ABSTRACT. Purpose In logistics systems, the implementation of heavy-duty battery electric vehicles (HBEVs) challenges actors in the transport system, and there is a need for actors to coordinate in various ways. The purpose is to explore how coordination between LSPs and relevant actors in electrified logistics systems can facilitate the adoption of HBEVs.

Design/methodology/approach The study takes a qualitative approach and relies on four interviews with three LSPs as the empirical basis. Theoretically, coordination mechanisms provide a starting-point for the analysis.

Findings The findings highlight coordination mechanisms at play in the on-going electrification of logistics systems, as well as the potential use of coordination mechanisms not yet utilised.

Research limitations/implications The study is performed in a Swedish setting and explore relevant actors and the connections between actors through a coordination lens, thus bridging a gap in the literature.

Practical implications The results can help actors, such as logistics companies and transport buying companies, to understand how, and with whom, to coordinate to implement long-haul HBEVs.

Social implications HBEVs are expected to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases and possibility to charge with renewable sources, hence the need to support the implementation.

Original/value While much research into electrification focuses on quantitative studies with a mathematical approach, this paper takes a much-needed actor perspective and highlights how actors can coordinate to carry out a successful transition to fossil free transportation.

ABSTRACT. Purpose: Electrification of the transport sector has been pointed out as a key factor in reducing CO2 emissions. However, the market share of Electric commercial vehicles (ECVs) in commercial fleets is far below its potential because of several interconnected challenges. The challenges can also be interpreted as opportunities for new ecosystemic business models. This paper proposes a holistic framework to provide a wide range of BM solutions that can contribute to creating new business models (BMs) for electrifying fleets. Design/methodology/approach: This paper applies a qualitative empirical case study based on 24 semi-structured interviews with freight transportation and logistics experts in Finland and Sweden. It provides a robust and comprehensive insight into the ecosystemic view of BMs. Applying an ecosystemic view appears relevant, given the interconnected nature of challenges and the wide range of stakeholders coming from multiple industries, such as freight transport and logistics, the auto industry, and the energy system. Findings: We identified four themes for BM solutions: novelty-related, complimentary-related, efficiency-related, and lock-in-related solutions, and then highlighted dominant themes in three domains. Research limitations/implications: Our study has some limitations. The findings obtained from our research are confined to heavy-duty electric vehicles. Fleets in other operation settings, such as light-duty and medium-duty vehicles, may encounter distinct challenges influencing their adoption. Although the firms in our case study are highly interested in electrification and can be considered pioneers, some examined limited practical experience in utilizing electric vehicles within their operations. Practical implications: This study contributes to the existing knowledge of business models within the context of ecosystems. Additionally, the authors identify and emphasize various areas that require further investigation, thereby offering promising directions for future research endeavors among scholars. Original/value: The study contributes to the current understanding of a BM concept at an ecosystem level. Furthermore, the authors highlight several gaps to be studied and provide avenues for future research opportunities for scholars.

ABSTRACT. Purpose A transition to electric freight will challenge current logistics systems and business models, especially for logistics service providers (LSP). Therefore, the purpose is to increase the understanding of critical factors in business models for logistics service providers when adopting to electrified freight.

Design/methodology/approach A structured interview study has been carried out, targeting LSPs regarding their experience and expectation on electrification. The interview responses were analysed through a business model lens.

Findings Twelve factors deemed as critical were identified, covering the different parts of a business model. From the analysis of critical factors, five hypotheses were developed. The hypotheses concern areas that can guide designs of future business models.

Research implications This study identifies challenges highlighted by LSPs as relevant and combine these in critical factors to be considered when designing business model for electrified freight.

Practical implications For many companies, business models are vital to their existence, thus the results can shed light on factors of high relevance for companies in a transport-related context.

Social implications Large-scale adoption of electric trucks has the potential to reduce the climate impact, but it is of essence to develop sound business plans, which this study contributes to.

Original/value This paper takes a business model approach, and it builds on in-depth and detailed primary data from LSP’s experiences of challenges with medium and heavy, regional electrified freight – a novel area in need of development.

ABSTRACT. PURPOSE When relocating warehouses, goods are moved from the old warehouses to the new. This transfer of goods is extended over time and is performed in parallel with daily business running as usual. The transfer logic, i.e., the sequence in which products are moved, has substantial effect on many activities in the supply chain, connected to e.g., transports, warehouses, stores, and purchasing. A proper choice of transfer logic therefore has big effect on the total costs for the product transfer. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the total cost effects of selecting a suitable logic for goods transfer connected to a warehouse relocation. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The research is built on an in-depth case study on a major Swedish retail company in the process of establishing a new distribution warehouse. The specific sub-project for the product transfer was followed using an interactive research approach, combined with interviews with some of the stakeholders. FINDINGS The systematic total cost approach applied in this case showed that big cost savings can be made by choosing an appropriate goods transfer logic. The study also gives strong support that contextual knowledge of operations is needed to make well-informed strategic decisions. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS The findings are built from a single case study in the retail sector. Although we believe the findings to be applicable to other cases at a general level, we acknowledge that the actual outcome will be context specific. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Companies planning to relocate their warehouses will gain from the findings. The systematic total cost approach followed in the case may serve as a guideline for selecting a suitable goods transfer logic. ORIGINALITY Total cost considerations connected to centralisation and restructuring of distribution have been discussed in research for many years. However, the relocation of warehouses has so far not been in focus. Hence, the application of total cost analysis on goods transfer connected to warehouse relocation is novel.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Lately, mass logistics centres (MLCs) have emerged to increase transport efficiency in soil and rock (mass) material transports and pave the way for circular mass flows. However, where to locate these MLCs has received limited attention and is often done in an ad hoc manner. The purpose of this study is thus to determine the best location for an MLC in a fully centralized system (i.e., a system where all materials are sent to and from an MLC).

Design/methodology To determine the best possible location for MLCs we propose a mixed-integer optimization model. We test and validate the model using real data from a railway infrastructure project. Parts of the input data are prepared using QGIS.

Findings The study finds that the developed model is a suitable tool for locating MLCs. However, an MLC in a fully centralized system is unsuitable to improve transport efficiency.

Research limitations/implications This model is based on one railway infrastructure project. It disregards suppliers in the material flow and limits MLCs so that they hold no inventory of material. As such, future studies should validate the model against other projects.

Practical implications Contractors, developers, and municipalities can find support in the model on how to locate MLCs from a transport efficiency perspective.

Social implications This study is an important step in analysing the potential of MLCs as a tool for reducing the negative impact of mass transports.

