и инвестиционных политиках современных компаний, в также в прикладных исследованиях веб-дизайнеров и эргономистов [2, 3, 10, 11]. Целью нашей работы стало изучение кросскультурных различий в предпочтениях в дизайне веб-сайтов организаций. Традиционно в дизайне веб-страницы рассматривают три различные характеристики, выделенные на основе результатов эмпирических исследований: информационный дизайн, связанный с содержанием информации, представленной на странице; навигационный дизайн, включающий структуру сайта, возможности навигации, форма и наглядность кликабельных объектов, расположение изображений, текста и других объектов на странице и т.д.; визуальный дизайн, под которым понимается визуальная привлекательность страницы, ее цветовая гамма, изображения, формы шрифтов и фона и т.д. [5, 6, 8, 9]. Выборку составили 225 респондентов из трех стран - США, Великобритании и России. Мы предположили, что представители национальных культур, относящихся к разным полюсам в измерениях Г. Хофстеде [7], будут различаться в своих предпочтениях в оформлении и во взаимодействии с веб-сайтом. Программа исследования состояла в сравнительном анализе данных опросников, нацеленных на определение предпочтений в дизайне веб-сайтов, ценностей и культурных особенностей респондентов из разных стран, выбор которых был обоснован полярными оценками по двум измерениям культуры Г. Хофстеде – индивидуализм/коллективизм и избегание неопределенности (реализм/идеализм). Сбор данных осуществлялся онлайн, что обеспечивало естественный отбор респондентов по критериям - опыт работы в виртуальной среде и обладание базовыми навыками работы с компьютером. Респондентам было предложено заполнить анкету, направленную на сбор демографических данных, опросник на диагностику ценностных ориентация М. Рокича, опросник VSM 08 (Г. Хофстеде, 2008) и специально разработанный опросник для получения информации о предпочтениях в информационном, навигационном и визуальном дизайне веб-сайта. Обработка полученных данных осуществлялась при помощи статистического пакета при помощи SPPS Statistics 22.0. Сравнение выборок по показателям осуществлялась при помощи критерия Краскелла-Уоллиса. Согласно полученным показателям по измерениям Г. Хостеде представители английской и американской культур похожи между собой и значимо отличаются от российской по показателям индивидуализма и избегания неопределенности, что согласуется с данными, полученными другими исследователями [5, 7]. Интересные результаты дает частотный анализ ценностей наших респондентов. На первом месте у американцев - свобода и здоровье, среди последних оказались социальное признание, дружба и мир. У англичан на первых местах - здоровье и свобода, а также безопасность семьи и любовь, в конце списка - социальное признание, мир и красота. Для российских респондентов наиболее важными ценностями являются любовь, здоровье и активная жизнь, наименее - красота, счастье других и творчество. Сравнение предпочтений в навигационном дизайне показало, что ни виды выделения «кликабельности» объектов сайта, ни форма меню сайта, ни способы деления разделов интернет-страницы не имеют значимых различий (р≤0,01) в трех национальных выборках. Согласно данным частотного анализа все респонденты отмечают цветную надпись как наиболее приемлемый вид «кликабельного» объекта. Анализ частоты выборов некоторых видов информации, составляющей содержание веб-страницы, показал, что предпочтения респондентов трех национальных выборок значимо различаются (р≤0,01) в особенностях индивидуальной стилистики сайта, указании финансового положения компании, в подаче информации о продукции и услугах компании, в описании имиджа руководства (руководителя), наличии рекламы. В оценивании визуального дизайна респондентов просили выбрать предпочитаемую цветовую гамму в оформлении веб-страницы страховой компании из 17 возможных. Выбор некоторых цветовых гамм респондентами разных национальных групп значимо отличается между собой, различаются респонденты и в их предпочтениях в особенностях изображений людей на сайте. Результаты проведенных нами исследований, посвященных национально-культурным измерениям веб-сайтов организаций, позволяют нам обоснованно утверждать, что существуют выраженные тенденции взаимосвязей ценностных ориентаций респондентов, связанных с их культурной принадлежностью, и их предпочтениями в дизайне веб-сайта компании. Знания о взаимосвязях ценностей пользователей, особенностей национальных культур и реальных предпочтений в оформлении веб-сайта, оказывающих влияние на процесс выбора компании для делового сотрудничества, может помочь в адаптации веб-сайтов организаций под разные типы аудиторий.

1. Абдуллаева М.М., Астафьева А.О. 2016 Семантическая оценка визуального контента веб-сайтов организаций в разных культурах // 7-ая Международная конференция по когнитивной науке: Тезисы докладов / Отв. ред. Ю.И. Александров, К.В. Анохин. М.: Изд-во «Институт психологии РАН», 84-85. 2. Бородаев Д. В. 2006 Место веб-сайта в системе корпоративной идентификации //Вестник ХДАДМ, 10, 13-19. 3. Дегтяренко И.А., Леонова А.Б. 2012 Оценка удовлетворенности пользователей работой с интернет-сайтом // Национальный психологический журнал, 1, 95-103. 4. Abdullaeva M.M., Astafieva A.O. 2014. Features of the national companies presentation in the virtual media space // Proceedings of the III International Conference «Cognitive Modeling in Science, Culture, Education. CMSCE-2014». Rostov-on-Don: Science and Studies Foundation. 346, 124-130. 5. Cyr D., Trevor‐Smith H. 2004 Localization of Web design: An empirical comparison of German, Japanese, and United States Web site characteristics //Journal of the American society for information science and technology. 55 (13), 1199-1208. 6. Garrett, J.J. 2003 The Elements of User Experience: User-Centered Design for the Web. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders. 7. Hofstede G. 2001 Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 8. Serafini F. 2011. Expanding Perspectives for Comprehending Visual Images in Multimodal Texts // Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. Vol. 54, Iss. 5, 342-350. 9. Song H. J., Zinkhan G. M. 2008. Determinants of perceived web site interactivity// Journal of Marketing. Vol. 72, 99. 10. Sturken M., Cartwright L. 2009. Practices of looking. An introduction to visual culture. 2nd ed. 11. Walter А., Spool J. M. 2011. Designing for emotion. N.Y.: A Book Apart/Jeffrey Zeldman.

ABSTRACT. Deviations in the saccade trajectory represent a promising dynamic measure for cognitive processes. These deviations could be caused by using the distractor stimuli appearing during the saccade initiation. Several recent studies explored specific distractor features that make saccades curve towards or away from distractor stimuli. They have shown that this deviation is affected not only by visual but also by semantic saliency. However, the majority of previous studies has focused only on the low-level semantic images, such as violence scenes or frightening faces. The general purpose of this study was to reveal whether linguistic information, such as word meaning, could affect the saccade trajectory. In particular, the present study has not just explored the possible effect of high-level semantic information on saccade deviations but also has focused on the differences in the stimulus onset asynchrony.

ABSTRACT. Изучение профессионального развития человека является одним из основных направлений в психологии труда. Разнообразие и обилие феноменов, относящихся к понятию «развития», позволяет выделить два подхода к его трактовке: 1) развитие как поступательное движение к высокому профессионализму при сохранении психологического благополучия; 2) развитие как нежелательный вариант изменений работающего человека по пути формирования профессионально личностных деформаций [4, 7, 8, 9, 10 и др.]. Поиск признаков «отклонений» от «нормального» пути развития и их диагностика становятся важной задачей для психологов. Применение методического аппарата психосемантики за счет обращения к описанию индивидуальных систем значений, отражающих опыт конкретного субъекта, может стать основой для ее продуктивного решения [2]. Цель нашего исследования состоит в поиске семантических коррелятов особенностей профессионального развития представителей социономической сферы – врачей и учителей средних школ. Основной характеристикой работы этих специалистов является их ориентация на другого человека, погруженность в его проблемы и, как следствие, высокая ответственность, большая коммуникативная нагрузка и требование эмоциональной стабильности. Мы предположили, что врачи и учителя, различающиеся по показателям психологического благополучия в профессии, будут по-разному описывать профессионально значимые объекты и априори несемантизированные стимулы. Для проверки эмпирической гипотезы респондентам было предложено заполнить пакет опросников, направленных на диагностику приоритетных ценностей в работе, уровня удовлетворенности трудом, степени выраженности симптомов профессионального выгорания как типичной деформации для социономов [3, 6]. Затем им был предложен ряд психосемантических методик с последующим контент-анализом: свободное описание изображений стандартного набора Е.Ю. Артемьевой (1999), завершение неоконченных предложений на тему работы, свободные ассоциации на слова-стимулы «Пациент», «Человек», «Ученик», «Ребенок» [1, 2, 5]. Выборку составили 62 врача-терапевта, работающих в городских клинических больницах, и 98 учителей средних школ. Всего 160 человек, 59 мужчин и 101 женщина со средним стажем – 17 лет и средним возрастом по выборке – 39 лет. Статистический анализ проводился в соответствии с логикой проверки нашей гипотезы и при помощи SPPS Statistics 22.0. Полученные результаты описательной статистики (среднее, величина дисперсии) позволяют утверждать, что диагностические показатели удовлетворенности трудом (М=39, σ=5,7), симптомов эмоционального истощения (М=23, σ=3,8), деперсонализации (цинизма) (М=9, σ=3,7), редукции личных достижений (М=31, σ=4,9) по всей выборке находятся преимущественно в средних диапазонах выраженности. В общей выборке представлены все ценности. Учитывая, что респонденты, в основном это взрослые, семейные люди, они могут быть ориентированы одновременно на профессиональную карьеру, на семейное благополучие, на социальное окружение. Величина дисперсии оценок указывает на то, что в выборке имеются респонденты, как с высокими, так и с низкими показателями. Сравнительный анализ данных проводился по нескольким основаниям: а) между группами, выделенными по стажу работы и возрасту, б) между группами, разделенными по выраженности симптома деперсонализации, в) между группами, характеризующимися разными ведущими ценностными ориентациями. Для выделения качественных групп нами была применена процедура быстрого кластерного анализа, в результате которой были выделены 3 группы специалистов с разным возрастом и стажем. Поиск статистически значимых различий по критерию Краскелла-Уоллеса показал, что «средняя» группа респондентов имеет различия с группой «старших» и с группой «младших» (р≤0,05). По сравнению с «младшими» у них симптом деперсонализации нарастает, показатели редукции достижений и удовлетворенность трудом улучшаются. Профили выраженности ценностных ориентаций в трех выделенных группах характеризуются разными «пиками», связанными с приоритетами в жизни. Корреляционный анализ данных по критерию Спирмена показал связь между симптомами выгорания и приоритетными ценностями (р≤0,05). Это послужило основанием при проведении контент-анализа разделения семантических описаний слов-стимулов и авторских текстов по принадлежности респондентов к группам, выделенным по выраженности симптома деперсонализации. Частотный анализ свободных описаний черно-белых фигур, вошедших в разные категории (по Артемьевой, 1999), показал, что респонденты в основном используют ссылочные описания (предметные квалификации) и реже – эмоциональные. Результаты однофакторного дисперсионного анализа показали, что респонденты с выраженностью симптома деперсонализации, значимо чаще используют в описаниях объектов ссылочные описания и значимо реже антропоморфные и эмоциональные (р≤0,05). Данные контент-анализа окончаний предложений и свободных ассоциаций на слова-стимулы, которые давали респонденты разных групп, позволяют говорить о следующих семантических коррелятах особенностей их профессионального развития: «эмоциональный тон оценки», «доля антропоморфных описаний» и «абстрактность/конкретность описаний». «Обратный» ход анализа, в котором были выделены группы респондентов с разной частотой использования ссылочных и антропоморфных описаний подтвердил связь этой особенности «семантизации» стимулов с выраженностью симптома деперсонализации. Выделение семантических признаков отклонений в сторону деформаций в профессиональном развитии позволит выделять специалистов в группы риска до того, как это станет возможным с использованием опросных методик.

