ABSTRACT. Interlaboratory comparison tests are an important means of testing the quality of metrological services provided by calibration laboratories. In many cases, when conducting interlaboratory comparisons, it is necessary to develop or approve a calibration technique used by the participating laboratories. In the field of gauge pressure measurements, when estimating the reduced area of deadweight gauge measuring systems for transferring a measuring unit, GOST 8.479-82 and OIML R 110 with different estimation algorithms are used. The aim of this article is to carry out comparative analysis of reduced area of the piston measuring results and is to identify the best algorithm for transferring the measuring unit of pressure. Results of the work show that both of the analyzed algorithms are special cases of using the weighted least-squares method with a different weights. Application of the algorithms is showcased by the calculations of the measurement results obtained during calibration. The advantage of one of the algorithms is shown. Relevance of the article lies in the fact that it is aimed at solving an important issue concerning harmonization of methods for evaluating measuring results adopted in national and international regulatory documents.

ABSTRACT. The evaluation of inconsistent data of key comparisons of national measurement standards has traditionally been of heightened interest. On the one hand, algorithms for evaluation of inconsistent data are heuristic; therefore, they turn out to be reasonable on some data and, at the same time, not applicable on other similar data. Thus initially the choice of such algorithms is subjective to a significant extent. On the other hand, the conclusions based on the results of using these algorithms involve the confirmation of the reported measurement uncertainties, and ultimately, of the calibration and measurement capabilities of the laboratories. Therefore such conclusions should be as objective as possible. In this situation, it is necessary to discuss and to agree on the methodology for choosing the algorithm for inconsistent data evaluation, which should be formed as a generalization of a large number of examples of real comparison data evaluation. In the paper two algorithms for evaluation inconsistent data of key comparisons of national measurement standards are compared: an algorithm (MCS) based on generating a set of metrologically compatible measurement results by expanding the reported uncertainties for a part of the measurement results, and The DerSimonian-Laird procedure based on the random effects model when standard uncertainties of the participants are corrected taking into account the observed variation in measurement results obtained in different laboratories. The algorithms are tested on the example of processing real data of key comparisons CCQM-K131. An explicit connection between the applied measurement model and conclusions drawn from the analysis of key comparisons data is discussed. The influence of incorrect data (underestimated uncertainties, presence of outliers, etc.) on the choice of the algorithm for evaluation of inconsistent data is considered.

ABSTRACT. The example 9.5 from JCGM-S1 “Gauge block calibration” with a nominal length of 50 mm by the comparison method using a comparator and a reference measure of the same nominal length and the same material as the original standard is analyzed. In JCGM-S1 compares the procedures for uncertainty evaluation, performed on the basis of the law of propagation of uncertainty (GUM) and the Monte Carlo method. The paper uses the procedure developed by the authors, which consists the expansion of the measurement model into a second-order Taylor-series taking into account the kurtosis of input quantity distributions. To facilitate engineering calculations, the finite increment method is used. The kurtosis method to find the expanded uncertainty is used. The good agreement of the results obtained by the proposed method with the results obtained by the Monte Carlo method is shown.

ABSTRACT. The time limit of the transient process (TP) in the measuring circuit (MC) is determined by the criteria using a dynamic coupling model of the first-order. Typically, this model is a priori model. The on-line mode uses the interval criterion (IC). There is a limit in the form of a critical time constant (TC) value for the criterion to be applied. Previously, it was found that such a restriction exists for MС models in the form of dynamic links of the first and the second orders. The functional dependence between the critical value and the parameter is found in the form of the ratio TC for the model of the dynamic link of the second-order. This restriction on the use of the IС reflects on the fact that such a restriction exists for the MС model of the first-order. It is advisable to analyze the performance of the IC for the MS model of the third order. These models are widely used in the simulation of measuring channels. It allows generalizing the research. In this study, we used a model with a transfer function presented in the form of the Vysnegradsky diagram with parameters "A" and "B". The IC is analyzed for the aperiodic mode of the MC. The simulation results have shown that the functional dependence between the critical value and the parameters is represented as a complex surface. For the bisector of the diagram at A and B to be more than 8, the critical value is stabilized and set at the level corresponding to the level for the model of the first order. Using information about the critical value of the IC for the MC with structural uncertainty, it is possible to build reliable (robust) algorithms that implement the IC without limiting the parameters of the models.