Originality This is one of the first in-depth studies of MLC localization from a transport efficiency perspective.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The purpose is to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the relocation behavior in a high-cost country. We compare manufacturing relocation before and during the pandemic to be able to identify differences and similarities over time and between offshoring and backshoring. Design/methodology/approach We utilize a longitudinal approach and utilize data from two survey rounds, concerning a “normal” period, 2010-2015, and during the pandemic, 2020-2022. Both rounds were targeted to Swedish manufacturing plants with 50 of more employees at the plant. Since we captured the same set of data for offshoring and backshoring in both survey studies, we compare the extent, geography, type of relocation, drivers, and benefits over time and between off- and backshoring. Findings The frequency of manufacturing relocations dropped during the pandemic, and backshoring surpassed offshoring slightly. Six drivers increased significantly in importance over time (from the period before to during the pandemic) for the decision to backshore: lead-time, logistics costs, market proximity, risk, exchange rates and country-specific considerations, which collectively emphasize more local supply chains. Labor cost remains the key driver for offshoring. Original/value This is the first longitudinal survey study that captures both offshoring and backshoring as well as before and during the pandemic.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on global supply chains highlighting the need to assess how firms can improve their resilience to cope with low-frequency, high impact supply chain disruptions. This study aims to provide empirical evidence if resilient firms have coped better with the COVID-19 outbreak and find out how responsiveness as an antecedent and logistics outsourcing as a boundary condition contributed to develop resilience. Design/methodology/approach This study employs regression and moderation analysis on survey data collected from 286 manufacturing firms operating in Finland. The data was collected in 2021, amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings The results show that firm resilience was positively linked with better performance during COVID-19. Resilience was enhanced by firm responsiveness, although less with more outsourcing of logistics functions. Furthermore, and contrary to our hypothesis, geographic dispersion did not affect supply chain responsiveness. Research limitations/implications The study was conducted as a cross-sectional survey in Finland. A repeated measurement of resilience and performance could provide further evidence of the continued impact of COVID-19 on businesses. Practical implications Our results contribute to understanding the antecedents to resilience under SC disruption within the context of COVID-19 pandemic. The findings have important managerial implications for how firms can contribute to resilience against supply chain disruptions, even in the face of unexpected challenges. Originality Our results contribute to understanding resilience under low-frequency, high impact supply chain disruptions with reference to fundamental questions of efficiency, responsiveness, control and complexity. Keywords: Resilience, supply chain responsiveness, geographic dispersion, logistics outsourcing, COVID-19

ABSTRACT. Purpose Governments regularly release emergency preparedness information and communication to households because household preparedness can mitigate global supply chain management disruptions due to crises. Such information can only help if households interpret it as intended and act as suggested. The purpose is to explore the Swedish households’ sensemaking of emergency information and the impact on supply chain preparedness. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts an inductive approach to qualitative data. We collect and analyze 75 interviews from 51 Swedish households in three waves (2019, 2021, 2022) corresponding to recent supply chain disruptions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and the invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops. This allows us to explore the households’ understanding of emergency preparedness information and how it affects their actions. Findings The findings indicate that not all crises trigger equal sensemaking of emergency preparedness information. We find several distinct groups of households and label these early adopters and laggards respectively and discuss how this affects global supply chains. Good crisis communication can reduce real demand when a crisis happens by reducing peaks in demand. However, some false demand is still created, and some people are entirely unaffected by the crisis communication. Research limitations/implications The research is based on a focused sample of interviewees. Future research can broaden the sample to different groups of respondents. Original/value The paper contributes to the literature about emergency preparedness and global supply chains by suggesting that household sensemaking and perceptions of emergency preparedness communication have real effects by reducing demand peaks. We then connect this to global supply chains and how are affected by the crises

ABSTRACT. Purpose Management and risk techniques within industries have been studied from a variety of disciplines in the non-defence affiliated industries. Given the assumption that these techniques, strategies and mitigations used in one industry apply to other similar industries, this paper examines the nature of the characteristics of the defence industry for risk assessment. We characterize interactions for onward application to risk identification in the defence industry.

Design/methodology/approach This research employs a systems theory approach to the characterization of industry interactions, using three dimensions including environment, boundaries and relationships. A framework for identifying relationship types within system-of-systems environments by analysing the features of interactions that occur in such environments, is developed.

Findings The study's findings show that different systems environments within the defence industry system of systems exhibit different interaction characteristics and hence display different relationship patterns, which can indicate potential vulnerabilities.

Research implications By employing interaction as a means for evaluating potential risks, this research emphasizes the role played by relationship factors in reducing perceived risks and simultaneously increasing trust.

Originality This paper intends to develop an initial snapshot of the relationship status of the Swedish defence industry, in light of the global consolidation in this industry, which is a relevant contextual contribution.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT

Purpose With increasing public attention on corporate sustainability, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) controversies such as toxic waste spills and modern slavery are becoming more prominent in global supply chains. This paper investigates whether buying firms with heterogeneous global supply bases are more prone to ESG controversies and proposes a structural characteristic of the supply network that can mitigate the buying firms’ exposure to such controversies.

Design/methodology/approach In this study, we estimate a fixed-effects regression model using a panel data set from Fortune 500 companies during the period of 2010 to 2018. We created our data set by merging three different databases, FactSet Supply Chain Relationships, Refinitiv ESG, and Refinitiv Eikon

Findings Our analysis of the Fortune 500 firms during the period of 2010 through 2018 reveals that buying firms with heterogeneous supply bases indeed suffer more from ESG controversies while ego small-worldness weakens the relationship between the diversity of supplier countries and ESG controversies.

Research limitations/implications Our findings contribute to the literature on sustainable supply chains and small-world networks by highlighting ego small-worldness as an effective governance mechanism for global supply bases.

Practical implications We provide supply chain decision-makers with a novel governance mechanism to manage globally diverse and complex supply chain bases.

Original/value This study is one of the first papers which provides empirical evidence that supplier heterogeneity within the supply network is one of the main causes of a buying firm’s ESG controversies using large secondary data. Also, we introduce novel network governance to address this issue.

ABSTRACT. Purpose

To empirically investigate the closing of the loops in humanitarian supply chains in the context of shelter aid and the contribution of cross-sectoral and local collaborations.

Design/methodology/approach

We will explore the constellations of actors formed in response to the issues and waste managed in the use of a specific type of shelters sent to humanitarian settlements (i.e., Better Shelter). Data was collected in two humanitarian settlements in Brazil and Italy. We investigate the different approaches that waste was managed in these cases in related to the forward and backward supply chain.

