ABSTRACT. The panel discusses about ideological education from the point of view of nation-building in Finland and Estonia in the 1920’s and the 1930’s. After the collapse of the imperial Russia in 1917 both countries reached independence and fell to civil war. These occasions and experiences influenced the unity of nations; understanding on one nation with common culture and values splintered into winners’ patriotic and losers’ socialist values. The panel focuses on formal and informal nation-building strategies, which were directed toward younger generations and were put into operation in the fields of civic education and culture in both countries. Researcher Seija-Leena Nevala discusses about the boy and girl organisations of the Finnish voluntary defence movement. Professor Mervi Kaarninen’s paper is about the Red orphans and their upbringing according to White values in Finland. University lecturer Ulla Aatsinki focuses on Finnish socialist education and PhD Student Eli Pilve talks on Estonian government’s plan of state control over youth organisations

ABSTRACT. Early modern credit markets were part of social networks. Lending and borrowing were means to create, maintain, and strengthen relationships that were crucial for long-term benefits. Many of life’s important actions depended on useful relationships. During hard times, strong relationships were invaluable since formal, institutional economic supports were minimal. Lending and borrowing were thus part of one act in a bigger picture, and could not be seen as only an economic move. Rural and urban societies faced the slow transition from informal to formal credit markets during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This also changed the role of trust, networks, and reputations. New actors were brought into the picture. Old traditions and actors without adaptable behavior were slowly pushed aside. In urban centers, migration, population growth, and the establishment of financial institutions meant that the old system — with economic relations closely connected to social functions — was reformed faster than in the countryside. From the late eighteen and the early nineteenth century, economic development also required more capital and financial exchange for further investments. As credit was an essential financial tool both for capitalists to sustain their investments, as well as for workers to make ends meet, this probably resulted in growing indebtedness. In this session, the concept of emerging credit markets is analyzed from various perspectives, especially from the point of view of crises. Of special interest is change and transition over time, and when this could be observed in different geographical regions and among different actors. The Nordic countries, as industrial latecomers, were probably reformed later when compared to the continental forerunners. The amount of historical data from the regions makes deep analysis possible. Results from the Nordic countries will be related to the development in other European countries.

Chair: Kristina Lilja (Uppsala) Commentator: Anders Perlinge (Stockholm)

ABSTRACT. Den andra Reformationen Om Herrnhutismen och den parallella reformationen Den skandinaviska Herrnhutismen som är en utlöpare av den globala kyrkan ”Neue Brudergemeine” hade stora framgångar under 1700-talet. Sedan Kyrkan från början av 1800-talet förlorade mark i Europa har den dock haft stora framgångar i andra världsdelar och har idag närmare en miljon medlemmar världen över. När Brödrakyrkan, ”Herrnhutismen”, grundades år 1727 i Herrnhut, Sachsen, fastslogs att den var en arvtagare till en historisk kyrka erkända av reformatorer som Luther och Calvin. Dessa anspråk skapade konflikter som mycket kom att handla om namnet. I kärnområdet (de tyska staterna och Nederländerna) kallas den för ”Neue Brudergemeine”. I länder som England och USA för ”Moravian Church” medan den kallades ”Herrnhutism” i Skandinavien. Det Anglosachsiska namnet, bottnar i att man beskriver en kyrka med rötter i Mähren medan det tyska namnet härleds ur en äldre, men pånyttfödd, kyrka. I båda fallen är benämningen kopplad till en suverän kyrka likställd med andra. Det Skandinaviska begreppet Herrnhutism syftar däremot på att anhängarna tillhör en sekt. Medan de teologiska skillnaderna mellan Brödrakyrkan och Lutherdomen var små var synen på kyrkans organisation fundamentalt olika. Brödrakyrkan organiserades i ett globalt nätverk utan nationella gränser. Nätverket bestod av byar, mindre städer, missionsstationer, diasporaarbetare, mindre celler av väckta anhängare etc. Utgångspunkten för det planerade rundabordssamtalet tas i att forskningen om Herrnhutismen varit fokuserad på de nationella lutherska enhetskyrkornas världsbild. Eftersom Skandinavien utgjorde ett gemensamt (missions- )område, Diasporan, borde rimligen Brödrakyrkan studeras i ett skandinaviskt sammanhang. Att den blygsamma forskning som genomförts om Brödrakyrkan dessutom skett på nationell grund har medfört att vårt vetande är såväl vagt som splittrat. Syftet med rundabordssamtalet är att påbörja en diskussion om den ”andra reformationen” och starta en process med syfte att initiera ny forskning om Herrnhutismen utan nationella skygglappar.

ABSTRACT. Historians Without Borders (HWB) is based on an association with the same name, established in Finland in 2015 and working as the secretariat of the international network. The network, consisting of historians and politicians, aims at promoting a dialogue and cooperation between academic historians, media and political actors, at pursuing an internationally open and free access to historical materials and sources and at counteracting misuse of history in different parts of the world. Practical ways of reaching the aims are constituted by international symposia and conferences, by publications bringing scholars from different countries together to work towards a dialogue between communities of historical research and memory. The primary pragmatic aim is to counteract the harmful impact of the untenable historical myths on international relations. The first conference of HWB in May 2016 was attended by historians, among them Margaret Macmillan, Jan Behrends, Oran Baskin and Lim Jie Hyun, as well as politicians, among them Erkki Tuomioja (former minister of foreign affairs of Finland and the founder of the association), Martti Ahtisaari, Carl Bildt and Bernard Kouchner. The first publication by the HWB, the anthology 'The use and Abuse of History' (2016) dealt with issues of history politics and the role of history in conflict resolution. The issues HWB aspires to be dealt with in Aalborg, on the level of both theoretical analysis and empirical research opportunities, are constituted by the problems of post-conflict societies in coming to terms with a dark past, and the challenges of historians encountering ´post truth´ discourses in history politics.

ABSTRACT. I Sverige innebar den lutherska reformationen att ett nära band mellan kyrka och stat etablerades. Svenska kyrkan blev med tiden statens förlängda arm med uppgift att registrera befolkningen, samtidigt som den behöll sitt sociala och moraliska inflytande över människors förehavanden, bl. a genom sitt arbete i de sociala nämnderna från det tidiga 1800-talet till 1900-talets första decennier. Kyrkliga aktörer har därmed varit delaktiga i att dra gränser mellan tillhörande och främlingar, och skapa uppdelningar mellan värdiga och ovärdiga fattiga. Min presentation handlar om Svenska kyrkans verksamheter på det sociala fältet under decennierna kring sekelskiftet 1900, en period då migration formulerades och hanterades som ett socialt problem på lokal, nationell och internationell nivå. Detta, avgränsandet av ett problemområde, kan analyseras som en kreativ process för dem som är "innanför", en process som skapar arbetstillfällen, nya projekt och termer, nya kunskapsområden mm. Det finns inget som har varit så produktivt – intellektuellt, socialt, ekonomiskt etc. – för expansionen av det sociala som föreställningen om den fattige främlingen. Denna föreställning har materialiserats i olika kategorier – lösdrivare, tattare, zigenare, flyktingar m fl. – som gett upphov till olika slags interventioner (policy och praktik) och kunskapsområden. Arbetet med att kartlägga, övervaka, hantera, utestänga, förändra eller förbättra den fattiga främlingen har utvecklats inom olika discipliner, professioner och politikområden. Oron, rädslan och hatet för, men också omtanken om den fattige främlingen har gett upphov till en mängd idéer, praktiker, yrken, institutioner, marknader, etc. som kan studeras på flera nivåer. Min forskning fokuserar på Svenska kyrkans roll i dessa processer.

ABSTRACT. In 1908–09 maritime commerce, fishing and traffic in the Sulu Archipelago in the Southern Philippines came almost to a stand-still due to a surge in piracy and coastal raids that challenged U.S. colonial rule in the area. The pirate leader was a renegade subject of the Sultan of Sulu, a Samal named Jikiri. Together with his followers he was responsible for the murder of at least forty people in numerous raids throughout the Archipelago. In spite of the concerted efforts of the U.S. Army, the Philippine Constabulary and private bounty hunters, Jikiri was able to avoid defeat for more than one and half years, before he was eventually killed in July 1909. His decision to take to piracy was triggered by the failure of the U.S. authorities to pay compensation for the loss of the traditional claims that many families in the Sulu Archipelago had to the pearl beds of the region, as stipulated by a law on pearl fishing adopted in 1904. The law was in several respects disadvantegeous to the native population of Sulu and combined with the high-handed behavior of the local officers in charge of the Sulu District from 1906 to fuel widespread discontent with colonial rule and led several of the leading headmen of Sulu covertly to sympathize with and protect Jikiri and his followers. This sponsorship combined with the general reluctance of the population to cooperate with the U.S. military explains why Jikiri was able to defy the vastly superior U.S. forces for so long. American officers at the time tended to explain the depredations by the allegedly piratical nature of the Sulus, but the article argues that the so-called decay theory, first proposed by Raffles a century earlier, is more appropriate in order to explain the surge in piracy.

ABSTRACT. Elever möter historia i en rad olika sammanhang; i media, i spel, i reklam, i filmer och i historiska faktaprogram på TV för att nämna några. Elevernas uppfattningar och kunskaper har därför sannolikt formats redan innan de möter skolans undervisning och därefter formas de som en parallell process. I skolans historieundervisning spelar läromedlen fortfarande en viktig roll. De används i olika utsträckning och på olika sätt, men de finns ändå där som en konstant. En intressant spänning kan därför uppstå mellan elevernas förkunskaper, deras förväntningar och den bild av det förflutna de möter i skolan. I denna presentation tar jag det inom historiedidaktiken tidigare svagt beforskade begreppet förväntning eller förväntan som utgångspunkt. Jag studerar vilka förväntningar eleverna har på, och vad de menar är viktigt och vad de vill lära sig om, en historisk epok som de ännu inte har studerat i skolan – kalla kriget. Elevernas förväntningar jämförs med läromedlens urval och beskrivning av epoken. Studien bygger på gruppintervjuer med svenska elever i årskurs 8 och en analys av historieläroböcker för årskurs 9. Resultaten diskuteras i ljuset av syften och innehållsbeskrivningen i den kursplan i historia som infördes i Sverige från 2011.

ABSTRACT. The Nordic countries underwent a process of profound economic progress in the 19th and early 20th century. The industrialization process changed the economic structures and the division of labour. Trade on foreign markets boomed and business life was reorganized in many aspects. In contemporary words one may say that the Nordic area became an emerging market characterized by rapid technological progress, new ventures and opportunities. One of the profound changes behind the transition of economic life was the liberalization of economic activities. The Liberalization of economic policy and trade facilitated emerging new business and new corporate structures. Additionally, the growing wage-labour market opened up for new occupations, increased labour force mobility and improved standards of living. But the emerging wage labour market also challenged the role of the family and traditional forms of assurance from life's uncertainty. Measures against accidents and sickness were urgent in the emerging industrial society.

The Nordic countries show many similarities, but also important differences in the process of economic modernisation and industrialization. A comparative analysis may therefore offer more insights into the mechanisms and cause of events than a single-country study only. With that in mind, we seek to organize a session that provides a comparative Nordic perspective on reforms and social and economic aspects taking place during the phase of industrialization. It will contribute with insights on the liberalization of economic activities taking place in the early phase of industrialization. The session also put focus on the role of labour force mobility by tracing the emigration of Nordic engineers. We offer insights on the situation of women's possibilities in the emerging labour market by examine reforms and outcomes of labour market protection laws and maternity insurance.

ABSTRACT. I de senere år har stadig flere reformationsforskere valgt at tale om ”den lange reformation”, dvs. reformationen som en langstrakt proces, der var forberedt forud for de bevægede reformationsår i 1520’erne, og som på ingen måde var afsluttet med de store politiske og kirkelige nyordninger i 1530’erne. Men hvor længe er da ”den lange reformation”? Hvornår og hvordan fandt de største ”reformatoriske” forandringer sted? Og giver det mest mening at tale om en langstrakt reformationsproces med flere faser eller snarere om forskellige reformationer? Svarene på disse spørgsmål hænger sammen med, hvilket reformationsbegreb der anvendes, herunder hvordan forskerne forholder sig til nyere begrebs- og teoridannelse omkring bl.a. ”konfessionalisering” (Heinz Schilling) og ”konfessionskultur” (Thomas Kaufmann). Men svarene må også tage udgangspunkt i reformationsforløb, som vitterlig var yderst forskellige fra land til land, også i Norden. I denne session vil vi dels betragte udviklingen i fugleperspektiv og trække nogle af de helt lange linjer, dels standse op ved udvalgte reformatoriske eller reformationsrelaterede begivenheder og processer. Det vil give mulighed for at diskutere, hvilke begreber og kronologier der kan anvendes til at indfange udviklingen i Danmark, Norge og Sverige i 1500- og 1600-tallet, men også med spor op gennem 1700- og det tidlige 1800-tal. For måske skal ikke blot fænomener som filipisme og ortodoksi, men også 1700-tallets pietisme og 1800-tallets folkelige vækkelser forstås som sene faser eller nye bølger af protestantisk reformation?

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Både i Norge og i flere europeiske land er det sjøfartsmuseene som har hatt hovedansvaret for å dokumentere den materielle maritime kulturarven, særlig handelsflåtens historie. Sjøfartsmuseer ble etablert som en egen genre i det norske museumslandskapet på begynnelsen av 1900-tallet, og inspirasjonen kom fra tilsvarende museer som allerede var etablert i Europa. Aktørene var ofte sentrale personer i skipperforeninger og innen shippingnæringen. Museumssamlingene som da ble etablert ble preget av skipperens, ingeniørens og rederens perspektiv på historien. Beretninger om skipskonstruksjon, teknologisk framgang og nasjonalt herredømme på havet stod sentralt i museenes historieframstilling. Sjøfolkenes historie stod ikke sentralt museenes samlingsbygging. Til tross for dette finnes likevel gjenstander, fotografier og arkivalia mm knyttet til sjøfolkenes liv og arbeid i de maritime museenes samlinger, men ofte skjult og underkommunisert i museenes historiefortellinger. I denne analysen undersøker jeg maritime flere museumsamlinger knyttet til sjøfolkene i Norge, Nederland og Belgia utfra et historiebruksperspektiv. Hvordan har denne yrkesgruppen blitt dokumentert i sjøfartsmuseenes samlinger? Ble samlingskulturen preget av museale agendaer og nasjonale stereotypier? Hvilket bilde av fortiden er det museene projiserer inn i vår samtid gjennom det innsamlete materialet, og hvordan kan museumsfortellingene reformeres når samlingene synligjøres og aktualiseres? Analysen er en del av et pågående PhD-arbeid knyttet til Museum Stavanger og Universitetet i Agder.

ABSTRACT. In the decades following World War II, state-administered development aid emerged as a new area for policy and action in the Scandinavian countries. Family planning and population control were promoted right from the start. Population control was seen as a crucial precondition for modernization of the Third World, and also as a security concern in the volatile context of Cold War and decolonization. At the same time, however, population control was deeply controversial as it involved the promotion of contraceptives. Religious and ethical opposition, mainly from Catholic countries, made population control difficult to promote through multilateral aid. In this situation, the Scandinavian countries – perceiving themselves as particularly secularized and unfettered by religious concerns, and seeing family planning as a means to liberating women – strove to promote family planning bilaterally instead. While family planning and the use of contraceptives remained controversial also in the Scandinavian countries, a number of individual actors with a longstanding interest in population planning supported the Scandinavian promotion of family planning, both through bilateral aid and through international fora. Later on, questions of women’s health and reproductive rights, which had often been a marginal concern for the early activists, came to be more and more integrated into programmes of family planning. This panel will discuss connections – and discontinuations – between transnational, “development”-oriented measures of population control and previous domestic population policies in the Scandinavian countries, in terms of actors, ideas and practices, as well as connections – and discontinuations – between support for population control and reproductive rights, and perhaps also women’s rights in a more general sense. We will also make comparisons between the policies and practices that emerged from the different Scandinavian countries, and put their development into a larger transnational and global context.

ABSTRACT. I den danske utenrikspolitikkens historie for de første hundre år etter at Norge gikk tapt i 1814, er det forholdet til Tyskland, ikke til Norge og/eller Sverige som står i sentrum. Tilsvarende er forholdet til Sverige hovedsaken for forfatteren av den norske utenrikspolitiske historikken på 1800-tallet, mens Norges relasjoner med Danmark spiller en underordnet rolle. Den historiografiske stedmoderligheten i behandlingen av forholdet mellom de to tidligere tvillingnasjoner er uheldig fordi den vanligere konsentrasjonen til henholdsvis det dansk-tyske og det norsk-britiske sikkerhetsforholdet gjør at man overser hvordan den liberale varianten av skandinavismen på 1800-tallet hadde potensial i seg til å svekke kongemakten både i København og i Stockholm og derved kunne ha fått stor betydning til forholdet til stormaktene. Mangelen blir forsterket av at den liberale skandinavismens potensielle (og kontrafaktiske) politiske potensialet heller ikke blir tatt riktig på alvor i den historiefaglige litteraturen om om skandinavismens historie. Hensikten med sesjon er å rette opp dette misforholdet ved å fokusere på de to tidligere tvillingrikers utenrikspolitikk etter adskillelsen i 1814. Dessuten skal de tre innlegg danne utgangspunktet for en fornyende kritikk mot den tradisjonelle danske og den norske utenrikspolitiske historieforskningens underkommunisering av folkeretten og overvurdering av den alliansepolitikken som, siden 1949, har vært framstilt som naturlig, nødvendig og uunngåelig fundament for de to lands utenrikspolitikk. Endelig skal sesjonen sette under debatt folkerettens betydning i internasjonal politikk, særlig i forholdet mellom stormaktene og småstatene, og spesielt i forhold til spørsmålet om hvordan Skandinavia utviklet seg fra en krigsregion inntil 1814, inntil et «pluralistisk sikkerhetsfellesskap» hvor krig var utenkelig som konfliktløsningsmiddel i interessekonflikter. Ett paper skal argumentere for at folkeretten var fundamentet for Norges utenrikspolitiske agering allerede i unionstiden med Sverige. Ett paper diskuterer Danmarks folkerettsengasjement i mellomkrigstiden. Ett paper tar for seg den dansk-norske Grønland-konflikten med fokus på folkeretten som utenrikspolitisk konfliktløsningsmiddel.

ABSTRACT. This study examines the establishment of Väestöliitto, the Finnish Population and Family Welfare League, in 1941 as a process of reframing Finnish population policy. The Winter War (1939–40) against the Soviet Union left the country with a nationalist underdog trauma: Finland was a young nation state with a small population, neighbouring a powerful and hostile country. As a result, a group of people representing social and health policy associations and politically engaged organisations founded a new umbrella organisation, which sought to call attention to the ‘population question’.

The ‘population question’ referred to the alarmed and unproblematised notion that Finland faced a population crisis, and the number as well as the quality of the population needed to be elevated. According to the founders of the new association, Finnish population policy needed a drastic reform in order for Finland to be able to withstand the geopolitical threat posed by the Soviet Union.

The paper addresses the following research questions: How did the founders of Väestöliitto construct and frame the ‘population question’? What was identified, defined and represented as the cause of the population crisis, and, respectively, as the remedy? As a non-governmental expert organisation, what was defined as the new association’s role in furthering these new population policy goals?

ABSTRACT. Adolescents’ income contributions were of great importance for a majority of working-class families still at the end of the nineteenth century (Haines 1979; 1985; Haber & Gratton 1994; Rotella & Alter 1993). This changed during the first half of the twentieth century. Laws concerning child labour were established, the educational system was extended, and incomes for workers increased. All in all, this development resulted in rising costs for having children. Furthermore, net costs for working children seem to have increased, too. Preliminary results from a study of the Swedish household budget surveys of 1913–14 and 1933 show that adolescent’s on average contributed less to family income in the 1930s than in the 1910s. One cause was increasing enrolment in secondary education. Another, that contributions from working adolescents were smaller in 1933. This resulted in higher costs for having adolescents living at home. The development was most obvious among more well-off workers. Perhaps their adolescents were allowed to keep more of their incomes for themselves. The development can probably be seen as another aspect of the trade-off between quantity and quality of children (Becker 1960; 1981). In the full paper, long-term trends in development will be easier to establish by also adding household budget surveys for 1923 and 1948.

ABSTRACT. Äldres liv och hälsa utgör en av framtidens största globala utmaningar, då en allt större del av befolkningen idag når en hög ålder. Utifrån flera aspekter behövs därför kunskap om denna helt nya demografiska situation. Forskningsfältet kring äldre och åldrande utgör därmed ett växande forskningsfält med stor samhällsrelevans. Utöver den förändrade demografin, har omfattande samhällsförändringar med industrialisering och urbanisering på olika sätt haft konsekvenser för äldres livsvillkor. Därtill har välfärdsstatens utbyggnad, den äldrepolitik som förts och vilken service som ges till äldre också haft stor inverkan. Synen på den äldre och vad åldrande innebär har förändrats avsevärt under senare decennier. Bilden av vem som är äldre idag är något helt annat än vem som betraktades som äldre för hundra år sedan. Idag råder drömmen om den goda ålderdomen, med tid för vänner, barnbarn, en aktiv fritid, god hälsa och god ekonomi, samtidigt som fattigpensionärer och en ålderdom präglad av ensamhet och sjukdom är en verklighet. Att utifrån rådande föreställningar kritiskt granska och analysera förändring och variation i vem de äldre är i olika tider, vilka förutsättningar de har haft och vad som har format deras förväntningar på sin ålderdom kan hjälpa oss att bättre förstå länkarna mellan det förflutna, vår samtid och framtiden. För att möta de ökade behov som den växande andel äldre medfört behövs alltså inte bara kunskap om vad som karakteriserar gruppen äldre idag utan också vad som präglat den historiskt. I denna session har vi samlat forskare som alla utifrån ett historiskt perspektiv studerar äldres liv och hälsa i en nordisk kontext. Vi tar upp frågor kring de äldres boendeförhållanden, socioekonomiska villkor och sociala kontext, förändringar och kontinuitet i äldrepolitik och i den service som erbjudits äldre, samt den centrala betydelse mat haft i äldrepolitiken.

ABSTRACT. How should the future archive sector support the research-based history? Archives worldwide are undergoing a digital transformation in terms of collecting, preserving and making their collections available. The transformation is induced by the digitization of information formation in general, but is also due to an extensive retro-digitization of analogue materials. Preference is often given to genealogical sources – church records, census, military records etc. Even though this material may have some history relevance, it has only marginal importance in other history research contexts.

The purpose of this session is to generate a general discussion on how the archives – in particular the national archives and city archives – adapt to the kind of digital research infrastructure that for instance urban history, but also other history disciplines need in the future and how to create links between research questions and digitization priorities. The session will be based on presentations of concrete cases.

Themes that will fit the aim of this the session could include:

Specific digitization projects that have sought to store and make available large amounts of digital data in archives in dialogue with historians; projects that have organized archive registration systems following the needs and standards suitable to history research; archives that have made history data available as part of open data or linked open data schemes; attempts af combining digital archives with digital humanities and for instance semantic and quantitative analysis tools; outreach activities that have sought to engage a broader audience in the digitization of history archive material.

ABSTRACT. ”Jeg føler, derfor er jeg”. Således kunne et kendt diktum lyde anno 2017, hvor følelser løftes fra irrationalitetens mørke dyb og tilskrives en stadigt vigtigere rolle som navigationsmarkører i vores hverdag, såvel inden for videnskaben, som i populærkulturen, hvor følelser – ofte ganske ukritisk – anskues som uforanderlige instinkter og udløbere af vort inderste selv, frem for som et sæt kulturelt konstruerede eller kalibrerede praksisser og oplevelser. Med denne session ønsker vi at sætte fokus på relationen mellem følelser og transformation: dels ved at se på, hvordan hverdagslige oplevelser og praksisser tilskrives forskellige følelsesmæssige betydninger i henhold til skiftende diskurser, samt hvordan dette påvirker og former opfattelsen af disse erfaringer. Dels ved at se på, hvordan brud eller transformationsprocesser opleves, italesættes og praktiseres følelsesmæssigt – hvad enten der er tale om kriminalisering, skilsmisse, migration eller byudvikling. Endvidere håber vi at åbne for en bredere diskussion om, hvordan forskellige sociale og kønnede identiteter, og dertil hørende kulturelle normer praktiseres og italesættes i følelsesmæssige termer; hvordan er forskellige følelsespraksisser med til at konstruere, understøtte og udfordre sociale identiteter.

ABSTRACT. Den franske historikern Marc Bloch konstaterade i en berömd formulering att begreppet jordägande i princip saknade mening i det feodala samhället. På nära nog all jord vilade en rad skyldigheter. Dessa kunde riktas inte bara från bonden, bondens herre, herrens herre och så vidare längs den feodala skalan, utan även från exempelvis bondens släkt och herrarnas släkt. I kontrast till den bild växte successivt en modern eller borgerlig äganderätt fram, där ägandet var absolut och där en rad mer eller mindre latenta anspråk på jorden kringskurits för att göra äganderätten knuten till en individ.

Denna tankegång om en successiv övergång från släkt (och herrar) till en ensam självägande individ kan sägas vara en central del av moderniseringsprocessen och går att återfinna i flera moderniseringsteorier. Bidragen i denna session problematiserar emellertid denna utveckling ur ett flertal aspekter och visar framförallt hur bandet mellan jord och släkt hade påfallande stor betydelse i Skandinavien, både i praktiken och som idé i den politiska diskussionen långt in på 1800-talet. Bidragen behandlar hur släkträtten till jord uppfattades och hanterades av olika politiska aktörer, men även hur relationen mellan å ena sidan jord och å andra sidan släkt och familj tog sig uttryck i praktiken.

Bidragen hämtar exempel från Norge, Danmark och Sverige kring ett i dåtiden mycket centralt tema, rätten till jordegendom. Hur rätten till jorden reglerats har givetvis varit av största betydelse i alla tre länderna, men historiskt sett saknas i stor utsträckning ambitioner att analysera frågan komparativt; frågan om släkt och jord har varit starkt knuten till den nationella historieskrivningen. Ambitionen med denna session är därför att lyfta centrala aspekter ovanför nationsgränserna för att kunna diskutera både likheter och skillnader mellan länderna.

ABSTRACT. I efteråret 1956 blev den danske arkitekt Hans Henning Hansen sendt på en Unesco mission til Jugoslavien. Han skulle bistå de nationale myndigheder med planlægning og (gen)opbygning af skoler efter 2. Verdenskrigs ødelæggelser.

HHH var ikke den eneste arkitekt, som Unesco sendte ud i verden i disse år. I 1962 sponsorerede organisationen et forskningscenter i skolebyggeri i Bandur i Indonesien med 20 medarbejdere. Samtidig åbnede et tilsvarende i Sudan og i Mexico City.

Dette paper har fokus på det asiatiske center, og arbejdet med at bringe barnets skala ud til den tredje verden. De mange årsberetninger vidner om, at det ikke var en given – og enkel sag – at bringe vestlige tanker om fremtidens skolebyggeri ud til indbyggere og myndigheder i den 3. Verden.

Igennem de sidste 25-30 år har skolebyggeriet oplevet en stigende interesse fra historikernes side. Men grebet har hovedsageligt været nationalt, eller transnationalt inden for den vestlige eller anglo-saxiske verden. Dette paper udvider perspektivet til relationerne mellem den vestlige verden og den 3. verden, og det anlægger et perspektiv på arkitektur, som noget der gøres. Det er ”the making” i kontrast til ”the designing” for at parafrasere antropologen Tim Ingold, som er omdrejningspunktet for dette paper. Det viser, at byggeri i barnets skala kunne forstås meget forskelligt - og alligevel gensidigt afhængigt. Meaning-making var i høj grad en material sag med prototypeskoler og udarbejdelse og udsendelse af stribevise af rapporter og vejledninger. Til det formål rådede centeret over et stort bibliotek og eget trykkeri.

Oplægget bygger på rapporter fra de enkelte missioner og på centerets årsberetning i UNESCO’s arkiv.

ABSTRACT. UNESCO’s initial mission was to carry out a piece of mental engineering, which could form the basis of a genuine solidarity between people in the shadow of World War II.

The Organization immediately undertook the task of identifying and modifying concepts which seemed to cause tensions, such as its renowned showdown with the concept of race. An equally important task was to provide and promote conceptual alternatives that could form the basis of the post-war world. That included unifying concepts such as ‘universalism’ and ‘international understanding’ as well as the notion of ‘mankind’ or ‘l’humanité’, which again gave rise to the idea of a ‘common cultural heritage’. In November 1947 UNESCO even established a Committee of Experts for the Philosophical Analysis of Fundamental Concepts with British historian E.H. Carr as chairman. Also concepts such as ‘cultural relativism’, ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘cultural diversity’, which recognize a world full of differences, have been influenced significantly by UNESCO’s work. Add to that the Organization’s immense work on conceptual standard-setting within all branches of science to create a common language for scientists all over the world.

But how were concepts identified in practice? What were the conceptual trends along the way? Which individuals and networks influenced their definition? What external events and ways of thinking affected the work? And what was the role of the non-Western world in the definition of concepts that were often found in Western usage and promoted as universal? Does it make sense to create a new research project, and a reference work, with a particular focus on UNESCO’s conceptual history? And if so, how should it be carried out? These are some of the questions that will be discussed by the contributors to this roundtable on the basis of their own research on UNESCO and focus on particular historical concepts.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the processes that led to the introduction of the Pay-As-You-Earn tax scheme in Denmark on January 1 1970. In Danish history, the introduction of the PAYE-scheme broke new ground in several ways: It changed the relationship between the municipalities and the central government. It changed the standing of wives in relation to their husbands. It changed the relationship between citizens and the government. Moreover, it entailed the creation of the – hitherto and for many years to come – largest computer installation in Denmark.

The investigation is primarily based on previously unexploited archival resources. Material from Danish National Archives is supplemented by sources found in the Historical Archive of CSC as well as the archive of The Confederation of Danish Employers. The material has been analyzed with the Social Construction of Technology approach, as outlined by Bijker and Pinch. By identifying the relationships between politicians, the bureaucrats of the central government, the municipalities, the employers, the system developers and the citizens, the paper attempts to uncover to what degree these agents were able to influence the creation of the PAYE-system and how they did so.

The paper concludes, that the social democratic politicians and bureaucrats – inspired by Keynes – saw the new EDP-technology as the one suitable and necessary way to introduce the PAYE-scheme. Commercial system developers quickly aligned, which resulted in scientific system developers being sidetracked. Municipalities exercised some influence on the process, whereas the various employers’ associations etc. misunderstood the rules of the game and missed the opportunity. Conservative and liberal politicians’ views had little impact and interventions from ordinary taxpayers primarily served to remind the bureaucrats, that the biggest challenge was not the technology – but the juridical and administrative practices that had to be uprooted and replaced by a new taxation paradigm.

ABSTRACT. The interlacing of decision-makers, experts and researchers are often put forward as a decisive factor in the creation of modern Sweden. Some historians have even labeled the Swedish welfare state as an institutionalized “scientific state”. However, research shows that this collaboration has never been without friction, e.g. in the conflict between research commissioned by politicians and the free research idealized by the researchers.

The project analyzes intersections and tensions between the knowledge-base of policy and research within welfare politics, by the example of substance abuse policy. Drawing theoretically on science-policy nexus research and history of science, the project examines the relation between policy and research historically and contextually. Making use of empirical and archival material from different arenas the project analyzes the shifting ways politicians, authorities and researchers have defined the knowledge-base of the field from the 1910s and onwards. In three separate studies knowledge production, knowledge dissemination and knowledge utilization is examined. In a fourth study the results are synthesized and compared. What efforts have been made to ensure the policymakers’ need of research-based knowledge and how have researchers responded? In what ways have the status of research as a political reform instrument changed during the last century?

ABSTRACT. Consumer co-operatives are a specific form of retail enterprise, characterised by user-ownership, by being – in principle – democratically controlled, and by distributing dividends based on the owners’ use of the enterprise rather than their capital holdings. Within the Nordic region, such enterprises have thrived remarkably well during the twentieth century, especially within the food retail industry. This development pattern contrasts sharply with the experiences in most other western European countries. Here, while co-operatives held firm positions in the retail market by 1950, the majority of co-operative enterprises experienced a steady decline during the post war years, and in some countries the consumer co-operatives even experienced a full collapse.

The relative success of Nordic consumer co-ops have led some to assume that fundamental characteristics of “the Nordic model” favour the co-operative organisational form and thereby have given room for a distinct Nordic version of the consumer co-operative to evolve. Others have questioned this notion, highlighting instead the differences in how the various Nordic consumer co-ops have handled fundamental challenges. This session explores further the historical development of the Nordic consumer co-ops during the twentieth century. The papers will focus on similarities and differences between the various Nordic consumer co-ops and how they have handled competition from other retailers. We will also investigate various attempts for cooperation between the different Nordic consumer co-ops, how such cooperation has affected their development but also underscored fundamental differences in culture, management styles and organisational structure.

ABSTRACT. Det senaste kvartsseklet har inneburit en omfattande omdaning av de väpnade styrkorna i västvärlden: från värnpliktsbaserade massorganisationer med huvuduppgift att försvara det nationella territoriet till små professionaliserade styrkor, inriktade på fredsbevarande operationer och upprorsbekämpning på andra sidan haven i nära samverkan med andra länders väpnade styrkor och med civila aktörer. Den gamla hotbildens försvinnande genom det kalla krigets slut och krigföringens förändring genom den moderna informationsteknologin har setts som drivande krafter bakom denna utveckling. Ökade spänningar mellan Ryssland och västvärlden på senare år har samtidigt aktualiserat frågan om förmågan att försvara det nationella territoriet behöver återskapas i framtiden, och om ett sådant återskapande ens är möjligt. Panelens syfte är att diskutera hur de nordiska ländernas försvarsmakter har hanterat dessa utmaningar. Trots geopolitisk närhet och samhälleliga likheter kan tydliga skillnader urskiljas mellan de nordiska ländernas försvarspolitiska vägval efter det kalla kriget. Finland har i högre grad än de andra länderna valt att bevara det kalla krigets försvarsstruktur, med en stor värnpliktsarmé inriktad på nationellt försvar. Också Norge har manövrerat förhållandevis försiktigt, satsar mer på försvaret i andel av BNP än de andra nordiska länderna och har utsträckt värnplikten till att även gälla kvinnor. Danmark har avvecklat tidigare centrala komponenter i det nationella försvaret som ubåtar, satsar helhjärtat på att vara en lojal internationell partner har förlorat fler döda i Irak och Afghanistan (omkring 50) än de andra länderna tillsammans. Sverige har genomfört en radikal nedskärning av den gamla försvarsstrukturen och som enda nordiska land helt övergått helt från plikt till frivillig rekrytering. Landets försvarsindustri med produktion av stridsflygplan blir samtidigt allt svårare att hålla under armarna. Panelen innehåller presentationer av vart och ett av de fyra länderna och avslutas med diskussion och frågestund.