ABSTRACT. Optical fibers and other optical elements are used to transmit optical signals as part of high-precision metrological equipment used in the field of length measurement, characteristics of optical radiation, optical communication, and so on. The metrological characteristics of the specified equipment depend on the error in accounting for the delay of signals in optical elements and optical fibers. The of signals’ propagation delay can be determined by phase or pulse methods. The disadvantage of the phase method is the difficulty of its application for signals with a small amplitude, because it requires a high signal-to-noise ratio at the input of receiving devices, which is not always possible to provide or leads to a significant complication of the apparatus. In such cases, the pulse method can be used, based on measuring the time intervals between the pulses at the input and output of the optical element researched. At the same time, with the help of time interval counters (TIC), the moments of pulse arrival at the TIC input are recorded at a given threshold value (trigger level) and the time interval between them is measured. In addition to the frequency error of the TIC reference generator, the components of the measurement error of the time intervals between pulses are: the noise of the receiving path, the errors of the internal trigger of the equipment, as well as the sampling error. The impact of the first error component can be reduced by calibrating the reference oscillator or using a more accurate source of the reference frequency. Impact of other errors can be reduced using a proposed method, based on recording the pulse shape with analog-to-digital converter and subsequent approximation of the recorded data, taking into account information about the original pulse shape. The report discusses the application of the method for various forms of laser radiation pulses, shows the installation scheme implementing this method, and also presents the results of experimental approbation of the method for measuring delays in optical elements, confirming the possibility of its use in the development of high-precision measuring instruments and standards.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents an improved version of the method of evaluation the multiparameter measurement uncertainties stated in the Supplement 2 to GUM guide. This was done on the example of two-parameter jointed measurements. It consists the correlation of individual components of the type A and/or type B uncertainty of measurands. The general formulas for the covariance matrix, final uncertainties and correlation coefficient were determined as well as formulas for several specific cases, presented in Table 1. The graphs show the correlation coefficients of the output quantities as a function of the type B contribution in the uncertainty of the input quantities. The inclusion of correlations of uncertainty components makes the uncertainty evaluations more reliable and accurate.

ABSTRACT. Engineers of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after Professor N. E. Zhukovsky (TSAGI) created the wind tunnel EMC 0.05/100-300, which is a standard copy of the state primary standard of low subsonic velocities and allows you to transmit a unit of air flow velocity to wind tunnels, standards of 1 category of the state regional centers of Metrology of Rosstandart, receivers of full and static pressure, anemometers. Part of the standard included precision measurement system of flow parameters (SIPP), which allows for the measurement of air flow velocity by pneumometric method. The most difficult is to ensure the accuracy of the air flow velocity measurement in the range from 3 to 15 m/s, which is created when the difference between the total and static pressure is not more than 100 Pa. Therefore, an important task of metrology assurance of the secondary air flow velocity standard is to reduce the measurement uncertainty of the pressure up to 100 Pa. To solve this problem, the gauging and calibration of the SIPP is carried out using a bell micromanometer created in the TSAGI, which creates the pressure up to 100 Pa with high accuracy. A bell micromanometer is a bell put into liquid and suspended on a laboratory weighing instrument. When pressure is applied to the inner cavity of the bell, the force acting on the weighing instrument changes and its indication changes. The pressure is measured indirectly by measuring the area of the bell and the force acting on the weighing instrument. The uncertainty of measurements in this case is due to the geometric accuracy of the bell, Archimedean force, measurement uncertainty of geometry, force and other factors. The report considers the sources of uncertainty arising during the calibration of the bell micromanometer, analyzes their contribution to the total uncertainty of measurements, presents the results of comparisons of the bell micromanometer with the CPC8000 High-End Pressure Controller, which is a standard of 1 category.

