ABSTRACT. SynchroStor is developing a new concept of grid scale Pumped Thermal Energy Storage technology. The company has received a grant funding from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero to develop a megawatt scale demonstrator of the system.

The technology is based on a number of technology breakthrough including: - Reversible reciprocating compressor expander - Direct contact high pressure moving packed bed heat exchanger - Gas lock system able to pressurize and depressurize solid media from atmospheric pressure storage silo to the pressurized heat exchanger

In this presentation the speaker will provide - Description of the PTES system architecture - Focus on the operating principle of the heat exchanger within the storage application - Latest results of analysis of the thermos-dynamic performance of the heat exchanger - A high-level techno-economic comparison with alternative heat exchangers

ABSTRACT. Using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, the thermocapillary isolated droplet process rising in a vibrating liquid in a rotating 3D cylinder in zero gravity environment was analyzed and numerically presented. The two-phase flow tracking technique, known as volume-fluid (VOF) method, has proven to be an effective means of examining the interaction between liquids. It has been discovered that temperature gradients can have a substantial impact on the motion of thermocapillary bubbles or droplets. In this case, the droplet is driven from the cold region to the hot region by the Marangoni effect brought on by the temperature difference.

ABSTRACT. Recently-published experimental data for condensation of nitrogen on a vertical plate with sinusoidal fins and a subsequent analytical approach showed that, in the ranges of the data, the heat transfer coefficient increased as both pitch and height of the fins decreased. While the analytical result agreed well with the data, the resulting equation indicated that the heat transfer increased indefinitely as the pitch approached zero, as did a correlation given in the experimental paper. The present work addresses this deficiency and provides a result which may be used to determine optimum fin pitch and height.

ABSTRACT. As an emerging technology, droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) have been continuously developed in recent years and has been investigated in areas such as increasing the voltage generated by a single droplet, integration with different systems, etc [1]. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of DEG for generating frequency. In this work, conical DEGs are investigated to explore their effect on the performance of DEGs. The experiments used three different angles of conical copper plate as substrates, in addition to a group of flat substrates as a control group. The use of conical DEGs requires little in the way of droplet size and height compared to schemes that use superhydrophobic surfaces to increase frequency.

ABSTRACT. Hydrothermal waves have been reported in the droplet with the phase change, they can be spontaneously observed at the droplet interface of a sessile droplet. We have conducted the experiments with the support of thermography and particle image velocimetry to link the hydrothermal waves with the flow in a droplet under evaporation conditions. The splitting and merging of the hydrothermal wave patterns can be explained with the flow field as the droplet contact angle decreases during drying.

ABSTRACT. We present a hydrophobic functionalization method based on silicone oil grafting on a solid substrate to promote dropwise condensation closely related to heat transfer efficiency improvement. While independently of the grafting parameters adopted hydrophobicity of the surface and dropwise condensation is achieved, the different functionalisation procedure, such as oil viscosity, volume and application method, can actually impose different droplet-surface interactions. A high viscosity oil grafted surfaces empower the lowest of the contact angle hysteresis (CAH) and hence very mobile smaller sized droplets can be easily removed from the surface, creating space for new droplets to nucleate, grow, coalesce and shed. Whereas low viscosity oils and low number of layers impose a greater contact angle hysteresis (CAH) with the consequent increase on the size of the shedding droplets. The control of the droplet size distribution during condensation phase-change is then here proposed based on the grafting parameters adopted.

ABSTRACT. Condensation heat transfer is obtained on integral fin and Pin-Fin horizontal Copper tube using steam. Finned Copper tube having fin height and thickness of 1mm each and longitudinal pitch of 1.5mm was used while Pin-Fin tube had Pins of 1mm thickness and height while circumferential thickness was taken as 0.8mm at the root circle and 1.2mm at the top with circumferential and longitudinal pitch as 1mm and 1.5mm respectively. Results reveal that heat transfer rate increases with the introduction of fins on the outside of tubes. The results for heat transfer due to steam condensation is found to be best for Pin-Fin tube while integral fin tube shows higher heat transfer performance than that of plain tube.