ABSTRACT. Första världskrigets slut och det ryska inbördeskriget innebar en revolutionär omgestaltning av Östersjöområdet med nya stater och uppkomsten av bolsjevikiskt Ryssland. På ett sätt förbättrades Sveriges geostrategiska situation, men det nya läget innebar också osäkerhet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra hur svenska militära bedömningar av framtiden förändrades i den omvälvande tiden efter världskriget. Den svenska militären var en konservativ traditionell elit som samtidigt utmanades av den nya revolutionära tidsandan. Hur hanterade högre svenska officerare den nya Östersjövärlden? Uppsatsen är en analys av svenska militärattachérapporter från Finland, Estland, Lettland, Litauen och Polen från omkring 1918–1919 och fram till omkring 1925. Den tidigare forskningen på området är sparsmakad samtidigt som analyser av den militära kulturen kan ge insikter om hur traditionella institutioner fungerar under perioder av snabb förändring. Det handlar således om anpassning och reformering till en ny situation. Fokus ligger på att analysera attachéernas beskrivningar av hur de ”nya” staterna kom till. Som analytiska begrepp används militär kultur som del av ett konservativt belief system. Militär kultur är intressant som analytisk kategori eftersom den i grunden är konservativ. Detta i sig är inte tillräckligt, men den militära professionen och kulturen är paradoxalt nog samtidigt teknikhyllande. Militär kultur är därför samtidigt bevarande och förändrande. Detta kan åskådliggöras genom att analysera den militära kulturens påverkan på militärattachéernas rapportering. Ytterligare ett viktigt analytiskt instrument är historiens roll i den militära kulturen, och som bedömningsgrund för omvärlden.

ABSTRACT. Paperet bag dette abstract skrives og præsenteres inden for området, Historiefagets stofområder, indhold og historik og rummer et særligt fokus på historisk metode og fagbegreber i historie som skolefag, herunder konkrete elevvanskeligheder med netop dette.

Der tages afsæt i en aktuel praksisundersøgelse af gymnasielevers kildearbejde i hhv. det almene danske gymnasium (STX) og handelsgymnasiet (HHX). Undersøgelsen er gennemført i 2016 på grundlag af etnografisk feltarbejde med deltagerobservationer af elevers gruppearbejder ifm. kildearbejde.

Paperet argumenterer på grundlag af en konkret case for, at elever generelt kun har et begrænset udbytte af kildearbejde i historie som skolefag med mindre deres arbejde støttes konkret og på grundlag en historiedidaktisk-praksis strategi for arbejdet. Den præsenterede case anvendes til at vise, at elevers praktiske kildearbejde i stor stil omhandler problemer som vanskeligheder ved tekst- og læseforståelse, herunder at disse problemer ofte står i vejen for at elever overhovedet arbejder kildekritisk.

Paperet diskuterer endvidere, hvad kildearbejde i en sådan kontekst egentlig kan siges at være. Det problematiseres endvidere, at der i praksisfeltet eksisterer implicitte forestillinger om, at kildearbejde og kildekritik (som en del af historiefaget metoder) udgør en central del af historieundervisningens arbejde med at udvikle elevernes faglige kompetencer, når der samtidig i studier af elevers arbejde ses visse grundlæggende vanskeligheder.

ABSTRACT. Historical research on cartels and competition policy is experiencing a revival. There is an increasing awareness that the development both in the regulation of anti-competitive behavior and in the collaboration within individual cartels have followed quite diverse paths. Thus, current research questions simplified perceptions often presented in literature. One such common misperception is, for example, that the global convergence towards strongly non-tolerant (anti-trust) legislation is a result of a straightforward “Americanization” process. Countries have followed different paths. Also the form of collaboration occurring within cartels has varied extensively and changed over time. This diversity is to a large extent a result of the economic, institutional and historical context. Alas, to receive a better understanding of both cartel behavior and competition regulation a historical approach is to be taken. In this session, the focus of attention will be on international cartel agreements, with a special focus on cooperation between producers in the Nordic countries. Collaboration over the boarders occurred on a multitude of levels and both formal and informal cooperation could occur simultaneously. The three individual papers will look at the rationale and motivations behind such agreements, the various dimensions of the collaboration and, finally, how the collaboration developed over time as a result of transformations in the economic and regulative environment. The time period will be from the 1930s to the early 1990s, when the common European competition policies made the Nordic countries adopt on-tolerant competition legislations. However, already earlier international agreements were dissolved as international trade agreements and the Nordic countries’ participation in various free trade arrangements (Efta, EEC) made restrictive business practices and cartels which negatively affected free trade within the area unlawful. This led to the dissolving of several Nordic cartels.

ABSTRACT. This is a second session dealing with Nordic cartels. Also in this session the empirical focus will be on Nordic cartels and other interfirm collaboration in the Nordic countries, but in this session special attention will be drawn to the cartels’ activities, strategies and developments in the face of i) inside and outside political pressures, ii) international developments, and iii) government attitudes and policies towards - and interplay with - these cartels. Strong cartels can have influence on both domestic and international politics; a factor which was increasingly recognized since the interwar period and led to the first attempts to monitor and regulate their activities. However, not all cartels were strong and also international cartels were exposed to the political and economic situation both on the national and on international level. As a result, they inevitable have to adapt to the changing environment and to various political decisions, events and forces. In these three papers, question related to these issues will be addressed, with a particular emphasis on individual cartels’ strategies and activities in interplay with government policies.

ABSTRACT. Reformationen som begreb har i snart 500 år indgået som en af de væsentligste bestanddele i de nordiske landes historie. Dermed har tolkningen af reformationen ofte indgået i en national fortælling, hvor der er blevet lagt skiftende vægt på dens betydning for udviklingen inden for de enkelte landes kirke, stat og kultur- og samfundsforhold. Sessionen giver bud på, hvordan reformationsbegrebet er blevet bragt i anvendelse i forskellige historiske forskningstraditioner i Sverige, Norge og Danmark. Hermed belyses forskellige tolkninger, som kan være med til at forklare traditionelle forskelle og ligheder mellem reformationsforskningen i de nordiske lande, og som måske også kan inspirere til at finde nye veje at gå i reformationsforskningen på tværs af de nationale skel i Norden.

ABSTRACT. Efter reformationen udgjorde Sverige og Danmark sammen et luthersk rum i Nordeuropa. Men udviklingen af reformationen i de to lande frembyder både ligheder og forskelle. Der var tilsyneladende lighed ved, at i begge lande greb fyrstemagten i form af kongerne Gustav Vasa og Christian III tidligt aktivt ind til fordel for en luthersk reformation, men der var også forskel mellem de to lande på, hvordan forløbet af reformationen efterfølgende formede sig med en hurtigt gennemført reformation i Danmark og en længerevarende proces i Sverige. Ved at sætte fokus på den i forskningen ofte underbelyste tidlige reformationsfase i første halvdel af 1500-tallet vil sessionen tage spørgsmålet om parallelitet i de to landes reformationsudvikling op til debat. Væsentlige temaer i denne udvikling angår vurderingen af reformationen som en bevægelse præget af stærk kontinuitet fra senmiddelalderen eller som et brud i den historiske udvikling i 1520erne og 1530erne, hvor luthersk teologi og samfundstænkning kom til at udstikke nye veje i nordisk historie. Eller måske er der basis for at se udviklingen i Sverige og Danmark i en kombination af bevægelser af brud og kontinuitet? Også spørgsmål om i hvilket omfang den tidlige reformationsbevægelse i de to lande havde forankring i befolkningen og hvor udbredt ønsket om reform var inden for kirken, er vigtige i denne sammenhæng. Ved at bringe bidrag fra Sverige og Danmark sammen er det sessionens formål at belyse og lægge op til diskussion om forskelle og ligheder mellem udviklingen i de tidlige reformationsbevægelser i de to lande. Det er desuden formålet at virke for en større udveksling af viden og erfaring mellem de to lande – og de øvrige nordiske lande – om tidlig svensk og dansk reformationshistorie.

ABSTRACT. Reformation of Civic Space in 19thC Riga: from the primitive to the indigenous The reformation of the ethos of Riga as a self-referential place in the latter part of 19th and early 20thC marks an uncertain departure from the making of a ‘Kulturnation’ that was meant to be part of the Livonian Province’s road to westernisation. As social, political, cultural and ethnic relationships transformed civic space, the process of raising of society to a higher level of rational reflection and individualism became a painful experience that needed mediation.

Similar studies of this period stress vernacularisation in the urban environment. My study looks at two other strategies of mediating the jump from an agrarian way of life to urbanisation in Riga. From the first attempts at recalling the indigenous primitivism of Hanseatic Gothic in the 19thC, to the second phase of a specifically Latvian cultural identity formation in the 201thC, which emerges as a two pronged construct based on indigenous mythology on the one hand, and an altered sensibility reconstituting itself out of the negation of its medieval past, reflected in more horrific Gothic architectural forms that can almost be read as defamiliarisation of the human subject.

ABSTRACT. När kriget mellan Ryssland och Tyskland bröt ut den första augusti 1914 befann sig flera hundratusentals undersåtar till de krigförande länderna utomlands eller till och med i fiendelandet. När andra länder drogs med i kriget ökade antalet människor som befann sig på fel sida av gränsen. På grund av fronten gick den enda öppna vägen mellan Ryssland och Centraleuropa under en lång tid över storfurstendömet Finland och det neutrala Sverige som därigenom båda blev så kallade transitländer. Planerandet av resor, mat, eventuell sjukvård och utbytet av krigsfångar var redan i sig en logistisk utmaning för myndigheterna. Till detta kom alla "tvångsmigranter" som ofta tvingades lämna efter sig sin egendom och som hade brister i sina dokument. Detta paper kommer att koncentrera sig på hur denna transittrafik över de bägge länderna arrangerades och på vilka grunder samt vid sidan av det vad trafiken innebar för gränsövergången vid det mest frekventerade övergångsstället mellan Finland och Sverige, det vill säga Torneå och Haparanda? Det finns mycket litet angett om detta i finsk forskning i motsats till Sverige, vilket öppnar upp för jämförelser mellan de bägge länderna. Temat i sig är relevant med tanke på den samhälleliga diskussionen kring flyktingar och migration.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the session is to compare and analyze reforms of the teacher educations in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden from 1945 up to the present day, with a focus on the period from 1960s. During this period, teacher education was reformed several times and transformed thoroughly in all of the countries. A common change that teacher education underwent during this period in all countries, but still in slightly different ways, was that it became an academic education connected to the universities.

The participants will for example describe and analyze why and how the different reforms were prepared, who participated in the reform process, which arguments were used by different actors that were for or against the reforms, for example politicians and the teacher unions. Various societal changes that has affected teacher training will also be highlighted. An important process in all countries was the development during the 1960s and 1970s of a comprehensive school system, which influenced teacher education in different ways. Later, influences from new public management and the PISA-tests have affected reforms of teacher education.

There are both similarities and differences between the countries that will be discussed. A comparison between these countries’ teacher educations can give new perspectives on the development in each country. The many similarities between the countries social, economic, cultural and political structures make it easier to discern the central characteristics of each country’s development, and facilitate understanding and explanations of why and how teacher education has changed. The sessions consist of three presentations: one about Denmark, one about Norway and a joint presentation about Sweden and Finland.

ABSTRACT. This panel takes as its point of departure the efforts by the Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen to enlist history in his Liberal–Conservative government's "culture war" against opponents to the left who would not stand up against aggression—be it from Nazis during World War II, Communists during the Cold War, or Islamists during the War on Terror. Danish governments of different color commissioned historians to produce reports on cold war issues, culminating in the fiercely anti-Communist Bent Jensen's Centre for Cold War Research. Whereas the Danish Cold War history debâcle is about to become a thing of the past, the issue of politically engaged historians does not go away. Ever since antipositivism drove objectivism–cum–neutrality underground, the mainstream view has been that scholarship is influenced by the scholar's political and other values. This notion deprived left-leaning Danish historians of shelter when the Right dismissed their historiography for political reasons. Rosanna Farbøl depicts the battlefield of Danish Cold War historiography and politics, whereas Tor Egil Førland suggests that historians need neither return to antiquated objectivism nor accept that their accounts are determined by their ideology. Cognitive values offer a way out of the conundrum, providing scholars with criteria for theory choice which are independent from political values. Martin Wiklund submits the concept of justice as a key to the engagement dilemma. Like Førland he refuses to accept that objectivism and ideological moralism are the only options available. Instead Wiklund points to the notion of justice for avoiding ideological instrumentalism and for letting the practical dimension be enlightened by historical experience. This is preferable to letting the cognitive dimension be determined by practical purposes or avoiding the practical dimension as such.

ABSTRACT. Compared with experimental sciences, historiography is epistemologically challenged, being forced to found its theories on whatever texts and (other) artifacts--Überreste--left behind by the past. And yet historians have produced a myriad of facts and middle-range theories that are never seriously contested--although there are certainly many disputed assertions as well. Aspiring to assess the ground for the acceptance of the wealth of facts and theories of limited range as the poststructuralist or linguistic tide seems to be on the wane, this paper discusses four challenges to objective historiography. These are, respectively, the narrative’s relative independence from facts, as one set of the latter can support narratives of different kinds (Hayden White); the fluidity of narrative sentences, which means that descriptive closure is unavailable (Arthur Danto); the indeterminacy of interpretation, preventing the definitive description of action (Donald Davidson); and the indelibly subjective element of description since every event is in one sense a linguistic construct (Paul Roth). It is granted that each one of these challenges represents an impediment to objectivity in a strict, or global, sense. It is argued, however, that none of them prevents objectivity of a more local or limited kind: namely within the description under which the event or action is seen. This arguably innocuous observation provides a foundation for scientific historiography after postmodernism. It acknowledges that we live in a post-foundational age, yet claims that within this world where everything is in flux, local objectivity supplies a pragmatically solid ground on which to build historical narratives and other higher-order theories.

ABSTRACT. Germany has since the 19th century been a country of great interest to Swedish musicians and composers, both as a platform for international attention and in order to get a musical education of high standard. During the Nazi period the musical connections were not cut off, but the reactions toward the excessive politicization of music were quite different. After World War II attempts were made in order to reshape the musical contacts between Sweden and the newly established German states. Sweden as a political neutral country had a special position during the Cold War. The GDR authorities considered Sweden to be an important country to which they could aim their political propaganda. In this panel three researchers from three different disciplines present and discuss their ongoing research project titled Between East and West: Ideology, aesthetics and politics in the musical relations between Sweden and the GDR 1949–1989. In this project they study the musical relationship between Sweden and the GDR. The aim of the project is to find out which role music played in GDR’s attempted rapprochement with Sweden and how musicians, composers, musicologists and institutions in Sweden framed the musical encounters with the GDR.We will address the following central issues: The encounters between GDRs internationally oriented culture politics (and those operating in the field) and the musical organizations and stakeholders in Sweden. Main questions in the project are: How can the musical encounters between Sweden and the GDR becharacterized regarding dimensions, key areas, organizations and alteration? In what way did aesthetic and musicological ideas connect to politics and ideology in the musical relationship between Sweden and the GDR? How did these ideas and their realization change over time? How do analyses of the musical encounters contribute to a better understanding of the Cold War context?

ABSTRACT. For some years, historical thinking and reasoning has been an important educational goal for upper secondary education in many countries. The aim is to enable students to understand multiple historical perspectives, define historical significance, analyse sources and discuss change and continuity, to name a few of the central features. However, few studies have focused on professional development programs for (experienced) history teachers who wish to build up these skills. Teachers often find it difficult to imagine concrete daily teaching practices that are aligned with teaching history as an investigative process, in other words “what it looks like in the classroom.” This paper reports on the development of the domain-specific observation instrument Teach-HTR, a tool for further professionalization of experienced history teachers who wish to foster historical thinking and reasoning, as well as for those who are doing their initial teacher training. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of history lessons in Icelandic and Dutch upper secondary schools are discussed. The analysis showed how some elements of historical thinking and reasoning are very prominent, such as the explaining of historical phenomena, causes and consequences and providing historical context of events or actions of people in the past. Other items, especially those that have to do with providing explicit instructions on historical thinking strategies, are practically absent in the majority of lessons. The analysis of Icelandic history lessons was followed up by in-depth interviews with several history teachers who described their orientation and teaching behaviour. This reveals the connection between teacher’s view of the discipline, of historical thinking skills and their choice of teaching strategies.

ABSTRACT. The 2008 Icelandic bank collapse has been blamed on reckless bankers. But bankers are reckless everywhere. It has also been blamed on the 1991–2004 liberalisation of the Icelandic economy. This, especially the opening of the economy by joining EEA, certainly made the growth of the banks and their subsequent collapse possible. Icelandic politicians and public opinion were also quite susceptible to a small business elite who controlled not only the banks, but also most of the media and who contributed large sums to some political parties. But general historical factors may have played a role in bringing the collapse about. Iceland had lost her strategic importance for the US. She was expendable, unwanted, as she had been for many centuries: In 1814, the Swedes were not interested, for example, in acquiring Iceland alongside Norway. The UK traditionally only took a negative interest in Iceland, trying to prevent any other big European power gaining influence there. Therefore, in 2008 Iceland was left out in the cold. European central banks and the US Fed saw no problem in letting the whole Icelandic banking system collapse, whereas the US Fed made extensive dollar swap deals with for example Sweden and Switzerland, never US allies, enabling their central banks to save failing banks. In addition, the British Labour government undertook two crucial measures. It refused to help the two British banks owned by Icelanders while offering a £500 billion rescue package to all other British banks; and it imposed an anti-terrorism law on Icelandic institutions and companies. Possibly, it wanted by this to demonstrate the perils of independence to Scottish voters.

ABSTRACT. Transatlantic slave trade linked the economies of Europe, Africa and the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. This paper draws on historical documents, and studies conducted by specialists in economic history that stress the key roles played by different actors, but without explicit reference to global supply chain. We propose analyzing this phenomenon from the perspective of those logistical links established between the three principle areas: West Africa, the European continent, and the Americas. We will also examine the role of the providers ensuring maritime logistics (shipping, auxiliary transport) and the customers (farmers in the Americas, African warlords). The purpose of transatlantic slave trade was to supply Europe with products from the colonies and provide needed manpower for plantations in the New World. Key resources in each country were: (1) from Europe, fabric, wheat, jewelry, beads, alcohol and arms; (2) from Africa, slaves, mostly war prisoners from tribal strife; (3) from the Americas, principally sugar, coffee, cocoa, indigo, cotton, and tobacco. Stein was able to identify 500 French families who armed 2,800 ships bound for Africa. The objective was transporting slaves to American colonies for future sale, once there buying raw materials and then exporting those materials to Europe and along the way realizing a comfortable added value. This paper looks at roles played by key infrastructure aspects (European slave trade ports) and operations management (definition of optimal transport conditions). Historical documents demonstrate that transatlantic slave trade was based on codified organizational principles which were a developed and very important aspect of the slave trade enterprise. Counters (slave trading ports) in Africa served as hubs where slaves were grouped for export. Our analysis highlights the transatlantic slave trade and the presence of synchronized logistical flows with a process of mass transport that managed to maintain an intact workforce.

ABSTRACT. This panel explores different perspectives of Norwegian-Chinese relations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. More specifically, our focus is set on mobility, migration, transactions and encounters. These phenomena were not only of key importance to the period studied here, commonly referred to as ‘the first wave of globalisation’ – they are equally as important today. It is our hope and ambition that this panel will add to the discussions on processes of globalisation in terms of offering new empirical knowledge, but also through addressing methodological and conceptual ambiguities within globalisation studies.

Our point of departure is set in the early 1890s. This period saw a dramatic acceleration and intensification of Chinese-Norwegian interactions as both merchants and missionaries were drawn to China – the largest single market and the most populous nation in the world. Albeit driven by different motives, merchants and missionaries were mobile, global in their outlook and had a cumulative effect in linking an increasingly self-conscious and nationalistic Norway with the wider world.

Examining Chinese, English, German, Norwegian and Swedish sources and literature, the papers explore Norwegian-Chinese interaction and tension through selected case studies. This is also a response to the call by some of the doyens of this field, which argue that we simply do not know enough about the transnational histories between China and the wider world (such as Osterhammel 1986; Westad 2012). Individually and collectively, these case studies are used as entries into discussing how so-called ‘grass root’ perspectives can complement as well as challenge the fields of migration and globalisation studies. Phrased slightly differently, what can micro histories tell us about macro processes? Furthermore, how and why can the humanities and historical research add to the field of globalisation studies, which hereto has been dominated by scholars from the social sciences?

ABSTRACT. För sessionen "Historie i samspillets optik"

De nya finländska läroplanerna, som trätt kraft 1.8 2016, betonat starkt ämnesövergripande undervisning. Mitt paper kommer att fokusera på den roll historieämnet får i olika projekt och kurser som uppstår i enlighet med de nya läroplanerna. Jag kommer också att beskriva hur lärarutbildningen för ämneslärare i historia har arbetat med det ämnesövergripande perspektivet. Jag är bland annat kopplad till forsknings- och utvecklingsprojektet HELIUM (ämneshelheter i gymnasium), som är ett projekt som undersöker och utvecklar ämnesövergripande kurser i gymnasiet. Som forskare har jag fungerat som handledare för den ämnesövergripande läroplansprocessen i flera gymnasier. Under läsåret 2016-2017 kommer flera av dessa så kallade temastudiekurser att genomföras, och jag kommer att observera det arbetet, samt genom intervjuer med ämneslärare i historia med fokus på hur de ser på historieämnets roll i projektet. Liknande intervjuer genomförs även med ämneslärarstuderande i historia. Vid lärarutbildningen vid Åbo Akademi har vi redan under de senaste tre läsåren förberett lärarstuderande för ämnesövergripande undervisning genom att arrangera olika former av fenomenbaserade projekt. Det finns preliminära resultat från erfarenheterna från de här projekten, och de kommer även att rapporteras i mitt paper. Ur ett historiedidaktiskt och historievetenskapligt perspektiv är det i dubbel bemärkelse fruktbart att koppla in begreppet historiebruk till den analys som görs av de ämnesövergripande projekten: på vilket sätt brukas historia i samverkande undervisning, och vilken form av historia är det som brukas.

ABSTRACT. As a result of the changes in warfare that took place in Europe from the end of the 18th century, reforms within the military leadership and the establishment of specialized corps, too, had to be carried through. The introduction of more mobile, often much larger and between themselves more independent military units, with vast needs for supplies that must be planned for and transported from behind the lines, meant that the military leadership had to be more efficient and consistent than ever before. It also meant that the needs for intelligence and maps increased considerably.

In Sweden, Colonel Gustaf Wilhelm af Tibell, took the lead in shaping such a new military leadership and, in close connection to it, also setting up a new special corps, aimed at reconnaissance and counselling the military head-quarters at all levels, map the whole kingdom, and write the history of war. This highly professional and for its time modern corps - the Field Survey Corps - was established in 1805. af Tibell became its first Director, but in parallel also Aid-de-Camp and thus part of the absolute military leadership.

The presentation will discuss the role the Field Survey Corps came to play for the development of the Swedish army in terms of modernisation and professionalization in the beginning of the 19th century.

ABSTRACT. Today millions of families are separated because of war, asylum, or work. Contemporary working life requires mobility and migration has generated various systems for communication and money transfers from abroad to home. In this session we focus on the mobile family life of early modern people. By leaning on the concept of mobile and split household the session provides perspectives on social groups which either moved with the (male) head of the household or split up when he (or other family members) left home for earning. We argue that the early modern household was not a firm unity, but its composition was constantly under transformation. The family members’ roles and responsibilities could alter. Many households were far from the Lutheran ideals (hustavlan) of social order and gendered division of work. For instance, soldiers, naval and merchant sailors, seasonal workers, apprentices and vagrant labor often had wives and children, but seldom a permanent home. In our papers we discuss how maintaining the family was performed in practice. In some cases, the family followed the male breadwinner and his work. In other cases, the family had to split up and the wife to take over many social responsibilities of the husband. The wives also often had to assume an important economic role in supporting the family. The session is contributed by the four younger generation PhDs and is based on their recent or ongoing research.

ABSTRACT. Armed conflict and natural disasters force millions to leave their homes every year. This paper explores the concepts and language through which the humanitarian sector has understood the challenges of acute crises. It examines how the geopolitical situation during and after the Cold War have influenced discourse in the field, and the impact that the shift from Keynesian to neoliberal economics has had on humanitarian vocabularies. The paper addresses humanitarian concepts as political instruments reflecting objectives of preservation of life, guidance, and emancipation, thereby involving interests and power relations between donors and recipients, rather than being self-evident goals and laudable responses to crises. It combines an empirical approach with an awareness of theoretical issues in history and the social sciences. By focusing on rationales and conceptual histories in the lexicon of humanitarianism, it contributes to critical reflection on a field dominated by time-bound buzzwords. While appropriating the theoretical and methodological insights of constructivism and conceptual history, it broadens the field by referring to recent history, to an extended set of agents and sources, and to transnational encounters. The survey encompasses voluntary organisations, government agencies, and UN bodies, and will synthesise and complement these results by including additional historical and geographical evidence.

ABSTRACT. The roundtable aims at discussing the idea and the results of the project in the light of five years experience in running a big effort in deconstructing and reforming national history. The five speakers introduce selected themes of the projec and reflect their experiences of "rethinking" Finland - or any society.

The chair is professor Pertti Haapala, the director of the CoE, and the speakers and their topics are:

Pertti Haapala: Strugling with methodological nationalism. The speech discusses why methological nationalism has remained so strong and why it is difficult to overcome it in research and in public discussion. The major idea is to present the research strategy of the CoE, how it has succeeded and how the project is expected to affect the paradigm of national historiography and in society.

Nils Erik Villstrand & Petri Karonen: Continuities and discontinuities in explaining the history of Finland (or any society). The speech analysis the methodology and outcomes of the long-term history of Finland. Villstrand employes the concept of resilience in explaining the long history of Finland under the realms of Sweden and Russia and as a transnational reality. Karonen's view is the role shocks and recovery, i.e. the "abnormal" phases and turns in societal development.

Pirjo Markkola & Marjaana Niemi: Constructing and deconstructing Finnishness (and other national identities). Speakers demonstrate how rethinking communities and identities in (national) histories challenge the given spaces, borders, boundaries and differences. This enables to problematise notions of communities as close-knit units consisting of a homogenous population and to give greater emphasis on differentiations of class, citizenship, religion, language and gender. The multiplicity of identities in history is not only intersectional but also transnational.

ABSTRACT. Katti Anker Møller er kjent i Norge som mødrenes forkjemper, og blir gjerne kalt for moderskapsfeminist. Hennes virkeperiode var de første 30 år av 1900-tallet. Hun selv betraktet sitt arbeid for reformer mht abort, prevensjon, fødselsomsorg etc. som en naturlig følge av det medborgerskap kvinnene hadde tilkjempet seg gjennom stemmeretten i 1913. Men mange av hennes medsøstre i kvinnebevegelsen var skeptiske til hennes seksualpolitiske radikalitet. Mitt paper vil ta opp de paradokser, konflikter og allianser reformatorer som Katti Anker Møller sto i på det seksualpolitiske feltet i denne viktige formative perioden i velferdsstatens historie. Fru Møller var unik i sin evne til å skaffe gjennomslag for velferdsreformer for svake grupper av mødre, samtidig som hun brøt en rekke grenser og tabuer som deler av kvinnebevegelsen og samfunnet for øvrig hadde vanskelig for å være med på. Evnen til å samarbeide med filantroper, vitenskapsfolk etc viser et mangfold av politiske kanaler og en ildsjels evne til å manøvrere i dem. Hennes arbeidsfelt sto sentralt i tidlige velferdsreformer og la føringer for senere vektlegging innen familiepolitikken. Moderskapet plasserer seg midt i skjæringspunktet mellom offentlig og privat. Reformer på dette feltet virvlet opp så vel gamle fordommer og kjønnsforestillinger som forholdet mellom klasse og kjønn. Vitenskapens inntog på kjønnsfeltet ga ny ammunisjon i et gammelt sosialt reformtema. Med Katti Anker Møller som omdreiningspunkt vil jeg i mitt paper tilnærme meg de seksualpolitiske reformer og reformforsøk i perioden før 2.verdenskrig. Stikkord: Seksualpolitikk, reformatorer, velferdsstat, feminisme

ABSTRACT. Education is a strong reformational tool, as it is organised around images of a desired future society it should realize or reinforce. Hence educational policies and activities should not be studied separately as an individual sector, but as an integral part of societal and political sphere.

The proposed paper focuses on the images of a desired future of educational policies of the social democratic labor movement in Finland and Sweden within the context of the welfare state development. Previous research on the history of the Nordic Welfare state has left educational aspect to a minor role. In addition, the focus of the previous research has been on institutions, not on the broader socio-political developments. The paper focuses on the progress narratives of education from the beginning of the worker's Bildung-project in the late 19th century to the establishment of the welfare state's educational system in 1960—1970. The analysis is based on the official programmes, congress memos and annual reports of the social democratic parties and the worker's educational associations. Reinhart Koselleck's idea of layered historical time is central when analysing the narratives.

The analysis brings forward two diverse branches within the educational ideas: 1) education serving the society and later on the welfare state, where ideas of equality, citizenship, democracy and modernity have been central; and 2) education serving the working class, where the Marxian ideas of the historical task of the class have been highlighted. Education has also served the individuals to consolidate their membership within the society both as workers and as citizens. The paper will bring forward educational objectives, including the alternatives and utopias that never became reality. Hence it casts new light on the development of the Nordic welfare state and challenges the previous ideas of the Nordic model as a social democratic project.

ABSTRACT. A war against tuberculosis was declared in most Western countries around the beginning of the 20th century. The national campaigns were typically led by a powerful, high-profile national anti-tuberculosis association. The paper starts with the claim that, in many cases, these campaigns became a forerunner, or blueprint, for the mature modern public health system. Focusing on Finland, the paper substantiates this claim with both qualitative and quantitative evidence. First, it will be shown that, from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s, a considerable proportion of medical and nursing workforce, resouces and hospital capacity were engaged in combating tuberculosis. Second, the paper discusses a set of practices and solutions that were first developed in the field of anti-tuberculosis work and then became parts of Finnish public health system. Third, the paper discusses causal and personal links between anti-tuberculosis and general public health sectors, and particularly the role of Severi Savonen, MD, who was, simultaneously, the secretary general of the Finnish Anti-Tuberculosis Association, the head of the Public Health Division of the National Board of Health, and a member of several state committees dedicated to tuberculosis and public health issues. Most importantly, he was one of the key architects of both tuberculosis legislation (1928 Tuberculosis Decree and 1948 Tuberculosis Act) the pivotal post-war “public health laws” that obliged all municipalities to establish maternity and child health clinics and to employ midwives and public health nurses and that have been regarded as the cornerstones of the Finnish welfare state.

ABSTRACT. Hur ska vi förstå den privatiseringsvåg som sköljde över Västeuropa från slutet av 1900-talet då verksamheter som tidigare utförts i allmän regi flyttades till privata företag? Frågan om vem som ska sköta allmänna uppgifter har varit en politisk stridsfråga under flera epoker. Vi hävdar att privatiseringarna måste sättas in i ett längre tidsperspektiv för att visa hur gamla tankefigurer döljer sig bakom moderna argument. Genom att undersöka hur motsättningen mellan egennyttan och det gemensamma bästa har konstruerats i politiska diskurser under flera tidsperioder, kan vi skapa bättre verktyg för att analysera det förment sakliga innehållet i dagens debatt. Vi har studerat diskussioner på riksnivå (Sveriges riksdag) och lokal nivå (Stockholms stad) under fyra sekler, och undersökt vilka argument som varit avgörande då politikerna fattat beslut om att byta utförare. Utifrån fem delstudier på respektive nivå kan vi visa vilka rörelser i den politiska diskursen som påverkat beslutsfattare. Vi har inspirerats av Janet Newmans och John Clarkes teori om ”publicness”, där föreställningar om vad det allmänna bästa innebär, vilka värden som ska skyddas och vem som ska få del av dem har formats och reproducerats i politiska debatter. Under äldre tid handlade debatten om allmännyttan till stor del om utförarnas personliga vandel. På 1700-talet dominerade frågor om ordning, rättvisa och lägsta kostnad för skattebetalarna. Från mitten av 1800-talet kom argument om lika tillgång till allmänna nyttigheter att få allt större tyngd, och allmänintresset kopplades i allt högre grad samman med offentliga utförare. Denna utveckling bröts under 1900-talets sista decennier, då individens valfrihet hamnade i centrum och gjorde privatiseringar till ett attraktivt alternativ. Som en följd av detta krympte den offentliga sfären och diskussionerna om allmännyttan kom att fokusera på specifika grupper. Undersökningen visar hur de politiska diskurserna utvecklats och hur föreställningarna om det allmänna bästa har varierat över tid.

ABSTRACT. Life-writing, et samlebegreb for en mængde forskellige subjektberetninger baseret på biografiserende materiale, er et ekspanderende felt indenfor humanistisk forskning. Denne panelsession tematiserer brugen af life-writing i historiefaget, dens fordele og bagdele med hensyn til nordisk historieskrivning og historisk kundskabsdannelse.

Med udgangspunkt i konstruktionen af historisk aktørskab, et tema som i historiefaget har drejet sig omkring spørgsmål angående individernes muligheder til at give “uttryck för sig själva” versus det at være fanget af omstændighederne, vil paneldebattørerne inviteres til reflektion over brugen af subjektberetninger i egen forskning. Vi vil undersøge hvordan individer fra højst forskellige sociale lag har klaret at formidle “sig selv” til en vis grad, baseret på køn, klasse og etnicitets mæssige positioner (Se Maria Sjöberg,red, Personligt talat 2014, jfr. Marander-Eklund & Östman, red, Biografiska betydelser. Norm och Erfarenhet i levnadsberättelser, 2011). Samtidig vil sessionen også sigte imod at undersøge den aktørorienterede livshistoriske forsknings potentiale til at opbygge viden om “grupper” eller sociale lag som er blevet “glemt” eller ikke inkluderet i historieskrivningen. Med andre ord, hvordan historie baseret på denne metode også kan have det formål, som til dels er socialhistorisk, at revidere samfundets struktur.