Findings

The findings indicate a missing link from the users to the design phase in closing the supply chain loop. In this context, local adaptability and achieving active and coordinated participation by end users (e.g., the implementing actors and the refugees) is found to be essential for reverse logistics.

Research limitations

Our case study is a specific shelter product, “Better Shelter”, at two specific locations.

Practical implications

The findings will contribute to the design of shelter products to be more sustainable and more adaptable to the end user context. This will include potential implications for end-user participation in humanitarian supply chains.

Social implications

Our case highlights the need for humanitarian aid actors (individuals and organizations) to partner especially with the end users, governments, to achieve partnership models that prioritize human autonomy, dignity, and participation, aligning sustainable logistical priorities with ethical ones.

Originality

We illustrate the importance of an efficient and socially inclusive partnership model when it comes to closing the loops in the humanitarian supply chain.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The construction industry suffers from low efficiency and has an extensive environmental impact. Logistics has the potential to improve efficiency and sustainability, but how this can take place within the construction context and the role of different actors in the value creation process is not clear. The purpose of this paper is to explore how construction logistics can contribute to increased value of efficiency and environmental sustainability taking a multi-actor perspective.

Design/Methodology/Approach Data was gathered through focus group discussions with single actors within the construction supply chain (suppliers, main contractors, and developers), two joint workshops, interviews, and observations. The analysis is based on the framework by Stabell and Fjeldstad (1998), dividing value configuration into value chain, value shop and value network.

Findings Value is defined by the role of the actors in the project, e.g., the suppliers view value based on the services they provide whereas the main contractors see value mainly from the project perspective. All actors participating in the study emphasis the importance of increased coordination as a mean to achieve efficiency and sustainability. The actors create value based on different value creation logics which gives rise to two potential spheres of conflicts, between the supplier and main contractor and between the main contractor and the developer. Among the actors the main contractor is the one least willing to adapt leaving room for other actors to take new and larger roles in the construction logistics system.

Practical implications Due to focus on climate impact of logistics the construction industry is undergoing a change which generate new types of services and business models.

Original/value¨ This is the first study analyzing the ongoing repositioning of actors in the construction industry from a value creation perspective. By this it elaborates on the transformative nature of the value configurations.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Robotic Process Automation (RPA) has received increasing attention, as it offers various opportunities to automate processes, resulting in improved efficiency and effectiveness. However, the scientific literature indicates a lack of research on how to use RPA advantageously, especially in the area of Supply Chain Management (SCM) and logistics. The authors aim to review this gap by exploring how to facilitate RPA adoption in SCM.

Design/methodology/approach A structured literature review with a content analysis was conducted to identify challenges to RPA implementation. The authors used the Technology - Organization - Environment (TOE) framework that supports the analysis of technology adoption to systematize the challenges. Finally, recommendations are given on how to overcome these challenges.

Findings The study illustrates challenges in the dimensions of technology, organization, and environment that organizations need to consider during RPA adoption. It also offers recommendations on how to overcome certain challenges. The findings are then used to devise opportunities for further research.

Research limitations/implications This study offers potential for further analysis on the design of tasks and processes in SCM, as well as validation of findings and recommendations for business process excellence.

Practical implications This study offers practitioners insights into the adoption of RPA. The challenges identified should be a focus of attention in RPA implementation projects.

Original/value This study contributes to academia and practice by examining the challenges to RPA adoption. The results are intended to provide a starting point for facilitating the adoption of RPA beyond simple and repetitive tasks.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Material handling has witnessed changes with the automation of warehouses with low emphasis on loading and unloading operations. Interfacing between warehouses and transportation, the manual operating nature leads to inefficiencies, causing discontinuity. Automated loading and unloading (ALUL) enhance workflows, improves performance, and reduces losses. Despite these benefits, research on ALUL in warehouses is minimal. This article i) details focus of ALUL systems in research, ii) indicates adopted evaluation indicators and iii) highlights key enablers and impediments witnessed during implementation. Methodology Developments are assessed by carrying out a detailed literature review including published literature, technical articles etc. Review is initiated by identifying appropriate keywords, coupled with Boolean operators, to retrieve literature from scientific databases. Findings Research on ALUL reveals systems to comprise of a perception system and a manipulator which in turn makes the solution type. Review highlights i) variable loading and unloading methods with changing good types, ii) complexities in identifying and manipulating goods, iii) frequent human involvement, iv) high implementation costs and associated infrastructural modifications to influence implementation. A major issue quoted was the inability of the system to preplan operations owing to the lack of information on type of goods to be handled, type of truck influencing performance etc. Practical implications ALUL systems are described comprehensively providing a detailed representation of existing knowledge regarding ALUL, making selection easier for interested industries and guiding them through the transformation process. Originality Research aids in determining function-specific systems enabling a detailed understanding of ALUL systems.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Mobile digital factories are production units equipped with direct digital manufacturing technology that can be set up at any location and moved to another place of demand after completing the job. We identify direct digital, on-site and mobile manufacturing to be key characteristics of mobile digital factories and investigate how and when they provide value in supply chains. Design/methodology/approach Following a multiple case study approach, we sampled 10 mobile digital factories that are operated in the construction industry. For each of them, we conducted semi-structured interviews and collected secondary data. Findings Our qualitative case data from companies engineering and operating mobile digital factories in the construction provide insights into their advantages, cost-efficiency constraints and viable use cases. These findings allow us to theorize, from a transvection standpoint, that mobile digital factories (i) allow for savings, (ii) require expenditures, and (iii) can increase efficiency. Practical implications For companies that consider operating mobile digital factories, the identified viable use cases are an important first step in the development of business cases. Original/value This study is the first to explore mobile factories equipped with direct digital manufacturing technology and identify their advantages, constraints, and use cases. Taking a transvection theory view, we examine how this operational value is reflected in a mobile digital factory’s supply chain structure. With this, we introduce a novel manufacturing concept to theory.

ABSTRACT. Purpose E-grocery retail has become increasingly popular, and the delivery of e-grocery orders comes with a set of specific sustainability challenges. This paper uses paradox theory to explore what kind of paradoxical sustainability tensions (PSTs) arise in the context of the rapidly transforming e-grocery retail market, looking specifically at sustainable last mile delivery.

Methodology To support the explorative purpose, a multiple case study approach has been chosen, utilizing interview as well as secondary data.

Findings The study identifies six paradoxical sustainability tensions (PSTs) that impact the sustainability of LMD.