1. Абдуллаева М.М. 2005 Семантические характеристики текста и особенности профессионального труда // Вестник Моск. ун-та. Серия 14. 4, 25-36. 2. Артемьева Е.Ю. 1999 Психология субъективной семантики. М.: Наука, Смысл. 3. Водопьянова Н.Е., Старченкова Е.С. 2005 Синдром выгорания. Диагностика и профилактика. СПб.: Питер. 4. Исаев А.А., Никифоров Г.С., Родионова Е.А. 2019 Психология профессионального здоровья: обзор концепций//Учёные записки СПбГИПСР. 32 (2). 114–122. 5. Крис А. 2007 Свободные ассоциации. Метод и процесс. М.: Когито-Центр. 6. Резапкина Г.В. 1999 Психологический портрет учителя. М.: Генезис. 7. Filipe H.P., Silva E.D., Stulting A.A., Golnik K.C. 2014 Continuing Professional Development: Best Practices //Middle East Afr. J. of Ophthalmol.; 21(2): 134–141. doi: 10.4103/0974-9233.129760 8. Garet, M. S.; Porter, A. C; Desimone, L.; Birman, B. F; Yoon, K. S. 2001 What Makes Professional Development Effective? Results From a National Sample of Teachers. American Educational Research Journal. 38 (4): 915–945. doi:10.3102/00028312038004915. 9. Maslach C., Jackson S. 1981 The measurement of experienced burnout // Journal of Occupational Behavior. 2. 99–115. 10. Potyrała K. 2020 A few reflections on contemporary science education and educational research //Problems of Education in the 21st Century. 78(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/20.78.04

ABSTRACT. Advanced interhemispheric asymmetry considered to be a unique feature of the human brain. However, studies of the human brain asymmetry at the gene expression level are scarce and report contradictory results. In total, three healthy control and four schizophrenia adult human bilateral Brodmann area 10 (BA10) samples were used in the experiment. FOS, PDK4, CD44, and AQP1 genes had differential expression in the right and left BA10 in HC as revealed by RT-qPCR. In SZ FOS only showed differential expression. For the first time, a decrease of interhemispheric asymmetry of FOS, PDK4, CD44, and AQP1 gene expression in BA10 of schizophrenia patients was revealed. We propose that it might play a key role in the cognitive and social maladaptation. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Aqp1 localized in the GFAP-positive astrocytes of the infragranular cortical layers. Close proximity of AQP1-positive astrocytic endfeets to the cerebral vessels implies that they participate in neurovascular coupling. Recent single-cell-resolution transcriptome analysis also showed that AQP1 and CD44 expression had human-specific expression in astrocytes. Thus, our results are in good agreement with the hypothesis that evolutionarily novel mechanisms of brain functioning are disrupted in neuropsychiatric diseases.

ABSTRACT. In order to compare the role of type and token frequencies in the recognition of grammatical homonyms, we conducted an auditory experiment. The participants were 40 native Russian speakers and 25 foreigners studying Russian as a second language. The results indicate that for both groups of participants, the leading role in choosing the interpretation of the grammatical homonyms belongs to the token frequency.

ABSTRACT. The features of the Stroop test were studied by students of different sex, differing in the lateral organization of the main analyzer systems. Differences in the analyzed parameters were found for both boys and girls with different lateral signs in the auditory-speech system.

ABSTRACT. Has been identified inhomogeneous retrosplenial cortex activation along the rostrocaudal axis in rats during learning. As well as significant differences in the activation pattern when modeling the conditions of “strong” and “weak” mismatch in learning. Animals of the “weak” mismatch group show significantly less Fos-positive neurons in the caudal part of the retrosplenial cortex, but not in the rostral. The results may show that in the caudal part of the cortex, neurons specialized in relatively “older” low-differentiated systems predominate, while phylogenetically younger structural part of the cortex includes neurons belonging to a highly differentiated new experience. The results of this analysis indicate the need to take into account possible differences in the activation of the retrosplenial cortex along the rostro-caudal axis for the choice of coordinates when planning studies. Research supported by the Russian Science Foundation under Grant No 18-78-10114 for the Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences.

ABSTRACT. Intraoperative brain mapping is an important step in performing neurosurgery because it allows to spare the eloquent areas of the brain and increase the post-operative life quality for patients. However, the gold standard - electrical cortical stimulation - leads to seizures in up to 30% cases of mapping language cortex. We have created and tested a software and hardware complex for high-resolution ECoG mapping in intraoperative setting. We found precise localization of the Broca's area overlapping by more than 90% with the results of electrical cortical stimulation mapping in 3 out of 4 patients. In the fourth patient, the language cortex was not localized in the resection area, and the patient did not experience post-operative language deficiency.

ABSTRACT. Система воссоздания эффекта присутствия собеседника предназначена для создания иллюзии присутствия собеседников рядом друг с другом, которые в реальности находятся дистанцированно. Система одновременно служит для повторения этой иллюзии по видеозаписи у одного из собеседников, в будущем без реального присутствия другого собеседника, но без воспроизведения у первого кинестетических проприоцептивных ощущений в мышцах.

ABSTRACT. This article discusses the methodology for determining a sounding instrument based on its basic characteristics using neural networks. Given the relevance of this topic, as well as the possibilities of using such developments to achieve the goals, it was decided to use neural networks as an identification tool. In the framework of the work, hypotheses were put forward about the influence of the basic characteristics of the sound of a musical instrument on the success of their determination. Based on these hypotheses, an approach to the processing of input signals was selected in order to highlight the basic characteristics of sound. The text of the work describes the data selected for training, the methodology for their preprocessing, the formation of data sets for training and testing advanced hypotheses, the technique for extracting the basic characteristics of the sound of a musical instrument, and the analysis of the data obtained. The result of this work is an application that can act as a component inside an intelligent search engine or music transcription system, etc.

ABSTRACT. This article proposes a new look at resource models. We argue that one's implicit theory of their effectiveness plays a crucial role in how we limit our behavior. We suggest that the manipulation of this implicit evaluation of self-efficacy in a particular task may increase one's performance. In our experiment (N=87), we used a stereotype threat in the task-switching test. The results show that depending on the instruction, the effectiveness of subjects changed. We hypothesized that a negative stereotype would reduce the speed and accuracy of the task, while a positive stereotype would enhance the results. However, the data suggests only a stereotype boost effect. We believe that this supports our hypothesis; however future research is necessary.

ABSTRACT. Интерпретация данных социальных медиа позволяет раскрыть потенциал когнитивных исследований, использовать синергию разных научных парадигм, например, психолингвистических методов, нейросетевого моделирования, анализа социальных сетей, технологий обработки естественного языка. Цель исследования: анализ восприятия жителями Москвы строительства Юго-Восточной хорды через район Сабурово, динамики развития критических фаз конфликта вокруг реализации проекта, оценка изменения уровня социального одобрения/напряжения горожан. Материалом для исследования послужили данные социальных сетей, микроблогов, блогов, мессенджеров, форумов, отзывов, видео, посвящённые строительству Юго-Восточной хорды. Дата сбора 01.04.19 - 31.03.20. Для анализа контента применялся мультимодальный подход с использованием нейросетевых технологий, текстовый анализ, контент-анализ, сентимен-анализ, анализ лексических ассоциаций. В результате исследования были выделены четыре этапа строительства и проанализирована динамика развития критических фаз конфликта вокруг реализации проекта. Выявление индексов социального напряжения и социального благополучия показало резкое ухудшение ситуации, рост негативного восприятия жителями строительства Юго-Восточной хорды.

ABSTRACT. Показано формирование сенсорно-проприоцептивной модели звукоформы музыкального звука (Полного Комплекса Нота)

ABSTRACT. В работе с участием 22 нормально слышащих взрослых испытуемых исследованы различия BOLD-сигнала в мультимодальных областях коры больших полушарий в ответ на звуки приближающихся, удаляющихся шагов человека и шагов на месте. Все три типа звукового движения вызывали достоверно различную активацию мультимодальных областей (угловая и надкраевая извилины, прекунеус, область MT/V5), специализированных на ориентации в пространстве. Различия в активации были более выражены в правом полушарии.

ABSTRACT. In this work, we investigated the influence of intense locomotion on the subsequent behavior in a new environment and its neurochemical basis in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. Particular attention is paid to serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms that provide these effects.

Over the past decade, a large amount of data has emerged showing positive effects of motor activity such as running, swimming, or strength training on the cognitive, emotional and motivational state in mammals. Only recently, the works showing the presence of similar effects of motor activity in invertebrates were published. Thus, it has been demonstrated that preceding intense locomotion increases overall locomotor activity and facilitates decision making in the Great Pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis under uncertainty (Korshunova et al. 2016; Aonuma et al. 2020). However, the neurochemical basis of these effects has until recently remained unexplored.

A prerequisite for studying the effects of the serotonergic system on this model were the results that showed that preceding intensive locomotion is accompanied by an increase in serotonin synthesis and the activity of serotonergic neurons in mollusks (Kabotyanski et al., 1992; Aonuma et al. 2020). The participation of serotonin in the modulation of locomotor activity and cognitive functions both in vertebrates (Viala et al. 1974; Švob et al. 2016) and invertebrates (Nikitin et al. 2018; Pavlova et al. 2019) has also been repeatedly shown. Thus, we wondered about the role of serotonin in the behavioral effects of intense locomotion in a pond snail under uncertainty.

To study the behavior of snails after pharmacological treatment with monoaminergic ligands, the previously described experimental conditions were used. An animal was placed on a dry glass asymmetrically lit arena, which forced it to make a choice of the direction in which to escape. The behavior of a snail on a dry surface is characterized by two consecutive phases. In the first phase, an animal makes rotational movements, choosing the direction. In the second phase, it moves in the chosen direction. Behavior was evaluated using four parameters: a) time to start movement b) amount of turns in the first phase of movement before making a decision c) speed of movement in the chosen direction d) time to reach the border of the arena.

The result of the action of serotonin (0.1 mM) and its metabolic precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (0.1 mM) was a decrease in the latency of the first movement, an increase in the speed of movement and a decrease in the time to reach the arena border. However, activation of the serotonin system did not affect the number of turns before making a decision. In other words, serotonin increased overall motor activity without affecting the cognitive component of behavior. The antagonist of serotonin receptors of the second type, ketanzerin (0.1 mM), caused general inhibition of active behavior in the arena, which manifested itself in ai increased latency of the first movement, decreased speed and decisiveness.

It became clear that the reduction in the number of turns before making a decision was probably mediated by other signaling molecules. There were already reasons to consider dopamine as the main candidate for this role, since its active participation in the neurophysiological effects of intensive locomotion was shown on the isolated nervous system of the pond snail. Thus, the dopaminergic neuron RPeD1 was depolarized after intensive locomotion (Sultanakhmetov 2018), dopamine inhibited serotonergic neurons, while the dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride exerted depolarized effects on serotonergic neurons only in snails that were crawling for two hours (Dyakonova et al. 2019).

Indeed, after the administration of dopamine (0.1 mM), snails showed a significantly smaller number of completed turns in the first phase of behavior before moving in the chosen direction. At the same time, dopamine did not significantly affect other behavioral parameters. A similar effect on the duration of the orienting phase was caused by the metabolic precursor of dopamine, L-DOPA (0.1 mM). These results are consistent with the assumption that dopamine administration facilitates decision making.