Vi vil tage eksempler bl.a. fra norske kvindelige næringslivsentreprenører og islandske kvindelige emigranter. Vi vil også undersøge selvopfattelsen hos en islandsk arbejderklasse kvinde som levede omkring århundredeskiftet 1800, ligesom hos finlandsvenske socialister. Her er der bl.a. eksempler på relativt store grupper som i høj grad ser ud til at være havnet udenfor historiefagets grænser, men som er blevet fanget ind ved at tage bestemte typer af biografiserende materiale i brug. Og vi vil også undersøge hvordan enkelte livsbiografier kan afspejle historisk viden mere generelt.

Sessionsleder: Hanna Lindberg, FD, forsker i historie ved Åbo Akademi, Finland

Kommentator: Ann-Catrin Östman, Akademilektor, Åbo Akademi, Finland

ABSTRACT. Præsentationen tager udgangspunkt i analysen af koncentrationslejren som ekstremsamfund, hvor aktørernes interaktion ikke kun havde betydning for deres individuelle og kollektive overlevelseschancer, men hvor det er tesen, at denne også kom til at påvirke eftertidens billede af lejren gennem retsopgør og erindringskultur.

Analysens udgangspunkt og case er koncentrationslejren Husum-Schwesing, en af den store koncentrationslejr Neuengammes filiallejre. Tidligere forskning begrænser sig til kortere empiriske/strukturorienterede bidrag af Klaus Bästlein (1983), Friedrich Pingel og Thomas Steensen (2004), Marc Buggeln (2009) samt Jørgen Barfod (1969/1995). Nærværende analyse har derimod et aktørorienteret, sociologisk inspireret fokus med udgangspunkt i sociologerne Wolfgang Sofskys (1993) og Maja Suderlands (2009) analyser af fangesamfundet. KZ-lejren opfattes her som et ekstremsamfund med polariserede aktørgrupper. Teoretisk diskuteres her menneskers interaktion i ekstreme samfundsformer og interaktionsmønstrenes påvirkning af eftertidens opgør med denne samfundstype. Det er tesen, at fangernes interaktion qua deres baggrund som individ eller gruppe påvirkede såvel deres egen erindring som også eftertidens billede af lejrens historie, da særligt ressourcestærke fanger og fangegrupper gennem deres vidnesbyrd havde afgørende indflydelse på, hvordan dette billede blev tegnet. Et samlet sociologisk-aktørorienteret studie af fangesamfundets betydning for en kz-lejrs samtid og efterliv i form af retsopgør samt erindringskultur og -politik er ikke tidligere gennemført. Empirisk er koncentrationslejren Husum-Schwesing en interessant case, hvor særligt de ressourcestærke danske fangers erindring har været med til at forme eftertidens billede og udgør en rød tråd mellem kz-lejrens samtid og efterliv.

Præsentationen vil primært diskutere fangesamfundets dynamik i lejrens samtid og ud fra dette give et bud på, hvorfor specifikke aktørgrupper efterfølgende kom til at dominere eftertidens billede af koncentrationslejren Husum-Schwesing. Hertil inddrages få eksempler fra retsopgøret og den relativt sene lokale erindringskulturelle bearbejdning af koncentrationslejrens eksistens og historie.

ABSTRACT. Kva for breiare samfunnsendringar inngjekk reformasjonsprosessen i nord i? Kva for faktorar sette sitt preg på utviklinga av kyrkeorganisasjonen, institusjonar og presteskap og relasjonane mellom folkegrupper og statar i nord? Kva slags regionale dimensjonar til reformasjonen i Danmark-Noreg og Sverige-Finland kan me sjå på Nordkalotten?

Sesjonen tar utgangspunkt i forskingsprosjeketet "The Protracted Reformation in Northern Norway"(https://uit.no/prosjekter/prosjekt?p_document_id=317402) ved UiT. Det overordna siktemålet med prosjektet er å vinne ny innsikt i forløpet og verknadene av dei meir langsiktige endringsprosessane som vart utløyst av reformasjonen på Nordkalotten – frå seinmiddelalderen og fram til midten av 1700-talet.

Alle paneldeltakarane er med i "The Protracted Reformation in Northern Norway" og vil i denne sesjonen presentere utvalde tematikkar frå forskingsprosjektet:

Lars Ivar Hansen: Folkeslag, statsdannelser og nettverk på Nordkalotten i reformasjonsårhundret.

Sigrun Høgetveit Berg: Nordnorsk utakt? Om dei katolske kannikgjelda sin skjebne gjennom reformasjonshundreåret.

Ingebjørg Aamlid Dalen: Små kastrerte haner, horejegere og drankere: Presteskapet i Den Norske So.

Siv Rasmussen: Den forsinkete reformasjonen i Sápmi

ABSTRACT. The Nordic welfare states are characterized by a special interpretation of the relationship between individual and society, which emphasizes solidarity and reciprocity. Our starting point is that the “belief in society” as the promise of a brighter future was crucial in welfare state building. With a long-term analysis of lived, local experience, our panel will present a new approach to the formation and legitimation of the social citizenship in a welfare state. By focusing on three turning points in 1850-1980, the panel explores the conceptual construction and practical adaptation of social beliefs, which made the realization of the utopia of welfare possible in Finland. First, we analyse how the existence of society was characterized in the Finnish-speaking culture in the mid-1800s. Secondly, the experience of the inmates of a poorhouse opens a new perspective for the relationship between individual and society during the poor relief-dominated social security in the late nineteenth century. Thirdly, the lived welfare state will be explored as the experience of the municipal authorities and the receivers of the new benefits and services in 1940-1970s. The focus on one country allows us to capture and analyse the long-term changes in the shared experiences of the relationship between individual and society, which are reflected in language and institutionalized in local welfare policy practices. Known as the agrarian latecomer in social security, Finland is an ideal case to study the relationship between citizenship and state, since the country underwent exceptionally radical and rapid societal changes during the late nineteenth and twentieth century.

ABSTRACT. The Danish literary scholar and writer Hans Hertel has described the left-wing journal Dialog: Dansk tidsskrift for kultur (1950-1961) as a 'common shelter for communists, socialists, radicals and others from the Students' Society who felt homeless between the frozen fronts of the Cold War'. The same description could very well be used fo the concurrent Norwegian journal Orientering (1952-1975), although its connection with the communists was significantly looser than that of its Danish counterpart. In this paper I aim to explore the history and standing of the two papers in the Scandinavian Cold War atmosphere. I will pay special attention to how the two papers attended to their role as a 'common shelter' and a meeting-place for left-wing intellectuals who felt out of place or were even downright unwelcome in the hegemonic Labour parties in the late 1940s and 1950s. The paper surveys the development of a leftist but non-aligned collective centered around the two journals, and discusses the journals' roles as harbingers of the so-called third wave of Scandinavian cultural radicalism. Based on this, the paper challenges the common notion that the third wave was a phenomenon of the culturally revolutionary 1960s, and argues that a widespread reform challenging society's cultural, sexual, and political norms started already in the 1950s.

ABSTRACT. This session examines the “Transformations of the Man of Letters from the Age of Reformation to the Age of Revolution”. The title conveys a possible double meaning, in the sense that “Transformations of the Man of Letters” refers both to the agent transforming and the one being transformed. Placing, thus, the “Man of Letters” at the centre of the discussion, the session explores three intertwined, yet distinct themes, all related to the ethos or persona of the “Man of Letters” and how it changed between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The first theme relates to power/knowledge, that is, how the power and influence of the “Man of Letters” is gained by creating a specific ethos or persona devoted to truth and the creation of moral authority. The second theme relates to structure and agency: How is the possibility of local agency gained through the appeal to the Republic of Letters, and how is this network upheld by the actions of specific agents, i.e. “Men of Letters”? This singles out the interplay between the local and the trans-local as different spaces of action, that is, how local spaces of power/influence such as courts, national publics or universities interact with trans-local spaces and communities such as the Republic of Letters. The third theme relates to the question of intellectual context. What languages or discourses does the “Man of Letters” speak, with what modes of thought does he engage and what does he reject? Focusing on the transformations of the “Man of Letters”, the session contributes not only to our current understanding of the intellectual history of the Republic of Letters, but also to our understanding of the creation and function of moral and political authority in the period between the “Age of Reformation” and “the Age of Revolution”.

PRESENTATIONS:

1. Kaarlo Havu (University of Helsinki): "The Rhetorical Authority of the Erasmian Republic of Letters."

2. Mads Langballe Jensen (University of Erfurt):"The natural lawyer between Lutheran orthodoxy and absolutist enlightenment in early eighteenth century Copenhagen."

3. Brian Kjær Olesen (European University Institute): "The Persona of the Philosopher in the Early Northern Enlightenment."

4. Jonas Gerlings (University of Copenhagen): "From Persona to Profession: Kant and the Professionalization of the Man of Letters in the Enlightenment."

ABSTRACT. The Nordic countries survived the Cold War with rather small incidents and damages. The ideological divide nevertheless run within the civic societies and additionally emigrated politicians from Central Eastern Europe strived to keep the faith of their countries in the public discussion. This paper concentrates on Estonian August Koern and his ungrateful task as the representative of the Assembly of Captive European Nations (ACEN) in Copenhagen. His attempts were hampered due to political disputes within national diaspora, poor relations to Danish authorities and organizational shortcomings of the ACEN; including cooperation both with other nationalities and American sponsors. Koern had arrived in Denmark in 1939 as Estonian consul and he remained in Copenhagen after the Soviet occupation and annexation in 1940 erased his official position. When the ACEN wanted to establish a delegation in Copenhagen in 1957, Koern was the obvious choice. He had difficulties in finding partners in other emigrant groups but on the other hand he was free to execute his plans, especially when he could cooperate with his compatriots in the ACEN Office in Stockholm. The ACEN was avoided, because it was generally (and correctly) suspected to be financed by the US intelligence apparatus. Therefore cooperation took place also within the Freedom House in the downtown of Copenhagen. Furthermore, Koern and others were able to exploit the name and money of the ACEN occasionally for their own purposes. The budget of the ACEN was drastically reduced in the 1960s but Koern among other ageing emigrants continued to fight against the odds until the organization was dissolved in 1972. They refused to accept the changes of international politics in the last twenty years and ended up preaching the choir, thus their influence cannot be considered very strong.

ABSTRACT. København var en af de stærkest befæstede byer i Norden bevogtet af en garnison på flere tusinde mand. Hertil var den base for den store danske flåde og permanent hjem for hundredevis af matroser. Hæren og flåden havde en afgørende rolle i byens kriminalitetsbekæmpelse og de to institutioner drev fængslerne for de mandlige straffefanger. Denne position i retsplejen havde de med god grund, for soldaterne og matroserne dominerede fuldstændigt kriminaliteten i byen og leverede dermed også langt størsteparten af straffefangerne. De to papers vil se på de miljøer som skabte denne kriminalitet med base i hære og flåden.

Oplæg:

Tyge Krogh (Rigsarkivet): "Soldaters kriminalitet i København i 1700-tallet."

Johan Heinsen (Aalborg University): "Enslaved by the State: Convicts in early modern Copenhagen."

Jørgen Mührmann-Lund: "Forprang, fusk og hasardspil."

ABSTRACT. Lutherjubileet i 1917 og forberedelsene til dette fikk ulik betydning for de nordiske immigrantkirkene i USA. Hvorfor?

Religion hadde en sentral plass i immigrantenes sosiale og kulturelle liv ved slutten av 1800-tallet og begynnelsen av 1900- tallet. Det religiøse hadde en sentral funksjon i de samfunnene de forlot. Dessuten var det å migrere forbundet mye usikkerhet, og kirken og religionsutøvelse kunne tilby trøst og en trygg basis for mange. De fleste norske immigrantene holdt seg til Luthers lære, og mye av deres kirkelige aktivitet var preget av lekmannsengasjement. For nordmenn utgjorde forberedelsene til Lutherjubileet aktivitet og handlinger som skulle komme til å forene de mange norskamerikanske kirkesamfunnene, The Big Merger.

Noe annerledes var det for danskamerikanske og svenskamerikanske kirkeengasjerte. Flere forlot den lutherske forkynnelsen, og kirkestrukturen i de lutherske svenske og danske immigrantkirkene var annerledes enn innenfor den norskamerikanske. Hva betydde kirkelig organisering og struktur for den rolle Lutherjubileet kom til å spille i de ulike etnisk nordiske immigrantkirkene i USA?

ABSTRACT. Sesjonen ønsker å sette søkelys på de historiske forutsetningene for ytringsfrihetens og offentlighetenes fremvekst i Norden etter 1815. Det skal gjøres ved å se på de historiske, rettslige og politiske vilkårene for utviklingen av en friere offentlighet i de nordiske landene ‒ gjennom den formative fasen på begynnelsen av 1800-tallet til en gradvis bredere offentlighet rundt århundreskiftet. Hvordan og når slo ytringsfrihet gjennom i Norden og hvordan har ytringsfrihetens grenser blitt definert gjennom skiftende tider og regimer? Hvilke begrensninger og utfordringer har utviklingen av en friere offentlighet møtt i de nordiske landene? Og i hvilken grad kan vi snakke om fremveksten av en felles skandinavisk offentlighet på 1800-tallet?

Dette er temaer som innbyr til både komparative og relasjonelle, transnasjonale studier, og ikke minst til å se utviklingen i Norden i et større internasjonalt perspektiv. Ytringsfrihet og offentlighet ble for alvor satt på dagsorden i alle de nordiske landene i etterkant av omrokkeringen av Norden under Napoleonskrigene, og spilte en stor rolle for den konstitusjonelle og politiske utviklingen i Norden gjennom 1800-tallet. Men det har vært – og er på mange måter fortsatt – betydelige forskjeller mellom de nordiske landene med hensyn til ytringsfrihet, ytringskultur og offentlighet. På den andre siden var det en betydelig, men i liten grad systematisk undersøkt, interaksjon ‒ de nordiske landene fungerte som både forbilder og motbilder for hverandre.

Sesjonen presenterer pågående forskning fra det nordiske, tverrfaglige forskningsprosjektet Offentlighet og ytringsfrihet i Norden, 1815‒1900, basert ved Universitetet i Oslo, og en del av UiO:Norden-satsingen. Historikere og rettshistorikere fra Norge, Danmark og Finland deltar i sesjonen, som ledes av Jes Fabricius Møller. http://www.uio.no/forskning/satsinger/norden/forskning/forskergrupper/offentlighet-og-ytringsfrihet-i-norden-1815-1900/

ABSTRACT. ”Men måske skal det nu være alvor med at åbne for Indiens brede erfaring. Og skal der komme en fornyelse ad den vej, da er der ikke andet for end at blive Inder, som man blev Græker i renæssancetiden." (Vilhelm Grønbech 1916)

I årene omkring Første Verdenskrig vendte en række indiske tænkere sig mod de imperiale centre både som kritikere af "vestlig" kultur og politik og helt konkret med agitationsmøder i verdens storbyer. Dermed fortsatte de en tradition inden for neohinduismen, hvor allerede Ram Mohan Roy i begyndelsen af 1800-tallet og efter ham Swami Vivekananda havde udbredt indiske forestillinger i Europa og USA. Og det var ikke ren subkultur: Da den indiske forfatter Rabindranath Tagore besøgte København i 1921 hyldede en titusindtallig skare ham med fakkeltog, og året efter trak asketen Sundar Singh tilsvarende tal i Norge, Sverige og Danmark. Tagores og Singhs bøger var blandt periodens bestsellere, mens deres landsmænd Mohandas Gandhi og Jiddu Krishnamurti havde aktive tværnordiske støtteorganisationer, og de besøgte alle Skandinavien med undtagelse af Gandhi, der til gengæld øvede indflydelse gennem sit nære venskab med en række danskere. I dette paper beskriver jeg, hvordan de fire indiske tænkere Tagore, Singh, Gandhi og Krishnamurti i mellemkrigstiden blev pejlemærker for vidt forskellige grupper i Skandinavien – fra vækkelsesinspirerede kirkebevægelser som Dansk Indre Mission over fredsbevægelsen til flere af periodens toneangivende litterater og samfundskritikere. Titlen spiller naturligvis på det aktuelle jubilæum, men ordet reformation skal tages alvorligt: Alle agiterede i en neohinduistisk tradition for en åndeligt baseret ændring af samfundet og religionen, som deres tilhængere så som en nødvendighed i et Europa med verdenskrig, modernitet og materialisme. Jeg diskuterer derfor, hvordan deres indflydelse kan beskrives i termer om mission, omvendelse og reformation. Paperet handler kort sagt om "omvendt" mission og en ret upåagtet modernitetskritisk strømning i mellemkrigstidens politiske midte.

ABSTRACT. The Reformation is mostly considered and studied as a religious phenomenon, but it had economic consequences as well. For example, in Kingdom of Sweden the tax legislation that directed the collection of tithes changed after the Reformation. The clergy’s (official) income was tied to the tithes, and thus the change affected the personal financial standing of the pastors. By using different types of source material and Gini-coefficient as a tool to assess the economic inequality, the aim of my paper is to study did the Reformation increase the economic inequality amongst the pastors in selected parish of Finnish countryside. The results suggest that the Finnish pastors were rather equal in the early years of the Reformation and remained so during the century. Thus the paper concludes that even though the Reformation (and other events, such as the Russo-Swedish war (1570-1595) and the civil war at the last decade of the century) lowered clergy’s income and wealth, the effect was similar in most of the cases - i.e. the economic inequality amongst the clergy in Finland did not grow during the 16th century.

ABSTRACT. Cassius Dio occupies a central position in Roman historiography. He is the only historian who follows the developments of Rome’s political institutions over more than a thousand years. His 80-book Roman History narrates events from the foundation of Rome to circa 229 CE. This makes him an indispensable source for Rome’s history, particularly in the Late Republic, the reign of Augustus, and the second and third centuries CE, until 229 CE, when he retired from Roman politics.

Traditionally, work on Dio has focused on one or several contiguous books. Contrary to this approach, the whole text should be considered in order to understand Dio’s approaches to and assessments of different time-periods; he is not just simply a writer of narrative history. This session will focus on turning-points/transformation in Dio’s narrative: emphasis will be placed on Dio and his Roman History in its historiographical setting, thus allowing us to link and understand the different parts of his work. We propose that Dio had a political agenda: the entire Roman History is centred on his vision of an idealised form of Roman monarchical government. This is already highly perceptible in the books on the Republic, where free political competition is criticised as destabilising the state. In the later, imperial books, Dio focuses on individual emperors and dynasties to develop a theory of the best kind of monarchy and monarchy’s typical problems.

Dio is the perfect starting point for a new Roman history that uses developments over hundreds of years to unearth larger patterns of change and continuity. This creates a unique sense of the past and allows us to see Roman history through a specific lens.

ABSTRACT. The notion of encyclopedism has a wide field of application. Besides referring to the making of alphabetically organized, multivolume dictionaries, researchers from diverse disciplines use it to describe a variety of historical practices. Ancient and medieval textual compendia are categorized as encyclopedias in retrospect, despite large differences in titles, form, and content. Archives, libraries and museums are seen as expressions of an encyclopedic spirit, just as epic poems and other works of fiction are described as encyclopedic in nature. If we consider these and other textual, material, and spatial products together, a common denominator seems to be the ambition to collect and organize the totality of information and objects perceived as particularly valuable and useful at a given point time, or within a specific area of knowledge. The content of the collections, their organization and presentation, however, vary greatly over time. What we refer to as encyclopedism, encyclopedias, or encyclopedic spirit have undergone many reformations. The same is true for the ways in which we speak about these phenomena.

The session brings together researchers of history of science and ideas, history of the book, and literature studies to discuss changes in practical, theoretical, literary, and material aspects of encyclopedism, from the early-modern period up to today. What transhistorical values, ideas, and practices are we trying to capture and connect when referring to them as encyclopedic? How does an encyclopedic spirit manifest in poetry, or encyclopedic order in the physical layout of a book page? How do encyclopedic practices, such as the categorization and classification of words and things, change over time? And when we speak about all these things as somehow encyclopedic, do we really talk about the same thing?

ABSTRACT. Historiefaget ble obligatorisk i norsk folkeskole med Folkeskolelovene av 1889, og ble sterkt preget av formativ nasjonsbygging og opptrapping i unionsstriden. Det var lærebøkene som i stor grad styrte innhold i fag og undervisning de første tiårene. En analyse av de fire mest brukte historielæreverkene i perioden 1889-1940 tyder på at det store narrativet om Norge og nordmenn i starten av perioden ble presentert som et isolert lidelsesnarrativ. «Fantomsmertekartet» kan stå som bilde på et norsk lidelsesnarrativ.

«Fantomsmertekartet» framhevet landtap, grensekamp og fiendebildet av Sverige. Etableringen av historiefaget fant sted parallelt med en opptrappende unionskamp og nasjonsbygging som politisk kontekst. I dette paperet vil jeg presentere «Fantomsmertekartet» og det norske lidelsesnarrativet. En svensk antagonist spile en hovedrolle i denne norske historien.

Etter 1. verdenskrig møtte historiefaget andre krav. Mellom annet ble framhevingen av dette svenske fiendebildet et konkret problem. Verdens første internasjonale lærebokrevisjon ble satt i gang av foreningen Norden i 1919. Målet var å fjerne fiendebildene av de nordiske andre fra historielærebøkene i Skandinavia. Den nordiske lærebokrevisjonen ble den første i en bølge av lignende revisjoner. Men hvordan fjerne en antagonist fra narrativet uten å tømmet plottet og minnekulturen for mening?

«Fantomsmertekartet» viser et geohistorisk selvbilde, verdensbilde og fiendebilde. Paperet vil drøfte endringen av dette historienarrativet i lys lærebokrevisjonen og den pedagogiske og politiske konteksten 1889-1940. Det vil bli lagt vekt på å forstå historiefagets samfunnspedagogiske og politiske rolle i møte mellom vitenskap og kollektivt minne. Gir det norske eksempelet argument for historielærebokrevisjon som narrativ vei til fred?

ABSTRACT. In early modern Europe, certain metals, such as copper, were essential to everyday life while a rare metal like mercury, was used for more specialised purposes, for instance in medicine. For centuries European metal production remained on a fairly uniform level, implying that the demand and usage of iron and copper items also was stable. From medieval times the main copper producing centres were located to the Alpine Lands, in Harz and Slovakia while mercury was mined at Idrija in Austria and at Almadén in Spain. When the copper ore deposits entered into a phase of decline during the mid-sixteenth century a new – gigantic – source emerged in Sweden; Stora Kopparberg in Falun became the main supplier of European copper for most of the seventeenth century. When Falun went into decline, new centres like Røros in Norway and Swansea in Britain emerged. However, both Sweden and Norway had to rely in import when it came to mercury.

The starting-point of this session is comparative, as it brings together people working on different metal making sites, but its aim is to establish links between the sites in an era of rapidly expanding output. The session also provides a platform for a discussion whether a ‘Great Divergence’ or an ‘age of revolution’ can be detected in metal making. There was revolutionary change, but there was also a gradual adaptation to new – global – conditions within the metal sectors as a whole. The ambition is, furthermore, to emphasize the links tying production to trade and consumption. This means that we include the manufacturing industry in our understanding of metal production. In addition, the markets for Nordic metals and their alloys inside and outside Europe, as well as metal import into the Nordic countries, are a crucial part of our discussion.

ABSTRACT. Detta rundabordssamtal samlar forskare som på olika sätt har arbetat med det som på senare år har kallats krigets upplevelsehistoria. Pionjärärna inom inriktningen är historiker som Johan Keegan, Joanna Bourke och Ian Ousby som i sina böcker lyft fram den enskilda individens upplevelse av stridssituationer och erfarenheter av dödandet. På nordisk botten har tillexempel Ville Sarkamos forskning har lyft fram karolinska krigares erfarenheter. Krigets upplevelsehistoria handlar inte bara om soldatens upplevelser. Frågan kan även utvidgas till att ta med alla som på olika sätt berörs och påverkas av krig. Fokus kan ligga på den enskildes upplevelser, men även handla om att studera grupper av individer eller hela samhällen och deras upplevelser. Att studera upplevelsen av krig vidgar perspektivet bort från att bara undersöka krig som händelser och förlopp mot att även undersöka hur kriget upplevs och hanteras av de som utsätts för krig. Upplevelsen av krig sätter ofta spår som får konsekvenser på mycket lång sikt. Att ge sig i kast med att studera krigserfarenheter vidgar vi perspektiven och ökar vår kunskap om krigets konsekvenser.

Ordförande: prof Martin Hårdstedt, Umeå universitet

Deltagare:

prof Henrik Meinander, Helsingfors universitet "Krigets känslolandskap: reflektioner kring en totalhistorisk infallsvinkel".

fil dr Lina Sturfelt, Lunds universitet "Kriget in på bara kroppen. Svenska Rädda Barnens humanitära berättelser om första världskriget"

fil dr Ville Sarkamo "Kulturell effekt av krigstrauma. Sårade kristliga krigare efter stora nordiska kriget (1700 - 1721)"

prof Gunner Lind, Köpenhamns universitet

fil dr AnnaSara Hammar, Stockholms universitet "Villkoren inom Örlogsflottan"

ABSTRACT. (Individual paper)

In Japan, publicity for things Finnish – design, lifestyles, nature, tourism – has leaped to a state of a fashion in the 2000s, dubbed ‘Finland Boom’ in Japanese media. Unique in Finland’s bilateral relations, the phenomenon has been welcomed as an exceptional breakthrough and a commercial asset, but the root causes of the ‘Boom’ remain unidentified. Far too often a crucial factor behind Finland’s visibility in Japan is overlooked: The Finnish government’s intentional, target-oriented image management, conducted systematically since the early Cold War.

In the aftermath of WWII, Finland’s foreign administration was forced to reform its ‘international information’ and to redefine the themes in which Finland was portrayed outward. From Helsinki to the field, a new ‘image policy’ emerged, penetrating Finland’s foreign representations network. Since its opening in the 1960s, thus also the Finnish embassy in Tokyo came to implement the updated, governmentally curated official autostereotype.

A ‘New Role Model’ for Finland was launched to promote modernity, industrialization, urbanization and architecture, functional design, social welfare and education, together with Finland’s key foreign policy concept, neutrality. These were to replace the pre-war perceptions of Finland as agrarian, nationalistic, backward and peripheral. As can be read in Finnish diplomats’ reports from Tokyo at the time, certain aspects of the message were received better than others, while implementation of the image policy proceeded through trial and error, contested or affirmed by Japanese xenostereotypes.

With Finnish and Japanese diplomatic archives and media as its sources, this study asks, what has been the role of Finland’s governmental representatives in producing perceptions of Finland in Japan? As a hypothesis it argues that, Finland’s currently strong nation brand there builds in actuality on decades of intentional image management: Is not the Japanese ‘Finland Boom’ indeed evidence of the impact of the changing national imaging?

ABSTRACT. During the 20th Century, seismology, the study of earthquakes and propagation of elastic waves through the Earth, had developed from a small, isolated discipline to a large, well-funded research area. This growth took place against the backdrop of the Cold War with its political and military agendas, and seismology attracted special interest because it provided tools for the detection of nuclear weapons tests.

Born in a time when few women were allowed to hold senior scientific positions, Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann (1888-1993) had an extraordinary career: In 1928 she was appointed Head of the Seismic Section at the Danish Geodetic Institute, where she published evidence for the Earths inner core in 1936. After her retirement in 1953 she continued her work at research institutions in the USA partly funded by US military projects.

Through a biographical approach to her life and career, a much larger story is revealed of how international seismology developed from a small, obscure discipline to a science with powerful geopolitical implications. Furthermore, as an early internationally recognised female scientist, Lehmann not only personifies the interaction between science and international politics but also the structural challenges and personal costs experienced by early female scientists Thereby, Lehmann’s career can be contextualised into a wider framework of discipline development, international politics and gender studies. This paper presents main results from my work on her scientific biography.

ABSTRACT. Reformationens indførelse, udbredelse og konsolidering i Norden var i høj grad et udslag af lokale forhold og forhandlinger mellem autoriteterne i de nordiske lande. I Danmark-Norge blev reformationen indført efter en borgerkrig, hvorunder rigsrådets flertal ændrede holdning til hvilken konfession der skulle dominere riget. Herefter var særligt adelen særdeles aktiv i implementeringen af konfession i Danmark-Norge. Sverige-Finland var fra midten af 1500-tallet formelt luthersk, men myndighedernes skiftende holdninger til trosspørgsmålet op gennem 1500-tallet skabte usikkerhed om, hvilken konfessionel retning der var den dominerende. Begge eksempler illustrerer autoriteternes centrale rolle i reformationens konsolidering og konfessionalisering af samfundet. Martin Luthers politiske teologi med trestandslæren som centralt omdrejningspunkt, betonede i høj grad de verdslige autoriteters magt i verdenen. Autoriteterne skulle være som fædre for befolkningen og have ansvar overfor samfundet og folket. Ifølge Luther eksisterede der tre af Gud sanktionerede autoriteter: Husfaderen, lærefaderen og regeringsfaderen. Husfaderen havde ansvaret for familiens kristne opdragelse og tro, lærefaderen havde ansvaret for menighedens fromhed, og regeringsfaderen skulle beskytte og understøtte de to andre stænders virke. Dette var den evangelisk-lutherske grundlære. Men konfessioner var i højeste grad påvirket af lokale forhold, og synet på autoritet og øvrighed ændrede sig derfor over tid, landegrænser og politiske hændelser. Formålet med denne session er at undersøge autoritets- og øvrighedsforståelser i Norden for derved at forstå, hvorvidt reformationen og særligt Luthers tanker påvirkede det dansk-norske rige og det svensk-finske rige i perioden 1500-1750. De tre bidragsydere vil undersøge, hvilken rolle øvrigheden spillede i kampen mellem forskellige konfessioner i Sverige, hvordan det evangelisk-lutherske autoritetsideal påvirkede øvrigheden i Danmark, og hvordan autoritetssynet blev formet af ortodoksien og senere pietismen i Danmark-Norge. Herved vil det blive belyst hvilken rolle autoritet og øvrighed spillede i Norden og derved give ny viden om baggrunden for vores nutidige forståelser af autoriteter og øvrighed.

ABSTRACT. En by er defineret som et sted, der er afhængigt af fødevaretilførsel. Det samme kan siges om forholdet mellem byen og vandet. Samtidig er by og vand ofte betragtet som antagonistiske fænomener: førstnævnte som idnbegrebet af (menneskeskabt) kultur, sidstnævnte som ren natur. Som urban grundbetingelse og modsætning er vand en voldsomt transformerende urban aktør, hvad enten det drejer sig om stormflod, havneanlæg eller offentlig hygiejne. Traditionelt har vand været undersøgt som naturressource eller trussel, adskilt fra den menneskeskabte by. Denne session vil beskæftige sig med den tætte sammenfletning mellem det urbane og det flydende, og de kulturhistoriske forandringer, det har forårsaget – især i urbane kontekster.

Vandet er byens miljø og omvendt. Gennem historien foregår udvekslingen mellem de to gennem et stadigt voksende antal grænseflader. Ved at anlægge et perspektiv på vand (fx havet) som en sammenføjning af det sociale, kulturelle og materielle træder forandringen af det urbane anderledes frem. I dette rumlige perspektiv ’flyder’ vandet og byen sammen, og mennesket er historisk på mange måder blevet taget med af strømmen. Vand, by og menneske kan anskues som én treklang, hvis grundtone konstant skifter.

Denne session består af fire oplæg, der på forskellig vis afspejler mulighederne i emnet på tværs af fagfelter. Der er tilstræbt en kronologisk spredning mellem de forskellige papers, ligesom hver forsker undersøger den valgte relation fra deres eget ståsted. Således er sessionen et forsøg på at åbne diskussionen af vand som transformerende aktør i byhistorien og mere generelt.

ABSTRACT. Även om Vänern är Nordens (och EU:s) största sjö, har den inte i nämnvärd grad intresserat historiker. I min presentation skall jag därför diskutera moment som samverkar i en historia om Vänern under 1900-talet. Historien om sjöar och floder är historien om hur natur och samhälliga faktorer tillsammans förändrar vattenlandskap. I miljöhistorisk forskning finns flera begrepp som beskriver en sådan natur; second natures, enviro-technical landscapes, organic machines eller hybrid natures. Vänerns historia är i denna miljöhistoriska förståelse, en historia om hybrid natur. Historia om strömmande vatten har naturligtvis moment som är universella, men varje individuellt vattensystem är också unikt. Det specifika i en sjös historia är sammansmältningen, över tid, av vattensystemets hydrologiska förhållanden och de samhälleliga faktorer som påverkat floder och sjöar. Närmar man sig Vänerns historia är det, i ett vattenhistoriskt perspektiv, väsentligt att diskutera hur maktförhållanden skapas av upp- och nedströms intressen i vattensystemet. En viktig premiss för att skriva Vänerns historia är därför att placerar sjön i sitt avrinningsområde, där Norge kontrollerar upprinningsområdet och där utloppet befinner sig i Sveriges näst största stad, Göteborg. Under Vänerns 1900-talshistoria kan formativa perioder identifieras, där innehållet i det hybrida förändras. Kort sagt så har konflikterna handlat om på vilka vattennivåer – centimeter för centimeter – man skall hålla denna stora vattenyta. I ett maktperspektiv kan förändrade konstellationer av aktörer identifireras. Ett annat moment är de förändrade risk-scenarier som sjön definieras utifrån, som har varit en viktig faktor för hur denna sjös vatten-nivåer skall förvaltas. I ett miljöhistoriskt perspektiv har, som nämnts, också naturen i sig en roll i den historiska analysen. Därför kan inte Vänern och dess stora vattenmassa utelämnas som premiss-givare i en historieskrivning om Vänern.

ABSTRACT. This panel session aims to explore some of the challenges and possibilities that digital media create for research and consumption of history. The internet and digitalization enable new methods of research with access to huge and different types of data. It is possible to study interaction and involvement of large groups of ordinary people, to explore reactions to different types of representations of the past and to trace, through digital archives, developments within visual popular culture. Yet, the fluidity, fragmentation and sheer magnitude of digital sources create the need to rethink some of our research strategies. How do we approach these types of sources and huge data sets? Indeed, the selection and preservation of digital sources pose challenges in itself and may have huge influences on what can be researched and remembered in the future. Moreover, digital media allows for fast, unregulated and unlimited distribution of representations of history and memory. While this allows for public engagement and democratization of history and memory debates, it also raises questions about ownership, authenticity and qualification of historical data and interpretations The panel consists of three case studies based on digital material and one discussion paper that situates the three cases in a digital historiographical context.