Limitations The generalizability of findings, deriving from respondents that represent a primarily Nordic and Baltic perspective, is limited to a European context.

Practical implications The outcomes can provide e-grocery retailers with tools to better utilize the tensions they encounter to achieve positive and sustainable last mile outcomes.

Social implications In a rapidly changing last mile environment and during a surge in both social and environmental sustainability challenges, this research can provide tangible tools to amend challenges for e-grocery retailers.

Original/value The paper contributes to a better understanding of the intricacies of sustainable last mile delivery while also contributing to paradox theory by exploring PSTs within the specific context of the rapidly transforming e-grocery market.

ABSTRACT. Purpose This study examines e-consumer feedback in the form of online ratings and reviews to test its suitability for evaluating the order fulfillment performance in e-retail. The study aims to (1) identify order fulfillment touchpoints in the e-consumer journey and (2) determine their relative importance for the consumer experience.

Design/methodology/approach The study used text analytics to explore over 100 million online purchase orders and related consumer reviews from Amazon US. Natural Language Processing techniques were used to structure the corpus of reviews to identify key topics (i.e., touchpoints) related to fulfillment. The reviews were classified according to their position (i.e., positive or negative) on those topics. Lastly, the classes were correlated with consumer rating (i.e., number of stars) to identify each factor’s relative importance.

Findings The findings reveal 12 order fulfillment touchpoints of consumers’ experience and their effect on the star ratings.

Research limitations/implications The study’s purposely developed methodology needs to be advanced in future studies. The dataset originates from one country, which limits the generalizability of the findings to e-commerce markets different from the US setting.

Practical implications The findings support order fulfillment service design and evaluation utilizing consumer-generated data, thus enabling service failure management and better service fitting to consumer groups.

Original/value This study provides ground for using consumer-generated data (i.e., consumer reviews and star ratings) in order fulfillment operations’ design and performance assessment.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Contradictory sustainability priorities and interests among supply chain actors can be challenging in the transition towards greener transportation. Several of these contradictions can be described as paradoxes, e.g., interests that are logical in themselves, but becomes irrational when perceived together. This study aims at increasing the understanding of paradoxes in transport buyers’ and suppliers’ strive towards greener transportation. Design/methodology/approach An interview study targeting transport buyer-supplier dyads has been applied, followed by an analysis with a point of departure in the paradox theory. Findings Tensions related to performing, belonging, learning, and organizing paradoxes in the greening of transportation have been identified. The tensions arise both within individual companies and within dyads. An explanatory framework with four loci of tensions and related propositions are suggested. Research limitations/implications By identifying examples through the lens of paradoxes in the particular setting, the study provides increased understanding to why the transition towards green transportation goes slow, despite involved actors’ high ambitions. Practical implications Understanding paradoxes is a necessary first step, before identifying ways to manage contradictions in the greening of transportation. Social implications The study provides deep insights on the challenges regarding the greening of transportation, which is fundamental for a long-term sustainable society during global crises. Original/value This study is original as it applies paradox theory within the field of green transportation, and in particular as a lens in studying the interactions between different actors.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Change management (CM), with its methods and tools, facilitates the implementation of transformation processes in companies and along entire supply chains (SCs). However, with the emergence of fast-moving and disruptive digital transformation (DT), traditional CM tools may no longer be sufficient and may reach their limits. This study reviews the applicability of existing CM tools in the context of DT.

Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a systematic literature review and a detailed content analysis, we offer conceptual insights into the applicability of CM methods in the digital era. This is reflected in an extensive study of the intersection of CM and DT literature.

Findings We identified various CM methods and tools become relevant for organizations when intending to undergo DT. Analysing these, we found shortcomings in traditional CM approaches during DT. We therefore conclude that companies need to adapt their CM procedures towards a more dynamic approach in order to maintain competitive SCs when con-fronted with digitally shaped environments.

Research limitations/implications This study is conceptual in nature and is based on results from content analysis of the extant literature. As such, it offers potential for further analysis in the form of empirical studies to validate the findings.

Practical implications Our findings support SC actors in adapting their existing CM tool portfolio for going digital when confronted with environments of digital disruptions.

Original/value This study considers the well-established approach of CM in conjunction with the current phenomenon of DT, which possesses disruptive potential for entire SCs.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT Purpose Within the logistics and supply chain fields, changes are often suggested regarding improved structures and redesigned processes, but few papers focus on how change is managed. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the current understanding of these change management processes and to propose a research agenda. Design/methodology/approach This systematic literature review follows a six-step method to select and synthesize the 67 included papers. The study adopts contingency theory as lens to analyze findings related to dependence on the internal and external context of the organization. Findings We discuss five main themes: (1) Internal and external contextual factors, (2) Assessment of contextual factors, (3) Phases of the change management process (4) Evaluation and (5) Perspectives on change. Findings show that although context is very specific, the identified internal and external contextual factors are similar across industries. However, different contextual factors have different importance in different industries. Furthermore, the top-down perspective dominates whereas only a few studies embrace a bottom-up perspective. Research limitations/implications Limitations relates to data collection, particularly the choice of keywords and criteria for inclusion and exclusion. Practical implications The conceptual framework can give valuable insights for practitioners when applying context-based change management. Original/value Contributions to change management, logistics and supply chain management literature by suggesting a conceptual framework and by proposing a research agenda which reveals a lack of research on how assessments of the context can be used to design the change management approach.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the pedagogical advantages of implementing digital real time simulation games in supply chain management teaching. Design/methodology/approach Data has been collected through a triangulated mixed methods research design. Student groups have answered pretest and posttest surveys playing a simulation game as part of a supply chain management course. In-depth interviews are conducted with four student groups after playing the game, and the specific results achieved in the game is used as a measure of their learning. Findings The findings show that students get an integrative skill experience from playing the game; enhanced understanding of concepts, insights to dynamics of supply chains and improved management skills. Comparison of pre and post surveys show an improved proficiency in key vocabulary, concepts, and dynamics of supply chain management. Practical implications The findings show that integrative experiential skill development is possible to achieve in an educational context with the use of digital tools. Digitalization provides advanced learning opportunities, and its proper implementation in teaching enhances integrative skills for students, improved pedagogy in teaching and skilled employees for business. Social implications The application of learning methodologies that foster the development of integrative skills improves the students' smooth transition from students to experts on their respective fields. Original/value The paper shows how supply chain management educators can use simulation games to advance students’ learning and skill development.