ABSTRACT. Microscale flow boiling presents a promising solution to emerging cooling requirements in many applications. Predicting flow boiling patterns could play a key role in the development of new engineering design tools for predicting heat transfer rates and pressure drops. A novel feed-forward neural network architecture was developed to classify flow boiling patterns in the microscale, in which each transition boundary was considered with its own Forward Neural Network within the overall architecture. The network was then compared to new flow boiling pattern data using HFE-7100 for heat fluxes and mass fluxes between 3.2-132.4 kW/m² and 100-1000 kg/m²s, respectively.

ABSTRACT. The gas turbine power plants are included in the net-zero energy scenario to meet the peak energy demand. The energy efficiency improvement of the gas turbine system can further strengthen to achieve the net-zero goal with the optimal consumption of natural gas. In this paper, we formulated a multi-objective optimization problem that integrates the interpretable data information integrated neural network (DINN) based process models for thermal efficiency, power and turbine heat rate, and the problem is solved by two-step robust optimization approach under various plant capacities for optimizing the operation of the gas turbine system.

ABSTRACT. This work implements a physics-informed neural network (PINN) technique for evaporative phase change and other two-phase flow scenarios involving heat transfer. The present study initially considered the case of a single gas bubble rising in a quiescent fluid, wherein the PINN methodology achieved a maximum error of 3.6% in positional accuracy. Investigations were performed for both the classical Stefan and Scriven cases. For the Scriven case study, the transfer learning capabilities of the PINN algorithm were assessed. A maximum PINN prediction error of 6.1% compared to the analytical solution was revealed when tasked with modelling fluid properties where no observation data was provided. Finally, the process of film boiling was studied using PINN methodology. Ultimately, this work serves to demonstrate application of PINNs for boiling problems where inferred parameters can aid in reconciling cost-effectiveness with model accuracy.

ABSTRACT. Fouling in cooling water systems of power plants generates a progressive decay in overall condenser performance that leads to severe economic penalties. This work focuses on studying fouling by calcium phosphate using a new machine-learning (ML) framework. Specifically, we will discuss the most relevant variables impacting deposition and develop an ML-based model that accurately predicts phosphate deposition.

ABSTRACT. Advancement devices such as photovoltaics, batteries, and electronics are being utilized in a more compact and efficient manner. However, more heat is generated inside these devices, which can elevate the temperature levels and cause efficiency reduction or even device failure. Phase change material with high latent heat of fusion can passively cool and maintain the temperature of devices at a proper level. Yet its low thermal conductivity affects the thermal management process. Adding metallic foam has shown a great improvement in the thermal conductivity. However, many parameters such as phase change material volume fraction, foam material porosity, heat flux and other may affect the final thermal conductivity and final thermal management process. Numerical and experimental work are needed to investigate different varying parameters on the thermal management process which can be resource and time consuming. To address this problem and minimize the need for experimental and numerical work, artificial neural network is proposed to predict the temperature of a heat sink base at new PCM volume fractions of 0.5 and 0.9 integrated with copper foam of 0.95 porosity subjected to 8 W heating load respectively. The neural network was trained based on data from a prior experimental study. This study involved subjecting the heat sink to varying heating loads of 8 W, 16 W, and 24 W, in combination with phase change material and copper foam. Specifically, two types of copper foam were examined one with a porosity of 0.95, and another with a porosity of 0.97. Different volume fractions of phase change material at 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 were investigated. The machine learning algorithms performance is evaluated by means of mean squared error and coefficient of determination (R2). Results showed that the model was successfully trained with low mean squared error values of 0.003, 0.0025, and 0.0038 on the training, validation, and testing sets respectively. Moreover, an R2 score of 0.999 was attained across all sets respectively. To test the robustness of the model, a simulation dataset is fed to the trained NN to predict the temperature of the heat sink. The predicted temperatures of the heat sink are then compared to real temperatures collected experimentally. A small error of an average 3 °C is seen with mean squared error of 0.8031 and R2 score of 0.9956. The trained model is then used to predict the temperature of the heat sink at new phase change material volume fractions of 0.5 and 0.9 that was not experimentally explored. Results showed increasing the volume fraction to 0.9 can further reduce the temperature of the heat sink to 33.5 °C.