ABSTRACT. På et grundlæggende niveau karakteriseres det civiliserede menneske af, at det lever i afhængighed af at blive forsynet med den føde og de fornødenheder, det enten har fravalgt at producere (klassisk civilisation), eller som det er ude af stand til selv at producere (vestlig civilisation). Dermed træder afskeden med selvforsyningsevnen frem som den centrale begivenhed i al civilisationshistorie, og den er altid forbundet med overgangen til en ny fødestrategi, som forudsætter omfordelingssystemer og adfærdsregulering. Den klassiske strategi betjener sig af tvang som et middel til omfordeling, den opstod senest for 6000 år siden og knytter sig indirekte til det primitive jordbrug, der udviklede sig i Den Frugtbare Halvmåne for 10.000-13.000 år siden. Den vestlige betjener sig derimod af udveksling over et marked som sit omfordelingssystem, og den opretholdes af det samarbejde mellem fremmede om overlevelsen, som er forudsætningen for omlæggelsen til plovbrug i det transalpine Nordvesteuropa i 1100-årene.

Der findes altså to forskellige civilisationsformer i verden i dag, de er bundet til hver deres fødestrategi, som kræver bestemte normer for adfærd for at kunne opretholdes, og det er de to grundindstillinger i menneskets natur for social samarbejde, slægtningefavorisering og reciprok altruisme, som er deres styresystemer. Omlæggelsen til plovbrug var dermed en skelsættende begivenhed, måske den vigtigste i menneskets civilisationshistorie, fordi den hviler på gensidig afhængighed og kooperativ adfærd mellem almindelige mennesker. Plovbruget anviste vejen til den moderne verden.

ABSTRACT. Theories of just and necessary wars were collected and systematised in the 12th century in a set of criteria, that are still the ones considered in present day discussions on warfare. The formulation of these theories was closely linked to at least two major medieval reformations, in scientific methods (scholasticism), and in emotional theology. Scholastic method was hierarchical and binary – either an element is, or it is not – and sought in principle to define exactly under which circumstances an act was permissible, prohibited, or should be promoted. In theories of warfare, scholastic argumentation generally sought to restrict warfare as much as possible and to define the rights of persons involved, fighting soldiers as well as civilians. At the same time, 11th and 12th century theology returned to passages and readings of the Bible that supported ecclesiastical involvement in secular affairs and were much less reluctant towards use of physical force, if it were emotion-driven – if it was led by zeal for God or for justice. A ‘Theology of utter destruction’ of the enemies of God became widespread in ecclesiastical reform circles, and developed parallel to the scholastic arguments. In certain specific situations, emotion could overrule formal logic. The uneasy relationship between these two approaches to war was noticed by contemporaries and discussed explicitly or implicitly in for example several of the great medieval narratives about war in the Baltic areas. The round table will discuss these reformations in theology and thinking, from the 11th century and throughout the Middle Ages, and their implications for theories of warfare.

ABSTRACT. Att besöka muséer och miljöer av kulturhistorisk karaktär är populärt såväl inom skolan som för en intresserad allmänhet. Ofta ingår en pedagogisk aktivitet av något slag, som exempelvis att boka ett specifikt skolprogram eller att följa med på en guidad visning. Sessionen skall behandla historiedidaktiska aspekter av sådana musei- och kulturarvspedagogiska verksamheter.

Sessionen presenterar tre självständiga fältstudier som undersöker kulturhistoriska muséers och miljöers didaktiska aspekter i relation till skolans historieundervisning och utbildningsuppdrag, samt till kulturarvssektorn och en kulturarvsintresserad allmänhet. I studierna följer forskarna med på pedagogiska program och guidade visningar. Metoderna för datainsamling är observationer och intervjuer. Studiernas centrala historiedidaktiska forskningsfrågor fokuserar bland annat (1) formen, hur- och när-frågorna, (2) innehållet, vad-frågan, (3) urval, varför-frågan, och (4) museibesökens lärandeutfall.

I Margit Eva Jensens fallstudie ingår en mellanstadieklass (år 6) som hon följer läsåret 2016-2017. Jensens forskning fokuserar sammanhangen i historieundervisningen, från skolans klassrum till museet och tillbaka till skolan. Utifrån ett elevperspektiv undersöker studien vilka lärandeutfall – generic learning outcomes – ett museibesök kan resultera i när det förstås som en integrerad del av skolans historieundervisning.

Madeleine Larssons studie är avgränsad till vad som händer i den pågående undervisningssituationen när gymnasieklasser besöker kulturhistoriska muséer. Olika klasser från varierande program och geografiska områden följs. Studien genomförs på fyra muséer av olika karaktärer, men som alla erbjuder visningsteman med relevans för ämnesplanen i historia. Utifrån interaktionen mellan museipedagoger, gymnasielärare och gymnasieelever dokumenterar och analyserar studien visningarnas form, innehåll och urval.

Visningsmomentet är centralt även i David Ludvigssons studie som fokuserar på hur och vad guider visar i kulturhistoriska miljöer. Studien undersöker även guideverksamhetens organisation och försök till professionalisering av yrkesgruppen. Resultaten som presenteras ingår i forskningsprojektet ”Guiderna och kulturarvssektorn” som är en studie som undersöker guider i den svenska historiekulturen.

ABSTRACT. 2017 marks 100 years since Denmark sold the three West Indian islands of St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix to the USA. To commemorate the centennial, the Danish National Archives have carried out a major project to digitally scan all its records concerning the colony. It is recognized as one of the most detailed colonial records in the world. In the spring of 2017, these five million image files will become available online.

The online archive will have a reformative impact on research in the field of Danish West Indian history. To mark the beginning of the process, this double panel session will present both the Danish National Archives digitization project and online facilities, and five research papers based on the records from the online archive. The common focus of the papers is the Danish West Indies during slavery, a topic that has been growing both in methodological and theoretical sophistication and in volume during the last two decades. The papers will examine the development of slave laws, the abolition of the slave trade, the status of free colored people of African descent and the trade in textiles as an example of infrastructures linking rural Europe with slavery in the West Indies.

This is a double session (2 x 90 minutes, 3 speakers in each session) Participants: 1. Niklas Thode Jensen 2. Gunvor Simonsen 3. Louise Sebro 4. Erik Gøbel 5. Poul Olsen

ABSTRACT. Using the technology of Geographical Information System (GIS) is relatively new in historical research. Since the late 1990s, however, awareness of its potential has been growing among historian so that we can now speak of a new field, historical GIS. The GIS technology allows us to link vast amounts of different historical data, e.g. text, numbers, pictures, with location which enables the historian to integrate, analyse and visualize data in innovative ways. New historical projects proliferate and the diversity is remarkable both in terms of geographical scope, subject matter and methodology. Many projects are concerned with mapping of land use, the reconstruction of past landscapes or demographic, social and economic patterns and structures, while others deal with events and social and cultural practices. Some may focus on a single point in time, others make comparisons over time. The session provides a forum for discussion on some of the conceptual and technical challenges facing historical GIS as well as the possibilities and opportunities it offers historians. Where does historical GIS research stand in the Nordic countries?

ABSTRACT. In their seminar book, Fighting poverty in the US and Europe, economists Albert Alesina and Edward Glaeser claimed that differences in welfare state systems are caused by diversity in terms of population. Hence, they argued that a homogenous population, for example in the Nordic countries, made it possible to create a highly generous welfare state system based on social solidarity across social classes. In the US, a highly diverse and heterogeneous population hindered the development of a generous welfare state. This claim that there is a causal link between race / ethnicity and welfare state systems has been debated among social science researchers, who either contested this causal link (Will Kymlicka, Keith Banting) or included this observation when exploring how post WWII immigration has affected European welfare states (Robert Putnam, Wim van Oorshot).

In social science history these observations presents us with a compelling set of questions: How homogenous were the Nordic countries in the late 19th century, when the welfare states were in their developmental phase? How and when was the notion of the Nordic countries as particularly homogenous societies established? Has this notion of homogeneity shaped the political practise in the age of new migration (post WWII)?

ABSTRACT. Nature features prominently in Nordic history, culture, and physical geography. The mountains, the sea, and the forests may seem to be old enough to predate history, entering into human history only through the longue duree. But nature is not without a history and new natures are continuously produced through human technology and activities. This idea is currently framed as the Anthropocene, which is under consideration for adoption as an official geological epoch. This proposal is of particular interest to historians, as it would be the such era that fully resides within the domain of historical scholarship.

This roundtable session asks whether there can be such a thing as a Nordic Anthropocene and offers insights into the productive ways in which the meeting point of environment and technology has been and could be used in illuminating the question of the Anthropocene and its implications for mainstream historical scholarship.

The panel consists of five scholars who have all been active at this intersection of histories in the last decade. They will discuss experiences from their own research as well as their view on the field as a whole. We will develop the idea of New Natures as a historical concept, demonstrating how nature is continually produced through human activity. Aligning with the congress theme, we thus explore how technology has been a crucial component in reshaping culture and environment in the history of the Nordic countries.

Dolly Jørgensen will serve as moderator for the roundtable session. Each participant will have a 5-minute introduction where they discuss the main panel theme with reference to their specific research interests, followed by short, structured questions that all panelists answer before we open up for a larger discussion with the audience.

ABSTRACT. The ways and means societies have to sustain themselves have often changed slowly and over long periods of time. Environmental history usually benefits from a long-term view, because changes are often only visible in a very long-term context. However, there are exceptions to this, and changes often occur suddenly. There are several kinds of changes. One is the internal change, where a system of provision of food needs to be adapted to a growing population, upgraded to provide more food. Such an adaptation can happen in a short time period. Another kind is the sort of environmental change caused when a new country across the ocean is settled with traditional methods brought along by settlers. This can cause widespread ecological disruption, for example. Other kinds of external shocks can also cause sudden and far-reaching changes in the systems of provision themselves, and the ecology along the way, especially pandemics that cause mass death, and this results in a new kind of systemic upgrade, now with a lesser intensity of land use, in a sort of reversal of intensification of agriculture. Both the long-term view on the development of systems of provision and examples of sudden disruptions of these systems should be considered when the whole development of a settlement process is scrutinized. The example discussed here is the transplantation of systems of provision from Norway to Iceland in the 9th century AD.

ABSTRACT. Synen på det upproriska, odisciplinerade och atavistiska folket som gjorde uppror i Finland 1917–1918 har i allmänhet förknippats med den vita borgerliga sidans och särskilt högerns syn på dessa händelser. Men hur såg den pånyttfödda socialdemokratin i Finland på 1917–1918 års händelser? Fanns det motsvarande tankegångar i den finländska socialdemokratin?

I den här presentationen avser jag närma mig dessa frågor genom att studera den finlandssvenska socialdemokratiska politikern Karl Harald Wiiks (1883–1946) beskrivningar av 1917–1918 års händelser. Wiik hörde till den ledande socialdemokratiska politikern i Finland vid tiden för inbördeskriget men till skillnad från den övriga dåvarande partiledningen deltog han inte i revolutionen. Efter kriget skulle ha återta en ledande roll i partiet.

Utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv studerar jag hur Wiik gav mening åt civilisation, etnicitet och klass i hans ideologiska uppgörelse med händelserna i Finland 1917–1918. Wiiks idéer bottnade sig i en evolutionistisk marxism, vars rötter fanns i den Andra socialistiska internationalen. I denna ideologiska kontext fanns starka inslag av rasbiologiska föreställningar, nationalism, vithet och understrykning av etnicitetens och civilisationens betydelse för socialismens möjligheter att lyckas. Genom att förstå dessa idéers inslag hos Wiik, kan man kasta nytt ljus över den pånyttfödda finländska socialdemokratins ideologiska riktning och belysa vilken roll civilisation och etnicitet spelade i den finländska arbetarrörelsen i början av 1900-talet.

Min metodologiska utgångspunkt är ett aktörsinriktat idéhistoriskt perspektiv. Det källmaterial som tillämpas består av Wiiks tidningsartiklar som korrespondent för svenska Social-Demokraten och finlandssvenska Arbetarbladet efter inbördeskriget, men också hans bok ”Kovan kokemuksen opetuksia” (1918) som utkom strax efter kriget och hans korrespondens med författaren Arvid Mörne. Källmaterialet undersöks som språkhandlingar: hur etnicitet och civilisation gavs betydelse när 1917–1918 års erfarenheter ventilerades av Wiik och hur dessa erfarenheter kunde användas för att utforma den finländska socialdemokratins framtid.

ABSTRACT. I kjølvannet av freden i Augsburg 1555 og avslutningen av Tridentinerkonsilet i 1563 gikk det religiøse skisma i Europa inn i en ny fase. Den etterfølgende perioden blir innenfor de protestantiske landene gjerne kalt for den andre reformasjon der stikkordene dogmatikk, konfesjonalisering og ortodoksi står sentralt. Den Lutherske ortodoksiens kjernetid i de nordiske landene er 1600-tallet med linjer både til siste del av 1500-tallet og deler av 1700-tallet. Den religiøse innstramning rettet seg ikke bare mot den romerske-katolske kirken, men i tillegg mot den reformerte kristendomsretningen, ofte stemplet som kryptokalvinister. I tillegg til konfesjonelle motsetninger betydde den ortodokse Lutherdommen en slags offensiv indremisjon overfor befolkning der disiplinering gjennom strenge morallover var ett av flere tiltak. Gjennom bidrag fra flere nordiske land ønsker sesjonen å sette fokus på hvilken rolle og hvilke uttrykksformer den Lutherske ortodoksien fikk i de nordiske landene. Her er det opplagt flere fellestrekk, men også klare skillelinjer. Innenfor den dansk dominerte fyrstestaten, som på 1600-tallet omfattet både hovedlandet Danmark, Island, tyske hertugdømmer og Norge, kommer sosialdisiplineringen gjennom 1617 forordningene til å stå sentralt i flere av sesjonspresentasjonene. 1617 forordningene kom ut i forbindelse med jubelfesten for offentliggjørelsen av Martin Luthers 95 teser mot pavekirken i 1517. I Sverige-Finland opplevde man en lignende jubelfest med strøm av påbud og lover, men her følger utviklingen av den Lutherske ortodoksien en noe annen kronologi og dynamikk, preget av den dynastiske konflikt med Polen. Også i Sverige fikk man en «renlärighetsstadga» 1617, men den hadde ikke med noe jubileum å gjøre. Dette ble først feiret i 1621 og var knyttet til kulten rundt Gustav Vasa. Med sitt sterke fokus på ortodoksiens kanonisering og evangelisk-luthersk rettroenhet gjennom 1617 forordningen ønsker halvdagssesjonen blant annet å kaste lys over sammenhengen mellom jubelmarkeringer og uttrykksformer for disiplinering av den nordiske befolkningen.

ABSTRACT. In my paper I shall examine what are the quintessential features of Finnish greens that set them aside from other European green parties. Concern over pollution, societal inequalities and nuclear power brought especially young, urban and well-educated people together all over Europe. Finland was no exception in this regard and the ‘green reformation’ brought environmental issues into the political arena to stay. The party formation process was all but smooth which also resonated with European tendencies. Despite the difficulties, the Finnish greens managed to attain a relatively stable electoral base and the party has held on to its parliamentary representation ever since – and in recent polls raised its support to unforeseen heights. I shall argue that despite the fact that Finnish greens have a lot in common with their European counterparts they also differ from them in some ways. Finnish greens have always had a strong social conscience, but due to strong communist influence in Finnish political life during the cold war and especially in student life during the 1970s the Finnish greens, volitionally, never evolved into a clearly leftist party and have always aimed at staying above the left-right cleavage. In many studies Finnish greens are, in fact, portrayed as a centrist party while others in the same party family appear far more leftist. Besides this divisive feature,I shall argue that the lack of a worthy liberal party has had an effect on the formation and success of the Finnish green party. The greens have, in fact, a lot in common –even party chairman Ville Niinistö has stated this– with the inter-war social liberals. Although not a liberal party, the Finnish greens represent post-materialist, social liberal values, and it can be a bit provocatively asked if the greens are, in fact, the latest upholders of Finnish liberal tradition.

ABSTRACT. Samtidigt som flera av våra moderna medier gång efter annan har visat sig naturalisera föreställningar om tillhörighet och lag och rätt, genom exempelvis moralpanik och banal nationalism, finns det också exempel på motsatsen. Då medier har gläntat på dörrar till alternativa världar och därmed genom nya erfarenheter utmanat våra förväntningshorisonter. Denna motsägelse försätter medierna i en ambivalent ställning, och tvingar oss att ifrågasätta i vilken mån vi kan förstå deras roll i samhället ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv, och i vilken mån vi istället kanske måste förstå den ur ett historiskt perspektiv. Tidig film, från ca. 1895 till 1914, har sedan början av 1980-talet ägnats ett nytt intresse av filmhistoriker. Det har bidragit till nya intressanta debatter om mediets sociala och kulturella genomslag. Genom en kvalitativ fallstudie av den svenska arbetarrörelsens representation i tidig film, avser detta paper, mot bakgrund av debatten kring mediers roll i allmänhet och den tidiga filmens i synnerhet, försöka bidra till förståelsen av den tidiga filmens roll, eller roller, i de sociala och politiska förändringar som präglade det svenska samhället i början av 1900-talet. Källmaterialet utgörs av aktualitets- och journalfilmer från mellan 1900 och 1920 med representationer av svenska förstamajdemonstrationer. Materialet analyseras utifrån två övergripande frågeställningar: Hur representerades den svenska arbetarrörelsen av den tidiga filmens producenter i Sverige, avseende de analytiska kategorierna mis-en-scéne, montage och narrativ? Hur kan vi genom dessa representationer förstå den tidiga Svenska filmens roll i de processer av social och politisk förändring som präglade landet vid början av 1900-talet? Då den första frågeställningen avser förklara hur arbetarrörelsen framställdes, exempelvis på långt eller nära avstånd, eller som del i en större berättelse, avser den andra undersöka framställningarnas betydelse i den historiska kontexten.

ABSTRACT. Historical research has interpreted state-building as a process directed from above. The early modern state of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries was built through orders and rules that controlled local societies and territories. Some historians have, however, interpreted state development as an interactive process. In some cases, the Crown had to negotiate with its subjects the terms of new rules or demands of the state. Sometimes the administration introduced had to be adapted to traditional local institutions.

However, this process can be looked at from the reverse angle – from below. One can ask, what was the role of the peasantry in this state-building process? Did they just obey new orders or did they try to influence the process? Did these attempts have any effect? If the Crown bargained with the peasantry, who were those in a local society who had some influence in these negotiations? The adaptation of the Crown’s institutions to local traditions can be interpreted as influence on the state-building process.

Local officials representing the state and the Church’s parish clergy had important roles in implementing the Crown’s new demands. On the other hand, they were a part of local societies and therefore they could take into account the opinions of locals. They became mediators between the local societies and the central authorities.

This round table discussion will look at the state-building process from below, from the side of the peasantry, peasant elites, local societies and local officials and parish priests from the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century.

ABSTRACT. The Nordic welfare states are traditionally seen as being some of the most tolerant and inclusive societies in the world. In welfare scholarship, the Nordic welfare model has been labelled ‘universal’. However, this image of ‘all inclusive’ has been challenged both from a historical and a contemporary perspective. Most recent developments, not the least related to mass immigration and the refugee crisis, has underlined the limits of universalism. Nordic countries have tightened access for non-national citizens, immigration policies are becoming tougher, and political discourses have changed significantly. As a result the international image of ‘universal’ Norden has started to change leaving behind the impression of Nordic universalism being reformed. But also historians have challenged the image universalism as a key feature of the classical Nordic welfare state. They have paid attention to tensions between social citizenship and the strong roles of local self-government and labour market interests in welfare provision. They have also pointed out that processes of exclusion (or non-inclusion) were going on in the heydays of the Nordic welfare state from 1930s to the 1980s. The historical examples include the marginalization of women, eugenics and forced sterilization, and the treatment of Sami and Roma people, and immigrant groups. At this round table we’ll discuss the idea of Nordic universalism: Is Nordic universalism changing? Was the Nordic model ever universalistic? What does universalism mean? The main examples discussed will be the role of national borders and social rights and national citizenship. Organizers: Pauli Kettunen & Klaus Petersen Participants: Saara Pellander, University of Helsinki: Policies of bordering in Finland Heidi Vad Jønsson, SDU: Danish immigration policies Urban Lundberg, Stockholm University: 200 years of individual rights in Sweden Teemu Ryymin, University of Bergen: Old and new ethnic minorities in the Nordic welfare state Klaus Petersen & Pauli Kettunen: Comments and perspectives

ABSTRACT. Nettsteder har blitt en vanlig type læremiddel i skolens historieunderundervisning. Det betyr at elevene utvikler demokratisk kompetanse med historiefaget på andre måter enn da bare lærebøkene og andre skriftlige tekster dominerte som læremidler. Denne artikkelen presenterer en undersøkelse av NDLA (Nasjonal digital læringsarena) sine historieressurser. NDLA er det mest brukte digitale læremiddelet i norsk videregående skole, og har erstattet læreboken helt eller delvis på flere skoler. Problemstillingen er hvilke endringer som skjer i utviklingen av demokratisk kompetanse når historieundervisningen går fra lærebok til et utdanningsrettet historienettsted og hva dette har å si for lærere og elever (og lærebøker). Undersøkelsen diskuterer drivkrefter og kritiske punkter i utviklingen av demokratisk kompetanse på nettstedet ved å utføre en pentadetolkning (forholdet mellom aktør, handling, virkemiddel, scene og hensikt). Det teoretiske grunnlaget er Kenneth Burkes dramatisme, som innebærer en forståelse av den menneskelige livsverden som et drama i endring, slik det kommer til utrykk som symbolhandlinger (språk med hensikt). Undersøkelsen skal diskutere når et utdanningsrettet nettsted kan være best for læring og når læreboken er best, og hvilket potensial som ligger i å supplere bok og skjerm. Formålet med studien er å bidra til en mer nyansert forståelse av historienettstedets historiedidaktikk og av begrep som kan forklare den. Slik vil forskningsprosjektets resultatet kunne bidra til å videreutvikle historieundervisning for det digitale demokratiet.

ABSTRACT. Luther not only changed the perception of the relation between the church and the state through his teaching on the two regimes. He also developed a social teaching through the doctrine of the three estates. According to this the social order in the secular regime was maintained through relationships between rulers and subordinates within the three estates: the civil government, the church and the household. All community members were member of all three estates and their positions within them – as ruler or subordinate – defined their duties and shaped their social identity. In all three estates the relation between rulers and subordinates was founded in the fourth commandment "Thou shalt honor thy father and thy mother" and Luther's interpretation of what obligations it entailed. In this session we will focus on the household and explore possible ways in which the ideology of Luther influenced the early modern society through legislation and through acceptance and use of the Lutheran ideas by people in different positions. At the same time, we will address the confessional, social and cultural differences between the different Nordic countries and discuss to what extent the expressions and the impact of the household ideals and practices varied in the Danish-Norwegian and the Swedish-Finnish realms.

ABSTRACT. social welfare from church to state caused major societal changes after the reformation. Sigrund Kahl has argued for the connection between confession and type of welfare system in Europe, between perceptions of work, poverty and responsibility within each of the three large European confessions and the way in which regional welfare systems have developed into the 20th century. In the medieval Catholic Church work was a sign of poverty, of the need to work. Voluntary poverty, as practiced by mendicant orders, was praised as living in the manner of Christ. The poor and sick was the responsibility of the church regardless of the root cause of their poverty. Poor relief was a way of being charitable, and of buying indulgence. Luther undermined this whole system through his rejection of indulgence and the notion of good works. Furthermore he emphasised the duty to work as a way to fulfil the will of God, and despised voluntary poverty as a sign of indolence and ungodliness. Instead social responsibility was built into the social relations of the household and state. The care of the poor and sick became the responsibility of the King as a father for his people, and in daily life of the father of the household. Through three case studies this session will discuss the consequence of the reformations for the development of different welfare systems within the early Nordic welfare system, focusing on Denmark, Sweden and Finland in the 19th century. At the same time the long lines from the reformations to the 19th century will be drawn as well as a comparative perspective on catholic welfare in Ireland.

ABSTRACT. Turistdestinationer har å ena sidan karakteriserats som modernitetens laboratorier (Orvar Löfgren, On Holiday, 1999), där man experimenterade med nya, moderna sociala praktiker och mentaliteter. Å andra sidan utsatts de också för den romantiska turistiska blicken (John Urry, The Tourist Gaze, 1990) som ville hitta orörd natur, pittoreska byggnader och traditionellt handverk. Denna spänning mellan tradition och modernitet gäller även havsbad, som är en typisk turistdestination. Panelen vill undersöka i vilken mån drag av traditionalitet respektive modernitet var konstituerande för nordiska och baltiska havsbad på 1800- och 1900-talen. Detta undersöker panelens papers genom att ta upp olika områden och perspektiv. Många (fast inte alla) havsbad var gamla fiskebyar, där befolkningen så småningom övergick från fiskeriet till turism. Hur denna övergång skedde och huruvida den kan beskrivas som moderniseringsprocess är intressant att undersöka. En annan viktig fråga är om man kan beskriva möten mellan invånare och gästgivare å ena sidan och turister och sommargäster å andra sidan som möten mellan tradition och modernitet. Kanske fanns det vissa grupper turister som var mer traditionella än andra, sådana som höll fast vid traditionella värderingar, men samtidigt ville ha tillgång till modern komfort och faciliteter? Förhållandet mellan tradition och modernitet är komplext även angående havsbadens marknadsföring och -strategier. Torkande fiskenät och fiskarbåtar vid stranden samt traditionella dräkter var pittoreska element som utnyttjades av havsbaden för sin marknadsföring med reklamaffischer och vykort. Samtidigt ville de erbjuda turisterna (och marknadsförde) moderna faciliteter och underhållning som inte passade in i den pittoreska bilden av en traditionell fiskeby. Stämmer det faktiskt att havsbad var laboratorier för moderniteten? Vilka moderna mentaliteter och praktiker inövades där, och av vem? Dessa, i turismhistorien omdiskuterade frågor vill panelen belysa. Inte sist ska på panelen likheter och skillnader mellan havsbad från olika länder och regioner bli tydliga och diskuteras.

ABSTRACT. Olonec är en region mellan Onega och Ladoga sjön men också en region bebodd av östersjöfinnar fron stenålder och rik av vikingatida fynder och paleoekologiska evidens av en tidig odling. Den ryska staten (Moskva) började att organisera en administration där emellertid bara i slutet av 1400-talet med en klosterkolonisation och en riktig kristianisering intensifierades först efter slutet av 1500-talet. Det första sekulära administration grundades i Olonec i 1646 som ett ansvar mot det svenska Sortavala.

Det alt menade en ryssisk och orthodox penetration intill ett östersjöfinskt hedniskt samhälle. Å andra sidan har den svenska statsbildningen hänt i den västra Karelien. Lokala människor hade haft sina kontakter sinsemellan och därför en rysk-svensk konfrontation har spelat ingen roll utan kulturella och sociala inflyterser har gått fritt mellan populationer.

Min projekt (finansierad av finska akademin) förklarar den europeaniserings- och statsbildningsprosedur i Olonec fron ca 1500 till ca 1750. Den ryska staatsbildningen är interessant i den europeiska kontext därför, att det moskovitiska riket var mer heterogen än dåfortida västeuropeiska riken. Man kann bara tänka, att Moskva var också mångreligiös: inte bara kristen men också stark islamitisk. Därför Matthiew Romaniello kallar Moskva „the elusive empire“. I Olonec kan man förklara en transformation av det traditionella hedniska samhället, kontakter till Sverige och hur den moskovitiska inflytensen inverkade till prosessen.

Jag har samlat en grupp av min forskareteam, som kan föklara den här prosessen som en spegelbild till Kimmo Katajala’s round table. Vår idea är att visa hur Olonec blev inkluderat till det rysska riket men också att hur det har mycket gemensamt med de prosesser, som häde i Finland (Sverige).

Jukka Korpela: "The Karelian Transformation"; Irina and Oleg Chernyakov: "The Fates of Karelian Refugees in Olonec Karelia"; Tatjana Leontieva and Anna Polevaja: "Karelian Settlers in Searchs of New Habitats in Bezheck Hills"; Maria Proskurjakova: "The Mechanism of Peasants Elders’ Electing in Karelian Village"

ABSTRACT. In 2013, Dagens Nyheter, presented its main front-page story “The police register thousands of Roma” revealed the existence of a computerized database stored on a server belonging to the police of Scania. This news, understandably, led to horrified reactions by press and civil society. But how foreign is such registration to Scandinavia? How historically well-insulated have, indeed, Scandinavian and Baltic countries have been to anti-Romani experts? What happened with Romani minorities during WWII?

Since the mid-1930s, the Nazi regime concerned itself with the systematic registration and identification of Roma. At its 1935 Copenhagen Conference, Interpol’s participating states backed the initiative proposed by representatives of the SS-dominated German police force regarding the creation of an international registry of Roma. Many Roma at that time were nomadic and ID-less. On 25 September 1942, the government of Sweden ordered personal registration of Roma and Travellers. The purpose of the registration was to solve “a problem” by mapping both these groups. Since 1940, two Danish physicians Erik D. Bartels and Gudrun Brun, conducted the statistical, sociological and race biological investigations of Danish Roma at the Institute of Human Genetic. After the 1942 deportation of Norwegian Jews to Germany Quisling’s government started to discuss “the solving of Gypsy problem” in Norway. Summer 1943 Police Minister Jonas Lie proposed to Quisling the establishment of special working camps and mass sterilization of Roma.

The paper is presented the first results of the study that supported by the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Sweden) and Södertörn University as a part of the project “Police, Experts and Race: Handling the ‘Gypsy Plague’ in Denmark, Sweden and Latvia, 1930-45”. The focus of this paper is on the transnational context of registration of Roma undertaken during WWII in Scandinavian and Baltic countries.

ABSTRACT. Across disciplines, academic scholarship emphasizes the Age of Reformation for its pivotal role in transforming European medieval society. Following the pioneering work of Max Weber, a major area of scholarly interest has been on the role of the Reformation as a steppingstone towards modernity, capitalism and the formation of the secularized state. Charles Taylor, for example, considers the Reformed tradition to be decisive for the process of secularization and William Cavanaugh hails Martin Luther for anticipating modern (capitalist) social imagination. This tradition interprets Luther’s break with the Catholic theology of the sacraments as an accentuation of the relationship and commitment of the individual believer to God and as a devaluation of the connection between sacrament and sociality. However, a growing body of literature is starting to question this opposition between sacramentality and sociality. In this paper, I argue that Luther’s theology of sacrament, particularly his understanding of the Eucharist, in fact embodies a so-called sacramental realism meaning a sanctification of everyday life. In doing so, I will discuss the historical implications of considering Lutheran theology from the perspective the community and everyday life. Indeed, we might consider, why did European princes prove so quick to accept the Lutheran reforms? Was this purely a matter of high politics and securing political authority or did Lutheran theology help stabilize and advance a social cohesion? What historical understanding of sociality can we draw from the Lutheran Eucharist and conception of community of believers? What influences has this sociality had on the development of Nordic societies?

ABSTRACT. Following the medical developments of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, physical and mental impairments have been largely medicalised and institutionalised. For a long time, they were seen as problems of the individual and the society, which has resulted in the need to heal, rehabilitate, and normalize – or, reform – persons with disabilities. However, such strong medical framework and discourse did not yet exist in the medieval or early modern periods. Our intention is to ask if and how the idea of 'reforming' deviant bodies and minds is visible in the sources of the time. The treatment, care and healing practices were influenced by ambivalent understandings of the interconnections between the mind and the body and the aetiology of disabilities and illnesses, in which religion played a strong yet varying role. The papers presented in this session discuss the topic of ‘reformation’ from disabled to healthy in the context of late medieval and early modern Europe. In particular, we explore the question of a need to heal or ‘normalize’ people with physical and mental impairments from the communal point of view. What kinds of conditions were thought to require healing and what kinds of practices were involved in transforming the disabled, sick and wounded into ‘health’? Were the possible attempts at reformation of disabled persons imposed by the community or initiated by the impaired persons themselves? What kind of a role did work, economy, and religious ideas play?

ABSTRACT. This paper explores previously uncharted territory of Soviet Cultural Diplomacy in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. By examining the visits of four Scandinavian journalists and writers (the Danes Alfred Paulsen and Martin Andersen Nexø, the Norwegian Erling Bühring-Dehli and the Swede Ingvar Larsson) to the Soviet Union between June 1939 and March 1940, the paper argues that the political purges or ‘Great Terror’ of 1936–1938 had not undermined the status of cultural diplomacy in advancing Soviet interests as seriously as is generally assessed.

The visits were overseen by the All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad (VOKS), and took place in the relatively short but dramatic period that included negotiations of the German–Soviet non-aggression treaty, the occupation of Poland, the suppression of the independence of the Baltic states and the Soviet–Finnish Winter War. Since by 1939 similar VOKS operations had become a rarity when compared with the years before the purges, a comprehensive analysis of the background, events and consequences of these particular visits offers unique insight into Soviet diplomatic and cultural strategies and objectives around Scandinavia. The archival records of the visits, together with the visitors’ correspondence and writings, illuminate the intermediary role of VOKS as a guardian of Moscow’s interests: on the eve of northern Europe being engulfed in war, VOKS worked both to spin aggressive Soviet policies in the Baltic states and Finland as stabilizing influence and to gather accurate information on how Moscow’s actions were viewed in the then-neutral Scandinavian countries.

ABSTRACT. During the more than 250 years that this session covers, the relationship between the Sami and the states in Norway, Sweden and Finland have undergone several major reforms. Most reforms have had an effect only on the Sami-state relationship in one state, some have had cross-border effects as well. The period, which starts with the border treaty of 1751 which produced the Lapp Codicill, have seen new borders being drawn, border closures for reindeer husbandry, forced relocations, and policies aimed at both assimilating and segregating the Sami. Some reforms have had a negative impact on the Sami and their rights, while others have been regarded as more positive in their effect. This session aim to discuss the development of the Sami-state relationship in the three Nordic states, shedding new light on these processes as well as focus on the Sami as actors of change in these developments. Have the reforms interpreted as positive really had that effect, or have they been a preservation of status quo in new form, what could be described as a re-formation of existing Sami-state relationships? And have some of the more negative reforms had positive impacts?