ABSTRACT. Purpose: Critical Infrastructure sectors (CIs) are vital for societies to function. In many countries, CIs includes inter-organizational and international supply chains combining public and private actors with often competing interests and unclear responsibilities. While collaborative supply chain risk management (SCRM) can increase CIs robustness and resilience, CIs inherent characteristics complicates SCRM. Supply chain risk governance (SCRG) has conceptually been introduced, suggesting collaborative mechanisms facilitating inter-organizational SCRM. Our purpose is to extend the existing SCRG-framework’s theoretical and practical relevance, by empirically explore SCRG, theoretically elaborate and further conceptualize SCRG, and suggest future research.

Method: A top-down abductive case study was performed in the Swedish food sector to elaborate the conceptual framework and contextualize SCRG. Archival data from public and private actors complemented expert interviews with public and private stakeholders representing direct and indirect SC actors.

Findings: Current discourse and changes of CI’s SCRM confirm discontents in governance and importance of SCRG mechanisms, and supported further conceptualization e.g. of legal mechanisms vs economic incentives, inquiries’ importance, and the understanding of indirect public SC actors’ influence.

Implications: Only studying Food CI in Sweden limits transferability, but proposed research avenues guide future conceptualization and contextualization of SCRG. The framework could support CI actors to jointly find and reduce discontents related to inter-organizational SCRM.The novelty lies in empirically studying this phenomenon combining SCRM and risk governance lenses.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT

Purpose Disasters are causing disruption; there are breaks in service provision, supply of utilities and basic goods. Even in the case of a well-prepared country, it is impossible to restore all the functions in a short span of time. It means societies need to be prepared to deal with disruption also at the household level, individuals and families need to be ready for disruption. A whole-of-society approach to crisis preparedness considers citizens active participants in the crisis management life cycle.

Design/methodology/approach

The research adopts a qualitative approach; data are collected through secondary sources and interviews with key informants that represent a network of Finnish institutions (including both governmental and volunteer organizations) involved in preparedness for disasters and disruptions in the supply of goods and services caused by crises.

Findings

The findings indicate that to ensure societal resilience and a solid level of preparedness there is a need for a close cooperation between different actors, including not only public authorities, but also volunteer citizen-centric organizations, commercial entities, and research institutions. It takes time to create a culture of preparedness, thus a long-term vision is needed, and constant communication across different sectors of society, including citizens.

Research limitations

Research is based on interviews with key expert informants; individuals (representatives of society, citizens, or families) were not interviewed.

Practical and societal implications

The role of households is specified, which could facilitate household preparedness in society. As Finland is considered a benchmark for other countries, this paper could allow others to learn from how the Finnish system is designed and who is involved in the household preparedness.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Major supply chain disruptions caused by e.g., pandemics, energy crises and geopolitical tensions put much pressure on public sector supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of the complexities to build supply chain resilience (SCR) in societal critical sectors.

Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on qualitative interviews with representatives from the Danish Critical Supply Agency.

Findings The paper identifies challenges to assure SCR due to a public system based on significant differences across sectors in terms of degree of privatization (number of private actors), and degree of central state governance. Hence, the paper found that a differentiated approach towards working with the societal critical sectors must be applied. Thus, a segmentation approach and a process model are suggested.

Research limitations/implications The public sector consists of several societal critical sectors that shares SCR issues, but also have their own distinct issues. The present study is limited in its focus only on a Danish context. Furthermore, the paper is based on only three interviews within the focal organization. Hence, this study lacks the view from the critical societal sectors.

Practical implications The paper develops an overview of important topics to address when improving SCR from a public sector perspective. Further the paper develops a segmentation model and proposes a process approach as a starting point for improving SCR in public sectors.

Societal implications Public sector supply chains are vulnerable to both known and unknown disruptions. Creating SCR in these supply chains require first a mapping of the societal critical areas and then analyses of how sectors may create constraints to each other.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how applying machine learning technology in different stages of circular supply chains can improve performance towards circularity. Design/methodology/approach The paper conducts a systematic literature review of machine learning technology's role in improving performance of supply chains towards circularity. Findings The findings show that machine learning algorithms have the most application in the waste management stage of circular supply chains in construction industry as well as household and municipal waste and the most used algorithms are supervised algorithms of artificial neural networks, decision trees, and support vector machines. Research limitations/implications Future research can consider other digitalization and Industry 4.0 technologies in circular supply chains of other industries such as textile and food, qualitative empirical methods and real case studies, as well as potential of ML in addressing other sustainability issues beyond circularity, such as reducing carbon emissions and improving economic, social, and environmental impacts. Practical implications The research provides researchers and practitioners with a better understanding of machine learning technology's potential at different stages of circular supply chains. Social implications The results also contribute to sustainable policy advice and decision making. Original/value The article contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive overview of machine learning in circular supply chains, identifying future research paths, and providing practical recommendations for implementation.

ABSTRACT. Purpose - Logistics and supply chain capabilities (LSCCs) are critical for the achievement of circular economy (CE) practices. For the textile industry, being one of the most polluting industries in the world, existing research has recognized LSCCs for economic, social, and environmental value creation. Current research is however still fragmented, and there is a need to structure existing research. The purpose of this study is therefore to explore the relationship between LSCCs and value creation in the textile circular supply chains.

Design/methodology/approach - The research presents a systematic literature review on LSCCs related to the CE activities of collection, sorting, reuse, and recycling and how these contribute to economic, social, and environmental value creation. In total, 564 unique articles were extracted, of which 35 were deemed to be relevant and included in the study.

Findings - Findings provide a comprehensive overview of how different LSCCs contribute to value creation in each CE activity. They also indicate potential contextual factors impacting those value creation processes. The findings serve as a framework demonstrating the multifaceted importance of logistics and SCM practices in a circular supply chain context and provide guidance for future research in the field.

Research limitations/implications - This research is focused on the post-consumer textiles.

Original/value - The volumes in the circular textile supply chains are expected to grow, which means that the importance of efficient and effective material flows increases. An improved understanding of how LSCCs contribute to value creation is a vital component to understand when designing these circular material flows.

