To minimize risks or waste in project lifecycles, there is a growing need for new integrated approaches in the construction, management, and engineering of infrastructure. Autonomous technologies are transforming the conventional process by enabling integrated and system-level sensing, analysis, and optimization, which support the development of adaptive, sustainable, and resilient civil systems. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive review of autonomous technologies in construction and infrastructure and their potential to advance a sustainable built environment. We explore advanced technologies, including computational modeling, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI), as powerful tools for enabling autonomy in construction and infrastructure. We also discuss how these technologies can be applied across multiscale civil systems to address societal challenges with a balanced focus on resilience, equity, and sustainability. This study concludes by highlighting the need for further research to explore the full potential of these technologies in a sustainability context and to develop effective strategies and frameworks for their implementation.