ABSTRACT. When the temperance movement started to campaing for the prohibition of alcoholic drinks in the nineteenth-century Finland, they started to look for historic evidence on Finns’ inability to drink in a civilized, European manner. The concept of ‘the Finnish way of drinking’ (suomalainen viinapää) was constructed in academic research and the temperance movement. According to this at the time popular theory, Finns don’t need as much alcohol as others to become drunk and once intoxicated, they become aggressive and violent. Evidence of this was found especially in the seventeenth-century court records, where temperance-minded historians found cases against priests and lay members of court who tried to take care of their job while heavily intoxicated. The numerous cases in which drinking had led to violence were seen as a warning example. The Prohibition Law was in effect from 1919 to 1932, but the conception of Finns as a nation that consumes and has always consumed alcohol differently than others – in the wrong way – still prevails in Finnish popular culture and academic writing. This paper challenges and deconstructs these ideas by contextualizing the seventeenth-century court cases where the (mis)use of alcoholic beverages was discussed. By putting these court cases in international, historical and legal context this paper gives new insights into the history and historiography of drinking cultures in Finland.

ABSTRACT. Nordic models and exceptionalism are regularly described and explained by reference to political factors (e.g., social movements, trade unions, proactive bureaucrats, Nordic cooperation) and historical and cultural factors (e.g., shared past, values, traditions, boarders, language). As such research moves into a normative register, these perspectives are often blended into a form of essentialism that reifies Nordic uniqueness.

Yet, the idea and image of the Nordics can be studied also as a branding phenomenon. A typical sign of branding is the strategic selection of features to be foregrounded, and that it has a purchase in a marketplace or audience – e.g., commerce, politics, or culture. At the same time, foreign actors (e.g., social movements, political parties and academics in the West) have helped shaping the discourse of the Nordics over the past century – with brands being constantly reformulated as the original ‘constructor’ loses full control. Thus, the Nordic image is arguably both formulated abroad, by foreigners, and at home, by domestic agents and actors.

Having this in mind, the proposed session for the Nordic Historical Meeting in 2017 discusses ideas and images of Nordicity through the leans of nation/regional branding with a point of departure in empirical historical research. We ask how, when, by whom, and where, Nordic images have emerged as brands (or not), and how these brands have been used and changed over time, in alliance or competition with national and/or foreign images.

ABSTRACT. Forskerfellesskapet «Lars Levi Laestadius Online» er et prosjekt innen digital humaniora som samler forskere fra Norge, Sverige, Finland og Russland. Prosjektet er flervitenskapelig og har til hensikt å forske på, synliggjøre og tilrettelegge digitalt for forskning på Læstadius og hans mange vitenskapelige tilnærminger til livet i det nordlige Norden, i tillegg til å fokusere på hans virksomhet som vekkelsespredikant. Sesjonene søker å vise Læstadius’ påvirkning gjennom historien, og er frittstående i forhold til hverandre. Hensikten med første sesjonen er å løfte frem noen av fagene som Læstadius skrev avhandling i og i den andre sesjonen ønsker vi å vise til den religiøse påvirkningen han har hatt på sine etterfølgere. Sesjon #1 vil ledes av Roald E. Kristiansen.

Sesjon #1: - Førsteamanuensis Rolf Inge Larsen: Læstadius og «de hundre talenters forbandelse» - Stipendiat Kosti Joensuu: Vitalist psychology and philosophy of religion in Laestadius’ thought - Universitetslektor Andy Sortland: Mellom Ararat og Tsjatja – botanikeren Lars Levi Læstadius

ABSTRACT. Tematikken for sesjonen er nasjonenes forhold til etniske minoriteter og bruken av skolevesenet i nasjonsbyggingsprosjektet. Skolevesenet i alle de nordiske land har i utstrakt grad vært forventede deltakere i nasjonsbygging og -konsolidering. I Finland, Sverige og Norge har dette hatt konsekvenser for skolens arbeid med etniske minoriteter og da særlig samene. Skolevesenet i de respektive land har gjennomgått en reformasjon fra 1600-tallets underforståtte kristningsprosjekt til dagens demokratiske identitetsbygging. Likevel har samene og det samiske hele tiden vært en egenartet målgruppe for arbeidet, med et ekstra sterkt fokus på integrasjon i nasjonsfellesskapet.

Sesjonen har til formål å vise eksempler fra skolehistorien til alle tre nevnte land og drøfte hvorledes møtet mellom skolevesenet og minoritetene har artet seg. Bidragene henter eksempler fra ulike perioder, alt fra 1600-tallets Sverige til dagens norske læreplaner, med et kvensk casestudium fra Vadsø på 1880-tallet og finske utviklingslinjer på 1900-tallet. Sesjonen som helhet vil gi et komparativt bilde av forholdene i nord og således belyse utviklingstrekk i synet på etniske minoriteter. Bidragene drøfter også hvilke mottrekk som har vært gjort i de ulike landene for å dempe nasjonsbyggingstrykket. Bidragsyterne har alle arbeidet med skole og etnisitet i sine hjemland.

ABSTRACT. En av de mer genomgripande reformerna inom ramen för framväxten av det moderna samhället i stora delar av västvärlden var etableringen av ett folkförankrat försvar genom införandet av värnpliktstjänstgöring. Så skedde också i de nordiska länderna, om än vid olika tidpunkter. Värnplikten som personalförsörjningssystem har på inget sätt varit fri från målkonflikter. Exempelvis kom folkförankring och försvarsvilja att ställas mot militär professionalism samtidigt som plikten på sina håll kopplades till politiskt inflytande. I vissa sammanhang sågs värnplikten också som ett sätt för det civila samhället att behålla kontrollen över de väpnade styrkorna.

Ett länge förbisett faktum i forskningen om värnplikten har varit dess genusteoretiska implikationer. Under lång tid sågs värnplikt för ett lands manliga befolkning som synonym med en allmän värnplikt. På senare år har detta synsätt emellertid förändrats. Frågan om värnplikt för såväl kvinnor som män har aktualiserats i den politiska debatten, men också spörsmål om hur ”allmän” denna plikt bör vara.

Denna session syftar till att problematisera den beskrivna utvecklingen genom ett rundabordssamtal rörande olika aspekter av värnpliktstjänstgöring ur ett genusperspektiv. Inläggen spänner från värnpliktens roll i det tidiga 1900-talets rösträttsdebatt till mer samtidshistoriska studier av kvinnlig värnplikt. Särskild vikt kommer att läggas vid komparation mellan olika nordiska länder, spänningen mellan militär och civil kultur, förändringar i samhällets syn på manligt och kvinnligt samt förändringar i medborgarens förhållande till staten. Sessionen leds av Esbjörn Larsson (Uppsala universitet) och har presentatörer från Norge genom Ulla-Britt Lilleaas (Universitetet i Oslo) och Dag Ellingsen (Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus), Sverige genom Fia Sundevall (Stockholms universitet och Arbetarrörelsens arkiv och bibliotek) och Fredrik Thisner (Försvarshögskolan) samt Finland genom Anders Ahlbäck (Åbo Akademi).

ABSTRACT. In this lecture the focus will be on the influence that reforming of public education in Iceland and increase in publication of newspapers and journals, in the years around the year 1880, had on public debate in Iceland in 1880-1900. In that aspect I am emphasising the possibilities that common people had to make their voices heard, what effect it had, what topics they raised and how the debate affected local communities. The main question of the lecture will be: Is there a clear connection between reformation of education and more widespread publication and increased participation of the general public in associations and in public debate in this period?

This lecture is related to my doctoral-research. The main aim of it is to analyse how the ‘general public’ in Iceland acted and reacted to social changes in Iceland in the years 1880-1920, focusing on what can be called democratic practices, and how these practices impacted Iceland’s social and political development. The study focuses on what notions ‘the common Icelander’ had towards democratic debate and how s/he participated and expressed views, on the origins of these ideas and how (or if) views from the grassroots influenced governmental actions.

With the foundation of various associations in Iceland, in the last quarter of the 19th century, general democratic participation increased in Iceland. This was especially the case among people who had limited democratic rights, such as eligibility in parliamentary elections and the right to vote. By focusing on ‘the general public’ – the broad section of the population who had limited access to political power because of their social status, gender, or age – my intention is to broaden our vision of the social and political transformation in Iceland in the late 19th century.

ABSTRACT. Reformation in the Nordic area was put into effect through royal initiatives in Sweden and Denmark, whereas in Livonia the towns played a leading role in promoting the religious change. The following processes of reforming the liturgy and religious life were lengthy and complicated, and it took more than decades for the new forms to be firmly established. How did this show in the lived religion of the populace? How did they adapt their personal religious lives to the Lutheran doctrine? Through four different points of view, this session will focus on lived religion and folk beliefs in the Reformation period and pose the question: how did the religious practices and beliefs of the people respond to the new ideology promoted by the clerical and secular institutions? The session concentrates on themes of religious practices, Saints, death, as well as popular religion, putting the uniformity of Lutheran orthodoxy under critical scrutiny. Examining the purification of religious practices, rituals, and ceremonies in Finland reveals that it was a two-way process, in which also some seemingly pagan folk practices, like the vernacular oral poetry, were adapted into Lutheran use. The Eastern Baltic will be brought into discussion by examining the anxieties related to popular religion in the socially stratified, multi-lingual and multi-ethnic border areas. Regarding a believer’s relationship to afterlife, some central elements in the Catholic times had been the cults of Saints and the ars moriendi. They had political dimensions that were found useful even in the newly reformed societies. An account of a worthy death was a political asset that could be utilised by those left behind in power struggles. In the same way, the Saints were still useful as role models for Christians, even though their role in the salvation of believers was abolished.

ABSTRACT. Since the turn of the twenty-first century there is a renewed interest in researching the individual, a development which is commonly defined as the biographical turn. Historical biography is an old practice, going back to antiquity and the reformation, with a strong but often debated relationship with history as an academic discipline. As a result of the “turn”, biography is no longer under-theorized, nor marginalized within historiography. Biography can be seen as the meeting point for many of the questions posed by historians today. One of these is gender, and gender can be seen as one of the salient factors in the “reformation” of biography. The round table discusses how women’s and gender history has influenced biographical writing and research particularly in the Nordic countries by paying attention to e.g. how the relationship between private and public is problematized and how the concept of relationality is discussed in current scholarship. There are, however, still challenges and imbalance in terms of women’s visibility both within academic and more popular biographical writing: women are still in the minority as protagonists. On the other hand, from a gender perspective men continue to be unproblematized main characters of most biographies. The roundtable also seeks to develop strategies to meet these biases.

This roundtable is based on a joint Nordic book project “Biography, Gender, and History: Nordic Perspectives” which will be published by the series of cultural history (University of Turku) in December 2016 as well as the on-going project “Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon” led by professor Maria Sjöberg at the University of Gothenburg.

ABSTRACT. 100 bøger om historiske tematikker på syv år. Det går Aarhus Universitetsforlag i gang med at udgive i september 2017. Forskere på danske universiteter og museer skal fortælle danmarkshistorier på en anderledes og engagerende måde. Omdrejningspunktet er de 100 bøger på hver 100 sider, men projektet formidles også på en lang række andre platforme – foredrag, avis, museer, internettet og app – og til mange målgrupper, som fx grundskolen og ungdomsuddannelserne.

Ideen om at fortælle den nationale historie – med udsyn til resten af verden og det globale – gennem 100 begivenheder og tematikker, deres konsekvenser og perspektiver samt historiebrug. Hver bog tager udgangspunkt i en relativt skelsættende begivenhed og et år, men der trækkes tråde langt tilbage og frem, så læserne får blotlagt forskellige årsager og eftervirkninger. Denne måde at skrive danmarkshistorie på sættes til debat. Både generelt og i forhold til konkrete titler. Desuden drøftes valget af begivenheder og tematikker. Risikerer man ved denne på sin vis kanonagtige tilgang en overvægt af politisk historie på bekostning af fx kulturhistorie og socialhistorie?

På sessionen diskuterer tidligere chefredaktør på Politiken, Bo Lidegaard, med adjunkt Heidi Vad Jønsson fra Syddansk Universitet, professor Ulrik Langen fra Københavns Universitet og lektor Torben K. Nielsen fra Aalborg Universitet. De skal alle bidrage til serien og vil inddrage deres egne bogprojekter i diskussionen.

ABSTRACT. The second half of the twentieth century is characterized by rapid economic, structural, and social change, and the growth of the welfare in the Nordic countries. Social rights were gained by different segments of society and the concept of social citizenship was extended to include different groups and areas of life. This was not only the work of the welfare state, but equally so a result of the efforts of different citizen movements that fought for the rights of marginalized groups. Often transnational in its character, citizen activism did not only lead to improved conditions for the groups in focus, activists also worked towards changing the mentality surrounding people previously seen as mentally, physically, or racially inferior. Thereby, the language used to describe different social groups changed and new concepts were used to empower the groups at hand as well as tools to reach political goals.

In this session researchers from three Nordic universities analyze citizen activism among immigrant and disabled groups in Finland and Sweden during the second half of the twentieth century. The session examines the goals, the channels of activism as well as the networks of leading activists. Although focusing on specific activist groups, the papers highlight the transnational character of citizen activism and the transnational networks of different citizen movements. The papers also study conceptual and discursive change and how activists challenged the language used in connection with immigrant and disabled minorities.

ABSTRACT. History departments throughout the world are facing unprecedented challenges, as they seek to respond to changes in student bodies, the economics of higher education, governmental policies, and society itself. While the situations of historians in different countries vary in many ways, there is much to be gained by instituting a transnational dialogue about these changes and possible responses to them. It is the goal of this session to provide the occasion for such a discussion.

Researchers from Finland and Sweden will present papers about the challenges currently facing those teaching college history in their countries. They will consider such issues as students' conceptions of history, critical thinking during supervision of undergraduate history theses, and changing forms of supervision in the training of Ph.D. students.

The issues raised in these presentations will serve as the basis for a structured discussion, in which attendees compare the problems, assets, and strategies of college history instructors.

ABSTRACT. As the 1950s approached America presented itself as the key cultural power of the twentieth century – as the model of modernity. In the case of tourism it was the car-centered American way of life, above all, that represented U.S. to Scandinavians. The car embodied key elements of the American model of modernity – independence and mobility, freedom and ownership, comfort and pleasure – and commentators claimed enthusiastically that the “nature of the car” would revolutionize tourism. In the Scandinavian countries this interest in the American way of life coincided with the transition from a bourgeois mode of tourism to a mass-scale mode. Two structural changes helped to catalyze this transition: the democratization of leisure time and motorization. Leaving work – and leaving home – for a couple of summer weeks, and increasingly so by car, became a reality for the broader strata of society.

The three papers contributing to this proposed session examine the mutual shaping of tourism and automobility in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, respectively. They identify automobile associations, tourist associations, hotel associations, cooperative travel and holiday organizations, trade unions and their like as key actors in the making of Scandinavian autotourism. Although America and its representations provided the framework in which these protagonists interpreted and debated modernity, the papers demonstrate that the Scandinavian countries modernized along other paths.

Session organizer: Per Lundin, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg Contributors: Per Lundin, ‘Confronting class: the American motel in early post-war Sweden’ Per Østby, ‘Car mobility and camping tourism in Norway, 1950–1970’, NTNU, Trondheim Michael F. Wagner, ‘The rise of autotourism in Danish leisure, 1910–1970’, Aalborg University Discussant: Adri A. Albert de la Bruhèze, University of Twente.

ABSTRACT. What has traditionally been called a process of secularization of the spiritual law of the church must thus also be viewed as a process of spiritualization of the secular law of the state.

Denne session tager udgangspunkt i Harold Bermans tese om Reformationens konsekvenser for den verdslige lovgivning og stiller spørgsmålet: ”Hvilke – om nogen – konsekvenser havde Reformationen for dansk lovgivning?”. Nærmere bestemt vil den søge at besvare, hvordan overgangen fra katolicismen til protestantismen påvirkede hvordan, hvad og med hvilket formål, den verdslige magt regulerede det danske samfund. Problemstillingen vil bidrage til en nuanceret forståelse af Reformationens konsekvenser på områder, der rækker ud over de traditionelle kirkepolitiske aspekter. Sessionen vil befinde sig i det tværfaglige felt mellem kultur- og retshistorie og vil med en kombination af disse discipliner undersøge kulturelle strømningers indflydelse på normative tekster i perioden fra 1522-1683. Dette vil blive undersøgt ved tre nedslag i hhv. tiden lige inden den officielle Reformation i 1536, perioden mellem Reformationen og Danske Lov og sluttelig en fremstilling af Reformationens indflydelse på netop Danske Lov. Alle tre bidrag vil være delresultater af ph.d. afhandlinger, der forventes indleveret til forsvar i ultimo 2016/primo 2017, og vil således alle være helt nye bidrag til det etablerede forskningsfelt.

ABSTRACT. In line with a deeper liberal tradition, British contemporary social and cultural historians turned attention to ‘history from below' in the 1970s. Historians and museum curators in the US, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and recently also South Africa followed suit with 'public history'. Their works have mostly focused on working class and gender, the welfare state, and local histories of slavery and the anti-slavery struggle.

Following the broader 'memory boom', contemporary historians also gradually began to take an interest in society's memory. This shift appears to have partly preceded and partly opened for the recognition that people use the past to navigate the present and plan for the future. Today, historians globally examine how people and societies have made national pasts with the emergence of the nation state and decolonisation, abused history as part of building up to genocides, and used history commercially.

Recently, more contemporary historians around the world have gotten socially involved due to the ‘memory turn’, the growing acceptance of the past being experienced in multiple temporalities, and how historical wounds and historically informed conflicts have (re-)surfaced after the Cold War, taking part in historical dialogues, discussing reconciliation and historical justice after civil wars, genocide, and military regimes etc.

Altogether, it would seem fair to say that the interest of contemporary historians in both social relevance and public engagement has increased. It is this vibrant global reformation of the mindset of the contemporary historian we wish to connect to.

However,shifting from the academic historian on their own, we seek to broaden the scope. History permeates society, and needs to be discussed as such. Subsequently, we interrogate how we can actively discuss and/or promote public engagement in the context of secondary school history education, university degree programmes in history, in the archives and the museums.

ABSTRACT. Historielärare kommenterar ibland enskilda uppgifter i studentexamens historiaprov genom att säga att de är ’gossefrågor’ eller ’tjejfrågor’, det vill säga de besvaras mer av manliga än kvinnliga deltagare i provet eller tvärtom. Tidigare studier tyder på att det finns skillnader i vilka områden som intresserar pojkar och flickor i historiaämnet. Det är således möjligt att de ovannämnda historielärare har rätt. I mitt papper vill jag undersöka om statistiken från studentexamen kan bekräfta att manliga och kvinnliga studeranden har olika preferenser i vilka uppgifter de besvarar i prov. Det statistiska materialet från studentexamen ger bra möjligheter för kvantitativa analyser som dock inte ännu har uttnyttjats i undersökningar om studerandens kunskaper, färdigheter och attityder i historiaämnet. I det hänseende kan pappret uppfattas också som ett bidrag i metoddiskussion.

Materialet i analysen är från historiaproven 2007¬–2014. I materialet kan vi kalkylera för varje uppgift hur många procent av manliga respektive kvinnliga deltagare i prov har besvarat uppgiften. Det finns ingen entydig gräns för hur stor skillnaden mellan dessa två procenttal ska vara för att uppfattas som signifikant. Jag fokuserar på den tredjedelen av uppgifterna där skillnaden är störst och redogör för mönster som kan upptäckas i studerandens preferenser och hur de kunde förklaras. Undersökningens tema anknyter till frågorna om hurdant förhållande ungdomarna har till historia som ett ämne och om historieundervisningen förstärker konventionella mönster i manliga och kvinnliga studerandens delvis olika intressen i samhällsfrågor och medborgerliga färdigheter.

ABSTRACT. Efterkrigstidens svenska religionsblinda historieskrivning är numera ett minne blott. Lagom till 500-årsjubileet av händelserna i Wittenberg har Luther kommit till heders när framväxten av det moderna Sverige skall beskrivas. Under teoretiska paraplybegrepp som ”sekulariserad lutherdom” och ”samhällsteologi” framställs här den gamle kyrkoreformatorn som källa till individualism och personligt självförverkligande (Berggren & Trägård 2015; Claesson 2016). Den i nordisk jämförelse medlemsstarka anglosaxiskt influerade väckelsekristendomen presenteras istället som en alternativ modernitet drabbad av inre sekularisering (Halldorf 2015).

Sådana resonemang är förföriskt eleganta, men samtidigt förvirrande eftersom de otydliggör gränserna mellan kristen aktivism och kristendomsfientligt idégods i 1900-talets pluralistiska samhälle. I min presentation kommer jag för det första att diskutera aktuell forskning, och för det andra plädera för en evidensbaserad forskningsmodell med syfte att analysera de kristna samfundens omfattande verksamhet i det civila samhället. Ett tydligt exempel är den religiösa söndagsskolan, som i Sverige liksom i övriga Norden var i stark tillväxt under första halvan av 1900-talet. 1950 gick drygt 40 procent av alla svenska barn mellan 4 och 14 år i söndagsskola (Sidebäck 1992). Förutsättningarna för och effekterna av denna verksamhet avseende bland annat genus, klass och etnicitet är ännu otillräckligt utforskade.

Referenser: Henrik Berggren & Lars Trägårdh, Är svensken människa? Gemenskap och oberoende i det moderna Sverige, andra upplagan, Stockholm 2015, kap 13. Urban Claesson, ”Drömmen om en ny människa”, i Urban Claesson & Dick Åhman (red), Kulturell reproduktion i skola och nation: en vänbok till Lars Pettersson, Möklinta 2016, s 351-360. Joel Halldorf, ”Evangelicals, Practices, and the Univocity of Being”, i Joel Halldorf & Fredrik Wenell (eds), Between the State and Eucharist: Free Church Teology in Conversation with William T Cavanaugh, Eugene 2015, s 68-81. Göran Sidebäck, Kampen om barnets själ: barn- och ungdomsorganisationer för fostran och normbildning 1850–1980, Stockholm 1992, s 34.

ABSTRACT. Redressing and compensating the past is not only an urgent moral issue but also a relevant scholarly topic dealing with epistemological issues and uses of history. This session addresses recent attempts to reform the relationship between past and present, now and then, by analyzing different redress processes, public inquiries and rehabilitation policies in the Nordic countries. The issue at stake is the responsibility taken by current governments for the past abusive practices. One clear example of the problematic nature of state responsibility is provided by Antti Malinen who investigates in his paper how, and to which extent, Finnish foster care failings were framed as a matter of public concern during the years 1937–1983, a period of the first child welfare act. Inquiries on historical institutional child abuse have been carried out in all the Nordic countries, but the outcomes differ. Johanna Sköld and Bengt Sandin ask what happens to justice when ‘severe abuse’ is defined in redress processes and how the state takes responsibility for the past policies in Sweden. Jesper Vaczy Kragh presents results from Danish government-commissioned research on historical institutional abuse of both children and adults, and seeks explanations for the Danish government’s reluctance to introduce apologies or redress schemes. Pirjo Markkola and Johanna Oksanen discuss attempts to reform the relationship between past and present by presenting results of the Finnish inquiry. Finally, Astri Andresen will comment on the papers and add the Norwegian perspective in the discussion.

Chairs: Pirjo Markkola and Johanna Sköld Commentator: Professor Astri Andresen, University of Bergen PhD Antti Malinen, University of Jyväskylä: The failures of public child welfare in Finland, 1940s to 1960s. Associate Professor Johanna Sköld and Professor Bengt Sandin, Child Studies, Linköping University: Justice lost to history: the “normal” abuse of children in the Swedish financial redress process PhD Jesper Vaczy Kragh, University of Copenhagen: Reform or status quo? The Danish State, historic abuse and vulnerable groups, 1945-1980 Professor Pirjo Markkola, University of Tampere and PhD Candidate Johanna Oksanen, University of Jyväskylä: Redress under construction? Historical inquiry on child abuse and neglect in out-of-home care in Finland, 1937–1983

ABSTRACT. Den parlamentariska demokratin etablerades successivt i de nordiska länderna på 1910-talet. Under revolutionsåret 1917 ifrågasattes styrelseformen visserligen på många håll i dessa länder och ledde i Finland rent av till en revolution, som kunde styrt landets politiska kultur i annan riktning.

Så gick det dock inte och i mitten av 1930-talet hörde de fyra nordiska länderna till de få nationerna i Europa som hade lyckats hålla fast vid sina demokratiska institutioner. På motsvarande sätt kom de nordiska demokratierna och deras politiska mekanismer även under kalla kriget ha vissa gemensamma drag som skilde dem från de övriga västeuropeiska demokratierna. Och även om EU- och EEA-medlemskapet på många sätt har likriktat länderna har deras politiska kulturer särdrag som uppfattas ute i världen som specifikt nordiska.

Men finns det fog för dessa uppfattningar och föreställningar om en särskild nordisk demokrati? Bottnar den eventuellt i en egenartade politisk kultur som har skapat en för demokratin särskilt gynnsam ”path dependency”? Eller har den samhälleliga utvecklingen i Nordeuropa snarast varit en följd av ländernas geopolitiska läge och naturresurser? Vi ställer dessa frågor genom att kontrastera årtalen 1917 och 2017 mot varandra och dryftar utgående från detta sekellånga perspektiv också hur framtiden för den nordiska demokratin ter sig.

ABSTRACT. In the 19th century all the Nordic countries experienced considerable activity in removing a number of obstacles that had previously made female economic and social activity outside the family business or circle difficult. The emancipation of unmarried women from parental authority at a set age, instead of at marriage was one issue. Girls of middle class origin were also granted the right to education and at the end of the century the baccalaureate and university studies. On the other hand simultaneous legislation also increased the economic power of the husband within the marriage in the sense of increasing control over marital assets. The aim of this session is to analyse the effect of these reforms on the actual engagement of women in economic, educational and other pursuits. What information can for example census records, tax records or directories tell us about female economic engagement. Does an analysis of legal documents such as court records, wills or inventories tell a story of greater or lesser female economic emancipation. Does increased female employment outside the home, or educational pursuits, co-inside with changes in legislation or were women active, on the sly, even before the changes? Is it possible that certain groups of women benefited more than others?

ABSTRACT. Det sene 1800-tallets draktreformbevegelse søkte å bedre kvinners livskvalitet, helse og stilling i samfunnet ved å erstatte kvinners moteklær med en mer hensiktsmessig og rasjonell klesdrakt, uten korsett og høye hæler.

Gjennom 1880-og 90-tallet var kvinnerollen under debatt, og kvinner som søkte å entre nye arenaer ble ofte møtt med biologisk funderte motforestillinger. Kvinners dårlige helse ble brukt som argument mot kvinners tilgang til både utdanning og arbeidsliv. Draktreformbevegelsen søkte å bøte på dette ved å introdusere praktiske og komfortable hverdagsklær som skulle erstatte det de så på som en unaturlig og restriktiv kvinnedrakt. Bevegelsen argumenterte for at kvinnekroppen i sin natur var like sunn som mannskroppen, og mente at moten, ikke biologien, gjorde kvinners kropper sjukelige og dårlig egna til arbeid.

Klær former kroppen både fysisk og sosialt. Vil man forstå kvinnebevegelsen på 1800-tallet må man også skrive om drakt og kroppsidealer. Likevel er temaet nærmest fraværende i historiske framstillinger av det sene 1800-tallets kvinnesaksbevegelse.

Gjennom å analysere draktreformbevegelsens retorikk og argumentasjon, spesielt rundt begrepene sunnhet og kvinnelighet har jeg studert hvordan forholdet mellom kvinnehelse, kvinneklær, skjønnhet og modernitet ble konstituert og forhandla i den skriftlige offentligheten på 1880 og 90-tallet.

Med utgangspunkt i begreper som sunnhet og naturlighet kritiserte draktreformbevegelsen tidas medisinske og kulturelle forståelse av kvinners helse og skjønnhet. Dette handler om reform av mote og klesdrakt i sin mest konkrete og praktiske betydning, men også om en reform av smak og kroppsideal. I enda videre forstand var draktreformbevegelsen med på å omdefinere kvinnerollen, både når det gjaldt klesdrakt, estetikk og posisjon i samfunnet.

ABSTRACT. Med denne session vil vi gerne sætte fokus på de metodiske udfordringer, vi bliver stillet overfor, når vi som forskere vil undersøge, hvordan mennesker bruger fortid og skaber historie i deres hverdagspraksis. I gennem en årrække har studier af historiebrug typisk taget udgangspunkt i produkter og udsagn, som er blevet til i professionssammenhænge. Det har fx været i form af analyser af spillefilm og dokumentarfilm, af museumsudstillinger, historiske romaner, politiske taler og officielle iscenesatte jubilæer m.v. Tilgangene har typisk hentet sine metoder i klassiske humanistiske fag som fx litteraturvidenskab, filmvidenskab og retorik, og perspektivet har typisk været fra oven eller udefra. Der har også blevet udført receptionsanalyser af, hvordan modtagerne af disse produkter har opfattet og brugt dem. Vi har samlet set haft at gøre med en tradition, der er blevet betegnet som ’udvidet historiografi’.

Men i de seneste år er der indenfor forskningen i fortidsbrug opstået en interesse i at studere, hvordan mennesker – i det det man kan kalde for en lægmandspraksis (modsat professionspraksis) – selv bruger fortid og skaber historie. Det kan fx være som slægtsforskere, som reenactere, som amatørarkæologer med metaldetektorer eller i sammenhænge, hvor det handler om at skabe fællesskaber fx i en fodboldsklub, eller som led i personlig udvikling eller i terapiforløb. At have mennesker som sit studieobjekt kræver noget mere og andet af forskeren, end når ’tekster’ er genstandsfeltet. Fire unge forskerstuderende fra Danmark og Sverige vil med udgangspunkt i deres forskellige forskningsprojekter sætte fokus på og problematisere de metodiske og etiske udfordringer, som er forbundet med studier af fortidsbrug i et subjektperspektiv. Bennedahl og Brædder forholder sig til de udfordringer der er ved at involvere egen krop i studiet af kropslige praksisser, mens Ekelund og Grønbæk Jensen forholder sig til materialiteters betydning, når mennesker anvender fortid og skaber historie.

ABSTRACT. Med denne rundbordsdiskussion vil vi gerne sætte fokus på de etiske udfordringer og dilemmaer, vi bliver stillet overfor, når vi som forskere undersøger, hvordan mennesker bruger fortid og skaber historie i deres hverdagspraksis, hvad enten det sker i offentlige, private, institutionelle eller personlige sammenhænge. Det vil vi gøre ud fra en vifte af empirifelter. Udgangspunktet er, at alle mennesker bruger fortid, og at fortider bruges på forskellig vis i men-neskers menings-, tolknings- og handlingsprocesser. Ontologisk set er der ikke forskel på forskeren som fortidsbruger og andre fortidsbrugere. Forskeren gør det ud fra en akademisk position med videnskabelige teorier og metoder, med henblik på ny viden, erkendelse og med en vis fordring om ’sandhed’. Når forskere tidligere har forholdt sig til andres fortidsbrug, er det ofte sket med den akademiske position som ’overdommer’ og den akademiske synsmåde som universel værdinorm i forhold til vurderingen af, hvad der er en adækvat (sand/rigtig/korrekt) måde at bruge fortid på. Kritik er et væsentlig raison d’etre for akademisk praksis, hvorfor det er rundbordsdiskussionens formål at nærme sig måder at forholde sig kritisk på som medtænker det forhold, at vi som forskere ikke taler fra et privilegeret stå-sted med monopol på sandhed og metode, men er fortidsbrugere på lige fod med alle andre. De enkelte perspektiver er beskrevet i vedhæftede beskrivelse.

ABSTRACT. Aalborg Universitet og en række nordjyske museer gennemfører i samarbejde et treårigt forskningsprojekt, finansieret af Velux-fonden, om Atlantvolden i Nordjylland i lokalt, regionalt, nationalt og internationalt perspektiv. Projektet har som formål at øge bevidstheden om Atlantvolden som kulturarv blandt forskere, i det brede publikum og hos de offentlige myndigheder, og at styrke samarbejdet mellem bunkermuseerne, regionalt, nationalt og internationalt. Det overordnede mål er at stimulere interessen for den danske del af de utallige bunkeranlæg, der under 2. verdenskrig blev anlagt langs den europæiske vestkyst, som kulturhistorisk erindringssted hos publikum og i offentligheden. I Atlantvoldsprojektet anskues anlæggene i et sammenhængende perspektiv i forbindelse med mikrostudier af enkelte lokaliteter og studier i særlige temaer, som kan danne grundlag for en regional syntese. En sådan regional syntese, baseret på særstudier og mikrohistoriske lokalstudier, vil indeholde nationale og internationale perspektiver, der i sjælden grad tydeliggør aksen lokal-regional-national-international, og omvendt. Der gives kun få tilfælde i historien, hvor internationale begivenheder, i dette tilfælde den krigsmæssige udvikling under 2. verdenskrig, får direkte og konkrete konsekvenser i en omfattende mængde lokalområder. I den forstand blev Europas vestkyst gjort til en fremskudt frontlinje i forsvaret af det tysk besatte Europa. Atlantvolden var permanent en potentiel og til tider reel kampzone i civilsamfundet, som spænder fra de dansk baserede anlægs beskydning af overflyvende styrker fra Royal Air Force, til invasionsområderne i Normandiet. Projektet deler sig på tre hovedtemaer: 1. Atlantvolden og dens virkningshistorie frem til 1945. 2. Atlantvoldens anlæg og deres brug efter 1945. 3. Stedbunden formidling. Hertil kommer et ph.d.projekt om Atlantvolden som kulturarv. De foreløbige midtvejsresultater fra forskningsprojektet, vil vi gerne præsentere for en kreds af fagligt interesserede kolleger på det Nordiske historikermøde i form af to sammenhængende arrangementer: En rundbordsdiskussion som præsenterer en række temaer i det bunkerhistoriske forskningsfelt, som bliver fulgt op med ekskursion.

ABSTRACT. At least three central Christian tenets were involved – and in conflict – when Christian powers in the middle ages strove to convert and control populations in the Baltic: The command to spread the word of God through mission and baptism (Matthew 28:19-20), the commandment to love God and one’s neighbour (Matthew 22:35-40; Mark 12:28-31) and the bid to turn the other cheek in the face of adversities as a sign of humility and meekness (Matthew 5:39). Whereas the two first tenets could be fairly easily combined – to bring the word of God to people may be interpreted as an act of love – the history of Christianity offers countless examples of difficulties when trying to incorporate also the third of these tenets: Which kind of coercion and what level of violence may be used in order to further the Christian message? What to do with people who were unwilling to accept the Christian message, let alone baptism? The session wishes to investigate ideas and notions of Christian violence and mission that were at play in the medieval North as these are reflected in diplomas, letters and chronicles. With the composition of this session, it is also the aim to highlight change and development in the use of Christian violence. Specifically, the session deals with the attempts at conversion and the coercion applied in the 12th century Wendish crusades that targeted the south-eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, the inherent violence applied in the crusades in the thirteenth century that targeted Livonia and Estonia, and with the late medieval knightly pass-times, the so-called Reysen, that targeted the then still pagan Lithuania.