ABSTRACT. Purpose: EU regulation obliges establishing separate collection of end-of-life (EOL) textile by 2025 to deal with a resource-consuming and polluting industry and stimulating the development of circular systems. Based on Nordic pilot studies, this paper aims to increase the understanding of how to design a collection system that facilitates high collection volume and quality. Design/methodology/approach: Design science using the CIMO logic (context-intervention-mechanisms-outcome) is applied as the study deals with a practical problem and aims to come up with propositions on how to design a collection system generating high volumes and quality. Nine pilots on separate collection of textiles have been conducted and analyzed. The pilots differ in terms of the Context such as the actors involved, the Interventions such as how and where collection was carried out, the Mechanism such as motivation of customers to conduct sorting, and Outcome such as collection volumes and desired quality. Findings: Three propositions were generated based on the results of the study: 1) Centralising collection may be preferable from a collection volume perspective, while for quality the results are mixed: 2) Consumer pre-sorting fraction system support the subsequent sorting: 3) NGOs have an important role to play in the separate collection system of reusable and recyclable textiles and incentives should be considered to support the role. Research limitations/implications: The study contributes to the reverse logistics literature by evaluating real-life solutions to the first-mile problem of EOL textiles. Further research is needed to understand the impact of household related context elements on sorting mechanisms, how collection design affects the balance of cost and consumer convenience and means of consumer communication. Practical implications: The study outlines the design elements and sets guidelines that can be used by municipalities, NGOs and other actors when designing EOL textile collection systems. Original/value: The results offer insights on efficiency of various EOL textile collection systems in various contexts, supporting the design of new systems.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Horizontal logistics collaboration (HLC) might be a source of logistics improvements by facilitating improved resource utilization. However, HLC has not been widely implemented yet since it faces several challenges. The purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual model of HLC and a framework for identifying major challenges for implementing this type of collaboration. The aim is to use this result in a Delphi study that will further elaborate on the future challenges and opportunities of HLC. Design/methodology/approach The analysis of horizontal collaborations is based on an industrial network approach and transport service triads (TST). This theoretical approach is chosen to conceptualize HLC in a transport-supply network to better understand challenges and opportunities of HLC. These are identified by a literature review, which later will be supplemented by primary data collected by a Delphi study. Findings The study identifies, categorizes, and assesses challenges of implementing HLC. Research limitations/implications While TSTs are generic to their nature and helpful to understand embeddedness of transport in supply network, each TST case is unique and requires to be studied in its specific context. Practical implications This research provides a framework to understand the embeddedness of HLC in the transport-supply network. It also helps managers and practitioners to identify the challenges of HLC and exploit its opportunities. Original/value The conceptualisation of HLC using industrial network approach and analysis supported by TST is a novel approach.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the implication of functional and hierarchical interfaces on S&OP process integration. This is done by analyzing the S&OP process with an interface integration perspective. Design/Methodology/Approach Five manufacturing companies with mature and integrated S&OP processes were explored and compared in a multiple case study to identify and categorize interfaces and analyse interface integration. Data was collected through interviews and company process maps. Findings S&OP process integration is achieved through coordination, collaboration, and alignment. Findings from analysing the multiple cases show how different interface types, S&OP processes configures by various interfaces, achieve process integration differently. Coordination is the most common type of integration requirement, while collaboration is required in contexts that allow benefits. Alignment also leads to better S&OP plans. Research Limitations/Implications By focusing on the interface level of S&OP, the study identifies and characterizes the prominent functional and hierarchical interfaces in the S&OP. This leads to the type of integration that is required in various interfaces. In turn, this study contributes with a conceptualization of S&OP integration. The study focuses on manufacturing organizations in Sweden. More studies, considering different contexts, could provide more insights about S&OP interfaces and integration. Practical Implications By identifying important S&OP interfaces and interface integration requirements, organizations may improve their S&OP process integration. Originality The conceptualization contributes to the somewhat fragmented literature on S&OP integration. The focus on functional and hierarchical interfaces proposes how individual interfaces contribute to overall S&OP process integration.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The purpose is to investigate when a state strictly applies the rules in public procurement of defense materials, if relations and business models with the defense industry lead to desirable behaviour and if not, what should be changed. Design/methodology/approach Sweden has been chosen as a case to study since the Swedish government have stated that the Armed Forces capability needs to be reinforce and they strictly has applies the EU directive on public procurement. The study is performed in cooperation with four in Sweden based defence industries and two public authorities. The empirical originates from 30 in deep interviews. The frame of reference used includes the need of interaction and trust between parties for security of supply as well as regulatory issues. Findings This research show that current approach of a strict application of the principles of public procurement, does not allow close business relations with the defense industry in order to build a secure supply, other business models should be introduced to ensure a safe and persevering supply. Research limitations/implications Increased understanding of required defence logistics solutions and suggestions for improved relationship models with the industry and the need to apply the regulations in a different way. Practical implications The study contributes to increased knowledge about relations between government and industry, suggestions for improved security of supply and more robust business models. Original/value Novelty connects to the need of renewed state-industry relationships concerning security of supply and global supply chains under regulative conditions.

ABSTRACT. Purpose - Healthcare Supply Chain Management (SCM) remains an important topic for both academics and industry professionals but has recently faced numerous challenges as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. With a specific focus on the health consumables procurement process within SCM, this paper explores how data-driven healthcare supply chains can employ key performance indicators (KPIs) to transform their processes towards becoming more people-centred, integrated with technology-enabled care in a pandemic challenged environment. Guided by this information, a digital supply-chain transformation framework will be co-developed. Design/methodology/approach - Using a knowledge mobilisation lens, this paper undertakes a three-phased qualitative study of Victoria’s (state in south-eastern Australia) largest public health service, involving a secondary study followed by a primary study and finally multiple forum discussions critical for co-developing a digital supply chain transformation framework. Findings - Our study identifies several key indicators for improved performance in healthcare supply chains from a procurement perspective. Specifically, our findings suggest that to digitally transform an organisation, especially in a pandemic environment, organisation capabilities compatible with industry specific requirements and appropriate digital technologies are a necessary requirement for successful implementation and desirable outcomes. These findings further enabled the development of a digital supply chain transformation framework that can be proactively used by managers and practitioners embarking on a digital transformation journey for their organisations. Originality/value - This pandemic has not only accentuated the long-existing challenges within global supply chains but further highlighted an urgency to accelerate and transform healthcare supply chains due to an increase in consumable shortages in hospitals worldwide. This paper, through its timely setting and context, contributes to healthcare knowledge by offering a co-developed digital supply chain transformation framework which can be a catalyst for improved healthcare services.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Procurement topics have stepped into the corporate limelight. Despite the increasing importance of procurement and supply management, perception gaps still exist in the CEO-CPO relationship, leading to an unhealthy and unsuccessful relationship. Therefore, this study aims to conceptualize the CEO-CPO relationship to identify where perceptual distance occurs. Design/methodology/approach This study develops a framework based on a systematic literature review on perceptual distance and social alignment in different relationship settings. Based on identifying different dimensions where perceptual distance can occur, we subsequently conduct semi-structured interviews with chief procurement and executive officers to validate and devise the relationship dimensions on their relevance and applicability in practice. Findings Our research reveals further insights into the CEO-CPO relationship. We provide insights into input, process, and output dimensions and factors contributing to perceptual distance, thus allowing for an accurate and reliable evaluation of perceptions in the CEO-CPO relationship. Research limitations/implications (if applicable) We provide managerial implications regarding CEO-CPO alignment. Limitations suggest the need for more targeted research with expanded sample sizes, including a third viewpoint and qualitative case studies to better understand the role of contextual factors. Practical implications Our framework allows business and procurement leaders to concretize, discuss, and monitor their perceptual distance to foster a healthy and successful relationship. Original/value Building on theory, this paper provides insights into the social alignment of the CEO-CPO relationship, where extant research has primarily focused on organizational and strategic alignment activities.

