The International Space Station (ISS) is a complex environment and the biggest human-made structure ever sent to the Earth’s orbit. The ISS is an international collaboration involving five space agencies, including the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, and European countries. The ISS is comprised of various components, including modular pressurized and non-pressurized spaces, trusses, solar panels, and several other elements, such as robotic arms. The ISS mission started in 1998, and it has since served as a human habitat in the extreme environment of outer space. The ISS prefabricated modular construction is an important example of a fully industrialized construction process built with modules that were shipped by more than 40 shuttle missions and then assembled in the Earth’s orbit by astronauts and robotic technologies. The modular construction of the ISS has facilitated not only the assembly of interconnected components but also future expansions, periodic maintenance, flexible design, and zero fatality. The goal of this paper is to identify lessons learned from the ISS construction for its implications in construction automation in terrestrial environments. This paper provides a comprehensive case study review of the making of the ISS as it applies to the field of design and construction in the built environment, including modular design and construction, truss structure, energy systems, construction stages, assembly process, and construction robotic systems used during the ISS construction. The results identified opportunities for off-site fabrication, construction in extreme environments, sustainability, maintenance, safety, and robotics, as well as possible design and construction challenges.