ABSTRACT. Impact of tourism on local residents has been the subject of numerous studies over time, normally with a negative tone. At the same time, the reciprocity between tourists and local residents has been seen as a more or less necessity for tourists to be confronted with in an effort to understand the local environment and its inhabitants. Authenticity is, however, not always authentic but replicated and often staged. For tourists, it is difficult to be aware of that and if they do, many tourists accept it anyway. This gives possibilities for forces within or outside the political administration to manipulate the tourists in a desired way by selecting a culture heritage that underpins the branding of the destination. The idea is to use the tourists´ interest for identity and heritage to promote the pride of local residents of their history but also for manipulating a support for the existent regime. The tourists are exposed for a “show-room” which also is directed to local residents. A skillful manipulation strengthens sentiments favorable for the rulers. This process is often called heritagization. The concept of heritagization is a biased process for promoting a desired image of a cultural heritage by deliberately recycle or repurpose culture heritage in order to make tourists and local residents support certain aims, often political ones. This paper analyzes this role of heritagization by studying in three different places: German culture heritage in Polish Western Pomerania, Hungarian culture heritage in Romanian Cluj-Napoca and the celebration in Sweden of All Saints Day and Halloween at the same time. It has been done in cooperation with the Regional Museum in Koszalin, the Babeş-Bolyai University in 2014 in Cluj-Napoca and on material from the national Swedish ethnographic museum and from the Swedish Church.

ABSTRACT. Sessionen behandlar kvinnor som aktörer i förändringssituationer. Exemplen är hämtade från olika delar av Norden från kristnandet till senmedeltiden. Brytningspunkterna som behandlas är av både religiös och politisk art.

Kristnandet utsatte de nordiska samhällena för stress på flera olika sätt, och intressant nog har vi från Nordens kristnande ett antal helgonlegender som just fokuserar på kvinnliga gestalter. Dessa inkluderar helgon från 3 nordiska stift: Margaret (Roskilde), Elin (Skara) och Sunniva (Bergen).

Den religiösa sfärens inverkan på den politiska var i en mening självklar. Den fick en särskilt tydlig form i Birgitta Birgersdotters profetiska gestalt. Personligen och genom sin klosterorden utövade hon en moralisk auktoritet, som var både krävande och stödjande för kvinnliga makthavare som drottning Blanka av Norge och Sverige, unionsgrundaren Margareta och unionsdrottningen Filippa. Såväl i Norden som i andra delar av Europa förändrades helighets- och andaktsidealen under 1300-talet, till ökad individualisering och fokus på personligt ansvarstagande.

Förändringar och brytningspunker av mer renodlat politiskt slag kommer också att studeras. De unga hertiginnorna Ingeborg Eriksdotter och Ingeborg Håkansdotter kastades år 1318 in i en politisk omvälvningsprocess i Sverige, som även kom att få konsekvenser för Norge och Danmark. Grunden lades till en långvarig norsk-svensk union, och planer fanns på att utnyttja Danmarks svaghetsperiod för en annektering av Skåne. Hertiginnorna kom med varierande grad av framgång att spela en aktiv roll i nordisk politik under mer än fyra decennier.

Det sista exempel på kvinnor i brytningstid som behandlas i sessionen är kungadottern Magdalena Karlsdotter. Hennes make, Ivar Axelsson (Tott) hade varit en framträdande spelare i nordisk och baltisk politik, men besegrats i en maktkamp med den svenske riksföreståndaren Sten Sture d.ä. Efter herr Ivars död 1487 måste änkan manövrera i detta delvis fientliga landskap.

Dessa bidrag lyfter fram kvinnor som förebilder för varandra, och som aktörer under politiska och religiösa brytningstider.

ABSTRACT. Sesjonen ønsker å se på hvordan kirkelige reformforsøk, enten internt eller eksternt utløste, gir seg utslag i kirkelig administrasjon på stiftsnivå i de tre nordiskee erkebispedømmene. Vi begrenser ikke sesjonen kronologisk til å gjelde ”Refromasjonen”, men vil se på kirkelig reform fra høymiddelalderen og framover. Det lokale fokuset vil i stor grad være domkapitelene eller andre administrative funskjoner/organ på bispedøemme/erkesetenivå. Vi ønsker å se både på domkaitelens funksjon i høøymiddelalder (Ciardi) og senmiddelalder (Salonen), samt dkapitlenes rolle i den nye lutherske kirkeordningen (Njåstad). Dels vil vi se på forholdene ved erkesetene (Ciardi, Njåstad), dels forholdet mellom erkesete og sufffragangbiskoper (Beitstad, Salonen).

ABSTRACT. Sessionen analyserar kyrkligt historiebruk vid början av 1900-talet och under 2000-talet. I fokus för sessionens tre presentationer står den inflytelserike nobelpristagaren och Svenska kyrkans ärkebiskop Nathan Söderblom (1866–1931). De två inledande presentationerna tar fasta på hur reformationen användes av Söderblom som modell för kyrklig självförståelse och som drivkraft för kyrkopolitisk förändring. I sessionens avslutande presentation behandlas istället Svenska kyrkans sätt att använda minnet av Söderblom i nutidens religiösa landskap. Söderbloms insatser för ekumenik och fredsarbete under 1910- och 1920-talet var betydelsefulla försök att skapa dialog och samarbete mellan kyrkor i en tid av växande politisk misstro och religiös identitetsformering baserad på nationella anspråk. Han blev i det närmaste ikoniserad under sin livstid och sågs som en ekumenisk ledare. Reformationshistorien var betydelsebärande både för hans sätt att tolka samtidens utmaningar och att formulera krav på förändring och kyrkligt reformarbete. Söderblom argumenterade exempelvis för att Sverige borde axla den världshistoriska uppgiften att ena de reformatoriska kyrkorna – liksom landet en gång tidigare hade agerat för att rädda reformationen åt världen. Sessionen anlägger nya perspektiv på Söderbloms historiskt färgade kyrkosyn och den roll han spelat för Svenska kyrkans självförståelse. Presentationerna belyser hur Söderblom använde minnet av reformationen för att beskriva Svenska kyrkans egenart i relation till andra kyrkor och för att genomföra samhällelig och kyrklig förändring. Dessutom diskuteras hur Söderblom relaterade kyrkohistoriska narrativ till platser, rum och samtida händelser samt hur han använde historien som utgångspunkt för krav på reformer och framtidsvisioner. Sammantaget ger de tre presentationerna en fördjupad förståelse av hur Söderblom ledde Svenska kyrkan in i moderniteten samtidigt som han blickade bakåt mot reformationen. Men analysen stannar inte där utan synliggör historiebrukets kontinuitet genom att Söderbloms egen kyrkohistoriska roll kommit att bilda meningsskapande narrativ för nutida företrädare för Svenska kyrkan i deras försök att identifiera lösningar på samtida utmaningar.

ABSTRACT. År 2016 fyller Sveriges och världens första tryckfrihetsförordning 250 år. År 2020 är det 250 år sedan världens första tryckfrihetslagstiftning utan inskränkningar såg dagens ljus i Danmark.

De bägge nordiska kungarikena var pionjärer i kampen för tryck- och yttrandefrihet, detta trots att de statsrättsliga förutsättningarna var diametralt olika i de bägge länderna. Även tillkomst och utformning av respektive lagstiftning skilde sig kraftigt åt. I Sverige hade frågan om tryckfrihet diskuterats i flera decennier och den utfärdade förordningen var ett utförligt dokument med detaljerade bestämmelser. I Danmark infördes tryckfriheten utan förberedelse genom en kortfattad kabinettsorder. Den intellektuella bakgrunden förefaller att ha varit ungefärligen densamma på båda hållen – men just denna fråga kräver ytterligare belysning.

Tryckfrihetens tidiga utveckling säger mycket väsentligt om 1700-talet som politisk och intellektuell brytningstid. De idéer som traditionellt ansetts ha fötts under franska revolutionen var i själva verket väl utbredda långt dessförinnan; de återfanns i parlamentariska statsskick, som det svenska, och i strikta envälden, som det danska.

I detta rundabordssamtal vill vi bjuda in till ett samtal med nya perspektiv på 1700-talets politiska kultur. De tre sessionsanmälarna har samtliga presenterat aktuell forskning på temat som ger en på flera sätt ny bild av skeendet. Ämnet har vida implikationer och kopplar de nordiska länderna till den stora kontinentala diskussionen om Upplysningen som teori och praktik.

Ambitionen är att med Nordin, Jakobsen och Rian som kärna utöka sessionen med ytterligare 2–3 deltagare. I Finland, Norge, Sverige och Danmark finns flera pågående projekt med anknytning till ämnet. Sessionen begränsas till den tidigaste tryckfrihetsperioden, före år 1800.

ABSTRACT. 1800-tallets moderniseringsprosesser medførte omfattende endringer i det religiøse livet i de nordiske landene. Oppkomsten av nye kirkesamfunn og frivillige organisasjoner for indre og ytre misjon kom til å mobilisere lekfolket til målrettet innsats for en sak utenfor eget hushold og den private sfære. Dette la grunnlaget for et mangfoldig engasjement og nye roller for kvinner i kirke og samfunn. Et sentralt aspekt ved endringsprosessen var en ny forståelse av det kristne kallet som en subjektiv, indre religiøs erfaring til å gå inn i oppgaver av sosialt og kulturelt overskridende karakter. Kallet kunne føre til et oppbrudd og en nyorientering som kunne få radikale konsekvenser for eget og også andres liv. Det representerte en vedvarende drivkraft/motivasjon til å ta ansvar for eget liv og realisere sitt kall og gudgitte potensial i en eller annen form for altruistisk virksomhet/innsats på lokalt, nasjonalt eller internasjonalt plan. Kvinner kunne realisere sitt kall til misjon på forskjellige måter, i skrift, i tale, i yrkesvalg og foreningsvirksomhet av ulikt slag. «Misjonsfeminisme» og «kirkefeminisme» er etablerte forskningsmessige begreper som søker å fange det spesifikke ved kristne kvinners selvforståelse, deres antropologi og arbeid for egne og andre kvinners rettigheter. Disse begrepene vil danne klangbunnen for en undersøkelse av hvordan markante kvinnelige aktører presentert kronologisk, en forfatter (Elsa Beskow, alias Runa), en verdensevangelist (Ruth Rouse) og to misjonærer (Gerda Karijord og Annie Skau Berntsen), har forstått seg selv og religiøse kvinners og kvinneorganisasjoners betydning nasjonalt og internasjonalt.

ABSTRACT. During the last years, especially after Thomas Piketty’s influential book “Le Capital au XXIe siècle”, research on economic inequality has become more popular compared to e.g. in the 1990s. The distribution of income and wealth has been a widely discussed and controversial topic in economic history (see e.g. Karl Marx, Eduard Bernstein, Simon Kuznets, Jeffrey Williamson, Peter Linder & al.). There are important differences between income and wealth inequality dynamics. The concentration of wealth has always been much stronger than income concentration. There is very little available information on personal distribution of income prior the late 19th century. In the medieval times and in early modern times (before industrialization), the Nordic countries were on the poor edges of Europe, but the region is now the world’s tenth strongest economy. Therefore it is worth asking, how did the Nordic economy become so strong? And which role the regional and personal differences played in the economic development in Scandinavia (here in Sweden and Finland) from the 16th century to the eve of the WWI. The proposed session would concentrate on economic inequality on both sides of the Gulf of Bothnia in the long run. The session would include four different papers written by scholars in Jyväskylä and Lund.

ABSTRACT. Riktlinjer för historieundervisning nationellt och internationellt framhåller vikten av historia i skolan för att lära elever om det förflutna, träna kritiskt tänkande och förmedla en god värdegrund. Vikten av att fostra fred, kritiskt tänkande och stödja mänskliga rättigheter har understrukits allt mer sedan andra världskriget. I dag betonas historieundervisningen som central för att lära elever kritiskt tänkande och demokratiska förhållningssätt i en värld fylld av konflikter och brott mot mänskliga rättigheter. I detta paper presenteras resultat från tre fallstudier av undervisning i historia designad för att stimulera historiskt tänkande och värna mänskliga rättigheter. Historiedidaktiska och historiefilosofiska teorier problematiseras i förhållande till klassrummens komplexa verklighet i Sverige, USA och Nya Zeeland. Presentationen visar hur historiskt tänkande och medborgarfostran kan samspela i undervisningen och hur teoretiskt sett konkurrerande ideal kan hanteras av elever när de lär och skriver historia. Analyser av pågående undervisning – undervisningsmaterial, prov, elevtexter, observationer, lärar- och elevintervjuer i olika kulturella och nationella kontexter – visar hur historielärare och elever gör det förflutna samtidsrelevant. Detta paper visar att moraliska perspektiv i praktiken inte står i opposition till intellektuell skärpa och kritiskt tänkande. Dessutom visar presentationen att kritiska perspektiv på populärkulturella narrativ finns kvar hos elever även ett år efter avslutad undervisning. Resultaten från fallstudierna tyder på att historieundervisningen på olika sätt i olika kontexter kan bidra till kritiskt tänkande och engagemang för mänskliga rättigheter.

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses the historical research project "The Swedish Working-Class History" (Den svenska arbetarklassens historia) which was launched in 1936 after it received funding from the Swedish Trade Union Confederation. The research project engaged scholars from a wide range of academic disciplines, including History, Economic History, Ethnology, and Political Science. Over a twenty-year period twelve volumes were published, covering a significant part of the history of Swedish industrial society.

In retrospect “The Swedish Working-Class History” has been coined an unparalleled achievement when it comes to synthesizing historical knowledge of industrial Sweden. Some commentators argue that there has not been any attempt to synthesize the historical knowledge of industrial Sweden ever since this project. That is argued against the background that Labor History was one of the most productive fields of research in the second half of the twentieth century. Seemingly, the past decades delivered a large amount of case studies and few – if any – general accounts.

Through an examination of the twelve publications, book reviews, and historiographical overviews, the aim of this paper is to disclose the methodological design of the individual contributions as well as the research project as a whole. The main focus is to what extent the synthesizing methodology of “The Swedish Working-Class History” is relevant for the conceptualization of historical synthesis today.

ABSTRACT. The three papers in this session address different aspects of papal communication in the central middle ages. Together they aim to provide a synchronic and diachronic view of the multi-faceted and multi-medial communication from the papal curia to the world outside the curia, and to trace how the curia attempted to promote papal authority through various forms of communication in what was a time of expansion for papal authority

ABSTRACT. «Hvordan fikk dere til å sikre det norske folket inntekter fra olja? Er det fordi amerikanske oljeselskaper ikke har kontroll over Norge, slik de har i hjemlandet mitt, Angola?», spurte en lærerstudent våren 2016. Med utgangspunkt i forskning som viser at elever med minoritetsbakgrunn opplever historieundervisningen som irrelevant, tar artikkelen opp sentrale historiedidaktiske utfordringer for skolen. Sentralt er majoritetskulturens hegemoni i skolens historiske narrativer, forholdet mellom globale perspektiver og regionale samfunnsendringer, hvordan personlig identifikasjon kreves for å forstå betydningen samfunnsendringer i fortiden har for den enkeltes liv og hvordan historiebevissthet gir elevene mulighet til å bruke fortiden som et grunnlag for å forstå samtiden og vurdere muligheter og utfordringer i fremtidens samfunn. Denne studien problematiserer to spørsmål: 1) Hvorfor inkluderer ikke læreboktekstene internasjonale perspektiver i den norske oljehistorien? 2) På hvilken måte blir det lagt til rette for at alle elever - uavhengig av kulturell eller geografisk tilhørighet- kan få oppleve norsk oljehistorie som relevant for sin samfunnsorientering? Datamaterialet i studien er en idéanalyse av lærebøker i bruk i norsk grunnskole i dag, der både tekstens utforming og innhold har betydning for de relevante problemstillingene. Funnene peker mot at norsk oljehistorie presenteres som en eventyrfortelling der nasjonale hensyn gis avgjørende betydning, mens internasjonale forhold i liten grad er belyst. Narrativene er lukkede og åpner i liten grad for å bygge bro mellom norske samtidsforhold, historiske forhold og elevenes egne refleksjoner.

ABSTRACT. History is not only writing about the past; it is also strongly a story about what people thought would or should be the future. In wartime societies the future is a critical question. What will happen if we lose - or win? What is the future we are fighting for?

In the summer 1941 Finland got engaged in the WWII once again, this time fighting alongside Germany. The expectations for this new war were great: not only to get the land lost in 1939-1940 back, but also to lessen the "Eastern threat" of the Soviet Union. Also wishes of national greatness and spiritual purification were voiced. The war might be understood as a necessary reformation in itself. Those who were not ready to be purified - lazy youth and promiscuous women - were threatened with the same future, in which they would have no place. Less thought was given to the fact that victorious Germany might have something to say about the Finnish society. The discussion was about the Finns and their expectations.

The war was also expected to last only a few weeks or months. When this was not the case, also the general tone became more realistic and even hushed. The war would last until September 1944, but many people still held dear the beliefs about the future they had had in 1941, well until early 1944.

Reinhart Koselleck has written about "visions for the future": how only certain futures were imaginable in certain times. Wolfgang Schivelbusch has described "cultures of defeat", in which certain dreamlike elements may be present. In this paper I ask questions about "the past of futures", and what they tell us about the culture in certain times.

ABSTRACT. Øst- og Centraleuropa havde en lang historie som turistmål for skandinaviske turister inden Anden Verdenskrig gjorde en ende på turisttrafikken. Efter freden oplevede flere destinationer en kortvarig genopblomstring indtil den kolde krig satte en stop for mobiliteten mellem Øst og Vest omkring 1947–48. Stoppet blev dog kortvarigt. Få uger efter Stalins død forhandledes der om en genåbning af Østeuropa for vestlige turister og fra 1955 og frem til kommunismens fald blev den Sovjet-kontrollerede del af Europa langsomt integreret i den internationale turistindustri. Baseret på studier af regeringsarkiver, virksomhedsarkiver, guidebøger og oral history interviews med skandinaviske turister i den kolde krigs Østeuropa opviser paperet to delresultater af et større forskningsprojekt om Skandinavisk turisme i Østeuropa. Først analyseres de Sovjet-kontrollerede turistattraktioners rolle i den Skandinaviske rejsekultur. Her påvises det hvordan de politiske overtoner ved rejser bag jerntæppet aftog efterhånden som især Rumænien og Bulgarien forsøgte at konkurrere med Spanien, Italien og Grækenland om de skandinaviske charterturisters gunst. Herefter analyseres de bilaterale forhandlinger om turistaftaler mellem Skandinavien og Øststaterne. Denne delanalyse demonstrerer igen hvordan økonomien fra 1970erne overtrumfede ideologiske reservationer mod uønskede påvirkninger fra vest. Samlet set bidrager paperet til en forståelse af turismens rolle i den kolde krigs kulturhistorie.

ABSTRACT. Konspirationsteorier er populære som aldrig før. Mange elever finder emnet elementært spændende og i de ældste klassetrin vil mange gerne skrive opgave om konspirationer og konspirationsteorier. Motivationen er således på forhånd høj, men ikke desto mindre er det også et problematisk eller ligefrem anstrengende emne at tage op, idet man som lærer ofte må starte med at punktere en del myter og gang på gang mere eller mindre ufrivilligt ser sig indrulleret i endeløse og anstrengende diskussioner om sandt eller falsk. Det er ikke helt usædvanligt at støde på elever, der faktisk tror på konspirationsteorier. Jeg vil i paperet argumentere for, at emnet er velegnet til at lave problemorienteret undervisning, at undervisningen kan kobles direkte med kompetenceområdet ’historiebrug’ samt at emnet egner sig aldeles glimrende til at træne elevernes kildekritiske kompetencer. Men undervisningen må gribes an på en særlig måde for at der kan arbejdes problembaseret med stoffet. Med baggrund i nyere forskning i konspirationsteorier vil jeg fremsætte et konfliktteoretisk bud på, hvad det er for aspekter man som lærer kan inddrage i arbejdet med fænomenet konspirationsteorier. Formålet med undervisningsforløbet bør være, i fællesskab med eleverne, at undersøge hvorfor og hvordan konspirationsteorier overhovedet opstår, hvordan de er opstået i tidens løb samt at forsøge at finde svar på, hvorfor både enkeltpersoner, magthavere og grupper bruger eller tror på konspirationsteorier. Eleverne skulle gerne, inden for rammerne af et funktionelt kildebegreb, oparbejde en forståelse af, at konspirationsteorier ikke kan bruges som kilder til at belyse hvordan bestemte hændelser er foregået, men at de siger noget væsentligt om, hvordan eftertiden har fortolket store og skelsættende begivenheder.

ABSTRACT. Norden (or Scandinavia) is a well-established brand in international research. Categories such as the Nordic model of welfare, Nordic gender equality, Nordic democracy, Nordic consensualism are repeatedly used by researchers describing the Nordic societies in their own right or through larger comparisons. Historians often use these categories with some unease. On one hand they are efficient generalizations describing key features in Nordic societies, on the other hand we are aware that they only tell a partial truth. In Nordic historiography we can distinguish between four approaches. First, we have the tradition of parallel histories of the five Nordic countries. Here we find both general historical accounts and more specialized studies. Second, we have numerous examples of one or two countries representing the Nordic experience. This is typically the case in larger comparative studies, and in most cases Sweden has played the role of the epitome of the Nordic model. Third, we have a growing number of studies focusing on transnational Nordic phenomena. This includes transnational actors, Nordic cooperation, and Nordic institutions. Fourth, we have ideational or conceptual studies interested in how the idea of Norden has been discussed or communicated. Through a thorough discussion on the advantages and limits of these approaches we want to stimulate a methodological discussion on how to write Nordic history in the 21st Century? How do develop an analytical framework that allows us to include the transnational perspective without excluding the role of the Nordic nation states?

Organizers: Pauli Kettunen & Klaus Petersen Invited participants: Mary Hilson, Århus University: “Beyond Nordic history: Comparisons and entanglements” Marja Javala Helsinki Universitet/Åbo Akademi, : "Norden as a historiographical region". Johan Strang, Helsinki University: Nordic cooperation as Nordic history Gudmundur Jonsson, University of Iceland: Writing Nordic history - Icelandic perspectives Commentators: Pauli Kettunen & Klaus Petersen

ABSTRACT. The panel tackles the question of the nature of historians' work by examining the contemporary pressures directed at them, their self-understandings as expressed in research and in autobiographies, and their self-awareness as articulated in interviews. Our contributors approach this question from a number of different disciplines and backgrounds ranging from the philosophy of history through historiography and business history to educational sciences. The idea behind this lies in the observation that although the theory and philosophy of history have established research traditions that reflect on the characteristics of the domain, these theories have very rarely been put to test in empirical settings. Thus, there is a limit to how much can be said about historians' professional expertise from historical perspectives alone. The methodological practices developed in educational sciences, however, could provide tools for gradually bridging the gap between so-far-detached theoretical studies and the empirical testing of learning and development in the domain of history. By investigating how historians see their practices, we hope to initiate a broader discussion and lay the ground for reaching a more cross-disciplinary, comprehensive understanding of professional historical research.

ABSTRACT. This paper will discuss a historical topic that feature in the European historical culture in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, namely that of the medieval and early modern popular uprising. The point of departure will be the diachronic changes and alterations in the textual afterlife of one of these revolts, a peasant uprising called the Club War (1596–97) that took part in the Finnish part of the Swedish realm. The paper will argue that the motif of popular resistance was transnationally significant in the era when the premises of ideological and political citizenship were heatedly debated. Plenty of research on democratic and parliamentary ideas has been done by studying political discourses (newspapers, parliamentary debates) and in the field of intellectual history. However, history writing and historical fiction also participated in and contributed to this discourse, and they had a powerful tool in their ‘toolbox’, namely historical imagination.

These events and their interpretations become particularized and exceptionalized when we study them solely from the national perspective. Thus, the paper will also compare representations of the Club War to those of other similar events, in this case Swedish 14th-and 15th-century revolts, the Engelbrekt´s Uprising and the so-called Dacke Feud. Thus, the concept of ‘long context’ (see e.g. Armitage 2012) as it is used in this article has both diachronic and synchronic trajectories, crossing over temporal milestones constructed by historians (like 1808–09 in regard to Finnish history), textual genres supported by modern disciplinary divides and specific historical events. The paper will claim that only this kind of transtemporal ‘triple comparison’ can reveal the narrative potential inherent in each specific event, and the differing contemporary uses of the same past.

ABSTRACT. This presentation looks at the Prayer Day Declarations (N=91) given by (or in the name of) the Russian Czars to their Finnish subjects. The Czars gave these declarations directly 1812-37, the Finnish Senate gave them 1838-1917, but the content was approved always approved by the Czar or his representatives, thus ensuring that the views expressed in the Declarations were acceptable to the ruling elite. Ever since the annexation of Finland to Russia in 1809, whilst in every other aspect way trying to pry Finland further from Sweden, the Orthodox Czars made sure that the population was encouraged to follow the Lutheran practices and doctrines which had been in vigor in the kingdom of Sweden. The main venue for this were the annual Prayer Day Declarations, which were read aloud to all people in churches. Thus the political powers, operating through the Lutheran church, cemented religion, namely Lutheranism, as one of the main aspects of national identity: to be a good Finn was to be a good Lutheran. The entwining of the altar and the throne acquired also political overtones, and enemies of one became the enemies of the other. This was further strengthened by obligatory church attendance and by the role of the churches as media hubs. The characteristics of a “good Lutheran” were a set of values, behaviors and attitudes in line with a hierarchical and relational understanding of society. A “good Lutheran” is in a right relation to her/his surroundings, be they material or human. Thus Lutheran religion also acts as the basis for the political bonds between the Orthodox Russian Czars and their Finnish Lutheran subjects.

ABSTRACT. Paperet præsenterer et forsknings- og udviklingsprojekt om elevgenererede læremidler og elevaktiverende fremgangsmåder i tilrettelæggelsen af historieundervisningen, som HistorieLab gennemfører fra efteråret 2016.

Projektet er et aktionsforsknings-/udviklingsprojekt, der gennemføres i samarbejde mellem ansatte på HistorieLab og et antal lærere, der underviser i historie på mellemtrinnet og i overbygningen. Projektets afsæt er HistorieLabs kortlægning af historieundervisningen i grundskolen ”Historiefaget i fokus – dokumentationsindsatsen” (2016). Den viste bl.a., at • Læreren og tilgængelige læremidler typisk var afgørende for valg af forløb (emner/teamer) • Læreren præsenterede forløbet – uden nødvendigvis at knytte dets relevans til elevernes livsverden og forforståelse • Læreren fastlagde organisationsform, definerede opgaver og produkter.

Alt i alt har eleverne generelt en begrænset indflydelse på undervisningens form og indhold. Det må antages, at det er del af forklaringen på, at mange elever har svært ved at se sammenhænge mellem skolefaget og deres hverdagsliv – og ikke oplever historieundervisningen som motiverende og udfordrende.

Projektet sigter på gennem forsøg og eksperimenter at finde konkrete fremgangsmåder og udvikle en prakisrettet didaktik, som understøtter elevernes kompetencer til at reflektere og skabe historie.

Projektet søger at besvare følgende spørgsmål: • Hvilke igangsættende ”anslag” kan man som lærer anvende for at ”trigge” elevernes interesse for et historisk hændelsesforløb - og fremme deres opleves af, at det er så relevant og vedkommende, at de stiller meningsfulde spørgsmål, der kan bearbejdes til historiske problemstillinger? • Hvad skal der til for at eleverne selvstændigt i mindre grupper kan vælge kilder fra en ”kildebank”, analysere kilderne og bruge dem til at belyse den valgte problemstilling? • Hvilken betydning har arbejdet med elevgenererede læremidler for elevernes motivation for at arbejde med historie?

Ved deadline for aflevering af paperet, er projektet endnu ikke afsluttet. Paperet vil derfor lægge vægt på valg af forskningsdesign og præsentere foreløbige resultater.

ABSTRACT. Historiefaget har haft en omskiftelig position og rolle gennem tiden. Der er brug for nye bud på, hvordan historien kan begribes og forstås af lægmænd – herunder særligt børn.

Paperet undersøger, hvad sker der i krydsfeltet mellem historie, billedkunst og samfundsfag, når det anvendes i en læringssituation? Hvilke didaktiske implikationer har det i forhold til en ny historiebevidsthedsdidaktik? Hvad kendetegner den og hvordan udvikles og fungerer den? Samt hvilken form for historiebrug kommer til udtryk? Dette er nogle af de spørgsmål, der udforskes på baggrund af empiriske data fra Kolding Stadsarkivs udviklingsprojekt til den åbne skole.

Udviklingsprojektets udgangspunkt er, at det æstetiske sprog ligestilles med det rationelle. Således er hypotesen, at historie, billedkunst og samfundsfag kan bruges som gensidige nøgler til at åbne op for komplekse og abstrakte problemstillinger inden for alle tre fag. I paperet diskuteres konsekvenserne af og mulighederne i denne måde at arbejde tværfagligt på.

Projektets empiri bygger på et udviklingsprojekt ved Kolding Stadsarkiv, hvor der er blevet arbejdet med, hvordan arkivet kan omsætte tanken om den åbne skole til tværfaglige undervisningskoncepter, der sikrer en faglig progression gennem hele skoleforløbet.

Forudsætningen har været, at eleverne inviteres til at (be)røre historien med en æstetisk tilgang, lyst og genkendelighed til eget liv og berøringsflader. I projektet er der blevet arbejdet med, hvordan kildematerialets autenticitet kan inddrages som et didaktisk greb, der motiverer eleverne gennem deres sanser. Ligesom der har været fokus på elevernes læring gennem et selvskabt slutprodukt, hvor der er inddraget færdigheder fra alle tre fagligheder. Fx har billedkunstens taktile og kreative indgang til historien både understøttet den visuelle kulturhistorie, men også medvirket til at historiske scenarier og fortællinger har kunnet omsættes til et visuelt formsprog.

ABSTRACT. Tolfternas samkväm för kvinnor från olika yrkesområden var namnet på en förening som Amalia Fahlstedt och Ellen Key bildade i Stockholm 1892. Verksamhetens mål var dels att ge kvinnor ur arbetarklassen möjlighet till folkbildning, dels att genom samtalsgrupper arbeta med att utjämna skillnaderna mellan den borgerliga kvinnorörelsen och den socialistiska. Till dessa möten bjöds sedan särskilt utvalda arbeterskor in vilket skulle ge dem en inblick i de borgerliga kvinnornas sfär samtidigt som ett socialt utbyte över klassgränserna möjliggjordes. I följande artikel behandlas Tolfternas arbete för att stärka kvinnors medvetande och intresse för politiska frågor före rösträttsreformen utifrån huvudfrågan: Vilken betydelse hade mötenas innehåll och klassupplösande strävan för arbetet mot fullständigt medborgarskap och rösträtt? I artikeln problematiseras även innebörden av de borgerliga kvinnornas tolkningsföreträde och hur det kom att påverka hur det emancipatoriska projektet utformades.

ABSTRACT. The vigorous recent debates over the future of mining in Greenland have been intimately linked to visions of Greenland’s future as a nation. Yet mining has a history in Greenland dating back over a century, involving actors from Denmark and far beyond in addition to thousands of indigenous Greenlanders. Mining reformed and remade the social, political, and economic relations between indigenous Greenlanders and Danish colonial authorities in addition to remaking the physical geography of the island. The aim of this panel is twofold. Specifically, we ask how the history of mining can provide a fresh window into the political and social history of modern Greenland, including the struggle for self-determination. More generally, we pose wider questions about the historiographic challenges of incorporating mining – often seen as a paradigmatically “Western” activity – into histories of decolonization that are sensitive to the multiple sites in which indigenous agency could be exercised, without losing sight of the unequal distribution of power. Janina Priebe asks how representations of the coal-mining settlement of Qullissat in the Greenlandic media invoked narratives of modernization, and which actors were attributed agency in its success (and ultimately failure). Peder Roberts focuses on the role of the Maamorilik lead-zinc mine (operative 1973-1990) as a site of Greenlandic resistance to Danish administrative authority, but also to transnational capitalism, in the context of the Home Rule movement. Inge Seiding offers a broader perspective on mining – and fish processing – as everyday activities that constituted indigenous Greenlandic lives, and how such a perspective can reframe notions of agency within narratives of industrialization and modernization. Comment is provided by Frank Sejersen, whose recent work on notions of indigenous agency and “future-making” provides an important tool for narrating colonial and postcolonial change.

ABSTRACT. Adgang til universitetet i Danmark i 1875 medførte ikke fuldt akademisk borgerskab til kvinder. De fik ikke adgang til embeder før 1921. De havde heller ikke fri adgang til en studentereksamen før 1903, men måtte læse privat. Mens kvinder formelt set blev inkluderet som akademiske borgere, blev de stadig betragtet som undtagelseskvinder. Kvinder fik adgang til at studere, samtidig med at videnskaben med det humboldtske universitet blev modernisereret, sekulariseret og videnskabeliggjort. Inden for videnskaben blomstrede samtidig medicinske studier, som kunne bruges som bevis på, at kvinder ikke var i stand til at arbejde intellektuelt. Kvindelighed og videnskabelighed kom i konflikt med hinanden. Er meritokratier en maskulin kultur, hvor gamle forestillinger om køn virker under overfladen? Og hvordan brød kvinder disse barrierer? Kan køn være nøgle til at forstå noget om den videnskabelige kultur? Hvordan blev kvindelighed og videnskabelighed hinandens modsætninger? Hvorfor har det kroplige og det kvindelige været nærmest urent i relation til rationalitet? Og hvordan lykkedes det samtidig videnskaben at få skabt en videnskabelig etos, som hævder neutralitet og usynliggør mandsdominans? I Danmark et det snart 100 år siden, kvinder fik adgang til stillinger i stat og kommuner, og 150 år siden, at kvinder fik lov til at studere. Derfor er det tiden til at se nærmere på de kvindelige akademikeres historie.

Bente Rosenbeck, professor på Center for kønsforskning, Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab, Københavns Universitet. Medredaktør og medforfatter af Clios Døtre gennem hundrede år fra 1994 og udgav i 2014 bogen Har videnskaben køn? Kvinder i forskning.

Pelle Oliver Larsen, videnskabelig assistent ved Aarhus Universitet, Institut for Kultur og Samfund, Afdeling for Historie, har med udgangspunkt i sin ph.d.-afhandling Professoratet. Kampen om Det Filosofiske Fakultet 1870-1920, Museum Tusculanum i 2016, skrevet artiklen ”Universitetets køn. Kønsnormer og kvinders karrieremuligheder ved Københavns Universitets filosofiske fakultet 1875-1915”, Historisk tidsskrift 112, 2012.