ABSTRACT. Purpose While the circular economy offers a significant opportunity for decoupling revenue streams from resource use, research on circular business model innovation remains scarce. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of logistics in the process of circular business model innovation within the context of fashion retail

Design/methodology/approach Using a collaborative approach, this research developed and validated a circular business model for the reuse of fashion items together with key stakeholders. Empirical data were collected through multiple sources including in-depth interviews, field visits and observations, focus groups and workshops. The data were analyzed using a two-step coding procedure of open coding and axial coding. Evaluating the business model design resulted in a series of proposition about the role of logistics in circular business model innovation.

Findings The findings indicate that logistics acts as an innovation catalyst in the process of circular business model innovation. The validated business model provides evidence to support that the role of logistics goes beyond the movement of goods to accelerate the development towards circular economy. The study illustrates that logistics represents a strategic resource in circular business models. Moreover, the findings suggest that circular business models put pressure on logistics systems. Additionally, study indicates that circular business models provide an opportunity to integrate first-mile pickup and last-mile delivery. Finally, findings suggest that circular business models embrace a new way of thinking about logistics cost.

Practical implications The research sheds light on the role of logistics in circular business model innovation, which offers an important starting point for managers in accelerating the transition of retail business models toward circular economy.

Originality/value This research is one of the first to investigate the role of logistics in circular business model innovation. The results provide a foundation for future investigations of circular business model innovation, including other ways of achieving circularity such as rental, repair, and remaking.

ABSTRACT. Ports have an important role for economy and crucial importance when it comes to maritime industry. In recent years terms ‘’smart ports’’ and ‘’digitalization’’ are having growing attention in academic literature. The aim of this research was to analyze the concept of smart ports in Europe in academic literature and address the research questions like smart port definition, issues that make port smart and future challenges of smart port. According to the academic literature smart port term is connected to key words like digitalization, automatization, optimization, sustainability, collaboration between different parties, increased productivity and newest technology. The main reasons why the port needs to be smart are following: need for automation (and digitalization) of port operations in order to reduce manual handling, exchanging all kind of data through aligned system, need to reduce cost in order to improve competitiveness and meet the customer needs, to meet the environmental regulations by reducing pollution, congestion, emissions and also need for control of safety and security in ports. The future challenges of the smart port can be stated as following: need to increase throughput, rising customer expectations, readiness and capability to adapt to digitalization, automatization cost, supply chain disruptions, cyber security risks arising, climate change and sea-levels rising.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The purpose is to research the use of marketplace which works as a platform for purchasing and selling logistics services. The paper focuses on marketplace which uses sustainability as a primary sorting criterion for the available services. The research question is that how the researched marketplace could contribute for decreasing emissions produced in logistics industry. Design/methodology/approach The paper looks what criteria logistics service purchasers have when they decide between alternative available logistics services. Additionally, paper looks how logistics service providers consider sustainability in their service offering. Findings Findings so far indicate that there is a pressure to purchase sustainable logistics services, but in practice it is challenging to be aware of actual emissions. On the other hand, logistics service providers see it difficult to estimate, how much their customers are willing to pay for mor sustainable services. Research limitations/implications (if applicable) This paper contributes for the research in sustainable supply chain management. Practical implications (if applicable) Companies have huge pressures related to their used logistics services. Based on upcoming EU directives, big companies need to report their scope 3 emissions since the beginning of 2024. The emissions of used logistics services are big part of those emissions. Additionally, in the near future companies need to decrease those emissions. Use of the marketplace help companies to get more exact information of their logistics scope 3 emissions and also helps them to decrease those emissions. Social implications (if applicable) The results can show how it would be possible to decrease the emissions of logistics industry. Original/value Marketplaces of logistics industry are not widely studied. Additionally, in the current studies, minor focus is on sustainability issues.

ABSTRACT. Purpose Firms are increasingly held accountable for conduct of their multi-tier suppliers. Yet, information in supply chains is transferred mainly linearly, providing limited visibility beyond the direct suppliers to focal firms. This study explores the motivation of (sub-) suppliers to join and exchange sustainability information on a digital supply chain platform.

Design/methodology/approach An embedded single case study of a platform in the fashion industry is conducted. The fashion industry presents unique obstacles to information exchange among supply chain actors due to great organizational and institutional distances and cost-pressures. Interviews with these actors, the platform provider and external stakeholders inform the case study.

Findings Mainly coercive and mimetic pressures lead fashion (sub-) suppliers to joining the platform and exchanging information. This information is more up to date and less filtered but still does not go beyond formerly available information, as it is still presented mainly in the form of certificates. To facilitate information exchange with sub-suppliers, the tier-1 supplier takes on an important role. However, with increasing size of the platform, also direct network effects and an ecosystem approach of the platform lead sub-suppliers to join and exchange information.

Research limitations/implications This study provides an in-depth analysis of a particular platform in the fashion industry. This single case study allows for limited generalizability to other industries but should inform practitioners as well as researchers about most recent developments and the role of platforms for Multi-Tier Sustainable Supply Chain Management (MT-SSCM).

Practical implications Increasing demand for sustainability along multi-tier supply chains require firms to improve their MT-SSCM and especially information exchange with sub-suppliers. This paper informs about the role of platforms for this endeavor.

Social implications Previous research finds decreasing information asymmetries and collaboration with suppliers improves their social performance. Platforms can directly support this.