Thus, serotonin is likely to be involved in the overall acceleration of behavior in the new environment, while dopamine may be responsible for facilitation of decision-making, manifested in a decreased performance of turns before choosing a direction of movement. The results suggest that both serotonin and dopamine separately can reproduce only part of the effects of intense locomotion, while their coordinated joint work mediates the described behavior of the pond snail after exercise on the decision making under uncertainty

Sultanakhmetov G. S. 2018 Electrical activity of molluscan neurons after behavioural changes. Aonuma H., Mezheritskiy M., Boldyshev B., Totani Y., Vorontsov D., Zakharov I., Ito E and Varvara Dyakonova V (2020). The Role of Serotonin in the Influence of Intense Locomotion on the Behavior Under Uncertainty in the Mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. Front. Physiol., 17 March 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00221 Dyakonova, T. L., Sultanakhmetov, G. S., Mezheritskiy, M. I., Sakharov, D. A., and Dyakonova, V. E. (2019). Storage and erasure of behavioural experiences at the single neuron level. Sci Rep. 9:14733. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51331-5 Kabotyanski, E. A., Milosevich, I., and Sakharov, D. A. (1990).Neuronal correlates of 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced sustained swimming in Aplysia fasciata. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 95, 39–44. Korshunova, T. A., Vorontsov, D. D., and Dyakonova, V. E. (2016).Previous motor activity affects transition from uncertainty to decision-making in snails. J. Exp. Biol. 219, 3635–3641. Pavlova, G. A. (2019). The similarity of crawling mechanisms in aquatic and terrestrial gastropods. J. Comp. Physiol. A 205, 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00359-018-1294-9 Viala D, Buser P. Effects of a decarboxylase inhibitor on the Dopa and 5-HTP induced changes in the locomotor-like discharge pattern of rabbit hind limb nerves. Psychopharmacologia. 1974;40(3):225-233. doi:10.1007/BF00429416 Švob Štrac D, Pivac N, Mück-Šeler D. The serotonergic system and cognitive function. Transl Neurosci. 2016;7(1):35-49. Published 2016 May 9. doi:10.1515/tnsci-2016-0007 Nikitin, V. P., Solntseva, S. V., Kozyrev, S. A, Nikitin, P. V., and Shevelkin, A. V. (2018). NMDA or 5-HT receptor antagonists impair memory reconsolidation and induce various types of amnesia. Behav. Brain Res. 345,72–82. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.036

ABSTRACT. Summary. The development of technologies for integrated assessment of the functional state of athletes based on the achievements of related disciplines is an urgent problem of sports science. The report will present conceptual approaches to the selection of functional state criteria, questions of semantic use of terms, examples of integration of results of specialists of biological, medical, psychological and pedagogical profile in the technologies of "digital double of the athlete".

ABSTRACT. Relevance of the work. In the modern world, every year, the number of children with congenital malformations is inexorably growing, so it is very important to provide competent psychological assistance and correction to a sick child and his entire family. To do this, it is necessary to work on obtaining knowledge about the state of emotional and personal characteristics of parents of such children, since the further development and formation of the personality of a sick child determines not so much the disease itself, but its attitude to it. The study of individual and personal characteristics of mothers with children with chronic diseases of the Central nervous system of hereditary and non-hereditary origin, their relationship with the child will determine the direction and adequacy of the complex of psychological correction for this group of children and their families to ensure social adaptation and integration in society. The purpose of the study: to evaluate the emotional, personal and communicative functions of mothers of children with inherited CNS diseases and non-genetic CNS disorders Research problem: 1. Development of a set of methodological techniques for experimental research aimed at assessing the emotional and communicative spheres of mothers with children with chronic CNS disease. 2. Assessment of the features of the emotional, personal and communicative spheres of mothers who have children with chronic CNS disease, homozygous carrier and genetically unburdened by it. 3. the Nature of the relationship to a child with a chronic CNS disease of the two groups of parents considered, taking into account nosology. 4. to characterize the emotional and personal relationships of children and parents with inherited disorders of the Central nervous system using pathopsychological research methods. 5. Offer a program of rehabilitation support for families with children with developmental disabilities. Method of research. 1. "Methods for diagnostics of temperament" H. J. Eysenck. 2. The definition of a style of interpersonal interaction (S. V. Maksimov, Yu Lobaco). 3. Determining the level of perceptual-nonverbal competence (G. ya. Rosen) 4. Methods of diagnostics of the parent relationship A. ya. Varga, V. V. Stolin. 5. Method " parent-child Interaction” Characteristics of experimental groups. The study was conducted on the basis of a " Separate structural division of the research Institute of Pediatrics named after academician Yu. E. Veltischeva of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation" in the departments of congenital and hereditary diseases of children with CNS disorders (hereditary diseases) and Psychoneurology (non-hereditary diseases). The experimental group included mothers of children with hereditary and non-hereditary diseases of the Central nervous system. The data is summarized in table 1.

Characteristics of experimental groups Table 1 Groups of parents Younger than 30 years Older than 30 years Have a healthy child an Only child mothers of children with hereditary diseases of the Central nervous system 10 people 30 people 12 people 28 people Mothers of children with non hereditary diseases of the Central nervous system 22 people 18 people 15 people 25 people

Research result

A study of the emotional, personal and communicative sphere of a group of mothers of children with hereditary diseases revealed:

Low level of extroversion in a group of mothers with inherited diseases , their absorption in the inner world and unwillingness to come into contact with others, low desire to interact in a team. The prevailing temperament is melancholy, characterized as closed, fearful, anxious, vulnerable people, as can be seen from table 3. The group of parents with non-inherited diseases shows a high level of extroversion, the presence of a greater number of socially desirable responses, and higher indicators of overall desire for interaction, which indicates their desire to contact people, openness to communication and a desire to create a socially desirable image of themselves. The prevailing temperament is sanguine In the relationship with the child, a group of mothers of children with an inherited disease is characterized by a significantly higher level of acceptance of their child for what it is; a high symbiotic relationship and lack of emotional distance between the mother and the child. The group of parents of children with non-hereditary diseases is characterized by a lower level of acceptance of their child for what it is. With a greater emotional distance from the child, the relationship is not so strongly expressed symbiotic relationship with the child, and such parents are able to let the child go from themselves for independent development of space Conclusions 1. Chronic illness of children has a significant impact on the emotional and personal, communicative characteristics of mothers, namely, such characteristics as: the level of extroversion, the type of temperament, ways of interacting with people, the General desire to communicate with others and the level of non-verbal competence. 2. The nature of the disease determines the attitude to a sick child depend on characteristics such as: the adoption of their own child as he is; the degree of a symbiotic relationship; the level of emotional distance between mother and child; the attitude to the problems of the child, severity of the requirements imposed by the child; satisfaction with relationship with him and overall style of child rearing. 3. Age differences in the group of mothers of children with inherited diseases affect the level of non-verbal competence and temperament. And in the relationship with the child, the age difference is reflected in the acceptance of their child, the strength of the symbiotic relationship, the strictness of the child's upbringing and parenting style. 4. the Need for interdisciplinary interaction of specialists involved in the upbringing, treatment and socialization of a child is the main task in medical, psychological and rehabilitation work.

ABSTRACT. By EPR spectroscopy, it was shown that 2 days after ischemia, the NO content in the olfactory bulbs of ischemic rats was restored, and in the case of ischemia simulation with the simultaneous administration of MSC, no significant difference in the NO content relative to ischemic rats was found after 2 days. It was also found that the introduction in the acute period after a stroke of MSC is accompanied by a more rapid restoration of orientative-motor activity in experimental animals.

ABSTRACT. During space flight, there is a decrease in the proliferative activity of bone marrow cells and an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations. It is shown that a mixed neutron, proton and photon radiation field, close to the secondary radiation field inside the spacecraft during a solar proton event, has a high radiobiological effect. The estimated value of RBE by the number of cells in the bone marrow and their mitotic activity is from 1.89 to 7.7.

ABSTRACT. Понимание процессов реорганизации двигательных систем при возвращении на Землю после полетов в космос необходимо для увеличения эффективности и сокращения длительности реадаптации нейро-моторного аппарата к условиям действия силы тяжести. Исследование проводили на нелинейных лабораторных крысах массой 180-200 грамм. Все биоэтические нормы были соблюдены в соответствии с Директивой Европейского парламента и Совета от 22 сентября 2010 г. по защите животных, используемых для научных целей [Directive 2010/63/UE on the protection of animals used of scientific purposes]. Оценивали функциональное состояние нейро-моторного аппарата икроножной мышцы крысы в следующих экспериментальных сериях: после 7-суточного моделирования гравитационной разгрузки по методике E.R. Morey-Holton, R.K. Globus, (2002) («ГР», n=5), на 1 («РЕАД1», n=5) и 14 («РЕАД14», n=5) сутки постгипогравитационной реадаптации к опорным нагрузкам в результате действия силы тяжести. Регистрировали электрический потенциал икроножной мышцы, возникающий в результате раздражения эфферентов седалищного нерва – М-ответ. Определяли порог возникновения, максимальную амплитуду, латентность и длительность регистрируемых потенциалов. Контрольной служила группа интактных животных (n=5). В группе ГР наблюдали снижение порога М-ответа. В группах РЕАД1, РЕАД14 порог М-ответа ИМ повышался, однако изменения не были достоверными. Максимальная амплитуда М-ответа после гравитационной разгрузки увеличивалась, а после 14 суточной реадаптации имела тенденцию к снижению до показателей интактных животных. Латентность М-ответа не изменялась в группе ГР и достоверно повышалась в группе РЕАД14. Длительность М-ответа также достоверно не отличалась от контроля после гравитационной разгрузки и увеличивалась на 1 сут реадаптации. Таким образом, при реадаптации двигательных систем к действию силы тяжести после гравитационной разгрузки происходят изменения функционального состояния периферических структур нейро-моторного аппарата. Регистрируемые преобразования могут быть обусловлены как центральными, так и периферическими механизмами, требующими дальнейшего изучения. Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (грант № 19-04-01067).

ABSTRACT. The intersystem interaction of the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems determines the type of adaptive response of the body to environmental factors. We studied the autonomic and hormonal reactivity to the information load in adolescent boys. Assessment of changes was carried out according to the dynamics of indicators of heart rate variability and cortisol levels. Two types of reactivity were identified with the determination of the priority of one or another department of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormone dynamics.

ABSTRACT. Homocysteine ​​is a thiol-containing amino acid, an intermediate in the methionine cycle. It has been shown that nerve cells during the prenatal and early postnatal periods of brain development are most sensitive to the toxic effects of homocysteine. In this work, using electrophysiological methods, it was shown that prenatal impairment of homocysteine ​​metabolism leads to an increase in the hyper-excitability of the neural network of the hippocampus and the risk of developing epileptiform activity in the early period of postnatal development.

ABSTRACT. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that has neurotoxic effects in high concentrations, causing endothelial dysfunctions, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity. Genetic mutations in homocysteine metabolism enzymes, deficiency of B vitamins, excess methionine lead to an increase in the level of homocysteine in the body - hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCy). Epidemiological data indicate a relationship between the frequency and severity of migraine attacks with an increase in the level of homocysteine in the blood and / or cerebrospinal fluid. In the present study, we showed that in the model of migraine induced by the administration of niroglycerin, rats with HHCy show a more rapid development of photophobia, increased anxiety and changes in sensitivity thresholds, which indicates the role of HHCy in the development of migraine.

ABSTRACT. Rats with prenatal Hcy show a deterioration in spatial memory and learning. At the same time, there is an increase in oxidative stress, a decrease in the concentration of H2S, activity and expression of the H2S-generating enzyme in the brain tissues. The introduction of the H2S donor to pregnant females with Hcy restored the behavioral changes and oxidative stress parameters in the offspring.