ABSTRACT. The experimental research on the effects of the training model “living high, training high” would demand metrological support for the equipment and procedures required to measure three groups of indicators: training intensity, changes in the biological indicators, and degree of hypoxia. Sixteen athletes from the men’s Bulgarian national rowing team, with an average age of 18.7 years, took part in the study. They completed a three-week training camp at 2100 m above sea level at the Belmeken National Sports Base. Seven days before (T1), at the end (T2), and on the 7th (T3) and 18th day (T4) after the training camp each participant performed an incremental test – 4 stages x 40W apart x 3min with 30sec rest periods on a rowing ergometer. Before tests venous blood samples were obtained for analysis of: hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cells count (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), reticulocytes (Ret‰), white blood cells (WBC), platelets (Plt), iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and total plasma protein (PP). The Hb increased significantly with 8.5 g/L as well as Hct with 0.03 and RBC (with 0.39 T/L at the end of the high-altitude training camp (T2). In addition, the Hb-independent parameters PP and Plt also increased significantly in T2. However, one week after training camp (T3), all of these parameters returned to their initial levels and remained unchanged even one week later (T4). We have proposed the equation for resolving the metrological problem with the measurement of real hemoglobin changes during the “living high, training high” training model.

ABSTRACT. Abstract—To improve the reliability of diagnostics of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque (AP), the measurement and information system (MIS) for computer vibrodiagnostics of atherosclerosis is currently being developed. The first stage of diagnosis is the detection of an unstable AP (UAP) and a preliminary classification of its states (PCS) according to the results of multi-channel data recording. Their solution in this study is proposed on the basis of the statistical decision theory. Vibration detection by the Neyman–Pearson criterion is performed in each channel of the MIS. The PCS of UAP by the maximum likelihood criterion is reduced to the distinguishing between an ensemble of deterministic signals in additive random noise. As an input signal, the longitudinal power distribution (posterior LPD, PLPD) of the UAP vibrations is used, which is estimated according to the data of multichannel MIS, and reference LPDs (RLPD) characteristic of various states of the UAP are used as the distinguished signals. There is theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed the fact of the coincidence of the form of the RLPD with the LPD of radial displacement of the UAP unstable eigenmode in a particular state. The latter can be calculated as the squared magnitude of the solution for the correspondent displacement boundary-value problem for the UAP. This ensures the vibration LPD high efficiency as a classification feature. The performance of the developed procedures is discussed.

ABSTRACT. Abstract—The modern diagnostic paradigm of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque (AP) suffers from significant shortcomings. In contrast to the current, essentially static, approach to vulnerability, the wave approach which the present study is addressed focuses on wave processes in an unstable AP (UAP) and their contribution to the rupture. According to the previously proposed resonance hypothesis, rupture occurs due to the nonlinear resonance in the UAP caused by a pulsatile blood flow in a large artery. The studies made it possible to develop a theory of UAP as a two-layer shell with special shape and properties excited by a pulsatile liquid flow in the internal channel, and theoretically confirm the possibility of high frequency vibration induced stresses formation in the fibrous shell, which are of the same order of magnitude as the low frequency stresses considered by modern diagnostic markers and tests. This in turn confirms the significant contribution of vibrations to the rupture of the UAP. For the sake of improving the UAP diagnosis the design of relevant measurement and information system (MIS) for computer vibrodiagnostics of atherosclerosis is discussed. The modality, registration method of micron vibrations and the requirements for the main components of the measuring part of the MIS as well as the structure and logical sequence of diagnostic procedures have been substantiated.