ABSTRACT. This study integrates machine learning (ML) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to optimize the performance of engine combustion process. Three ML models are compared: Random Forest Regression (RFR), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Neural Networks (NN). The findings show that the GPR model outperforms the others in terms of accuracy, as indicated by metrics like Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Pearson Coefficient (PC), R-squared (R2), and lower uncertainty values. Additionally, the selected ML model significantly speeds up the computational process, around 21.6 times faster than traditional CFD solvers, while accurately capturing momentum and thermal characteristics. The optimization results highlight the importance of critical parameters, such as turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and tumble-y, in enhancing engine efficiency by improving fuel-air mixing and reducing emissions.

ABSTRACT. The extremely harsh environment in future fusion reactors puts strong demands on the selection of materials and actively cooled in-vessel components in view of operational and economic requirements. Up to now, materials research in the field of thermonuclear fusion has been done primarily in laboratories and in test facilities that have focused on individual effects only, such as thermal fatigue, thermal shocks during transient events, plasma exposure, and neutron irradiation tests. Today, emphasis is also laid on synergistic effects such as high thermal loads under plasma exposure or the combination of thermal and neutron wall loads. This paper will give an overview of the work done in this field at Forschungszentrum Jülich during the last years.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the development and operation of experimental infrastructure at Ansaldo Nuclear, dedicated to advancing research in lead fast reactor (LFR) technology. The infrastructure comprises two key facilities: the Versatile Lead Loop Facility (VLF) and the Passive Heat Removal Facility (PHRF). This paper discusses the conceptualization, design, and operational aspects of these facilities, highlighting their significance in advancing the understanding and development of advanced reactor technologies, particularly LFRs

ABSTRACT. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of forced and mixed convection flows in a simplified geometry representing the reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS) have been conducted utilising the open-source solver Nek5000. The RVACS is a key facility for heat removal in the 4th generation design reactors and it is of importance for its design and optimisation to inspect and understand the flow and heat transfer physics within the facility. Several interesting phenomena have been identified: (i) heat transfer and turbulence are both enhanced in the downward (buoyancy-opposing) and upward (buoyancy-aiding) sections; (ii) Buoyancy-induced recirculation is established in the bottom cavity in the mixed convection case and turbulence is locally enhanced; (iii) The influence of buoyancy on the turbulence in the first (upper) flow separation is relatively small in comparison to the second (lower) one. In addition to the detailed study of flow physics, the DNS dataset is also used as reference data for a RANS CFD benchmark exercise organised by the Collaborative Computational Project in Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics (CCP NTH: https://ccpnth.ac.uk/).

ABSTRACT. A literature review is conducted on the approaches that High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) vendors, designers and R&D engineers have used to justify their safety features or claims. Sources of information include the open literature, including, published journal papers, conference proceedings, technical reports, and Phenomena Identification and Ranking Tables (PIRTs) available and general websites. This report focuses on the thermal fluid aspects, with brief discussion of neutronic behaviours, of HTGRs and aims to provide information and guidance for vendors on their design and licensing efforts as well as researchers for future endeavours. The scope includes identification of the important phenomena, and a summary of the current understanding and prediction capabilities of the phenomena. The report also includes recommendations for further developments in modelling/prediction approaches for HTGRs.

ABSTRACT. Liquid metal (LM) system and components are investigated in nuclear fusion R&D programmes worldwide for near-term implementation in technological demonstrators. Unique challenges are posed to the development of this technology in magnetic fusion reactors due to the onset of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects. The role of numerical tools for the prediction of LM MHD flows is discussed and so its impact in the development of breeding blanket concepts. Results achieved with computational fluid dynamics and system thermal-hydraulic codes at Sapienza University of Rome are described.

ABSTRACT. This study presents an analysis of an evaporator model of an air-to-water heat pump under dry, wet, and frost conditions, with more focus on dry and wet conditions in terms of validation. ε-NTU method and Colburn-j factor were used for closure to avoid iterations. The roughly estimated fin and tube external temperature was used to opt for external phases. In the case of condensation, latent heat was used as additional source, and in the case of frost, frost layer was used as a feature causing thermal resistance and local loss to pressure. Despite some underprediction, the model provides valuable candidacy for use in a heat pump system model in dynamic conditions.