ABSTRACT. The article proposes a new approach to the quantitative analysis of the hydrodynamic structure of blood flow in the flow channel, from the left atrium to the end of the aorta. This approach is based on the use of the concept of self-organization of tornado-like swirling jets in channels of a certain geometric configuration, for which exact solutions of the basic non-stationary equations of hydrodynamics had been found. Based on a large amount of experimental data, it was shown that the necessary and sufficient conditions for generating and maintaining the swirling structure of the jet throughout the entire cardiac cycle are satisfied throughout the channel under consideration. It is shown that the swirling flow structure is the main factor acting in the mechanism of blood movement, ensuring the stability of the flow structure, the absence of stagnant and separation zones and minimizing the viscous interactions in the flow core and at the flow boundaries. The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant#16-15-00109).

ABSTRACT. Modeling stressful situations in which a person is faced with the need to assess what is happening and develop an adequate strategy of behavior is a promising task of forensic psychology. It is assumed that the combination of certain individual psychological characteristics (for example, socially-oriented, such as psychoticism) with the content features of a conflict stressful situation may violate the ability to correctly understand and evaluate the content of such a situation, thereby preventing effective (adaptive or resilient) regulation of behavior. Confirmation of this hypothesis was the purpose of this study. In this study, a stressful situation was created by a text with an emotionally rich content, where an aggressive and violent action performed by the hero is the only possible solution to a moral dilemma. Method. The study was exploratory in nature, and was aimed at clarifying the mechanisms of decision-making in a stressful situation in women with different psychotypes. The study involved 30 women with average age (STD. off) 25.42 (3.28) years. All the subjects were mentally healthy, had no criminal record, and had a secondary or higher education. At the initial stage, the subjects completed psychological questionnaires Eysenck, Beck, the Toronto scale and the spielberger scale of personal anxiety. Then each participant was presented with texts standardized by emotional content. All texts, before being used as a stimulus material, were pre-evaluated by experts and were divided into mainly depressive, aggressive and anxious texts. So in one of the texts it was described that the main character committed the murder of his sister for the sake of saving the country (Maclean 2001). According to the results of expert evaluation, this text received the highest score for the depressive component, a moderately high score for the aggressive component, and a low score for the disturbing component of the content (Lysenko, Davydov 2011). Before and after listening to each of the texts, the heart rate (CP) was measured at rest, as well as during inspiratory and expiratory Valsalva tests. The dynamics of changes in vegetative indicators occurring during the period of listening to each text was evaluated. In the final part of the study, the subjects had to evaluate on a 100-point scale how well they understood the content of each text they listened to (the "incomprehensible - understandable"scale). Results. It was found that in women with low psychoticism, the average value on the "incomprehensible - understandable" scale for depressive text was significantly higher than in women with high psychoticism (F=11.57 p=0.00; the average value [art.] in the group of women with low psychoticism was 94.71 [5.98] points; the average value [art. off.] in the group of women with high psychoticism was 66.44 [29.93] points). Data on the "incomprehensible - understandable" scale showed a negative correlation with CP dynamics in the inspiratory Valsalva test (r = -0.38 p=0.04). Between groups of women with high and low psychoticism, a significant difference in CP was also found in the inspiratory Valsalva test (F=4.50 p=0.04; average value [art. off.] in the group of women with low psychoticism was 0.86 [9.04]; the average value [art. off.] in the group of women with high psychoticism was 7.25 [7.48]). When conducting a study with listening to other texts, similar results were not found. There were no differences in the indicators of evaluating the informative content of the text on the scale "incomprehensible-understandable", depending on the severity of other individual psychological characteristics of the subjects. The results obtained also did not depend on the day of the cycle of the women examined. Conclusions: Thus, when listening to the text describing the murder of his sister, the main character, the contents of which had the highest score on level of depression, women with a high level of psychotism slowed MS, as a response to the inspiratory Valsalva test and a violation of the understanding of the content of the text. In previous studies, it has been shown that in a stressful situation, there is a change in the reactivity of the cardiovascular system, recorded by The Valsalva breakdown, including that associated with baroreflex (Looga 2005), and that during the systolic phase, the level of awareness of incoming stimuli decreases (Al et al. 2020). The results of the study suggest that the content of the text was significant for women with a high level of psychoticism. It is likely that in a symbolically (semantically) similar real situation, against the background of their stress, women with high psychoticism will be less able to understand (perceive) the details of such a situation. Whether this is due to distraction from the situation as a protective mechanism (Davydov 2017) or due to psychophysiological ‘bottom-up’ regulation of the Central mechanisms of perception and processing of information by the cardiovascular system (Davydov in press), future research will show. Slowing of heart rate to sample Valsalva under these conditions may be due to compensatory mechanism to increase resource understanding (awareness) of stressful situations, and the causal mechanism contributing to the diversion of attention to internal processes. The results of the study can be applied to forensic psychiatric examination. Presumably, women with high psychoticism, who have a reduced ability to empathize with the interlocutor, in rapidly developing stressful situations, interpreted by them as symbolic "destruction", will decrease awareness of such situations. As a result, their capacity for adequate intellectual and volitional regulation of their behavior will be impaired.

ABSTRACT. The information which a person receives influence the development of his opinion. A user set "likes" to "some posts and video and thus the social net decides what can be interesting for the peron. Algorithms of posts' ranging by the internet social nets decide what information a user receives. This process can make the information a user receives more narrow what can put a user to one side of opinions on a topic. This process was analized in this study by a model of the opinion's formation and changing connections with other users in a social net. The starting model was based on Durkheim's model and was improved by taking into account two other strategies of possible user's behavior. Results have shown that according to the classic Durkheim's model the opinions's of the socium come to averaged united consensus, but if a person sets likes only to those information which is in line with his own opinion then the nowdays algorithm of the social net improves his opinion and makes it more extreme. It creates division of users to two sides with contrary positions. Thus the model have shown that algorithm's of social nets increase the divergence of the socium and can increase the conflict opinions in the society.

ABSTRACT. Opportunities to gain new experience are provided primarily by changes in the activity of brain neurons. The resulting new behavioral adaptations are based on the activity of a particular neural group that led to the achievement of the desired result (e.g., Shvyrkov, 1996; Alexandrov, 2005). What are the patterns of achieving this particular neural activity remains unclear. In this work, we trained rats two consecutive food-acquisition skills, recorded the activity of single neurons using a multichannel setup (Plexon, USA) (a total of 96 neurons were recorded in three animals), and analyzed the dynamics of variation in the neural activity of the retrosplenial cortex during behavioral sessions of acquiring a new skill. For this purpose, each training session of each animal was divided into six five-minute segments. The variability of neural activity was assessed by the change in the duration of inter-spike intervals of single neurons. To analyze the variability of neural activity, three main indicators were calculated – the average inter-spike interval, the difference between the average intervals of adjacent periods (global variability), and the difference between the minimum and maximum (local variability). These characteristics were calculated separately for each period. We selected six types of behavioral acts that are of the greatest interest to us in the context of our work – three of them are directly related to the food-acquisition skill (being near the left and right levers and being around the feeder), the other three types of animals’ behavior were not primary related to the execution of this behavior (grooming, rearings with support on the wall and without). Local variability of activity in food-acquisition acts did not differ significantly between neurons that show specific activity in relation to food-acquisition acts and neurons that do not demonstrate such specific activations. However, global variability differed significantly between these groups of neurons in almost all behavioral acts of food-acquisition behavior. Neurons specific to this behavior also significantly differed in global and local variability during animal rearings compared to neurons that were non-specific in relation to food-acquisition behavior. Thus, the obtained results indicate that the formation of a new skill is accompanied by trial-and-error “behavior” of neurons specific to food-acquisition behavior, and such probes occur outside of the execution of food-acquisition acts during learning. The study is supported by RFBR grant #№ 20-013-00851а.

ABSTRACT. Surgical removal of gliomas in the language-dominant hemisphere often causes language deficits. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that slow-growing gliomas cause a large-scale reorganization of the language network before surgery. Therefore, surgery-induced deficits are caused by damage to the language areas that did not undergo functional reorganization or, ultimately, have reduced potential for functional reorganization. We performed voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) to identify the neuroanatomical correlates of language deficits after surgical removal of gliomas. Individuals with left-hemisphere gliomas (N = 60) underwent a detailed language assessment and magnetic-resonance imaging before and during the first week after surgery. VLSM analysis of post-operative data revealed that surgery-induced comprehension deficits were associated with damage to the anterior and middle portions of the left superior temporal gyrus and the temporal pole. Surgery-induced language production deficits were associated with damage to the left ventral premotor cortex and insular cortex. These results are in line with the previous neuroimaging and clinical evidence implicating these areas in language processing. Furthermore, our results extend the previous reports of the pre-operative functional reorganization of the language network in individuals with gliomas, and identify a set of areas (anterior and middle portions of the left superior temporal gyrus, ventral premotor and insular cortices) that do not undergo such reorganization. Arguably, our data suggest that these particular areas demonstrate a decreased potential for pre-operative functional reorganization in individuals with gliomas.

ABSTRACT. the article analyzes the possibilities of using quantum technologies by banks in the process of organizing banking services for corporate clients in the digital economy. In the course of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the development of quantum computers can serve as the basis for modernizing banking services for corporate clients.

ABSTRACT. Theoretically proposed and experimentally implemented a new concept of an intellectual hierarchical network of pulsed coupled chemical microocillators, a network, which automatically adapts to external conditions, switching its internal dynamic mode (attractor) to a new stable mode, provided that the last mode is close to that which emerges in the “antenna” unit due to the influence of external signals on it. Such a network may be called the “chemical brain” (CB). The proposed CB consists of five functional units: (1) a central pattern generator (CPG), (2) an antenna, (3) a reader for the CPG, (4) a reader for an antenna unit, and (5) a decision-making unit (DM). Pulsed unidirectional copling between network cells have time delays, which makes them similar to synaptic connections between neurons. The architecture of our network was born from an analysis of the architectures of the brains of living creatures. To create microoscillators, we use the Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction in the experiment. However, other, faster oscillatory and excitable reactions may be involved.

ABSTRACT. The Kuramoto model is able to describe a huge variety of examples of synchronization in the real world. We re-consider it through the framework of the network science and study the phenomenon of a particular interest–agent clustering. We assume that clusters are already recognized by some algorithm and then consider them as new variables on mesoscopic scale, which allows to significantly reduce the dimensionality of a complicated (complex) system, thus reduce the required number of control inputs. In contrast to the common approach, where each agent is treated separately, we propose an alternative one using a supplementary control input, which equals for a whole cluster. We also perform an analysis of this input by finding its limitations required for cluster structure to remain invariant in a network of Kuramoto oscillators. The theoretical results are demonstrated on a simple simulated multi-agent network with two clusters.

ABSTRACT. Reinforcement learning is used for problems where an agent should maximize its reward given incomplete information about the environment. We study the asynchronous model of biological neurons proposed in the previous work. The neurons interact via emission of neurotransmitters to the shared extracellular space. The network parameters are tuned by the evolutionary algorithm. The network was trained to control simple environments from Open AI Gym framework.

ABSTRACT. Благодаря переходу от прямого вычисления апостериорных вероятностей по формулам Байеса к косвенному измерению этих вероятностей с помощью свидетельства была упрощена модель различения многомерных объектов. Предложена и обоснована идея сжатия входных данных при переходе от нижнего слоя кортекса к более высокому слою.

ABSTRACT. Most modern methods for training artificial neural networks are based on error backpropagation algorithm. However it has several drawbacks. It is not biology-plausible. It needs computing and propagating derivative of error function. They can`t be directly applied to binary neurons. On the other side, algorithms based on Hebb`s rule offer more biology-plausible local learning methods. But they basically unsupervised and can`t be directly applied to vast amount of tasks, designed for supervised learning. We propose a hybrid method, which use locally available information of neuron activity, but also utilize the information about error. We test our learning method on symmetry detection task.