ABSTRACT. The article shows the need for a systematic approach in the analysis and evaluation of the state of complex objects of various types. A systematic approach to the analysis of complex date objects the opportunity to find new ways to optimize the resources of these projects. The main goal of the system approach is physically implemented by a number of software tools. In the proposed work, as a tool for the implementation of the systems approach, it was proposed to use the methodology of functional modeling IDEF0. This approach allowed us to create a functional model of the object to determine the function of each element and at the same time visualize its structural features. Methodology IDEF0 is actively used for the analysis and design of technological processes. In this paper, the authors proposed using technology IDEF0 to describe and analyze the interaction of resources for such a complex object as the human body. There is a decomposition of several levels in this work. In the form of blocks presents the main functions of the simulated object. These functions are broken down (decomposed) into composite parts and presented in the form of more detailed diagrams. The situation continues until the object is described at the level of detail necessary to achieve the objectives of a particular study. The top level diagram provides the most general or abstract description of the functioning of the human body. This chart is followed by a series of diagrams that give a more detailed picture of the main subsystems of the body. Using decomposition, the human body was divided into main subsystems. A mathematical model is proposed for one of the subsystems of the organism. This model is tested for adequacy. And it can be used to describe the output of this subsystem from the state of homeostasis.

ABSTRACT. Detection of some pollutants in water or some markers in blood require high sensitive techniques. Apart from expensive laboratory equipment, biosensors are another possibility. In the biosensor development crucial is the active bioreceptor layer which interacts with the analyte. Here we propose nano-thin organic films prepared by the Langmuir-Blodgett method from a fluorescently labelled phospholipid with well-developed 3D structure, which should yield increased sensor sensitivity. The average thickness of the layer is 3 nm suggesting fast reaction times. We test this structure by detecting Cd2+ ions dissolved in pure water. The transduction of the signal is performed in two ways: optically, by measuring fluorescence intensity; and with a newly developed setup for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT. The simulation and optimization of the software simulation system for solving the inverse problem of volume scattering of gas bubbles are investigated. The developed software enables to automatically simulate the situation of the process, calculate the physical model with the given input data and visualize the result for development. The software development method is based on the C ++ programming language, the Boost library, the Qt framework and the Qt Creator integrated development environment.

ABSTRACT. The paper describes a method and a technical device for measuring the refraction (refractive index) of animal muscle tissue in order to determine the total amount of water. Phenomenological and mathematical models of refraction are constructed on the basis of obtained data. Reasonability of using the proposed mathematical model of refraction was shown for water balance computing between bounds and free water content in an animal muscle tissue.

ABSTRACT. Measuring instruments and systems (MISs) are being improved taking into account changing society requirements and limitations associated with the Kuhn’s law. Each step along this way, to a significant extent, is random and its efficiency is not obvious. It is possible to assume that the efficiency will be higher if a projected step complies with the general trend of MIS development. In the course of the Industry 4.0, the need for new MISs are increased, the task to determine this trend becoming more important. In their books, N.Wiener and S.Lem, demonstrated the analogy between biological organisms and technical systems. This analogy is applied in evolutionary cybernetics, which enables realizing functions and structures that remind decisions found by Nature. Since MISs are at a rather low level in comparison with biological organisms, to supplement MISs by a function, which is typical for highly developed organisms, is useful if the cost growth is justified. It is possible to identify the most important functions of an organism using the definition of life, but at present, it is the subject of discussion. For MISs, a functional approach is of interest because it does not exclude the application of both technical and organic components. According to it, life features include metabolism, irritability, as well as capacity for self-regulation, growth, reproduction, and adaptation to the environment. To solve the task considered, the response to the changing environment and ability to adapt to them by self-regulation, is significant. Analysis has proved that MISs called intelligent ones in Russian standards are promising. They have the ability to react on variation of influence quantities and ageing of MISs as well as to correct metrological characteristics automatically. This feature, which is typical for animals, enhances measurement trustworthiness and increases calibration intervals significantly. In many cases, realization of the above feature is of an inventive character. A systematized review of intelligent MISs, which confirms the variety and efficiency of possible decisions, will be given in the paper.