ABSTRACT. This paper aims to explore the use of artificial neural networks for soft fault detection and diagnosis in a water-to-water heat pump. Unfaulty and faulty operational data are collected from a dedicated experimental campaign. The artificial neural networks are first trained o unfaulty conditions to allow them to predict some of the operational parameters that are usually measured in a heat pump during normal operation. Then, their potentiality in detecting and identifying faults is assessed by comparing the parameters measured under faulty conditions with those predicted by the trained artificial neural networks.

ABSTRACT. An integrated heat pump & dryer system is proposed. Moist air exiting the dryer is used as a heat source for the heat pump, but also to pre-heat ambient air. The heat pump performance is optimized by considering a trans- critical cycle with different mixtures of propane and butane. The mixture composition of 12.5% propane and 87.5% butane yields a CoP of 4.05 (vs. 3.96 for pure butane). The optimal performance can be traced back to better glide matching in the evaporator and reduced irreversibility generation in the valve.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the dynamic simulation of an air-to-air heat pump using OpenModelica, with R1234yf as the refrigerant. The study evaluates the performance of a two-stage heat pump and compares it with a single-stage heat pump by analyzing the coefficient of performance (COP) in both configurations. In both the single-stage and two-stage heat pumps, the condenser temperature is controlled to maintain a temperature of 65°C. Additionally, the intermediate temperature in the two-stage system is actively controlled to enhance the COP. The results highlight the differences in efficiency and performance between the two systems, providing insights into the advantages of using a two-stage configuration with R1234yf.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the deployment of heat pumps to decarbonise domestic space heating in the United Kingdom. This study develops a novel modelling tool that includes hourly ambient temperature, dwelling characteristics at a local authority-level, and electricity grid carbon intensity data. This is to evaluate the potential reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the adoption of air source heat pumps compared to conventionally used natural gas boilers. Key factors influencing the reduction in the GHG emissions included electricity grid carbon emissions, split of houses (between detached, semi-detached and terraced), and the total number of houses in the local authorities.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the potential of heat pumps to decarbonize different end uses, including cold chain food storage, space conditioning, water purification, and thermal energy storage. Prior experimental research and reduced order models are used to evaluate reductions in primary energy consumption or carbon emissions. Realistic pathways to implement heat pumping at the residential scale are discussed.

ABSTRACT. This research has concentrated on examining the dynamic behaviour of the adsorption process through numerical techniques. It explores a distinctive approach that facilitates a comparative analysis across diverse sorption bed designs, such as diverse heat exchangers with varying geometric characteristics and different arrangements of sorptive material. By a dimensionless lumped parameter model, the research not only offers computational efficiency but also provides a versatile framework for comparing sorption bed designs under different operating conditions.

ABSTRACT. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with high thermal diffusivity have demonstrated the ability to enhance the thermal characteristics of adsorbents, while ionic liquids (ILs) with hydrophilic properties have exhibited notable sorption and thermal attributes. This research endeavours to explore a novel composite adsorbent incorporating a combination of few-layered GNP and IL variants, specifically ethyl-methylimidazolium methane sulfonate (EMIMCH3SO3) and ethyl-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl), along with the binder polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to create composites denoted as GP-CL-30 and GP-CH3SO3-30, CP1 to CP9, each containing 30% IL content. These composites are to be compared against the benchmark adsorbent silica gel. The premise is that by leveraging the superior thermal properties of GNP and the stability and solvation characteristics of ILs, the water production and cooling efficiency in adsorption-based cooling and desalination processes can be enhanced. Initial findings have shown a substantial enhancement in thermal diffusivity of the composites by 167%, which is 76 times higher than that of silica gel, along with increased water uptake of 0.9648 kg/kg compared to 0.3534 kg/kg for silica gel.

ABSTRACT. Activated carbon could be used for CO2 capture, although its effectiveness depends on several factors including pore structure, surface area, and the presence of certain functional groups. In this study, several activated carbons were synthesized from waste biomass (jute stick) by utilizing CO2 with a novel pressure varying method. Remarkably, elevated CO2 pressures during the activation process resulted in increased activation yields and improved porosity in the synthesized activated carbons. Additionally, these activated carbons exhibit exceptional CO2 adsorption capacities, rendering them viable candidates for utilization in the major CO2 emission sources, notably industrial exhaust streams.