ABSTRACT. The resurgence of geo-politics and a “New Cold War” has brought foreign policy formation to the fore, including its social, cultural and gendered underpinnings. While offensive security doctrines traditionally have been strongly associated with masculinity, defensive positions are less obviously gendered. How has neutrality been gendered in different times and places? In what ways have neutrality and nonalignment affected representations of gender and national security? How can we understand change and continuity when it comes to gender and neutrality?

Historical experiences of neutrality/nonalignment need to be widely addressed, including global, national and local aspects. Art, culture and imagination have also played an important role as individuals and social groups have identified with and challenged neutrality. The interdisciplinary papers in this session will approach the foreign policy doctrines of neutral countries from different angles using historical material. The session will conceptualize foreign policy as a gendered, nationalized and racialized discourse that manifests itself in historical processes, ranging from individual practices, to policy formation and national narratives, as well as military strategy and violence.

The papers of this session deal with how actors in security contexts related to neutrality/nonalignment (re)shape gender representations. They discuss how masculinities/femininities, sexualities and race/ethnicities are manifested in the history of neutrality and investigate how not only political but also artistic expressions, for example literature and art, have historically provided venues for identity-work related to neutrality as a foreign policy. Another theme is micro-historic analysis of the individual lived experience of neutrality. Furthermore, the papers discuss how to use a gendered historical approach in relation to research questions, materials and methodologies.

ABSTRACT. Few international movements have reformed ideological beliefs more than the post-war LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer) movements. The Nordic countries have been at the forefront, and have also developed a specific model of LGBTQ-rights politics, with registered partnership and inclusive transgender politics. Denmark was often first. It was in Denmark that world famous transsexuals as Lili Elbe and Christine Jorgensen appeared, and Denmark was first with a the law on registered partnership. All Nordic countries, however, have been first with some aspect of this reform process. Finland had the first head of state who had been chair of a national LGBTQ organisation; Iceland had the first prime minister who was actually a lesbian; Norway was first with a law against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, and Sweden was first to legislate about sex reassignment for transsexuals. The first paper explores transnational challenges and intra-Nordic dynamics of the homophile, gay/lesbian and queer movements from 1948 until today. Which tensions were there? What sources of inspiration did they have? Peter Edelberg will present the fascinating dynamics of a movement that succeeded tin reshaping the world. The second paper presents the Norwegian lesbian feminist movement of the 1970s. This movement, caught between the feminist movement and the male-dominated gay and lesbian movement presented new alternatives. Tone Hellesund will present how they formed new discourses of bodies, genders and sexualities. The third paper will investigate the more recent transgender turn. The trans- and intergender movement presents new challenges to society and to the LBGTQ movement. Jens Rydström will show how the transgender turn has influenced both the LGBTQ movement and society at large. Together, the three papers will provide grounds for further discussions of the redefinition and reformation of the ways we look at sexuality and gender in the Nordic countries.

ABSTRACT. The rich fishing grounds in the North Atlantic were the driving force of commerce in the medieval and modern period. Their exploitation by foreign merchants such as the English, the Hansards, the Dutch and the Danes from the late medieval period onwards had much impact on the people in the North. Trading systems were repeatedly reformed, faith and believe changed perspective, and the presence of foreign merchants and sailors had a profound impact on insular cultures. These cultural interactions and the changes that these brought about for the North Atlantic societies are the topic of this session. As a consequence of the foreign presence trade was more and more regulated by the Danish crown. From 1602 onwards the trade with Northern Norway, the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland, was subject to a Danish Monopoly. It lasted until 1787 in Iceland and Northern Norway, until 1855 in the Faroe Islands and until 1955 in Greenland.

In this session we intend to explore these changes from different points of view and from different disciplines (history, archaeology). We will focus on two changing periods in time. First, the changes brought about in the late 16th and early 17th century, when Hansards and Danes struggled for control over trade. In this phase, more and more foreign traders went North and interacted with local societies but the monopoly imposed by the Danish crown meant yet again a reformation. Second, in the 18th century, while the Danes participated in global markets they no longer intended to keep the monopoly. After a period of one royal company in the 1780’s dealing with the whole North Atlantic region, the monopoly on Iceland and Northern Norway was lifted in 1787. The end of the monopoly brought about yet another series of change.

Presentations: Natascha Mehler (Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum): "The cultural and religous impact of the Hansards in Iceland and Faroe"

Hrefna Róbertsdóttir (National Archives of Iceland): "Monopoly or free trade, attitudes and integration in the 18th century North Atlantic."

Pétur Kristjánsson (The National Archives of Norway): "The Royal Company in Vestmannaeyjar and foreign trade in Iceland in the second half of the 16th Century."

Bart Holterman: "Sudden reformation or gradual process? Cooperation between merchants from different countries around the introduction of the Danish trade monopoly in Iceland (1601)."

ABSTRACT. During the 20th century virtually all inhabited areas of the planet Earth have become dependent on fossil fuels. With the rise of the concept of global warming, the use of fossil fuels has been connected with ever more ethical considerations and dilemmas. Fossil fuels are limited and non-renewable, and during the last 50 years the idea of replacing fossil fuels with renewable, sustainable energy sources has gained momentum. To tackle this issue, historians, planners and philosophers have joined forces to investigate the ethical dimensions of long term energy production, energy planning and energy consumption.

In this session we would like to present some results arising from our collaborative and interdisciplinary research project, “Ethics and energy” funded by the Danish Research Council for the Humanities.

ABSTRACT. The breaking out of shoals of fish is a pivotal topic in the history of fisheries, because its impact contributed to changes in policies, as well as economic changes. The appearance of herring in Bohuslän in the latter half of the eighteenth century had a major impact on the economics of fisheries in Sweden and Northern Europe. By the late seventeenth century, the promotion of herring fisheries had become an important issue in Sweden in relation to mercantile policies. For this reason, the Swedish government introduced new regulations to govern the fishing. After the Great Northern War (1700-1721), the government promulgated a number of laws and privileges on fisheries. Meanwhile, the promotion of whale fisheries was by the government seen as important as that of herring fisheries because of the valuable fish oil. According to previous research on Swedish fisheries policy, it is clear that major changes in measures and policies relating to herring fisheries had a significant impact. However, research has yet to elucidate fully the development and transformation that has changed the face of whale fisheries. Through examining and discussing the enforcement of policies on whale fisheries, this study elucidates how whale fisheries progressed in the eighteenth century and what influenced policies on whale fisheries following the appearance of shoals of herring.

ABSTRACT. Jag önskar presentera monografin Bödlar. Liv, död och skam i svenskt 1600-tal som utkom våren 2016. Den kretsar kring bödelsskammens sociala och rumsliga gränser, som vad vanhedern betydde för bödeln i hans vardag och för dem han hade i sin närhet. Bödlar var under 1600-talet stadsanställda tjänstemän med årslön, skjutshäst och tjänstebostad, tillsatta att verkställa utdömda dödsdomar och kroppssrtaff. Därtill skulle han tömma latriner, slakta hästar, dra hudar, döda kattungar. Sådana sysslor var behäftade med social skam. På motsvarande sätt var bödlar på alla sätt förskjutna från de hederligas gemenskaper. Vid det svenska 1600-talets början rekryterades bödlar genom att en dödsdömd benådades mot att denne tog på sig uppdraget. Ingen önskade få någonting som detta på sin lott. Under seklets mitt skulle dock rekryteringsformerna förändras. Dödsdömda storförbrytare utgjorde snart inte längre den gängse rekryteringsbasen. Bödelsämbetet började gå i arv. Söner och döttrar till bödlar gifte sig och tog över efter sina föräldrar. De monopoliserade de sysslor som ingen annan önskade utföra. Ändå måste ju någon utföra just sådana uppgifter. Dödsstraff utdömdes och måste verkställas. Latriner måste tömmas och smutsen kom ingen undan. Smutsen fanns - och finns - där människorna finns. Snart nog hade hela bödelssläkter grenat ut sig i riket. Dessa vaktade på värvet, månade om tjänsteuppdragen. Konsekvensen av detta blev att bödelsskammen ytterligare befästes. En än vidare klyfta växte fram mellan bödlarna - och rackarna och de resande som också hörde till gruppen - och den etablera bondebefolkningen, de i den kristna treståndslärans normativa samhällsmodell. Frågan är då hur skammen fungerade i vardagen. Fanns något i dess begränsningar som gick att dra nytta av? Vad betydde bödelsskammen för så kallat vanligt folk? Vem eller vilka grupper i samhället fruktade den mest - och varför?

ABSTRACT. Depositions on the British Isles between 1300 and 1700 are pretty well-known and even brought the English a reputation of being „king-slayers“. The depositions in Scandinavian kingdoms, especially Sweden, of the same time are much less known, even though they matched the British depositions in numbers. Even more, combining the depositions of the Union of Kalmar, of the 16th century and the depositions in the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth century makes Sweden European record holder in deposing their monarchs. This raises the question how and why Swedish monarchs lost their throne so easily, and what this meant for the Swedish state-building process. In this proposed paper I am going to analyse how an understanding of having the right to depose their monarchs was formed by the specific political culture, comprised of consensus, broad participation and not divinely legitimized monarchy, in this sparsely populated realm. The focus of my paper will be on the depositions of the sixteenth century, in which the foundations for the modern Swedish kingdom were build, i.e. John II, Christian II, Erik XIV and Sigismund. Comparisons to the depositions during the time of the Union of Kalmar (Eric of Pomerania, twice Charles VIII, Christian I) and the depositions around 1800 (Gustav III, Gustav IV Adolf) will be added to further trace the Swedish right of deposition.

ABSTRACT. Vi inviterer til debat om den aktuelle udvikling inden for byhistorien, særligt om hvordan et øget fokus på hverdagens praksis, materialitet og sanser bidrager til forståelsen af urbane (re)formationer – forstået som den gradvise proces, hvorved byens rum forandres i et samspil mellem byens fysiske strukturer, forestillinger om byen og de hverdagslige praksisser, der kontinuerligt omformer byen som centrum og hjem? Inspireret af forfattere som Simmel og De Certeau interesserer bystudier sig i stigende grad for sammenhængen mellem materielle og mentale, strategiske og spontane forandringer. Med dette nye perspektiv ligger fokus ikke længere i samme grad på kontinuitet eller brud, men på processuelle forandringer i urbaniseringens funktioner, former og udtryk. Hvilke mekanismer og processer er med til at bestemme, hvilke strukturer der forhærdes og hvilke der tilpasses, forandres eller helt forsvinder. Debattens centrale spørgsmål er, hvilke nye erkendelser disse perspektiver kan bidrage med til byhistorien? Kan de rykke ved de etablerede, strukturelle fortællinger om byhistorie eller skal de rettere betragtes som et supplement, der bidrager til at give denne historie mere liv og dybde? Kan eksempelvis det øgede fokus på spørgsmål om materialiseringen af urbane fællesskaber og identiteter bidrage til forståelsen af byens tilblivelse og vækst? Et andet og vigtigt aspekt ved den aktuelle vending inden for byhistorie er dens potentiale for tværfagligheden -eksempelvis samarbejdet mellem historie og arkæologi, hvor et fokus på urbanitet, identitet og praksis er aktuelt. Åbner fælles teoretiske inspirationskilder for et øget samarbejde og en øget integration mellem arkæologien og historien? Oplagt er naturligvis også koblingen mellem etnologiens fokus på materialiseringen af sociale gruppers kulturer og identiteter. Hvad betyder materialitetsperspektivet for samarbejdet mellem museer og universiteter, og for en forskningsmæssig aktivering af museernes historiske og arkæologiske samlinger?

ABSTRACT. The desire and need for urban cooling are phenomenon attached to increasing urbanization, industrializing and changes in e.g. urban food provisioning, pronounced in many modern cities since the 19th century. This paper explores how and why the production, distribution and usage of coldness has changed in the Finnish capital, Helsinki, since the mid-19th century.

The commodification of coldness has materialized during the last one and a half centuries first through natural and "artificial" ice, which have been eventually replaced by technologically more complicated modes of production, namely mechanical refrigeration and centralized district cooling systems. These shifts are also reflected in the different uses of coldness. While the history of urban cooling traces back the transformation of energy flows into tradeable commodities, it also reveals how the material imprints of coldness as a commodified product has shaped the urban environment and urban practices. At the same time both non-human and human-induced changes in the natural environment, such as climatic variation and water pollution, have shaped the preconditions for the production of coldness, and eventually resulted in long-lasting shifts in the modes of producing and using of coldness as an amenity.

The perspective of mastering (low) temperatures and hence, overcoming constraints imposed by seasonality, adds a so far largely neglected feature to urban human-nature interactions that have been in the core of urban environmental history scholarship.

ABSTRACT. The body is what we use to experience the world; with the body we perceive, process and establish knowledge. In the early modern European world, society, monarchy and the family were primarily understood in the form of corporeal metaphors. The history of the body in early modernity has had much to do with sexuality, punishment and the creation of racial difference but it is also an anachronistically secular history. Whereas medieval Christianity involved all sorts of corporeality, from relics, stigmata to the mortification of the flesh, after the Reformation Protestants apparently became less involved with their bodies and materiality in a religious sense. Research on the body in relation to gender, race and medicine has established that the early modern body was a leaky, malleable vessel, prone to disturbances and therefore also in constant need of adjustment, but it has been unable to fit the pious body into this picture. The session investigates the relationship between the body and faith in the Nordic countries during the long Reformation. Its purpose is to understand how emotions, materiality and the corporeal interacted with and shaped lay religious culture. Issues to explore include corporeal reactions or understandings of sin, truth and the Word of God; physical effects of using religious literature or artefacts; the body as a vehicle of performance and creation of piety; embodied faith and individuation; how religion influenced healing practices and how religious assumptions influenced contemporary perceptions of the physical.

ABSTRACT. Nationellt baserade lexikon producerar och presenterar viktig historisk kunskap för forskare och allmänheten. Vår tids snabba digitalisering medför nya möjligheter och utmaningar. Traditionella lexikon i bokform får konkurrera med en mängd andra informationskällor på internet. Centrala punkter som relevanskriterier, författarskap, auktoritet, omfattning, innehåll, varaktighet, relationen till vetenskap och källor är i förändring. Hur möter nya och gamla lexikon digitaliseringens utmaningar och möjligheter? I ett rundabordssamtal mellan representanter för några av Nordens nationellt baserade lexikon redovisas varierande tillvägagångssätt, problem såväl som möjligheter. Deltagare: Svenskt biografiskt lexikon: Åsa Karlsson (asa.karlsson@riksarkivet.se) Finskt biografiskt lexikon: Henrika Tandefelt (henrika.tandefelt@helsinki.fi) Store norske lexikon: Kjell-Olav Hovde (hovde@snl.no), Marte Ryste (ryste@snl.no) Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon: Linus Karlsson (linus.karlsson@history.gu.se), Ulrika Lagerlöf-Nilsson (ulrika.lagerlof.nilsson@history.gu.se) Danskt kvindebiografiskt lexikon: Jytte Nielsen (jytte.nielsen@kvinfo.dk), Birgitte Possing (bp@sa.dk) Moderator och organisatör: Maria Sjöberg (maria.sjoberg@history.gu.se)

ABSTRACT. This panel will discuss the transitional phase of migration from the perspective of migrants from the Nordic countries to North America, China and Japan in the period from 1880 to 1941. We are interested in the gendered experiences of transition, its potentials and pains in the many betwixt-and-between-situations of migratory experience. Leaving the known behind and transforming the new and foreign into ‘home’ and belonging, could be challenging or easy, time consuming or quick, depending on context and circumstances. How do migrants from Sweden, Finland and Norway express transition, transformation and different stages of transition in letters, diaries and autobiographies? What role does religion play in the transitions and transformations? Does the process of transnational migration reflect the gendered nature of work and family? How does the migration shape individual understandings of home and belonging, national belonging included? How is it to return ‘home’ when the homeland has become a foreign place? The contributors will focus on different phases of migratory transition through particular biographical examples: three missionaries and one writer who played a central role in Norwegian-American popular religious publishing. See individual abstracts.

ABSTRACT. Temaet for historikermødet er reformer og reformationer forstået som bevidste forsøg på at forandre en tilstand. Store forandringer sker dog ofte langt mindre bevidst og synligt. Dette paper handler om forandringer i det 20. århundrede, som de afspejler sig i historien om en uprætentiøs hverdagsgenstand: æggebakken. Konkret vil jeg vise, hvordan æggebakkens historie inkluderer, materialiserer, afspejler og belyser historiske forandringer f.eks. mht. bosætningsmønstre, materialeudvikling, teknologi, indkøb, produktion, varedistribution, markedsføring og miljøbevidsthed, og hvordan vi kan blive klogere på disse forandringer ved at nærstudere æggebakkens historie. Da æggebakker nemt kan fremstilles af genbrugsmaterialer, materialiserer de f.eks. blandt meget andet en diskurs om affald og genbrug.

Æggebakker kan opfattes som ikke-ting (jf. Marc Augés ikke-steder), fordi de trods deres vigtige praktiske og markedsføringsmæssige funktion ligesom andre former for emballage som oftest er ”usynlige” og hurtigt havner som affald og dermed som en del af forbrugersamfundets fortrængte bagside. Samtidig er æggebakker ting, hvis funktion og identitet er multibel og til forhandling, jf. f.eks. konceptet ”eggyplay”, hvor tanken er at genbruge farvestrålende plastikæggebakker som legetøj.

Behovet for æggebakker opstod med urbaniseringen, der fjernede folk fra hønsene og adskilte produktion og forbrug og dermed skabte et distributionsteknisk behov. De første æggebakker blev opfundet i 1800-tallet, og i 1930’erne var der for alvor kommet gang i både patenter og produktion. Med tiden blev æggebakkerne i højere grad ikke blot praktiske redskaber, men også markedsføringsmæssige.

Min historie om æggebakken er bl.a. inspireret af den materielle vending, og både humane og nonhumane aktører som opfindere, patenter, støbepap og virksomheden Brødrene Hartmann, verdens største æggebakkeleverandør, indgår i historien om æggebakkens materialisering, ligesom det analyseres, hvilke materialiseringsprocesser æggebakken indgår i. Går der f.eks. en rød tråd fra æggebakken til det støbepap, der beskyttede din mobiltelefon i æsken, og som er en forudsætning for, at den kan købes over internettet?

ABSTRACT. This session will discuss the meanings and impact of gender in humanitarian biographies and narratives. The First World War has been called a great “humanitarian awakening” and might be considered a period of reformation in humanitarian imagination. Although the history of humanitarianism is a growing field of research, little attention has been given to gender in this globalizing enterprise.

The first aim of the session will thus be to analyze the gendered experiences of humanitarian actors, gendered expectations and images of the victims as well as the role of gender in the construction and intermediation of humanitarian stories to the humanitarian audiences at home, reshaping cultures of relief.

By focusing on humanitarian narratives we want to discuss how Nordic humanitarian actors translated their complicated and complex experiences of handling and witnessing war into forms that can be assimilated by the audience, shaping their knowledge and affecting their ability to take action. It also takes into account the dilemmas of telling someone else’s story.

The Nordic nations have a long history of championing themselves as humanitarian great powers with a strong focus on gender-equality. Still, their humanitarian histories differ. Thus, the second aim of this session is to shed light on similarities and differences between Nordic humanitarian histories. It will also discuss the features and consistency of the Nordic humanitarian narrative(s) in relation to earlier research on the Anglo-American context.

This leads to the following guiding questions: - How did gender relations and ideologies of gender affect Nordic humanitarian actors’ biographies? - What role did gender relations play in the strategies of the recipient communities? - How did the gender of the people suffering, the reporters of the pain, and those who would respond influence the content and shape of humanitarian messages and mobilizing campaigns in the Nordic countries?

ABSTRACT. Att hävda att vetenskapligt orienterad historisk kunskap om det förflutna utgår från analysen av källor kan knappast uppfattas som en kontroversiell position. När den moderna historiedidaktiska forskningen började utvecklas under 1970-talet uppfattades källor som en möjlighet att komma bort från en memorerande historieundervisning(Husbands, Kitson & Pendry 2003). Engelska historiedidaktiker utvecklade senare progressionsmodeller kring elevers källförståelse (se t ex. Lee & Shemilt 2004). Även i den amerikanska historiedidaktiken kom källornas roll i undervisningen att diskuteras. Helt centralt är här Sam Wineburgs arbete Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts (2001) som kommit att forma mycket av diskussionen inom det historiedidaktiska fältet. Risken för presentism, att tolkningar av det förflutna sker på nutidens premisser, betecknas som en central idé kring vad som avses med historiskt tänkande. Att lyfta källor i undervisningen är ett sätt att möta risken med presentism. Modeller för hur källor ska analyseras av elever har också utvecklats (Wineburg 2011).

Men vad är det för källbegrepp som kommer till uttryck i dessa historiedidaktiska modeller? Empirisk forskning har nämligen pekat de problem som kan följa med hantering av källor i en undervisningssituation och där just förståelsen av källbegreppet varit en utmaning (Barton 2005; Stolare 2015; Stolare kommande). Hur kan begreppsanvändningen förklaras så som den kommer till uttryck i modellerna, i vilken relation står den till uppfattningar om det historiska forskningsfältet?

Utgångspunkten är här att förklaringar till de historiedidaktiska uttrycken kan sökas i uppfattningar om vad som är historisk kunskap och hur historisk kunskap skapas. I förlängningen handlar det om relation mellan historieundervisningen i skolan och det historievetenskapliga forskningsfältet.

Det empiriska materiellt kommer att utgöras av historiedidaktiska texter, framförallt hämtade från den engelskspråkiga världen och främst från den miljö som utvecklades i England med Peter Lee och Denis Shemilt som ledande företrädare, samt miljön kring Sam Wineburg.

ABSTRACT. In the literature on the Soviet Baltic republics’ path to independence, Sweden is, together with Finland, usually depicted as one of the more cautious Western players. Due to concerns about the credibility of Sweden’s neutrality doctrine and the uncertain outcome of the Balts’ radical demands vis-à-vis Moscow, the Swedish government indeed remained rather passive and avoided any clear commitment to the Baltic cause. Underneath the level of Swedish-Soviet diplomatic relations, however, a whole new infrastructure of informal cooperation in the fields of economic, cultural and environmental issues developed between Sweden and its Baltic neighbours years before the USSR eventually disintegrated. These early networking processes built lasting bridges across the Baltic Sea with considerable consequences for Sweden and the transforming post-Soviet Baltic societies alike. The presentation focuses on the role of Swedish enterprises, trade organizations and management schools in the process of the Baltic economies’ turn towards market-economy practices and their gradual integration into Western trade and business environments from 1988 onwards. The Baltic republics’ developing networks with Swedish investors and economists, which to a large degree were orchestrated and coordinated by Swedes with Baltic roots, played a key role in the process of implementing an increasingly radical pro-market agenda. Unrestricted by diplomatic constraints, Swedish entrepreneurs, investors and advisors established numerous links to the evolving Baltic business environment, which was promoted as a bridge to the vast Soviet market. The Nordic connection facilitated the early transfer of market economy thinking and practices and kicked off a long-term rearrangement of economic linkages across the Baltic Sea, securing Sweden’s dominant economic position in the region for decades to come. Taking into account this transnational cooperation contributes to a new understanding not only of the post-Soviet economic transformation, but also of the emergence of a new regional economic order that accompanied the geopolitical changes.

ABSTRACT. Between 1906 and 1921 all Nordic states came to introduce equal and ‘universal’ suffrage. Finland was first, Sweden last. However, in reality the right to vote was still far from universal. In all Nordic states large numbers of people remained shut out from the democratic process. The vast majority of them were disqualified from voting or holding office because of age. But other categories were excluded too: residents with foreign citizenship, people that were put under guardianship, people who were bankrupt, served time in penitentiary or were permanently dependent on poor relief, and men that had not completed their military service. Gradually, in the subsequent years most of these voting right restrictions were abolished. Also, age limits changed.   This panel, consisting of seven researchers from different fields of research, will discuss the development, continuation and abolishment of suffrage restrictions in the Nordic states – particularly Finland, Norway and Sweden – and their relations to social, political and economic citizenship. Besides exploring the principles and practices of suffrage restrictions, our team will analyze how the gradual expansion of suffrage has come to redefine the borders of citizenship. For example, we will discuss what qualifications – moral, cognitive, etc. - have been deemed as necessary for citizens to gain political as well as social rights. Also, we will discuss if democracy may be said to represent the non-voting. And if so – how, and through what institutional arrangements? Further, how have people without the right to vote made claims about representation and been visualized in public debates, press, media, parliament, government inquiries, and how have they been represented in practice by professionals, institutions or kin? A comparison between the Nordic countries will also help us in exploring connections between suffrage and welfare state development more generally.  

ABSTRACT. Many historians have noted that in the nineteenth century, masculine identification was considered to reside “in the life of the mind”. Literature showed scant interest in the body and manliness was mainly about moral excellence. By the end of the nineteenth century this stance was changing rapidly or as John Tosh has noted, “there was a growing tension between the moral and physical criteria of manliness”. With a careful look at soldiers’ letters from the WWI Western Front in Europe, this paper will address the social and moral dilemmas of courage, comfort and manliness. Focusing on Sigurður Johnsen’s letters to his mother in Iceland, I will discuss his doubts of belonging as an immigrant and a foreigner in the Canadian army, as well as the mother-son relationship that appears in the letters. Public discourse during WWI often portrayed this wartime family connection as a dyad, with an obedient, empowered mother and an aggressive patriotic son. This paper will look at this poetic, political and often national image of the mother-son relationship from the perspective of the soldier, who, by (re)forming his masculine identity through letter writing, had to frequently negotiate the predicament of being his mother’s son and a grown man.

ABSTRACT. Efter Reformationens gennemførelse i første halvdel af 1500-tallet skulle den nye tro implementeres i alle leder og kanter af samfundet. Befolkningen skulle på mange måder genopdrages til en ny kirkegang med landsherren som kirkefyrste. Reformationen og den efterfølgende konfessionalisering af samfundet medførte et ønske fra både kirkefyrstens og kirkeledelsens side om at kontrollere forskellige sider af kirkelivet. Den danske konge udsendte derfor et hav af forordninger og regulativer for at reformere og ordne kirkernes praktiske og daglige styring. De overordnede instrukser i 1500-, 1600- og 1700-årene skulle også sikre, at kirkerne tilkom de retmæssige midler, hvilket øjensynligt ellers langt fra altid var tilfældet. Den tidligt-moderne statsdannelse, som var under optræk i 1500- og 1600-årene, søgte dermed en ensartet lovgivning med indlagte kontrolinstanser for at sikre rammerne for kirkelivet i forhold til de religiøse aktiviteter og i forhold til de økonomiske aktiviteter. Det viste sig dog svært at sikre en ensretning på området, hvilket kirkernes regnskabsføring kan være et eksempel på. Lokale forhold blev ofte udslagsgivende for de lokale muligheder, og fyrstens magt og kontrol var muligvis ikke så gennemført i alle afkroge af riget i 1500- og 1600-årene. Der var stor forskel på land og by, og der var stor forskel på landlige områder og byer indbyrdes. Dette paper er en præsentation af den seneste forskning inden for kirkeregnskaber, som bidrager til en nuancering af et element i statsopbygningen efter reformationen. En komparativ undersøgelse af fire provinskøbstæders kirkeregnskaber og tre landsognes kirkeregnskaber i 1600- og 1700-årene viser, hvor stor betydning forskellige lokale forhold havde for statsmagtens muligheder i forhold til egentlig kontrol. De viser desuden hvor stor betydning en nærhed eller en afstand til fyrstemagten havde i forhold til overholdelse af regler.

ABSTRACT. Past queer lives or “othered” sexualities have become a topic of current public historical interest. Especially memories of gay and lesbian pasts are gathered in the archives, made visible in life stories collections and oral history projects, and presented in museums. The present sexualities are produced, partly, in relation to the understandings of queer pasts, and at the same time the queer of the past is being constructed in this process.

This presentation discusses the construction of “othered”, forbidden and queer sexualities in Finnish and Estonian memories. The presentation addresses the changes that have taken place in these constructions from the 1990s to the present. By placing side by side memories produced in different national contexts it is possible to ask how does the societal and cultural context of the time being remembered and the time of remembering affect the construction of sexualities. Furthermore, it is discussed, what in fact has been “othered” in these historical contexts. The time remembered addressed in the presentation ranges from the Second World War to the present, and the memories studied are produced within collection campaigns, archiving processes and public discussions from the early 1990s onwards.

The presentation addresses life stories, collections of them, archives and public use of history as sites where memories of past sexualities are utilised to understand what is sexuality and what means to be “normal” or “othered”. The presentation is based on a dissertation project in its final stages.

ABSTRACT. My presentation will show that in the Age of Enlightenment the modernization of national identities took place not only in the debates of the political forums (parliaments, newspapers, pamphlets). The Swedish Lutheran local clergy had a very significant role in this process, as they acted in an intermediary role between the centre and peripheries of the state. Through their sermons clergymen participated in the process of constructing a more modern version of nationalism at a local level.

Earlier studies have demonstrated that changes of political cultures can be recognized in parliamentary and diet –sermons given by higher clergy. However, the role of the clergy was much wider than this as, members of the lower clergy acted as political educators among the common people. My doctoral dissertation focuses on the rise of more modern nationalistic discourses in the Swedish realm and especially on the role of the local clergymen in this process.

The perspective and source material of my research is quite unique in international comparison. I argue that the Swedish and Finnish local clergy changed their political and societal argumentation gradually from biblical models of an Israel-like national community typical of the eighteenth century to more secular models of the national community by the early nineteenth century. I study sermon manuscripts from six different kind of parishes located in the different parts of the realm.

Sermon manuscripts have survived to a unique extent in Finnish and Swedish public archives. Changes in the language of the sermons may not have been as explicit as in certain secular genres but their contribution to shifts in political culture can nevertheless be recognized by comprehensive contextualization and comparison. I shall demonstrate how national identity was conceptually constructed in sermons given by the local clergy in Lutheran contexts.

ABSTRACT. Det forskningsmæssige fokus af mit paper til konferencen Nordisk Historikermøde 2017 til sessionen ”Mødet med historie - læremidler og rum” retter sig mod samarbejder mellem gymnasieskoler og museer og den læring, der opstår som resultat heraf hos de involverede elever, lærere og museumsinspektører. Mit bidrag vil komme med bud på svar til dette spørgsmål: - Hvad karakteriserer gymnasieelevers læringsoplevelse i undervisningsforløb, som inddrager et museum som læringsmiljø, og som deres lærere har udviklet og gennemfører sammen med museets inspektører? Mit paper vil omhandle resultater af et empirisk og sociologisk inspireret studie, som dannede grundlag for min ph.d. afhandling “Interface learning - New goals for museum and upper secondary school collaboration” (2014). Undersøgelsen var organiseret efter et mixed methods forskningsdesign med primær fokus på den kvalitative undersøgelse. Data hertil blev indsamlet gennem 29 interviews med elever, gymnasielærere og museumsinspektører. Supplerende data består af feltnotater og fotos fra partnerskabsmøder og elevers arbejde på museet samt af kvantitative data indsamlet gennem to online spørgeskemaundersøgelser sendt til og besvaret af alle undersøgelsens elever før og efter undervisningsforløbet på museet. Metoden for dataindsamling og analyse er delvist baseret på Generic Learning Outcomes-modellen. Studiet er teoretisk funderet i konstruktivistisk og socialkonstruktivistisk læringsteori samt Etienne Wengers teori om praksisfællesskabers læring, sammenhæng og dynamik. Undersøgelsen viser, at gymnasieelever opnår et bredt spektrum af læringsresultater ved at arbejde med skolerelaterede opgaver i museets uformelle læringsmiljø. Læringsresultaterne varierer dog mærkbart, afhængigt af hvordan og i hvor høj grad undervisningsforløbets pædagogiske og didaktiske tilrettelæggelse tager højde for og indarbejder det særlige læringsmiljø, der opstår i grænsefladen mellem det formelle og det uformelle læringsmiljø.

ABSTRACT. As in all societies, the ideals about good life, decent conduct and favourable personality traits shaped people’s thoughts and behaviour in early modern Sweden. As the critics of Elias’ civilization theory have pointed out, a mass of social restrictions and regulations existed and a great degree of self-control was certainly expected of the pre- and early modern individuals. Ideal way of living and positive traits – as well as their opposites – were promulgated in various ways by the authorities, for example in legislation, ordinances and devotional literature, and present and reconstructed in everyday life. The session focuses on the contents, construction and borderlines of behavioural and character ideals and paragons, presenting new insights about the ideas of decent and indecent conduct in early modern Sweden and Finland. The borderline between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour was blurred and context-depended, for example when it came to suitable drunken behaviour or expected religious practice. The papers discuss not only the ideals and their opposites but also the complex negotiation and situational understandings of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ behaviour and characteristics. On many occasions, the social norms and ideals were ambivalent, and the official norms were difficult to follow, or even in contrast to those of the lay communities.

ABSTRACT. Nya vetenskapliga rön som visade på hygienens hälsofrämjande effekter var en viktig del i det sena 1800-talets ökade intresse för hemmets skötsel. Det rena, moderna hemmet krävde större arbetsinsatser och förutsatte en omfördelning av hushållets resurser. Utbudet av hälsofrämjande varor, såsom skurmedel och bomullsvaror, reviderade i sin tur synen på smuts och renlighet. Ekonomhistorikerna De Vries och Mokyr lyfter t ex fram efterfrågan på nya varor som en förklaring till hushållens förändrade genusarbetsdelning och framväxten av familjeförsörjar- hemmafruidealet. Utvecklingen medförde inte bara större arbetsinsatser för gifta kvinnor i det egna hemmet utan också att fler kvinnor kunde försörja sig på hushållsarbete i andras hem. Hemmets centrala roll och huslighet som dygd har främst betraktats som ett ideal förknippat med 1800-talets borgerlighet. Men via upplysningskampanjer, rådgivningslitteratur och reklam för inrednings- och konsumtionsvaror fick huslighetsidealet även spridning till samhällets bredare lager. Vi vill belysa ett brett spektrum av frågor kring hemmets utformning, modernisering och skötsel kring sekelskiftet 1900. Med empiriska exempel hämtade från stad och landsbygd i både Sverige och Finland diskuteras hushållens arbetsdelning och kvinnors obetalda och betalda hemarbete, men även hushållens konsumtion av hälsofrämjande varor kopplat till synen på renlighet och förändrade levnadsmönster och ideal. Gemensamt för sessionens bidrag är även att vi, utifrån olika perspektiv, intresserar oss för hur dessa ideal förmedlades av olika aktörer såsom statliga myndigheter, kommersiella intressen samt privata aktörer som t ex husmodersförbunden.

