This study investigates the impact of various tillage and mulching systems on the growth and physiological traits of maize (Zea mays L.) in arid and semi-arid environments. The Split Plot design was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), which facilitated the arrangement and distribution of the treatments, the experiment included five tillage and three mulching treatments. Results demonstrated that conventional tillage, particularly deep tillage combined with rotary harrow, significantly enhanced plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, root depth, and dry weight compared to conservation tillage systems. This superiority is mainly attributed to improved soil aeration, reduced bulk density, and enhanced root penetration, which facilitate better water infiltration and nutrient uptake, as well as more uniform heat transfer within the soil profile. Organic mulching proved most effective for improving soil moisture retention and regulating temperature, positively affecting plant growth. Deep tillage with organic mulching consistently delivered superior results in the majority of growth parameters. Additionally, these soil management strategies contribute to sustainable agriculture by improving soil structure, reducing erosion, and conserving water. This study highlights how integrating these practices can optimize crop productivity while mitigating environmental stressors, fostering greater sustainability in arid agriculture systems.