ABSTRACT. Metal hydrides (MHs) offer promising hydrogen storage solutions, yet their slow reaction kinetics due to the low conductivity of MHs hinders absorption time. This study conducts transient heat and mass transfer simulations during MH absorption using computational fluid dynamics. Enhanced heat transfer is introduced through internal fins and heat transfer fluid. The effects of different reactor configurations and a parametric study of cooling fluid for the MHs absorption are explored. The installation of internal fins reduced hydrogen absorption time by 15%, while increasing heat transfer fluid flow reduced absorption time by 19.3%.

ABSTRACT. This work investigated ammonia-salt reaction using TGA. Three samples were manufactured containing BaCl2, BaBr2 and a 50:50 molar ratio of BaCl2 and BaBr2. The results confirmed the existence of a binary salt mixture with sorption characteristics different from the individual salts. The mixture did not appear to form several obvious complex compounds with ammonia, but instead underwent sorption over a large temperature range in a similar way to physical adsorption. This suggests that salt mixtures are a promising candidate for use in heat pumping and thermal storage applications.

ABSTRACT. This work deals with the steady state modelling of counterflow brazed plate heat exchangers for refrigeration applications. The main challenges of the stationary approach are the definition and tuning of the iterative algorithm required for the non linear system of equations. The model is experimentally validated, and a variable step size gradient descend algorithm is evaluated to reduce the number of iterations carried out. Some tuning parameters are defined in the framework of an optimization procedure to enhance the accuracy of the model.

ABSTRACT. This paper develops a validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for the oil spray cooling of an electric motor with hairpin windings, and investigates the effect of nozzle inclination angle on heat transfer performance. The results show that the optimum inclination angle for nozzles in the bottom half of the motor housing is 22.5°, and this can be attributed to a higher local Reynolds number on the lower part of the windings. The results also show that and that the optimum inclination angle could depend on the position of the nozzle with respect to the circumference of the motor housing

ABSTRACT. The present work investigates the superior performance of 3D carbonized palm fiber photoabsorbers in interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG), surpassing 2D counterparts by 103.7% in solar-to-heat conversion efficiency. With 2D evaporation at 1.171 kg m-2 h-1 and 3D at 1.869 kg m-2 h-1, our focus is on understanding heat proliferation within the photothermal zone. Utilizing heat transfer module in COMSOL, we unveil heat propagation mechanisms and losses, shedding light on novel biomass photoabsorbers' potential for efficient solar-driven steam generation and water purification systems.

ABSTRACT. We will introduce our photo-thermoelectric (PTE) mid-infrared detector, which operates at room temperature and has the potential to revolutionise integrated photonics, microspectrometry, and hyperspectral imaging. Heat transfer and mid-infrared absorption have both been optimised in the microscale device to maximise its spectral sensitivity. The planar design reduces complexity and enables facile fabrication at the microscale. Through resonant absorption at a hot p-n junction of a thin-film thermocouple we achieve near-perfect infrared absorption resulting in good responsivity and detection speed. The planar design lends itself to industrial scaling and, thererore, we foresee our detector design finding wide application in infrared fingerprinting of polutants, bioimaging, and security.

ABSTRACT. A comprehensive analysis of the existing numerical models addressing the dynamics of water vapor flux across an air-water interface has been conducted. Additionally, we introduce a novel model based on the empirical friction velocity of the air over a water surface. This new model is used to predict evaporation rates in the context of wind tunnel experiments where water tanks are subjected to controlled drying conditions.

ABSTRACT. Environmental targets for reducing emissions in the aerospace industry require the development of more efficient engines which impose a greater thermal load on the transmission system. Accurately accounting for heat sources in the system, such as hydrodynamic lubrication regimes, are essential for the design of effective thermal management. This paper develops a framework which integrates the Reynolds methodology for hydrodynamic lubrication with CFD, describing the coupling methodology and verified on two-dimensional journal bearing case at various operating parameters.

ABSTRACT. Particles in wet steam induce heterogeneous condensation. This study investigates how changes in particle concentration and size affect the flow characteristics of heterogeneous condensation. The results show that increasing particle concentration leads to higher thermodynamic losses and outlet humidity at the turbine blade. Conversely, decreasing particle size reverses these effects. Notably, at a particle concentration of 1×1016m-3 and a size of 1×10-9m, thermodynamic losses decrease by 15%, and humidity by 6%, compared to homogeneous condensation.