ABSTRACT. In the year 1871 the recently founded Finnish Antiquarian Society started to organize art-historical expeditions in Finland. The expeditions assembled an astonishingly heterogeneous party of architects, artists, and antiquarians. The leading figure of the expeditions was antiquarian and journalist Emil Nervander (1840–1914), who had realized, that in parish churches there existed a lot of medieval objects and artifacts, in danger of being destroyed. Nervander saw these artifacts in a new light, as crucial evidence of Finnish cultural history, and as material objects well worth careful study. The goal of the expeditions was to document mural paintings, wooden sculptures, the very church buildings and different kind of artifacts found in them. During the eight expeditions (1871–1902) almost 3 000 documentary images were produced about this material, mostly drawings, watercolours, and also photographs. This material, fundamental to the idea of Finnish Medieval history and well referred to in history books, is surprisingly little studied. Even the reputation of these groundbreaking expeditions is today somewhat contradictory. Basing on research of this material, I will in my presentation suggest that the art historical expeditions observed and valued the findings in a new way: suddenly old art and objects of domestic material culture were found interesting. Also, I will argue, that the aims and results of the expeditions have been much more diverse than has been thought before. The actual objective was documentation for the benefit of archaeological research. However, there was also a strong ambition to study the ancient material culture and create a new arts and crafts production based on this old “national” art.

ABSTRACT. In 1993 an article in the Lancet about possible health harms of trans fats caused strong reactions in Denmark among researchers, the media and subsequently the margarine industry. In 2003 the Danish Government issued a ban on industrially produced trans fats. So far few countries have followed Denmark. Why did this become such a big issue in Denmark? Reports, newspaper articles, scientific papers, parliament documents etc. were studied to analyse the process leading to the ban. Researchers played a very active role in promoting the ban. They allied with the industry, politicians and civil servants to achieve their goal, all actors translated the issue in a way to support their case. The researchers produced reports to provide policymakers with arguments and they used the media actively. They focused on industrially produced trans fats, leaving ruminant trans fats aside; thereby they did not have to deal with the complicated task of avoiding ruminant trans fats. Furthermore they averted a confrontation with the strong Danish agricultural lobby with which some of the researchers had financial bonds. In the US the labelling requirements do not differ between the two types of trans fats. Researchers translated results to support their agenda, and their mental maps, and overlooked or misinterpreted results, which contradicted their message about the harms of the industrially produced trans fats. When researchers act in the policy process they may be influenced by their agenda in a way, which could be labelled a co-production of research and policy. Is and ought may be confused, as researchers act politically. IP trans fats were banned on, at the time, seemingly weak scientific grounds. Researchers were carried away by an apparently good cause and forgot about scientific rigour when they acted politically.

ABSTRACT. The panel discusses the perspectives of the ways of habitation and spatial practices in the city as well as in the countryside. It concerns the reformation and development of habitation, both in theory and practice. Habitation is and has always been an essential element of everyday life. Therefore, changes in living conditions had usually a wide impact on everyday social practices of individual households. Moreover, these changes reflect the developments in communal and societal -levels. Reformation of habitation as a part of larger change in social practices is addressed in the papers. Altogether the panel offers a long-term view on the developments in spatial practices.

The aspects of kinship, demography and economy have dominated the historiography of households, while the role of space in the making of domestic liaisons has often been marginalised. The notion of household has been determined with a 'locational criterion' already by Peter Laslett, where a household consists of a group of people living under a common roof. However, detailed approaches to the shaping of households within the framework of domestic space and vernacular architecture has not yet been effectuated.

For example, the reformation of habitation and questions of private and public space are considered both in the urban context and countryside vicarages of the 18th century. Furthermore, the changes in the spatial practices of the rural households in the beginning of the 20th century are reflected through the efforts in privatizing and segregating the space of the small farms. The panel also discusses how the living arrangements of the households and their development are described in the premodern source materials – especially in the parish registers, which were usually written after patriarchal household system.

ABSTRACT. The seed to a major reform of international institutions was sown when the concept of human rights was written into the Charter of the United Nations Organization in 1945, promising international efforts to protect rights of individuals and possibly creating international law to this effect. What were Nordic reactions and contributions to establishing and further developing an international human rights system? And how did such norms and institutions feed back into the Nordic states and societies? In the literature outlining the evolution of the international human rights regime after 1945, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden are often referred to as leading forces in the creation of new international treaties, as well as institutions for monitoring state compliance (Lauren, 2011). At least since the 1960s, the Nordic countries have incorporated the objective of promoting human rights norms into their foreign policies and programs for development assistance, and forged an unique brand for themselves building upon the idea of internationalist solidarism (Browning, 2007). Yet the international activism has not always been reflected in a high visibility of human rights in domestic laws and politics. In a pioneering 1988 article, Allan Rosas concluded by calling on politicians and academics to pay more attention to “the implementation of human rights not only in other countries but in the Nordic countries themselves” (Rosas, 1988: 438). This panel marks the first attempt to chart the international and national histories of human rights in the Nordic countries.

ABSTRACT. In Surveiller et punir Michel Foucault argues that during the Ancien Règime various forms of petty illegalities were part of the everyday functioning of society and formed a “margin of tolerated illegality”, which gradually declined in the 18th century along with the growth of a ‘carceral society’. While the exact chronology and extent of these particular social changes have been subject to contention, many historians agree on the existence of this margin of tolerated illegalities in the pre-industrial world. As microhistorians have pointed out, the notion of such a margin of tolerated illegality emphasises the ambiguity of social and cultural norms in pre-industrial societies, to the ‘normal exceptions’ of everyday life, and views power relations as sites of contention that were continually subject to ‘negotiation’. This paper will discuss this margin of tolerated illegality in Iceland in the 19th century, with particular focus on illegal casual labour, or masterlessness. As in the other Nordic countries, masterlessness (‘lösdriveri’, ‘løsgjengeri’) in Iceland was from the 16th century onwards subject to strict regulation and a hostile public discourse which associated it with criminality, immorality and social disorder. In 1783, an ordinance was enacted which prohibited any form of masterlessness without written permits from the authorities, an exceptionally harsh ordinance which was in effect for 80 years. Nevertheless, masterless labour continued and remained a chronic ‘problem’ in public discourse throughout the 19th century, as Icelandic society and the economy underwent significant changes towards modernization. This paper will analyse the apparent paradox of masterless labour as a reviled form of deviancy while simultaneously being a commonplace feature of daily life, and discuss the impact which such illicit labour practices had on the historical transformation of Icelandic society in the 19th century.

ABSTRACT. Hur nationsbygget i olika länder förankras folkligt är en understuderad process. Med detta bidrag vill jag ge en inblick hur den gick till i Finland genom att studera ett statyprojekt under den europeiska statyomanins tidevarv som igångsattes för att uppmärksamma Finlands reformator Mikael Agricola. Min forskning knyter därmed an till intresset för såväl nationsbygge som historiebruk.

Jag ställer i främsta rummet frågor kring insamlingen av medel gick till: Hur motiverades insamlingen, till vem riktade man sig, längs vilka kanaler och med vilken framgång? Var det så att man med hjälp av en insamling i kyrkans regi lyckades engagera också personer ur folket? Vilka faktorer förklarar att utfaller blev så olika från en ort till en annan?

Anhållan om att inleda insamlingen hade gjorts av Finlands prästerskap och den beviljades av kejsaren 1865. Anhållan motiverades med biskop Agricolas genomgripande betydelse för reformationen i landet och för det finska språket. Agricolas betydelse som landsfader var obestridlig. Alla församlingar i landet uppmanades att delta och att årligen redovisa insamlingsresultatet. Redovisningar, ibland på individnivå, finns för tidsperioden 1866-1884. Medel insamlades också på annat sätt bl.a. genom en specialskriven bok "Fiskargossen". Placeringsorten var inte från början angiven och detta ledde till en dragkamp mellan städerna Åbo och Viborg. Medelinsamlingen kan också vara intressant att jämföra med andra insamlingar som gjordes vid samma tid.

ABSTRACT. De nordiska samhällena av i dag kännetecknas av en låg korruptionsnivå. Folk litar på staten och den offentliga förvaltningen och det finns all orsak att göra det. Frågan hur länge denna tingens ordning har varit rådande och hur den uppstod inställer sig osökt. Utgående från svensk statsvetenskaplig och historisk forskning (Quality of Govenment-gruppen vid Göteborgs universitet) kring korruption och bekämpandet av detta fenomen var medlet av 1800-talet en brytpunkt med en reformatorisk "big bang" inom den offentliga förvaltningen som gjorde att korruptionsnivån sjönk snabbt och drastiskt i Sverige. Dansk och norsk forskning tycks bekräfta denna bild, men syftet med rundabordsserssionen är ändå att diskutera hur fortsatt forskning kan ges en optimal design och att - som sällan görs - ställa frågor kring administrativ korruption ur ett långt tidsperspektiv.Givet att nivån sjönk kring medlet av 1800-talet: hur hög var den den innan, hur kan tidigmoderna administrativ korruption studeras och vad skall förstås med korruption i ett förmodernt samhälle. Och kan man som ett alternativ till en "stor smäll" tänka sig en förändring i korruptionsnivån tack vare en rad reformer över ett längre tidsspann? I Finland är forskningen kring administrativ korruption som ett historiskt fenomen ännu i sin linda men knutet till en annorlunda politisk kultur än den nordiska är det ryska storfurstendömet Finland (1809-1917) ett intressant studieobjekt i en internordisk komparation.

ABSTRACT. Traditional perspectives on the history of the working class and the labour movements are inevitably challenged not only by present-day political conjunctures, but also by prominent senses of relatively recent epochal ruptures, in which the paradigms of modernity (futurity, progress etc.) seem to have been superseded by globalization, postmodernity or the ‘presentist regime of historicity’. This panel proposes to consider conceptual history as one useful historical approach to this present challenge and to discuss the methodological and material preconditions of a fruitful encounter between the traditions of labour history and conceptual history.

The approaches of conceptual history allow us to explore the development of labour, class and movement as historical conceptualizations in specific cultural and linguistic contexts, thus challenging anachronistic categorizations. As many sympathetic critics have remarked, however, much conceptual history has been rather summary in its analyses of social contexts and practices, and its traditional starting-point in the writings of prominent thinkers and politicians have perhaps lent it a somewhat one-sided perspective in many matters. Labour history, on the other hand, has often tended to overlook questions of language and ideas, preferring to emphasize social structure and class agency ‘from below’. A conceptual history of working class and labour history seems to call for a combination of the strengths of both traditions. Fortunately, the increasing digital availability of source material documenting ‘everyday’ uses of concepts may facilitate such an approach. But important methodological questions remain for discussion: relations between semantics and pragmatics, structure and agency, social and linguistic context, single-language contexts and transnational conceptual movements, studies of single concepts and studies of semantic networks/discourses, etc.

In this panel we wish to approach questions of interpretation as well as methodology through a number of specific case studies, all focusing on the Nordic societies.

ABSTRACT. Critique of religion and its consequences is a topical theme. The attack on the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris in January 2015 made the Western media establishment to rally in defence of freedom of expression, but it also raised the question of the limits of this freedom. The issue arose again in connection with the attacks in Copenhagen a few weeks later. There are always more or less defined limits to freedom of expression, which change over time and are adapted to the political system that prevails. Ideas that in various ways question or threaten the current value system are not accepted. In Western society, racism is an example of such an illicit opinion, while blasphemy and criticism of the state-sanctioned religion took the same position in pre- and early modern society. Criticism of the established church and the religiously motivated social order played an important role in the transformation of society that is usually labelled as secularisation and which meant that state and politics gradually became detached from church and religion. We will discuss the concrete expressions of anticlericalism in the Nordic countries, how and with what purpose it was used in political and church political debates and rhetoric, its role in fiction and popular culture, and its expressions within Protestant revivalism and political radicalism, and last but not least, blasphemy and its changing meaning and position.

Participants: Lars Edgren, Kristin Norseth och Yvonne Maria Werner

ABSTRACT. The panel’s concern are not historical auxiliary forces and foreign units/soldiers within the Waffen-SS, but their veterans and legacy, respectively the role they play for memory culture and national narratives in different European countries. The reconstruction of Europe and the Soviet Union after World War Two depended, not least, on one central tenet: all peoples in occupied nations had united in fighting the Nazis. There had been very few traitors. During the 1980s, this story of united resistance was reinforced by mutual horror of the Holocaust. Political and economic collaborators were bad; but worse were those who fought side by side with the Waffen-SS, the cold-blooded murderers of thousands and thousands of civilians. These tenets still underpin hegemonic discourses. But they are increasingly challenged. In both East and West, nationalists are using the “legacy” of military collaboration, to strengthen an alternative narrative of World War Two. The enemy, they argue, had not been the Nazis. On the contrary: true patriots had joined the Nazis. They had fought, as heroic martyrs, against the real threat to Europe: the Communists, the Soviet Union, the non-Europeans. The panel’s hypothesis is that the veterans and their young sympathizers have been able to exploit changes in definitions of “Europe” and "Europeans" inherent first in the Cold War and after 1990 in EU expansion. They had long seen themselves as the first true pan-Europeans, the first to defend “European” values against Communism. In the 1990s, the Fall of the Wall seemed to confirm the veterans' revisionist interpretation of World War Two as - first and foremost - a trans-European struggle against Bolshevism. This approach, still unpopular in Western Europe, found and finds support in the post-Soviet East, where bitter memories of the Nazi occupation are often overlaid by bitter memories of occupation by the Soviet Union.

ABSTRACT. Min presentation har bäring på frågor om sjukdomsspridning under äldre tid samt frågor om djurhållning, agrarekonomi och krisberedskap i de tidigmoderna nordiska staterna. Uppmärksamheten riktas i huvudsak mot det svenska riket (Sverige och Finland), men även relationen till Danmark är av intresse.

Under 1700-talet drabbades många nötkreatur i Europa av smittsamma och dödliga infektionssjukdomar. Internationella beräkningar visar att runt 200 miljoner djur dog i Europa under denna tid. Det svenska riket var inget undantag. Flera stora utbrott ägde rum och kreatursförlusterna uppgick till flera hundratusen. Då nötkreaturen hade en oumbärlig roll inom jordbruket – som dragare, gödsel-, mat- och råvaruproducenter – så följde allvarliga brister inom den agrara ekonomins nästintill alla delar, både lokalt och nationellt. Den svenska statsledningen påbörjade med landshövdingarnas hjälp ett systematiskt bekämpningsarbete ute i bygderna. Kampen mot boskapssjukan pågick särskilt intensivt under perioden 1720-1770 då kreatursförlusterna var som störst.

Sjukdomarna gick under olika namn i det svenska riket, exempelvis ”boskapssjuka” och ”kreaturspest”. Begreppens motsvarigheter inom modern veterinär diagnostik har tidigare diskuterats inom historieforskningen, men någon mer ingående undersökning har aldrig tidigare presenterats. I min forskning har jag utvecklat en retrospektiv diagnosticeringsmetod som tar fasta på symptombeskrivningar, och kommit fram till att alla de stora sjukdomsutbrotten bland nötkreaturen i det svenska riket under 1700-talet orsakades av antingen mjältbrand (eng. anthrax) eller boskapspest (eng. rinderpest). Mjältbrand härjade framförallt i Finland och norra Sverige och boskapspest endast i södra och mellersta Sverige. Enligt samtida betraktare kom boskapspesten alltid från Danmark; den spreds via handeln över Öresund.

Mitt föredrag syftar till att presentera några viktiga resultat från min forskning (finansierad av det svenska Vetenskapsrådet) om boskapssjukan i 1700-talets svenska rike och diskutera resultaten i relation till liknande forskning i de nordiska länderna. Tidigare nordiska jämförelser på området saknas helt inom forskningen, men kan kanske genom denna presentation komma till stånd.

ABSTRACT. One of several hot-tempered arguments in David Lowenthal’s classic work The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (1998) highlights the importance of childhood in the discourses of heritage. Since heritage merely seems to be a conspiratorial celebration of the past for Lowenthal, the childhood dimension is treated as a tool which the advocates of a specific heritage use to legitimize their version of history. My research on heritage attractions confirms Lowenthal’s claim that childhood is a crucial element in heritage. Through analyses of texts and interviews pertaining to the maritime heritage attractions and stakeholders in Sweden, however, I contend that the use of more or less salient references to childhood could be understood as unreflective and habitual articulations. Nonetheless, even though the forms of heritage attractions may vary and the stakeholder’s so-called personality may differ the imaginary landscapes of childhood appear to function as central prerequisites in the enterprises of heritage. However, to offer a deeper understanding of how the uses of childhood work within the logics of heritage I propose that we move beyond Lowenthal’s critique. I propose that the references to childhood could be related to the concept of emotional communities, introduced by the historian Barbara Rosenwein (2006). The emotional community for Rosenwein is a as group in which people have a common stake, interests, values and goals. The goals etc. is reached through representations of emotion within in a system of norms and convention. The analysis focuses on the fabric of a social community and how emotions are discursively expressed, not unmediated feelings or emotions. I believe that an analytical approach that make use of the concept of emotional community with the focus on the different uses of the feeling of childhood is a way to deconstruct naturalisations, hierarchies, temporality and spatiality within heritage.

ABSTRACT. Sesjonen vil ta for seg ulike aspekter ved Thomas von Westens liv og virke.von Westen (1682–1727) var prest, misjonsleder for misjonen blant den samiske befolkning i Norge og leder for flere seminarier i Trondheim som hadde til formål å utdanne misjonærer, kateketer og skolelærere for det nordlige Norge. Han hadde også samarbeid med de svenske myndigheter om misjonsspørsmål blant svenske samer. Han hadde teologisk og språklig utdannelse fra Universitetet i København, og han var ansatt av Misjonskollegiet i København mens han utførte sitt arbeid tilknyttet misjonen blant samene i Norge. Sesjonen vil ha tre framlegg. Randi Skjelmo: «Thomas von Westen – utdanning og prestekall». Skjelmo tar for seg hans tidlige år i Trondheim, utdanningsfasen ved katedralskole og ulike universitetsstudier i København. Dessuten tas opp von Westens første prestekall på Vedøy i Norge og hans medlemskap i det pietistiske broderskapet Syvstjernen. Liv Helene Willumsen: «Thomas von Westens misjonsreiser». Hun går inn på von Westens tre misjonsreiser, hvorav de to første gikk til Finnmark og den tredje så langt nord som til Tromsø. Framlegget vil vektlegge von Westens aktivitet på disse misjonsreisene samt gå inn på hvordan de første misjonærene ble instruert, plassert og organisert nord i Norge. Daniel Lindmarks framlegg tar for seg Thomas von Westens brev til det svenske presteskapet av 1723. Framlegget vil fokusere på samarbeidet mellom prestene på begge sider av Kjølen og von Westens rolle som kommunikator i forhold til den svenske offentligheten. Lindmark vil også reise spørsmålet hvorvidt pietistisk innflytelse har vært til stede ved Riksdagens innføring av skoleinstruksen av 1723 og praktiseringen av denne. Sesjonens organiserer: Liv Helene Willumsen liv.willumsen@uit.no Deltakere: Daniel Lindmark, Professor, Umeå Universitet, Sverige Randi Hege Skjelmo, Førsteamanuensis, UiT - Universitetet i Tromsø, Norges arktiske universitet, Norge Liv Helene Willumsen, Professor, UiT - Universitetet i Tromsø, Norges arktiske universitet, Norge

ABSTRACT. Utgångspunkten för denna presentation är det Stora nordiska kriget och de finansiella innovationer som vidtogs inom det svenska riket för att finansiera de militära operationerna. Stora delar av befolkningen blev delaktiga i finansieringen genom att olika typer av nya finansiella instrument som till exempel mynttecken, myntsedlar och obligationer gavs ut. Denna finansiella utveckling kan liknas vid en revolution, som inträffade i flera europeiska stater vid denna tid. Inte minst i England skedde en kraftig tillväxt av Londons kapitalmarknad där betydligt fler människor än tidigare kunde handla med aktier och obligationer. Marknaden var likvid, vilket gjorde att köpare och säljare lätt kunde mötas och att det uppkom ett utrymme för mäklare att tjäna pengar på de finansiella transaktionerna. Även i Frankrike, under ledning av skotten John Law, gjordes försök under 1710-talet att skapa ett liknande finansiellt framåtskridande. Vår kunskap om vilka konsekvenser dessa nymodigheter fick för människors ekonomiska vardag i Sverige är emellertid begränsad. Likaså är vår kunskap ringa om den dynamik och förändringsbenägenhet som existerade i det finansiella systemet i Sverige under tidigmodern tid. Genom att analysera den finansiella utvecklingen i två svenska städer, Arboga och Linköping, kan vi få en bättre bild av hur människorna under 1700-talet agerade finansiellt och vilka strategier de använde för att bland annat hantera risk och nya finansiella instrument. Dessa resultat kommer sedan att relateras till övergripande frågor om den finansiella utvecklingen i såväl Norden som Europa.

ABSTRACT. How can we understand the rise of an educationalized world and how has the OECD promoted education as a means to achieve social and economic prosperity across the globe? The world of today is an educationalized world. It means that societal challenges are to be solved by education. In fact, every challenge facing contemporary society – e.g. social cohesion, economic growth, and sustainability – has an unmistakable educational component. For decades, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has promoted a global vision of education as one of providing human capital to deal with social challenges and improve the economies of nation-states. Beginning as the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) in 1948, the OECD gradually took the leading role in shaping a global education space from other international organisations culminating with the launch of the programme for international student assessment (PISA) in 2000. Today the OECD is widely recognised as the global trend-setter in education – and promoter of an educationalized world - because of its educational measurement indicators, its production of norms, and its role in governance by comparison (e.g. PISA). The OECD’s educational recommendations and programmes carry an enormous global impact because 1) they frame and shape the public discourse and the ways decision-makers think about and deal with social and economic challenges; 2) they affect educational access, performance and benefits of different people groups; and 3) they impact the conditions under which education may be realized in different national contexts.

ABSTRACT. Founded in 1945, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) initially focused on the reconstruction of education after World War II. The purpose of this proposal is to present a study of UNESCO’s role in the shaping of educational concepts and research in the context of Cold War politics. Not only have historians come to recognize that period “as the foundry of our current world order” (Gilman, 2015, p. 10), it can also be regarded as the foundry of the contemporary constellation of “global governance” in education, in which UNESCO plays a much smaller role than it did in the first three decades of its existence. In that respect we propose an intellectual history approach insofar as we pay close attention to the interplay of ideas, institutions and individual actors in the context of the particular intellectual, economic and political climate of the Cold War years. Christian Ydesen’s study further employs a conceptual history approach that places a greater emphasis on “the central place of language and translation in political and social discourse” (Richter, 2012, p. 1). Conceptual history aims at shedding light on the relationship between concepts or discourses and political and social activity. As it questions the taken-for-granted assumptions in the use of concepts, conceptual and intellectual history can be seen as a style of political theorizing (Palonen, 2002). The ultimate aim of this intellectual and conceptual history is to comment critically on the present meaning of education and of UNESCO’s role in shaping it. The study will draw on three different archives: The Joseph Lauwerys Papers at the UCL Institute of Education Library in London, the library of the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning in Hamburg, and the UNESCO archives in Paris.

ABSTRACT. Sidan byrjinga av 1990-talet har det skjedd ein omfattande og djuptgripande digitalrevolusjon. Eit første gjennombrot kom i 1993 da World Wide Web og e-post blei tilgjengeleg for folk flest, men den store omveltinga kom først nærmare 15 år seinare med den omfattande utbygginga av høghastigheits data- og mobilnett. Det opna for at alle kunne ta i bruk smarttelefonar og nettbrett med personleg tilpassa og sjølvbetente løysingar basert på nett – og mobilteknologi . Omveltinga som følgde av digitalrevolusjonen har ført til omfattande og djuptgripande endringar på dei fleste samfunnsområder, frå militæret til det sivile samfunn, og har gripe inn i dei fleste sidene ved folks liv, privat og i arbeidslivet. Til saman har desse endringane vore så store at det vore hevda at ein kan stille spørsmål om der har skjedd eit epokeskifte, og at ei ny form for modernitet – det digimoderne samfunn – er i ferd med å oppstå. Utgangspunkt for presentasjonen er korleis digitalrevolusjonen har omforma banknæringa på 2000-talet, mellom anna korleis dette har endra arbeidskvardagen for dei banktilsette og kundenes kontakt med banken. Dette vil bli sett inn i ein større samanheng som peiker på generelle og allmenne prosessar som er overførebare til andre næringa og andre samfunnsfelt. Avslutningsvis vil det bli drøfta om det er grunnlag for å hevde at ein ny type modernitet er i ferd med å vekse fram – og om det er behov for eit nytt epokeomgrep.

ABSTRACT. Visuals have historically been important in constructing identities, agency and political positions. They can provide important knowledge of how representations of gender, sexuality, and race/ethnicity have been used both to underscore and to challenge policy positions and actions. This session considers the roles and consequences of these representations for foreign policy. How have representations of gender, sexuality and race/ethnicity differed between types of foreign policies and historical contexts?

Many well-known visuals relate to armed conflicts, such as military recruitment posters and depictions of belligerents as embodied and racialized monstrous figures. However, the use of visuals for non-belligerent positions and peace-aiming policies are less well-known and the role of gender and sexualities in the visualization of foreign policies in a more general sense has not been sufficiently addressed. Visuals and forms of popular culture such as cartoons, caricatures, postcards and posters have provided ways for individuals and social groups to engage with and contest “high politics” in their everyday lives. State institutions have been playfully and ironically depicted, offering contradictions and counter-narratives to state propaganda and policies. Representations of gender and race/ethnicity are critical in this historical material.

The purpose of this session is to inventory visuals used in different historical contexts to defend or challenge foreign policies. Important themes in the images are sexualities, potency/emasculation, body/border transgressions and the visual trope of nation-as-body. The portrayal of military threat and occupation in terms of rape/sexual assault is specifically addressed. The papers discuss how gendered and racialized visualizations of foreign policy positions and doctrines construct and affect political agency, and how they have been used to challenge and mobilize the different states’ national security choices and policies. Issues of how these visuals in turn affect representations of gender in different societies’ and negotiate men’s and women’s citizenship status are also addressed.

ABSTRACT. Lärare har länge varit medvetna om den roll som specifika skolämnen spelar i nationsbyggande – i synnerhet finns uppfattningen att det nationella medvetandet formas i historieklassrummet. Historien är politisk till sin natur och speglas oftast i nationella kontexter av nationella protagonister. Historia som skolämne är ett omdebatterat område i offentligheten; en arena för kamp om det kollektiva minnet och om kulturell literacy. En nations historia är öppen för tolkning och många nationer har under den senaste tiden omprövat sin historieskrivning. Rivaliserande berättelser har framträtt och det förflutna har utsatts för konkurrerande tolkningar och även revisionistiska sådana. Erkännandet av ”mot-minnen” från inhemska, etniska och nationella minoriteter, och ibland regionala grannar, har hejdat obestridligheten i nationsbyggande projekt. Debatter som rör ”Den nationella berättelsen” har ofta lett till offentliga gräl om hur historia, och vilken historia, som det bör undervisas om i skolan. I vissa nationalstater har dessa debatter blivit så intensiva att de har beskrivits som "historiekrig". Problemet med konkurrerande berättelser är ett återkommande ämne i publikationer om historieundervisning. Man har där kartlagt historiekrigslandskapet och ett gemensamt drag i nästan alla dessa publikationer är att det finns ett antagande om en enda berättelse: "Vems historia undervisas det om och vilka historier lämnas utanför?", tycks vara de vanligaste frågorna. En debatt om hur lärare kan eller bör närma sig dessa disparata historieframställningar är dock sällsynt. Framväxten av nya berättelser och perspektiv har ifrågasatt berättelsen om det nationsbyggande projektet och historie- eller kulturkrigen som ofta sprungit ur denna nya situation är väl utforskade i många olika sammanhang. Men det finns inte så mycket skrivet om hur historielärare kan närma sig den problematik som dessa krig står för. Denna panel-session kommer att behandla denna fråga både i en nordisk och i en europeisk kontext, genom att presentera delar av en antologi, som är under publicering.

ABSTRACT. The Church Ordinance of King Christian III caused radical changes of the Icelandic social system and the economy. The episcopal sees were the wealthiest institutions in Icelandic society and mostly responsible for driving the medieval economy. They were the backbones of the economical and social system. According to these articles, the superintendent was entitled to keep 2 female servants, a secretary, one male servant and a horseman who was to look after four horses. Added to this staff was a messenger-boy, who was to be taught on the premises. The superintendent was further entitled to 2 loads of rye, 4 loads of malt, 2 loads of oats, 50 loads of hay, 10 loads of straw, 40 lambs and 100 guilders in good gold. No wonder Bischop Ögmundur rejected the Church Ordinance with the famous words:

… for it is evil and empty in its inception, has but an excessive middle and its end is abominable.

The areas of activity and influence and the material basis of the bishop's office had been radically changed. That is how this relatively short text bore a dangerously explosive message which would meet with great resistance. There, the Catholic Church and the office of the bishop had developed for more than 500 years and together they had formed one of the most effective structures of Icelandic community life. Even if the estates of the bishop were not destroyed in Iceland, the Church had in fact been prevented from both economic and general engagement in society. The office of superintendent was the highest office an Icelander could hold and was regarded as an authoritative one in the centuries to come. All this does not hide the fact that it was merely a middle rung in the hierarchical ladder of the Danish state.

ABSTRACT. I denna session diskuteras det framväxande forskningsfältet kunskapshistoria (history of knowledge, Wissensgeschichte) som under 2000-talet har rönt alltmer uppmärksamhet både internationellt och i Norden. Utmärkande för denna nya inriktning är att det analytiska intresset riktas mot när, hur, varför och med vilka konsekvenser som kunskap cirkulerar i ett vidare samhälleligt sammanhang. Särskilt intresse ägnas perioder då nya former av kunskap uppstår och gör anspråk på att påverka samhällsutvecklingen.

Ett nyckelbegrepp inom det kunskapshistoriska forskningsfältet är ”cirkulation”. Dock saknas det fortfarande en mer kvalificerad teoretisk och metodologisk diskussion av begreppet som är kopplad till empiriska exempel. Med stöd i konkreta fall ur den nordiska historien – från 1500-talets kartografi till efterkrigstidens sexologi – kommer vi i denna session därför att diskutera denna tematik för att tillsammans utforska vad kunskap i cirkulation är och hur detta fenomen kan studeras ur olika infallsvinklar. Inspiration hämtas från pågående internationella samtal inom vetenskaps-, medie- och kunskapshistoria.

Deltagarna i sessionen grundade under 2016 ett nordiskt kunskapshistoriskt nätverk, ”New History of Knowledge” (se: newhistoryofknowledge.com).

Sessionsledare: Johan Östling, docent i historia och Pro Futura-forskare vid Lunds universitet och Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS) i Uppsala.

Övriga deltagare: Erling Sandmo, Universitetet i Oslo; Helge Jordheim, Universitetet i Oslo; David Larsson Heidenblad, Lunds universitet; Anna Nilsson Hammar, Lunds universitet.

ABSTRACT. When the term ”the Northern invasion” was coined by Fernand Braudel in his classic study The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II it aimed to explain the historical process in the sixteenth and seventeenth Mediterranean when the Dutch, the English and the French - thanks to their technological, commercial and political advantage - seized control of maritime life. The panel argue that a similar process, or a second wave, occurred when the Scandinavian merchant fleets and trade networks entered and subsequently expanded in the Mediterranean during the long eighteenth century. The historical process of a “Nordic invasion”, we argue, had a different set of preconditions and implications than the previous centuries, but its effects should not be underestimated. The entry of new states, networks, and agents, transformed or reshaped different commercial and political settings, local and regional, which only recently have begun to be explored by historians.

The contributions by the panel participants share this basic assumption in the case studies presented. The panel will present on-going research at Lund University in Sweden and Åbo Akademi University in Finland and discuss different aspects of the “Nordic invasion” in the long eighteenth century. Based on the aspects of adaptation, confrontation and collaboration, taking place within the Mediterranean maritime world, the panel will explore three case studies: 1) how private enterprises and self-organized networks was a vital part of the “Nordic invasion” and reshaped commercial and diplomatic culture, 2) how Swedish diplomacy tried to transform the Mediterranean ransoming culture 3) how Nathanael Gerhard af Schultén (1750–1825) can be perceived as representative of the Nordic mapping of the Mediterranean in general and North Africa in particular.

ABSTRACT. Det overordnete temaet er motkreftene mot modernisering og opplysning på 1800-tallet, den lastefulle og private vrangsiden av liberalismens og den borgerlige offentlighetens idealer. Følgende undertemaer vil bli brukt som innfallsvinkel: • Lastefulle, inkompetentente og korrupte embetsmenn • Drikkevaner • Karakterdrap og satire i pressen og privatlivet • Feilbarlige prester som moralens voktere • Rabalderfolkemøter • Helserådets motstand mot bakteriologi: «inngrep mot privatlivets fred» Den nye konstitusjonen i Norge i 1814 markerte på det formelle plan et brudd med en autoritær styringsstruktur basert på personlige bånd og et uklart skille mellom privat og offentlig. Idealet var nå en upersonlig og rasjonell statsmakt, bygget på kunnskap, fellesnytte, meritokrati og en allmennvilje som var «lutret og modereret» av en opplyst maktelite. For å nå dette var det nødvendig med en reformasjon av de administrative vaner og sosiale mentaliteter, av hele den politiske kulturen. De etablerte mønstre en slik reformasjon hadde å slåss mot er levende skildret av Conrad Nicolai Schwach i hans skånselsløse Erindringer. Her møter vi den gamle, inkompetente amtmann Adeler. Han var så avhengig av sine underordnete at når han en sjelden gang måtte signere offentlige dokumenter selv, gjorde han det med påskriften, «i fravær af min fullmektig». Vi møter også en hemningsløs drikkekultur innenfor embetsstanden. Den nye tid krevde dokumentert kompetanse og gjorde eliten til gjenstand for judisiell og demokratisk kontroll. Et aspekt av dette var kampen for å få kontroll over korrupsjonen i embetsverket, en kamp som i første halvdel av 1800-tallet ble ført med langt større skarphet og effektivitet i det eneveldige Danmark enn i det konstitusjonelt styrte Norge. Dette faktum kan fortone seg paradoksalt, men bekrefter behovet for å se nærmere på vrangsiden av de hegemoniske idealer. Vi håper vi kan stimulere tilhørerne til å delta med ytterlige perspektiver, også fra de andre nordiske land.