ABSTRACT. The work is the authors propose a device for measuring the color characteristics of light reflected or transmitted through an optical medium. The main element of this device is the measuring transducer, which assigns to each radiation three signals proportional to the color coordinates. Existing devices have many drawbacks, among which low speed, due to the use of inert elements, which makes it impossible to measure rapidly changing light fluxes. In this device, the authors tried to minimize these limitations by using photodiodes and a microcontroller with a built-in ADC and other devices. The main element of color tone recognition devices is a color sensor, which assigns to each emission three signals proportional to color coordinates. To convert light energy into electrical energy, three photodetectors are usually used, whose spectral characteristic should be in the visible spectral region and reproduces one of the color addition curves. To work with an electronic colorimeter, it is necessary to determine its main characteristics. The main characteristics are the angle of rotation of the prism, the distance from the light source to the electronic colorimeter and the location of the photodiodes. All these parameters are interdependent. Studies were conducted in the program HYPER TERMINAL for three measurement channels. The systematic errors that arise mainly due to the design flaws of measuring instruments, their improper installation, inaccurate calibration of scales and limbs, etc. are estimated. Systematic errors also arise when changing the parameters of the environment in which measurements are carried out. For example, when the temperature, pressure and humidity of the air. The influence of systematic errors on the measurement results should be identified in the process of work and taken into account when processing the measurement results. As an example, an estimate of the uncertainty of one of the color measurement channels by a colorimeter is presented.

ABSTRACT. This work presents a new method of investigating the dynamic error of devices and systems for measuring parameters of moving objects, which allows for considerable enhancement of accuracy analysis. Related mathematical models have been developed by employing a new concept based on the function defining the inertial component as independent component which features certain characteristics and is involved in the formation of measurement result. Effectiveness, utility and advantages that characterize the presented model are the product of its advanced capabilities which are demonstrated with regard to analysis and synthesis of devices for measuring moving objects parameters, capacity to formulate algorithms and criteria for optimization as well as to develop new smart measuring systems with improved accuracy indicators in dynamic mode.

ABSTRACT. Metrology in support of accreditation

ABSTRACT. Currently, the existing reference base does not provide a full definition of the metrological characteristics of optical-electronic measuring instruments of excess, based on the principle of operation of the photodetector of the infrared spectrum together with a pulse rangefinder. This is due to the lack of highly specialized reference stands, providing testing in all modes of measurement, as well as with the necessary margin of accuracy for modern means of measuring exceedances. The accuracy of such measuring instruments is determined by the permissible mean square error of measuring the excess of 1 km of double stroke and the permissible mean square deviation of the line of sight. Accordingly, metrological control of measuring instruments of optical-electronic type is currently an urgent task. Today work on creation of the metrological stand with the normalized metrological characteristics meeting all modern requirements, based on use of means from structure of the State primary special standard of unit of length (get 199-2018) allowing to carry out verifications and calibrations, the existing and perspective high-precision optoelectronic measuring instruments is carried out. The report presents the methodology of research and evaluation of metrological characteristics of digital measurement systems, as well as the developed set of reference measuring instruments for their metrological support.

ABSTRACT. The deviations of the form of flat and rotating surfaces of machine components in accordance with ISO 1101: 2017 are considered. Estimation of form deviation is reduced to determining the difference between the position of two extreme points of the extracted feature to the associated feature or to equidistant to this feature normal to it, and the uncertainty of the form deviation is determined by the uncertainty of the position of these two extreme points. Three main groups of factors that form the measurement uncertainty are analyzed, respectively, three groups of components, namely: the uncertainty associated with the implementation of the extracted feature, the uncertainty associated with the construction of the associated feature and the uncertainty associated with the object of measurement.

ABSTRACT. Studies on factors influencing the physical, mental, and health status of humans use different complex indicators to measure the impact of these factors. However, in those indicators there always features a component to account for the expected change in life expectancy. Most often this is the average life expectancy. The present work proposes the use of alternative indicators that can give a more ob-jective view of the impact of the relevant factor. They are compatible with the meth-odology for calculating average life expectancy and do not require additional data.