ABSTRACT. Effective thermal management systems are essential for extending the lifespan and enhancing overall performance of the Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) battery packs used in electric vehicles (EVs). Accordingly, a novel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-enabled multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach for thermal management of Li-Ion battery modules using cold plates is proposed. This is used to optimize successfully the mini-channel cold plates’ geometrical parameters in terms of the key performance metrics: battery maximum temperature (Tmax), temperature standard deviation (Tσ) and pumping power (Pp).

ABSTRACT. Incorporating air preheaters (APHs) into refinery heaters boosts furnace efficiency but introduces notable challenges such as the need for additional space, the risk of corrosion and leakage due to flue gas acid dew points, changes in adiabatic flame temperature, higher NOx emissions, and modifications in radiant section heat flux which can impact the operation run length. Through a case study, we highlight these issues and emphasize the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to modernizing refinery heaters, balancing efficiency gains with the mitigation of potential challenges.

ABSTRACT. Drywall is used in the construction of most modern buildings. However, the production process requires significant water and energy consumption and results in 1.05 million tons of carbon emissions per year. To improve the sustainability of the drywall industry, Radio Frequency (RF) calcination of gypsum for drywall manufacturing is investigated. Calcination of gypsum with varying initial free moisture content, at changing power levels, and with varying humidity is tested, and the calcination percentage and final calcium sulfate hemihydrate fraction are determined. A model for predicting the calcination extent to within 7.5% is developed. Recommendations are made for future work in this area to transition the process to an industrial level.

ABSTRACT. The aluminium scrap parameters in a de-coating furnace need to be examined in terms of the time and density of the scrap charged in that furnace. The current industrial challenge is to find the effective heat required to de-coat the aluminium scrap before the next scrap is charged. This may be quantified by determining the effective thermal conductivity (k-value) relative to scrap density, and this may be derived from calculating the general heat transfer coefficients during trials. The understanding of the heat transfer coefficient for the aluminium scrap inside a de-coating furnace is examined at a predefined operating temperature of 550℃.The k-value is identified through the experimental work that is presented here. This work develops a better understanding of the heat transfer behaviour during aluminium scrap piles de-coating, hence better simulation accuracy and energy efficiency studies.

ABSTRACT. In several geometries, the two-dimensional heat conduction shape factor of the interior of a simply connected region (Ω) is exactly equal to that of its exterior (ℝ\Ω) under the same boundary conditions. Recent work has conjectured that this equality must always hold. We present a counterexample to that conjecture and provide a sufficient condition for interior-exterior shape factor equality by exploiting a beautiful and little-known symmetry method due to Hersch [1] which we introduce in a tutorial manner.

ABSTRACT. This study used Embedded Large Eddy Simulation (ELES) and steady diffusion flamelet to model partially premixed hydrogen flame under a modified converging injector nozzle design with the flame structure and NOx emission analysed. The numerical results have revealed that adding a converging section at the injector outlet has minimal impacts on the mixture formation but despite a higher central flame temperature, results were evident that this modification improves the overall combustor’s NOx emission from the reduced flame length and accelerated H2 consumption.

ABSTRACT. This study investigates the effect of interfacial force on the flow behaviour and liquid film thickness in three-phase Taylor flow using the MPPICInterFOAM solver. Within this solver, the interface force model was modified to prevented particle penetration through the gas-liquid interface. Simulations demonstrated that increasing the interfacial force coefficient significantly increases film thickness by up to 25%, within the study range, and alters particle distribution within liquid slugs. These findings contribute to optimizing three-phase flow parameters for advanced heat transfer applications such as nanofluids and chemical microreactors.

ABSTRACT. This study numerically investigates heat transfer characteristics of multi-phase Taylor flow containing nanoparticles in millimetric channels using a newly customised OpenFOAM solver, thermalMPPICInterFOAM. Simulations were conducted to analyse the thermal field and average Nusselt numbers for four cases, which are single-phase flow, two-phase Taylor flow, and three-phase flow with and without thermophoretic and Brownian motion effects. Results showed that while Taylor flow improved heat transfer, adding 100 nm nanoparticles at low volumetric concentration of 10^(-4) decreased efficiency due to nanoparticle migration effects. This outcome indicates the need for further optimization of nanoparticle concentration and diameter in nanofluid cooling systems.