The main objective of radiological protection dosimetry is to evaluate the absorbed dose in sensitive organs and tissues of the human body by internal or external sources of radiation (ICRP 103, 2007). Fantomas are physical or computational models used to simulate the transport of ionizing radiation, and its interactions in the tissues of the human body and to evaluate energy deposition in regions of interest. The Monte Carlo method is applied to reproduce a statistical process similar to the interaction of nuclear particles with human tissues. The objective of this work is, through literary research, to compare computational Fantomas with physical Fantomas, and to show the importance and evolution of the use of computational Fantomas in the dosimetry of radiological protection. Physical Fantomas, especially anthropomorphic ones, are very expensive and limited, besides being difficult to position (AP/PA/PERFIL). Computer simulators do not have radiation emissions, which protects researchers and ensures that there is no variation of the simulated radiation beam. To reduce uncertainty in dose calculations caused by anatomical variations, the scientific community has developed several computational Fantomas with modified ICRP standard reference values about body mass, height, positioning, size and position of organs and structures, etc.