ABSTRACT. A self-organizing multi-agent system is built and investigated in this paper. A community of autonomous agents that function in a transparent environment consisting of cells is considered. Each cell can produce energy. The agents in the model distribute the available resource among the cells and accumulate energy. The amount of energy depends on the size of the resource that is allocated to the cell by agents. Agents act rationally. Agents have their own goals. It is shown that as a result of self-organization and learning, the entire community of agents can be distributed among cells. Different forms of distributions are analyzed. The results of computer simulations demonstrate that learning significantly increases the total energy of the community.

ABSTRACT. The article proposes an approach to control a modular reconfigurable manipulation robot based on Zhdanov’s autonomous adaptive control methodology. The problem of robot’s self-learning to move to a target point and move along a trajectory as a set of target points is solved. The learning process takes place in parallel with control. Experimental studies on the application of this approach to manipulators with different degrees of freedom are shown.

ABSTRACT. We present results of the experimental electroencephalographic study of systemic brain processes while execution of tasks of various complexity. It is shown that increasing in task complexity leads to increasing of values, which characterize brain processes complexity.

ABSTRACT. To investigate the neural underpinning of voluntary control of eye movement, we recorded MEG in 29 healthy participants who played a gaze-controlled computer game. MEG components were strongly pronounced in the voluntary gaze dwells well before the time when the EEG intention markers where observed in the previous studies. The results provide new insights into the neural mechanisms of voluntary gaze control in the natural environment and indicate that extended time intervals of MEG signal should be used by the classifiers in hybrid eye-brain-computer interfaces.

ABSTRACT. The parameters of low-amplitude movements of the upper extremities of 25 conditionally healthy volunteers were studied when solving a complex motor-cognitive task with bio-control via the visual channel. It is shown that performing a complex motor-cognitive task via a visual channel in a short series of sequential procedures affects the strength characteristics of the upper extremities of the subjects. The effectiveness of performing a motor task using power platforms depends on both the control hand and the duration of the course action. The data obtained in our study can be useful in organizing motor rehabilitation in patients with motor disorders of the upper extremities, training athletes to select the optimal modes of adaptive biofeedback.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the current study was to investigate if the inclusion of the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) into the hybrid eye-brain-computer interface (EBCI) may help to detect on-the-fly eye dwells intentionally used to control a computer. Short trials classification was performed by means of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) developed in (Zubarev et al., 2019) for MEG signals. A statistically significant class separation of MEG signals by means of the CNNs was achieved for the majority of participants. Sensitivity analysis applied to the CNN weights revealed that classification of the voluntary and spontaneous eye fixations were based mainly on MEG components originating from brain activity rather than on the eye movement artifacts.

ABSTRACT. Helping behavior is common in our everyday life. However, people differ in their inclinations to help others. Modern cognitive and neuroimaging studies try to uncover the mechanisms of helping behavior towards various social groups. Saulin et al. (2019) showed that resting-state beta2 band electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) predicted daily helping to strangers. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying helping behavior and the role of social contexts such as group membership are not fully understood yet. We implemented the ‘neural trait approach’ and used EEG to study neural correlates of helping behavior in real life and in laboratory settings. We performed the sensor-level analysis of the resting-state EEG and calculated long-range temporal correlations using detrended fluctuation analysis in beta-2 band. We found that such long-range temporal correlations at frontal (DMPFC) electrodes predicted the helping behavior to strangers in real life, but not in a laboratory task, furthermore, the correlation between laboratory and real-life helping behavior was not significant.

ABSTRACT. The summary of a review given on a level of credibility of neurofeedback effects in depression, based on AAPB and ISNR criteria. It has been shown that key EEG and fMRI protocols suit level 2/5 "Possibly efficacious". According to these results, we are unaware of actual specificity and effectiveness levels of neurofeedback protocols for depression treatment. The most importaint role in promoting our understanding of the problem may be played by potential independent replication studies of key protocols, including frontal alpha asymmetry and amygdala upregulation.

ABSTRACT. One of the main methodological problems in evaluation functional connectivity is the spatial leakage (SL) effect which occurs due to volume conduction and leads to false positives in coherence or phase-locking estimates. Several solutions have been already suggested, including the use of imaginary part of coherency or cross-spectrum. Because these standard metrics are insensitive to zero-phase interactions, they prevent detection of false coupling, resulting from SL, but may underestimate true physiological interactions, characterized by close-to-zero phase lags. Due to the broad neurophysiological evidence, such interactions should not be excluded from consideration. The recently proposed method, referred as Phase Shift Invariant Imaging of Coherent Sources (PSIICOS) became the first implementation of the algorithm which reliably detects interactions for all the range of phase-lags by suppressing the power of SL subspace components of cross-spectrum. However, connectivity values obtained via PSIICOS are non-normalized by construction and depend on source power, so that uncoupled sources with high power profiles may become false positives. This limitation motivated us to develop a statistical test based on randomization of original time series or cross-spectrum in such a way, that power distribution in source space is preserved, but phase interactions are eliminated. The sampling of covariance matrices from Wishart distribution appeared to be the most reliable method, when applied to data from realistic simulations. Thus, together with the proposed statistical test, PSIICOS can be used as an effective instrument applicable to real EEG or MEG data in fundamental research or for clinical purposes in estimating genuinely low phase-lag coupled sources.

ABSTRACT. Brain-computer interfaces are considered as the next level of human-machine interaction. A bunch of approaches in decoding human states aims to achieve sufficient precision and with a growing number of classes to predict. The following study investigates the capabilities of the EEG inverse problem in designated issues and makes a comparison between different inverse models. The computational pipeline of represented BCI includes clusterization and dimension reduction of the forward model. The obtained results showed the advantages of minimal norm estimate (MNE) inverse operator in comparison with Bemaformer, sLOREATA, and sensor-based BCI with the implementation of Riemann geometry approaches in motor imagery BCI. The performance analysis was done on the 32 channel EEG data with decoding motor movement of four limbs.

ABSTRACT. Головной мозг состоит из нескольких взаимодействующих типов клеток (нейронов и глии) вместе определяющих его функции. Нейроны являются своего рода проводами, которые связывают удаленные структуры в единую сеть. Однако, как на локальном уровне в обработку информации вовлекаются как нейроны, так и глиальные клетки. Один из типов глиальных клеток – астроциты, также формируют сеть в головном мозге. В отличие от нейронов астроциты не обладают электрической возбудимостью, но способны генерировать сложный паттерн кальциевых сигналов, который является типом клеточной возбудимости.  Как возникают, распространяются и модулируются кальциевый сигналы в астроцитах и астроцитарных сетях является перспективным направлением современной клеточной нейрофизиологии. 

ABSTRACT. This study aims to investigate the relationship between animal behavior and spatiotemporal characteristics of calcium dynamics in astrocytes in vivo. Two-photon imaging of astrocytic calcium activity in the somatosensory cortex was combined with the recording of animal navigation. Synchronization of astrocytic calcium events during the motor activity of the animal was found.

ABSTRACT. The general properties of the interaction of closely located nerve cells of the torus semicircular of the midbrain of the grass frog were analyzed. The analysis was performed under conditions of background activity when the interdependence of spikes was determined only by the internal connections between neurons. In more than half of the pairs studied, the firing did not show a significant correlation. The nature of the interdependence of the remaining pairs of cells was very diverse. The relationships by type of general input were infrequent.

ABSTRACT. Clinical studies have shown an association between prenatal exposure to antidepressants – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and an increased risk for autism spectrum disorders. The aim of the study was to assess the dependence of Fluvoxamine influence on social behavior of rats on the timing of its perinatal administration. It has been shown that exposure to an antidepressant during the formation and maturation of the 5-HT system leads to impaired social behavior in white rats.

ABSTRACT. Представленная работа является частью первого полного исследования психофизических закономерностей хемочувствительности и хеморазличения у гидробионтов на примере рыб – первично водных животных. По результатам поведенческих тестов установлено, что при распознавании чувствительность наивной молоди русского осетра к аминокислотам связана с их фоновой концентрацией в природной воде, т.е. экологически обусловлена, а при обнаружении связана с их физико-химическими свойствами

ABSTRACT. In this study we investigated the influence of post-traumatic stress disorder on spontaneous behavior and resting state brain activity of animals. Using automated behavior analysis, Fos-neuroimaging and rest network mapping, we showed stressful experiences can alter spontaneous behavior, induced and spontaneous brain activity and patterns of functional connections in resting state neuronal networks long after trauma.

ABSTRACT. Restriction of sensory from whiskers during early ontogenesis affects structural & functional properties of the thalamo-cortical system that results to aggravation of epileptic activity in subjects with a genetic predisposition to absence epilepsy. In this report, we show that the "critical period" of vibrotactile development (i.e., the 1st week of postnatal period) is also critical for development of absence epilepsy in WAG/Rij rat genetic model of absence epilepsy.

ABSTRACT. The topic of the presented report is related to cognitive sciences: issues of information perception, molecular genetics, neural networks and modeling of consciousness in general are touched upon. Genometry - a class of information visualization algorithms in the space of biophysical attributes of molecular genetic coding based on the system of Walsh's orthogonal functions. The application of the genometric approach allows to ensure the transition from the semantics of the analyzed signal (as a meaningful set of symbols of a certain alphabet) to semiotics (sign representation, where the final display has a new quality and can be interpreted as a sign). From the position of neurophysiology such semiotic systems can be described by "grandmother's neuron" in the appropriate structure of the neural network. This allows us to speak about a new approach to the study of the phenomenon of consciousness from the position of graph models and molecular genetic algorithms. Evolving random graphs of Erdos Renyl are considered. When a random graph becomes more complex, percolation transition creates large structures and clusters, which can be interpreted as primary elements of consciousness. The manifestation of self-consciousness in the complication of the system of such clusters is also discussed.

ABSTRACT. The results of the analysis of verbal descriptions obtained in the experiment to study perception of emotionally colored images are presented. It is shown that verbal data can be sensitive indicators of various features of image perception. Verbal quantitative data are associated with the type of image and data obtained by other subjective and instrumental methods. Verbal quantitative data are associated with the type of image, with the subjective assessment of valency, as well as with a number of data of oculomotor activity.

ABSTRACT. Previous studies have demonstrated that voluntary positive memory retrieval commonly leads to mood repair. However this process is highly associated with Mood Incongruent Recollection, i.e. the turning a bad mood around requires a retrieval of happy memories. It seems to be truth for semantic memories. In contrast, we hypothesized that unhappy autobiographical memories are able to improve the sad mood by triggering a positive reappraisal of the current situation in comparison with negative past situation. In the present study participants (n=63) were asked to recall positive and negative memories either on behalf of their favorite literary characters (semantic knowledge) or addressed to their personal past (autobiographical memories) with no explicit focus on mood change. In accord with the hypothesis, the results demonstrated that negative autobiographical memory retrieval caused a positive change in the mood. The similar, but weaker effect was obtained for positive sematic memory retrieval.

ABSTRACT. The results of the study of the characteristics of perception of emotionally-colored acoustic events by people of three ethnic groups of the Russian Federation: the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Komi are presented. Acoustic events that are universal and culturally specific in their emotional component are identified.

ABSTRACT. The paper reveals the correlation of components of selfie-motivation with a number of personal characteristics of respondents. It is demonstrated that posting the photographs mainly for the purpose of information transferring and preserving correlates with greater psychological well-being, satisfaction with one’s sociability and the number of friends. In case of dissatisfaction with social support, respondents are more likely to receive it in social networks by demonstrating themselves or maintaining inclusion in society.