Originality/value This paper is the first to investigate the role of digital platforms in MT-SSCM and visibility.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The purpose is to provide theoretical and practical insights on IT/ICT systems used to comply with regulatory requirements on traceability in Europe for fish products. Design/methodology/approach The study followed a deductive research approach (Spens and Kovács, 2006). A literature review was conducted to create framework for cross case analysis of European traceability systems. A sent-out web-based questionnaire was used to retrieve information about traceability systems used in six European countries. Findings The paper shows that implemented IT/ICT systems used for fish traceability differs due to number of stakeholders reporting, organisational- and semantic interoperability, and techniques used for unique labelling and data exchange. Research limitations/implications The research is limited to implemented IT/ICT systems used for fish traceability at governmental authorities. Further empirical studies on implemented traceability systems at SC actors, and in non-European countries are required to ensure statistical generalisability. Practical implications The presented findings will support managers at SC actors and governmental authorities in the fishery sector in development of IT/ICT based traceability systems. Original/value While literature from several academic disciplines presents solutions to traceability in SC, little research has been conducted which address cross case analysis of established traceability systems.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT

Purpose The purpose of the research is to develop positive imaginaries for the future of food supply chains (FSC). Our research also aims to be co-produced with shareholders of the chain.

Design/methodology/approach In line with the methods of triggering the imagination in design or future studies, we propose an ad-hoc methodology relying on ideation cards.

Findings The research is ongoing. The different workshops we organise will produce narratives considered as heuristic research material. The methodology, once validated, will also be promoted as a result as we want to make it available online.

Research implications As engaged scholars, we wish to contribute to Supply Chain Management by helping to rethink the research paradigm that underlies the discipline's work in order to lead to real and necessary changes.

Practical & social implications The methodology we develop will be available open source, in the different UE languages. It will be duplicable for any kind of supply chain.

Original/value The research uses a unique method in supply chain management and responds to the calls for more collective action in SCM research.

ABSTRACT. Purpose To explain household food waste based on household characteristics, with special reference to consumer logistics. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses are derived from a resource-based view (RBV) of organizations and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The hypotheses are tested using data from a large-scale survey of American and Canadian consumers. Findings As supply chain entities, certain characteristics of households help explain consumer logistics and food waste behavior. Research limitations/implications (if applicable) The RBV is a useful tool to study households as supply chain entities. One limitation is the study’s reliance on a survey of consumers, conducted during the pandemic. Future research is needed to determine if these results still hold in the post-pandemic period. It would also be interesting to test the hypotheses in the Nordic world and other countries. Practical implications (if applicable) The primary practical implications are for households wanting to understand and reduce their food waste volume. In addition, grocers might discover innovative ways to work with households to reduce food waste. Social implications (if applicable) Food waste reduction can have a favorable impact in terms of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and food insecurity, both growing problems across North America. Original/value If not the very first, this is one of only a few studies on food waste casting the consumer in a logistician’s role. The RBV is applied at the level of the household as a supply chain entity. The paper should be of interest to practitioners, including household members, interested in reducing food waste – and to researchers focused on household food waste.

ABSTRACT. Purpose The purpose of this research is to analyze the current state of the sustainability transition that is expected to happen in a supply chain context. The focus is on the systemic level reduction of Scope 3 emissions. Research questions (RQs) were developed to support achieving the purpose of this study. The three research questions are as follows: What type of regulation is there regarding Scope 3 emissions, and what is coming? What is the current state of Scope 3 emissions reporting and reduction in transportation in supply chains? What factors influence the systemic level reduction of Scope 3 emissions in supply chain?

Design/methodology/approach This empirical study was conducted as qualitative research. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with various companies. All in all, 26 interviews were held over a two-month period. After conducting the interviews, the research data was analysed through thematic analysis for which the data analysis software NVivo was utilized. Transition management is used as a conceptual framework.

Findings The initial findings of this research are that socio-technical transition is needed to make Scope 3 emissions reporting and reduction possible.

Original/value Reporting of Scope 3 emissions is new to companies. The current state and impacts of Scope 3 emissions reporting have not been yet studied.

ABSTRACT. Purpose In addition to cleaner energy at the container seaport, the upstream effects must also be considered when determining the right electric and cleaner energy solutions for particular container seaport scenarios. We are learning that tracking the upstream CO2 and GHG emissions resulting from development of electric and clean energy capability at seaports requires in depth assessment of the upstream supply chain. This work considers the question: What is the impact of electrification and other clean energy initiatives at seaports on upstream supply chain carbon emissions. Design/methodology/approach This work considers sustainable logistics and supply chain management in the context of the wicked problem. A diffusion of innovation approach is taken, garnering information on processes used upstream in the supply chain and estimating carbon emissions at the seaport and upstream in the supply chain. Findings We anticipate that there are both carbon contributing and carbon reducing processes in the upstream supply chain resulting from seaport electrification initiatives. We look to estimate the output of these processes in terms of impact on seaport and upstream supply chain carbon emissions in the context of seaport electrification Research limitations/implications This work is limited by the fact that it is conducted with a focus on specific seaport facilities as a starting point. Future research needs to be conducted on additional seaports Practical implications Managers can use the findings from this work, as well as the processes used to uncover the findings, to investigate the impact of container seaport electrification and clean energy solutions on the upstream supply chain. Social implications From a social perspective, this work presents a view of carbon emissions resulting from seaport electrification and clean energy initiatives, and as such can lead to lower environmental impact at the seaport and upstream in the supply chain. Original/value This work is valuable to academics and companies who strive to create clean energy solutions at seaports and want to understand the implications of their clean energy initiatives on upstream carbon emissions.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT Purpose - This working paper explores, through a case study, how alignment with transport providers and customers is ensured to reduce CO2 emissions in the context of procuring transport services. Design/methodology/approach - A case study was conducted in Sweden in a shipper’s organisation through semi-structured interviews with transport managers and environmental experts. The case was analysed based on its measures in relation to transport providers and customers to realise the climate commitment in the procurement of transport services. Findings - The findings of this paper show that the studied shipper, specifies climate-related requirements, articulates them in the contract, collects CO2 emissions data and monitors and evaluates transport providers’ performance. These measures indicate that the shipper ensures climate alignment with transport providers through standardisation of work and standardisation of output. When it comes to customers, the shipper seeks alignment by working with the customers to adjust the delivery schedules. Customers are incentivised to change their ordering pattern and to consolidate deliveries by being offered differentiated prices. Original/value - In response to suggestions in the earlier literature that alignment on climate performance is a matter of concern in the procurement of transport services, this paper investigates how climate alignment can be ensured in the context of transport service procurement. Keywords Shipper, transport provider, alignment, CO2 emissions, coordination mechanisms Paper type Work-in-progress paper