ABSTRACT. Idea of the "pleasure center" ascending to the works of Olds (1954) although criticised is still important for the contemporary science. Gray's and Cloninger's Inventories are based on it assuming BAS (behavioral approach system) is connected predominantley with the dopaminergetic system and Nucleus accumbence being its' central structure. In our study EEG data were registered while subjects listened to their beloved music. They also filled Cloninger's TCI (in the adaptation of Almayev and Ostrovskaya), Rusalov-Trofimova Inventory and Langle's Existential Scale. The main brain activity while listetning to the music was connected to the parietal lobe (P3-Pz-P4) in Alpha band. We examined the correlation of these leads as well as those of the frontal lobe (F3-Fz-F7) with the special interest to Fz being the porjection of N.Accumbens with the scales of above mentioned Inventories in the subjects resting state, eyes closed. All of the results show that frontal leads are connected to control and selective inhibition while the parietal leads with impulsivness and extravagency (associated with BAS). Apparently dopamine is not the source of pleasure itself although participates in projection of the corresponding states to the future unless they are inhibited by the prefrontal lobe.

ABSTRACT. The longitudinal research described in the article started in 2013 with the students of the 2 nd , 4 th and 6 th form in 2018, proved the correctness of the methodological foundation of our definition of giftedness as the ability to creativity by developing activity by one&#39;s initiative. This ability is defined by integration of the intellectual abilities and cognitive motivation. High intellectual abilities do not speak of giftedness. However, providing successful mastering the performed activity, high intellect gets out the way possible obstacles which contribute to unsuccessfulness and creates a favorable ground for realization of ability for developing activity. Domination of cognitive motivation in the structure of personality provides continuity of cognition process and stimulates intellect development, constantly addressing it.

ABSTRACT. We were searching for the ERP characteristics that can separate the patients with unipolar, or recurrent, depression (RD) and bipolar depression (BD). Only male participants were recruited for this study: 25 healthy control volunteers (HC) and non-medicated patients with RD (24) and BD (23). The experimental CNV-paradigm resembled that of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning. We recorded 128-channel EEG and analyzed the ERPs in 0-600 ms from the cue onset. The differences in amplitudes (p<.05) between the conditions where cues preceded the neutral and angry human faces were defined as emotional modulation (EM). The modifications in certain ERP components were group-dependent. The EEG was recorded during the depressive episode in both patient groups, but it seems that the brain mechanisms underlying the disturbances of emotional processing in RD and BD were different. The specific pattern of emotional modulation in several ERP components may be a candidate biomarker for differentiating unipolar and bipolar depression.

ABSTRACT. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the role of assessments in the processes of solving thinking tasks by students. The research is based on the idea of the regulating role of emotions in thinking. The authors distinguish emotional and verbal evaluations. The experiment used thinking tasks from the Eysenck and Raven tests. The psychophysiological complex "REACOR"was used to diagnose emotional assessments. The study was attended by University students, the decision process was recorded and the content analysis of students ' speech utterances was carried out. Based on the conducted research, the authors show situations of agreement and dissociation of emotional and verbal evaluations. It was shown that emotional assessments when changing hypotheses perform a dual function: the function of stating the compliance of the presented solutions to the value-semantic structure of the problem, and the heuristic function, which consists in reflecting the non-verbal meanings of the new hypotheses of the solution.

ABSTRACT. The article claims that the effectiveness of interdisciplinary research in psychology depends on the initial basic interpretation of the subject of psychology. It is shown that the traditional interpretation of the subject is associated with the tradition of highlighting mental units. In conjunction with traditional methodological guidelines that have been preserved in psychology since the time of dialectical materialism, the psychic is not interpreted ontologically, but is considered as a property manifested in the interaction of material systems. These provisions continue their implicit existence in psychology. Such a methodological approach leads to difficulties in explanation, as a result of which the explanation is replaced by interpretation. An interpretation of the subject as an aggregate presenting the entire space of psychic phenomena is proposed. The subject is the inner world of man. The article shows the benefits of this approach.

ABSTRACT. Qualitative analysis is proposed as a stage in the analysis of multifactorial dynamics in the cognitive sphere in patients receiving radiotherapy. Qualitative assessments for the dynamics of cognitive status made it possible to establish the unevenness of functional changes in the hemispheres under the influence of ionizing radiation: the earlier onset of multidirectional dynamics when exposed to the right hemisphere and the greater inertia of the initial individual indicators when exposed to the left hemisphere.

ABSTRACT. We introduce a new experimental technique for studying sense of agency. We consider four levels of human involvement in a grasping movement ranging from full commission (Act) and interaction with an exoskeleton (Actpas) to idle observation of the movement performed automatically with participant’s hand (Pas) and a dummy (Dum). The four involvement levels are organized in blocks of trials. We examine possible connection between sense of agency and spatial binding - subjective compression of distance estimates when performing voluntary actions. The latter is akin to intentional binding, a well-known correlate of agency. We also conduct a direct survey where participants evaluate agency for each condition on a Likert-type scale. Preliminary results for distance estimates only show difference between the Act and Dum conditions, yet in direct survey all four conditions are distinguished. These results suggest that implementation of involvement levels was successful, but to explain results for spatial binding more research is needed.

ABSTRACT. Введение. Восприятие времени является сложной психической функцией, которая включает в себя ориентировку в текущем и прошедшем времени; оценку, отмеривание, воспроизведение и сравнение длительности временных промежутков; понимание последовательности и одновременности событий; временную перспективу личности (Балашова 2017). Согласно современным психологическим исследованиям, на точность оценки времени влияет множество факторов. К ним относятся уровень интеллектуального развития, личностные особенности, уровень эмоционального напряжения в ситуации обследования, параметры внешней и внутренней среды организма. Многие исследователи отмечали, что немаловажную роль в восприятии времени играет возраст. При нормальном старении изменения в восприятии и переживании времени являются важными составляющими возрастных когнитивных перестроек. Например, у людей старших возрастов по сравнению с лицами молодого возраста происходит ухудшение точности отмеривания субъективной минуты и оценок коротких «пустых», (незаполненных деятельностью) временных интервалов (Балашова, Портнова 2006). Возможно, такие особенности восприятия времени связаны с перестройками в процессе старения активности глубинных подкорковых структур мозга. В то же время психически здоровые пожилые люди часто лучше молодых справляются с оценкой более длительных или заполненных деятельностью промежутков времени (Микеладзе 2016). Задачей настоящего исследования был поиск факторов, которые могут оказывать влияние на точность и характер оценок коротких интервалов времени. Материалы и методы. В исследовании, проведенном совместно с выпускницей факультета психологии МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова Е.К. Козловой, приняли участие 364 психически здоровых лиц разных возрастов. Количество лиц молодого возраста (20-30 лет, в среднем 22 ± 2,9) составило 176 человек, количество лиц позднего возраста (50 и более лет, в среднем 59 ± 8,6) - 188 человек. Количество мужчин в выборке составило 140 человек (38% от общего числа), количество женщин – 224 человека (62%). У 265 человек (73%) было высшее или неоконченное высшее образование, у 99 человек (27%) - среднее или среднее специальное образование. Количество работающих лиц позднего возраста составило 132 человека (70%), количество неработающих и/или находящихся на пенсии - 56 человек (30%). Большинство участников исследования были праворукими (336 человек, 92%). Для анализа возрастной динамики оценки коротких интервалов времени группа психически здоровых лиц позднего возраста была разделена на несколько подгрупп: 50 – 59 лет; 60 – 69 лет; 70 – 90 лет. Все респонденты дали добровольное информированное согласие на участие в исследовании. Участникам исследования предлагалось оценить длительность четырех коротких временных интервалов, включая повторную оценку интервала 10 секунд, и дать экспериментатору вербальный отчет о предполагаемой длительности каждого интервала после его предъявления. Последовательность интервалов была следующей: 10, 5, 15, 10 секунд. Обратная связь о точности оценивания интервалов в процессе проведения методики отсутствовала. Проводился качественный и количественный анализ полученных результатов. Для сбора, анализа и статистической обработки данных использовались программы «IBM SPSS Statistics» (Версия 23), Microsoft Office 2010 (Excel, Word), «1C:Предприятие 8.3. Конфигурация: оценка коротких интервалов времени» (для сбора, хранения и обработки данных, формирования отчетов и диаграмм). Для соотнесения распределения с нормальным использовался одновыборочный критерий Колмогорова-Смирнова. Для вычисления значимости различий использовался U-тест Манна-Уитни. Результаты. Лица как молодого, так и позднего возраста демонстрируют склонность к переоценке предлагаемых интервалов. Лица позднего возраста демонстрируют меньший, в сравнении с молодыми, процент правильных ответов и недооценок, и больший процент переоценок. Различия в процентных показателях правильных ответов статистически значимы (p = 0,014). Для переоценок тенденция близка к статистической значимости (p = 0,062). Для всех возрастных групп и подгрупп наблюдается аналогичная динамика: при переходе от одной возрастной подгруппы к другой с увеличением возраста испытуемых растет процент переоценок, уменьшается процент правильных ответов и процент недооценок. При оценке всех интервалов величина погрешности меньше у лиц молодого возраста, различия статистически значимы (p = 0,001). В обеих группах погрешность при ретесте десятисекундного интервала меньше, чем при первоначальном тестировании. Женщины имеют значимо больший, по сравнению с мужчинами, процент переоценок (p = 0,046), и значимо меньший процент недооценок (p = 0,035). Различия в проценте правильных ответов у мужчин и женщин не достигают статистической значимости. При оценке всех предъявляемых интервалов времени женщины демонстрируют больший процент погрешности. Лица со средним образованием имеют больший процент переоценок, меньший процент правильных ответов и меньший процент недооценок по сравнению с лицами с высшим образованием. Различия статистически значимы для правильных ответов и переоценок (p = 0, 009 для правильных ответов, p = 0,003 для переоценок, p = 0,119 для недооценок). Лица со средним образованием имеют значимо больший процент погрешности во всех субтестах. Не работающие и/или находящиеся на пенсии лица позднего возраста демонстрируют больший процент переоценок, меньший процент правильных ответов и меньший процент недооценок, чем работающие. Различия в проценте переоценок и правильных ответов статистически значимы (p=0,012 для правильных ответов, p=0,031 для переоценок). Находящиеся на пенсии лица также демонстрируют значимо больший процент погрешности при оценке интервалов. Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что при нормальном старении проявляется тенденция к ускорению субъективного течения времени, а также снижается точность оценок коротких интервалов времени. Однако высокий уровень образования и продолжение профессиональной деятельности оказывают положительное влияние не только на качество восприятия времени, но, вероятно, и на успешность когнитивного функционирования в целом. Литература Балашова Е.Ю. 2017 Восприятие времени и некоторые методические возможности его изучения в клинико-психологических исследованиях. Клиническая и специальная психология 6(2), 97–108. Балашова Е.Ю., Портнова Г.В. 2006 Возрастные особенности психического отражения времени. Психология зрелости и старения 3, 5-23. Микеладзе Л.И. 2016 Восприятие времени при аффективных расстройствах в позднем возрасте. Автореф. дис. на соиск. учен. степ. к. психол. н.

ABSTRACT. The article presents evaluation results of cognitive and psychomotor abilities of (semi-)professional players in esports (N=31) in comparison to norms obtained in the same laboratory for athletes in traditional sports (game sports, applied sports and martial arts). Players have shown comparable results to athletes in comprehensive tests assessing attention distribution, inhibition, peripheral vision and motor response time. They also outperformed athletes in complex reaction time and spatial memory. This result indicates that esports places high demands on players' abilities and might develop cognitive benefits.

ABSTRACT. A pilot study was conducted to assess the level of stress load among psychology students of the Nizhny Novgorod State University, who attended lectures in standard classroom conditions and remotely using the Internet. By the method of event-related telemetry of heart rhythm, recording and on-line processing of the sequence of ECR ​​RR intervals with automatic stress episodes were carried out. A video of the context was held synchronously during the lectures to further verify the factors that caused the stress episodes. A “map” of factors that could cause a stressful reaction in the process of training was formed. Of the 35 possible factors, 19 turned out to be active. Stress factors for the classroom activity are also active in the distance process. It turned out that the frequency of stress episodes is significantly (twice) higher with distance lectures, and they have their own unique group of stress factors. Most of the stress factors are directly related to the specifics of distance learning, namely, the need to use additional technical equipment (technogenic factors).

ABSTRACT. We propose the method of testing the global hypothesis on the presence definite psychological quality in some of participants from the overall group of participants. Every participant goes through the series of trials enough long to get the individual significance (by some statistical criterion) of the hypothesis on her possession of the quality. We expect that only few of participants really possess the quality, and so the estimate of the mean of individual scores to be not effective. More effective may be the global testing founded on the distribution of individual significances.

ABSTRACT. По данным Росстат на данный момент 58% детей России имеют логопедические проблемы. По данным статистики музыкальных школ и школ искусств до 97% учащихся, получивших музыкальное образование, оказываются неспособными должным образом проявить свои творческие данные (заметить себя) в музыке. В данном нейрофизиологическом исследовании показано, что в ходе работы по методике Огороднова Д. Е. у испытуемых увеличивается внимание к продолжительности звука, что приводит к увеличению потенциалов, связанных с событием (ПСС, компонента P3) на окончание длинного релевантного звукового стимула. Кроме того, это изменение положительно коррелирует с количеством занятий испытуемых.

ABSTRACT. Доклад на секцию

ABSTRACT. Доклад

ABSTRACT. To determine the dependence of sensation on the intensity of the stimulus, it is necessary to take into account each stage of transduction of the stimulus. The presented mathematical model describes the dependence of the frequency of action potentials of the primary receptor neuron on its physiological properties and stimulus intensity. Test calculations satisfactorily explain experimental psychophysical phenomena that are inexplicable from the point of view of classical psychophysics: the “saturation effect” and the differences determined by the type of nervous system.

ABSTRACT. The mental rotation is a cognitive process being used by the brain to solve various common problems and some more complicated (for instance, abstract-geometric) tasks. That process is, likely, behind the spatial perception. We suggest a simple analytic model of the mental rotation where patterns of various images of the same object (for instance, its views from various viewpoints), being stored in the memory, are identified as long ago created wells in the energy landscape of the neuron system, while the image of the new object, liable for comparing with the old image, is considered as the virtual (just created) well. Recognizing the image in such a model is the transfer of the system from the new well of the energy landscape, corresponding to the object being presented just now, into one of the old wells, corresponding to other engrams of the same object. The directionality of that transfer is defined by the fact that barriers between the wells have various heights { the more similar distinct images of the object, the lower barriers between respective wells. That governs the preferable transfer from the new (just presented) well of the object to the old well, corresponding to the image that has been long ago stored in the memory. The model suggested is, in principle, based on considering the dynamical processes of switching between various engrams of the same object. However, there are no dynamical equations employed in our scheme and the whole dynamics arises from the Arrhenius-Boltzmann relationship, which, determines the probability and the time scale of transferring the system between the wells of various engrams of the same object. That model is in qualitative agreement with experiments.

ABSTRACT. We show experimentally that word recognition process is sweep-like. We conjecture that this reflects cortical representation of the thesaurus of words, which are arranged into semantically close groups. Inside the group the words are ordered so that their meaning gradually changes along the list of words. Our experiments with words are in line with experimental studies of travelling waves in the cortex. We believe that the retrieval of words from the cortical memory is mediated by the cortical travelling waves.

ABSTRACT. We model cortical travelling waves by radially symmetric solutions to planar neural field equations with periodic spatial heterogeneity that capture e.g. the microstructure observed in the primary visual cortex. We investigate the so-called bump-solutions that correspond to generation of local excitation in the brain tissue and an early stage of the radially symmetric spread of the cortical wave. We study how the neural medium heterogeneity and other biophysical parameters such as neuron activation threshold, the lengths and the strengths of neuronal connections affect cortical waves mathematically represented in terms of radially symmetric solutions to neural field equations with microstructure.

ABSTRACT. В статье представлен краткий обзор исследований взаимосвязанных концепций конкретности и абстрактности, выполненных в последнюю декаду. Эта проблематика является не только междисциплинарной, но и мультидисциплинарной, изучаемой с когнитивных позиций в лингвистике, психологии, психолингвистике, медицине, нейрофизиологии, философии, педагогике и имеющей различные приложения. Обзор включает результаты последних исследований, выполненных в Казанском федеральном университете.

ABSTRACT. Modern electronic thesaurus such as WordNet, including the Russian language thesaurus RuWordNet, are one of the most demanded digital resources in automatic word processing tasks, for example, in problems of determining the semantic similarity of text fragments. Such resources are built on the basis of synsets - synonymous sets connected by semantic relations of hypo-hyperonymy, antonymy, and some others. The automatic use of thesauri requires high-quality descriptions of the meanings of words and expressions. Recently, a method has been proposed for verification and completion of the RuWordNet thesaurus based on semantically related words that are automatically identified by the corpus of texts. In this study, for the same purpose, the results of a psychosemantic experiment that identifies semantically related words in the representation of native speakers are analyzed. The consistency of the structure of the thesaurus with the intuition of native speakers is shown. Suggestions for improving the thesaurus are formulated.

ABSTRACT. In this article, we reflect on the phenomenon of ambiguity, its perception, effects as well as mechanisms of disambiguation. We differentiate between intended and unintended ambiguity. We argue that the process of disambiguation is triggered by cognitive context and conceptual primes in both pre- and post-positions. We prove that ambiguity can result in manipulation through the cognitive mechanism of regulated disambiguation and cognitive distortion.

ABSTRACT. The article discusses ways of modeling the conceptual domain “sociocultural threats”, represented in the texts, included in purposely elaborated THREATCorpus. The results of the research present the process of cognitive categorization of the domain, determination of the levels of the cognitive category and rationale for its borders. The thesaurus, elaborated on the basis of the THREATCorpus, is regarded as a knowledge representation structure for sociocultural threats. It is proved that both the category “sociocultural threats” and the thesaurus are mental and language representations of the domain.

ABSTRACT. The paper discusses two cognitive mechanisms of semantic shifts from the domain of visual perception to that of mental states: an “implicative” one, according to which the implicative component “to know” appears in the semantic structure of the verb “to see”, and a “metaphorical” one, which provides the possibility to construct a specific domain of mental states with fuzzy internal boundaries using the mechanism of metaphor with visual perception as a Source domain.

ABSTRACT. The study deals with the role of lexical ambiguity in the perception of advertising texts (commercial advertising, social advertising, political posters). Using the method of semantic scaling, we studied how native speakers of Russian perceive and evaluate a) advertising posters with ambiguity included (when the verbal and non-verbal components of the poster support different meanings ​​of the ambiguous advertising headline) and b) lexically unambiguous advertising posters. The results of the analysis showed significant differences in the evaluation of two types of advertisements for the most of the scales.

ABSTRACT. The paper deals with the problem of language acquisition and focuses on the acquisition of such text parameter as coherence. The study is based on the keyword method developed by L.V. Sakharny and A.S. Stern and represents a part of a large study of the acquisition of different text parameters by children at the age of 5 to 13 acquiring Russian as first or second language. At the experiment children of two age groups (10-11 and 12-13) had to listen to a short story for young by Michail Zoshchenko "A clever bird" and to label 5 keywords that are the most important for better understanding of the story. The results show that children of both groups named all three main characters of the story, but elder children provided more various nominations then the younger ones. At the same time younger children recalled much more details then their elder colleagues. Children of both groups included verbs in their lists, but younger children renamed only the verbs from the original text while elder children introduced their own lexems that describe the main idea of the story. These results show that text coherence acquisition can not be considered complete even by the age of 10-11 - children of that age tend to repeat the heard words without trying to reformulate them and to recall the deep meaning of the story; they do not separate principal charecters or actions from irrelevant details.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the current study was to investigate how ambiguous pronouns are processed while reading the coherent texts and at which point referential relations are established. In an eye-tracking experiment 41 participants had to read short 4-sentenced stories with familiar characters. Each story contained an ambiguous pronoun followed by a context that either disambiguated the pronoun or preserved the ambiguity. Control texts with an unambiguous pronoun and referents of different gender were constructed for both ambiguous conditions. Results showed an increased go-past reading time of the disambiguating context in the ambiguous condition compared to the unambiguous one. No similar effect was obtained for the context where ambiguity remained unresolved. Based on this, we suggest that during reading of coherent texts referential relations are established immediately in favor of the more activated referent. This leads to the re-processing of the pronoun if the primary interpretation turns out to be incorrect. No evidence for postponed or shallow processing was found.

ABSTRACT. Dual and multiple language use have been suggested to affect human cognition and its neural substrates. Nevertheless, such effects have not been consistently replicated, which may be due to simplified factorial study designs, reducing the spectrum of bilingualism to a mere dichotomy of presence vs. absence (i.e., bi- vs. monolingualism). Such practice may conceal the role of interindividual variability in bilingual experience in modulating neuroplastic and cognitive changes. To address this, we operationalized the main bilingual experience factors as continuous variables, investigating their effects on executive control performance and neural substrate. 22 unbalanced Russian-English bilinguals underwent a Flanker Task, a behavioral assay of executive control, and structural MR imaging. Participants’ second language (L2) age of acquisition (AoA) and exposure were measured with a self-assessed questionnaire, while an objective measure of their L2 proficiency was obtained using a multiple-choice translation task. We deployed linear mixed effects modelling to analyze how individual differences in AoA, exposure, and proficiency affect behavioral executive performance and grey matter volumes (GMVs) in the executive control network. The results indicated that higher L2 proficiency predicted better executive performance. Moreover, the interplay between L2 exposure and proficiency was shown to significantly affect bilingualism-induced neuroplastic changes in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, as well as (at trend level) in the bilateral prefrontal cortex. GMVs increased with initial increases in L2 exposure and proficiency, albeit plateauing and eventually regressing at further increasing levels of these two factors. In line with recent models, we hypothesize that bilingualism-induced neuroplasticity may peak at a certain stage of bilingual experience and eventually revert, following functional specialization. Supporting this hypothesis, the last step of our analysis suggested that experienced bilinguals may be able to optimize behavioral performance independently of volumetric variations in their executive areas. Indeed, for the bilateral caudate nucleus and the left prefrontal cortex, an interaction between GMVs and the level of bilingual experience (quantified as a composite index taking into account L2 AoA, exposure and proficiency) significantly predicted Flanker RTs: executive performance was affected by volumetric variations only at lower levels of bilingual experience. This result suggests that extensive training may allow expert bilinguals to progressively detach from dependence on the canonical neural substrate to optimize executive performance, possibly through enhanced efficiency of their executive network or cognitive strategies.

ABSTRACT. In a series of works by V.F. Petrenko and A.P. Suprun (2011-2018), it was shown that formal methods for constructing psychosemantic spaces are isomorphic to mathematical methods of quantum mechanics, and the angular coordinates of representing the intensity of properties of objects in it lead to a pseudo-Euclidean metric of the subject’s mental map, characteristic of Minkowski space in the special theory of relativity. This internal isomorphism allows us to draw interesting parallels between psychology and physics, in particular, to look from the side of psychology at the paradoxes associated with the observer in relativistic and quantum physics, and, on the other hand, to relate the stressful features of the individual's perception with the relativistic effects of the limit values ​​of psychophysiological characteristics.

ABSTRACT. It is proposed to consider thinking as a way for a subject to build a model of the world, including the following stages: a reflection of the world in which the subject is immersed, constructing the author of the model, a self-organization of the author, setting the goals and carrying out the thinking process. The evolution of thinking is a consequence of the complexity of the subject’s organization as a result of the reflection on the growing complexity of the author’s line, setting the goals of thinking.

ABSTRACT. Psychophysical problem was and remains one of the main things in psychology. In the theoretical plan — this, first of all, development of sensory laws governing the direct sensory reception. In also the time with the psychophysics turned out to be connected with the successful solution of the applied problems, where, for example, the sensitivity of sensory systems, thresholds of response compose the basic of the components “human factor”. The accumulation of data in different the fields of psychology at present makes it possible to arrive at the conclusion that the psychophysical problem is unconfined only by sensory region. However, the studies, in which would be shown the action of psychophysical laws in the region the perceptions, today it is clearly insufficient. Therefore arose the situation, when there exist as the separate directions, almost to connected one with another, the psychophysics of sensory processes and psychology of perceptive processes (psychology of perception). The undertaken attempt to leave beyond the framework of the traditional sensory limitedness of psychophysics, predpolaget, that laws governing this region remain the base of the mental processes of all levels. The concept of the generalized mental means is used for the solution of this problem.

ABSTRACT. The paper analyzes the opposition of naturalism and antinaturalism in the epistemology of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Attention is drawn to the fact that since early of the XXI century this confrontation has become less radical. The reason for this softening of the approaches mentioned the novel factual data became available due to the rapid development of social and cultural neuroscience. The author expresses the idea that the new cognitive situation may be understood through the lens of biocultural co-constructivism conception.

ABSTRACT. Приглашенный докладчик

ABSTRACT. A new typology of consciousness models in cognitive science is proposed, based on a comparative analysis of the most famous consciousness models. The necessity of integrating the three approaches: biological (neural network), informational (quantum-informational) and cultural-historical (nonlinear-dynamic) approach is shown, according to the principle of complementarity. None of the characterized models of consciousness can be considered as sufficient. Neural network and informational approaches represent consciousness in two major dimensions. But the addition of the third, cultural-historical dimension provides the possibility of a comprehensive transdisciplinary consciousness study that is also carried out in the evolutionary focus or in the aspect of the complexity paradigm.

ABSTRACT. Authors review the problems of finding definitions of complexity. They show the importance of philosophical understanding of complexity for understanding its ontological status and epistemological meaning.They show the influence of ideas about the essence of the cognitive relationship on the understanding of the phenomenon of complexity.It is assumed that the analysis of the cognitive foundations of complexity can open new horizons for the development of a philosophy of complexity and complexity science.

ABSTRACT. The information era is characterized by a steadily increasing modification of environmental factors in the form of digitalization and automation of various processes. As a result, a modification of a person’s mental activity arises, expressed in the transformation, primitivization, inactivation or elimination of certain mental functions. The source of these processes is the exteriorization of many psyche functions. The transition of some mental activities into the external plane leads to formation of "exopsyche " - diffuse unsystematic non-localized formation functioning with external devices.

ABSTRACT. The article considers psychological factors that could potentially counteract an occurrence of age-related diseases and the aging of a person as a whole. A study of 1035 people, constituted a main group (aged 59 to 98 years), and of 111 respondents, constituted a control group, demonstrates that the likelihood of developing cognitive impairments in the elderly, as a rule, does not depend on the presence of somatic pathologies. However, creativity in the elderly is connected with the length of telomeres in peripheral blood cells. A level of education, psychological defenses and religiosity reduce the level of neuroticism and can also contribute to active longevity. At the same time, a higher figurative creativity can be linked to the carrier of the A1 allele of the serotonin 2A receptor gene (5HTR2A). Our study is also shown both the association of this gene with Parkinson’s disease and the association of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) with the best running of the sense-life orientation test. Based on the results obtained, a methodology for developing creativity in people of any age has been designed.

ABSTRACT. The temporal dynamics in the intelligence structure of university students at 1991-2011 years was investigated. The increase in intelligence (Flynn effect) in the last decade was found for mathematicians and was presented for subtests of general knowledge, numerical sequences and visual-spatial abilities. The effect of "anti-Flynn" was shown for the verbal components of IQ in the humanities and visual-spatial - in engineers together with a general decrease in verbal memory.

ABSTRACT. Human abilities have been and remain a pressing problem of psychology (both in scientific aspects and in broad social aspects). To the middle of 20 articles of ability (professional abilities endowments, talent, genius) began to be considered not only as the high level of development of separate qualities of the person and their complexes, but also as system qualities, as "texture" and mutual conditionality of cognitive and personal properties of the person. Rethinking the content of these phenomena has been reflected in the expansion of the "spectrum" of their manifestations, including not only cognitive, sensory-motor, but also motor, emotional, spiritual abilities; In the study of their age evolution; Their qualitative transformations in different social spaces, in case of changes in the "internal conditions of the subject," etc. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of the evolution of the phenomenon of ability. Methods: historical and theoretical analysis; Modeling the paths of evolution of the phenomenon of ability.

ABSTRACT. The research was carried out within the framework of the typological concept developed at the B. M. Teplov’s scientific school, on the one hand; and the theoretical and experimental basis of the M. K. Kabardov’s favorable ratio concept of natural prerequisites (inclinations) and social (acquired) factors in the system "teacher-method-student". Thus, the problems of cognitive-personal and communicative resources were considered in dichotomies: "biological-social", "inherited-environmental". Research includes two approaches to study of gifts such as ideographical (“descriptive”) and nomothetic (“metric”) in (V.Shtern, G.Allport , W.Dilthey). The first approach concerns the concept of art gifts by A.A.Melik-Pashaev and the second one is based on typological concepts in differential psychophysiology (B.M.Teplov, V.D.Nebylitsyn, E.A.Golubeva, M.K.Kabardov etc.) The hypothesis was that there are individually stable psychophysiological neuropsychological typologies. Research participants were teenagers of art high school at the Moscow Art Institute named after V.I.Surikov. Experiments lasted four years with from 10 to 14 aged pupils. Methods Diagnostics of: • art abilities: a) Horizon Line is aesthetic attitude to reality (A.A.Melik-Pashaev); b) marks of academic success for four years in art discipline (drawing, painting and composition) and c) expert assessments by teachers-artists the most important professional qualities of adolescents (natural talent, performance, imagination and independence); • intelligence a) D.Wechsler test (WISC); • functional brain asymmetry a) method of dichotic audition (D.Kimura, M.A.Matova and others). • linguistic abilities-measurement of dichotomous relations "cognition-communication", "language-speech", "verbal-nonverbal" means, "arbitrariness-involuntariness" of forms of activity (speech fluency, word usage, language analysis," literacy-illiteracy " in different types of oral and written speech (in dictation according to the rules and statements). The mental and speech sphere was studied according to the indicator "lability-inertia", which is associated with individual differences in the ratio of the first and second signal systems: verbality—nonverbality of the intellect, the predominant expression of figurative-effective or verbal-logical style of activity. General findings 1. Two types of artistic and visual gifts such as “graphers” (draftsmen) and “painters” (colorists) were found. They were selected with Horizon Line (“painters” choose mainly the color task decision but “graphers” use a graphic representation) and their marks of special subjects (Drawing and Painting). By experts assessments of professionally important qualities both types had the same parameters of natural gift and independence in high level but painters’ imagination was higher compared to graphers’ and performance vice versa. 2. The difference of intelligence between “graphers” and “painters” reflected significant correlation with the subject Drawing and verbal intellect or Paintings and non-verbal. 3. Method of dichotic audition showed that the right-hemisphere dominance is more typical for “painters” but left-hemisphere for “graphers”. 4. Differences in linguistic abilities were found in individual-typical "routes" of language acquisition and proficiency (RY and IY). Predictors of these "routes" - styles, or types of language abilities-in turn were individual typological properties of the high nervous activity (HNA), functional asymmetry of the brain (FAB) and the dominant type of signaling systems (according to I. P. Pavlov). The communicative-speech type of foreign language (FL) acquisition is characterized by communicative activity; the overall success of "speaking", the lability of the nervous system (NS) and the predominance of the primary signal type of action. On the contrary, for the cognitive-linguistic type has the following characteristics: inexpressiveness of communicative actions (passivity in communication on the FL, duration of speech actions, difficulties in hearing speech); as well as the dominance of inertia of the NS, the predominance of the second (verbal-logical) signal type of response. The results indicate the presence of common neuro-and differential psychophysiological mechanisms in the typology of both artistic and linguistic giftedness. They are as following: right-hemisphere dominance, primary signal, image-effective type in thought-speech activity ("artistic" type, according to I. P. Pavlov) were characteristics of "painters" and teenagers with "communicative-speech" type of language acquisition; a predominantly left-hemisphere dominance, verbal-logical type in thought-speech activity were features for "graphers" and persons with "cognitive-linguistic" type of abilities (terms by M. K. Kabardov). Spelling literacy in dictation (according to rules) prevailed in "graphers" and teenagers with cognitive-linguistic type of abilities, but literacy in free writing (presentations and essays) prevailed in "graphers" and "cognitive-linguistic" type. Scientifically-based knowledge of gifted adolescents’ typological features enable to avoid or minimize the risk of wrong professional choice and helps to choose the optimal strategy and activities.

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ABSTRACT. The features of visual-spatial activity in the recognition of graphic images in children 7-17 years old are studied, age-related features of processing visual information are highlighted, the individual nature of solving visual-spatial problems is shown.

ABSTRACT. Self-awareness is the ability of a subject to discriminate itself from other subjects and the external world as a whole. Self-awareness is а key component of consciousness, the latter being the highest level of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of the mind. Traditionally, the technique of self-recognition in the mirror is used to study the preconditions of self-awareness in animals. For a long time it has been almost common belief that the ability of self-awareness is closely related to the ability to understand others, and therefore, to the social nature of consciousness. However, recent empirical evidence suggests that this ability may be discovered in the animals with qualitatively different mind and life activities than humans and species that are systematically close to humans. We describe our specific approach to the study of the self-awareness phenomenon. Basing on generalization of a number of data we conclude that any animals take into account the characteristics of their bodies when regulating their behavior. In order to avoid terminological confusion, we use the term self-reflextion to denote this phenomenon. The authors also highlight the main trends in the evolution of self-reflexion.

ABSTRACT. The article discusses the concept and main indicators of ethnocentrism of the personality, the role of the family in the formation of ethnocentric attitudes. The results of the study are presented, proving the relationship of ethnocentric attitudes of parents (mothers and fathers) with the occurrence of communicative difficulties in teenage children in situations of intercultural communication

ABSTRACT. The article is devoted to the study of the role of the cognitive style (narrow / wide range of equivalence) in self-regulation of the individual. 70 people from 19 to 35 years (M=26.4) took part in the study. The comparative analysis demonstrates divergences: the wide equivalence range group (n=32) adopts more flexible coping strategies because, in addition to commonly used ones, they can refrain from taking immediate problem-solving actions, employ cognitive or behavioral distancing, change their attitudes to the situation, and unconsciously shift their focus onto acceptable feelings or actions; they less often evaluate a difficult situation positively. The narrow equivalence range group (n=38) is characterized by a smaller repertoire of both conscious (copying) and unconscious (defense) behavior strategies, sensitivity to details, and excessive accuracy when evaluating events; they "shut themselves off" from controversial information, feel more anxious. Our results support lower social adaptability and greater stress susceptibility among people with the narrow equivalence range. Thus, we consider the wide equivalence range a more mature coping resource.