ABSTRACT. This article proposes a new method for processing measurements obtained during Holter monitoring and using only the value of the intervals between R peaks of ECG. These peaks have the bigest amplitude and their determination does not present technical difficulties even in the above conditions. The improved graphical analysis method proposed by the authors, “Speed Spot”, allows to take into account not only the data of heart rate variability, but also includes an integral characteristic of the rate of change of the variability components. The method was used to determine the type of pathology as atrial fibrillation (AF). To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method for the detection of arrhythmias, the Atrial Fibrillation Database of www.physionet.org was used, containing records of both normal and arrhythmic signals.A comparative analysis of the SS with Poincaré clouds for five patients with AF showed that this method is more sensitive and requires less data to determine the controlled cardiovascular state compared to similar ones. The criteria for estimating the degree of HRV (instability) by the “Speed Spot” can be the geometrical dimensions of an ellipse: the length and width and the coordinate of its center The proposed method, due to the symmetry of the distribution of cloud points with respect to the x axis, provides more opportunities for use in systems for automatic tracking of heart rate disturbances. Practical application of the method to automatically determine the degree and type of arrhythmia is an object for further research. Further development of the method involves applying it to other types of hidden cardiopathology.

ABSTRACT. Measurement issue is one of the core problems in modern neuroscience due to continuous improvement in spatial and temporal resolution of techniques for brain investigation. This paper presents main challenges and up-to-date achievements regarding the registration, analysis of EEG signals, as well as the current trends in search for new biomarkers of acute and chronic stress based on the processing of electrophysiological data obtained by non-invasive way.

ABSTRACT. Medical psychological diagnostics is a relatively new interdisciplinary branch of clinical psychology that has developed in recent years. It combines problems and objectives of at least two areas of knowledge and practice: psychological diagnostics and medicine. Measurement (as finding of measure, that is, the ratio of quantity and quality of an object) involves the use of different scales, at least, quantitative and qualitative, and the result is, as a rule, a quantitatively expressed value, even though the value is measured on the basis of qualitative ordinary scales. But it should be noted that in medicine, primarily in psychiatry and clinical psychology, there are no scales of their own, and classical metrological scales are borrowed. Thus, the question arises about the correctness and permissibility of transformations of results obtained by indirect measurements using such scales. The problems and questions raised in this publication reflect only part of the difficulties that arise in medical psychodiagnostics as an industry that deals with measurement of non-physical quantities, alienated products of brain activity and do not cover even deeper phenomena

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ABSTRACT. For some biological technologies, there is a problem of separating living cells or destroying their membranes in order to obtain individual elements of the inner structure of the cell. This is usually done using microsurgical operations. In practice, the method of obtaining individual cell fragments without surgery using an acoustic wave is of interest. In this paper, a mathematical model and the results of modeling the process of the formation of an acoustic pressure wave in a liquid biological solution for the destruction of the membrane of a biological object is considered.

ABSTRACT. Analysis of the failures and their effect in the design, development and manufacture of industrial equipment for punching, drawing and bending of metal parts.

ABSTRACT. The article considers the means of identification of the anomalous state of the computer systems information, their advantages and disadvantages. The analysis of modern decision-making systems is carried out. The system of Neural Network is chosen. The Capsule Networks module was developed and the developed system was tested. The obtained results of the research showed the possibility of using the developed module in heuristic analyzers of intrusion detection systems.

ABSTRACT. Novadays, number of cyber-attacks aimed at software increases. Thus, improving the quality of software security services becomes acute. Confidentiality is one of the basic security services. It is provided, including through the use of obfuscation mechanism. Code quality measurement Methods has been investigated. Particular attention is paid to methods aimed at decompiled code, where standard metrics do not take in account. The method of decompiled code static analysis has been improved. This method takes into account the features of the compile procedure for languages ​​with intermediate code.

ABSTRACT. The article examines the feasibility of the application and the acute practical need to develop the FMEA (the analysis of the failures and their consequences), the choice of the photogrammetric method for technical control of the quality indicators, tolerances of the form, the position and the dimensions in the heavy machine building, dependence.

ABSTRACT. The article suggests the use of a systematic approach in management by using well-known management schools and areas of achievement at the same time. The article touches on the essence of the concept of synergy, and that synergy exists only in such a system that performs its functions. On its basis, a hypothesis has been proposed for identifying synergy, and in the processes themselves a systematic approach has been proposed to identify phenomena such as synergy. It is proposed that the source of synergy might be “entropy”. The author of the article indicates that processes take place in any activity of a human beings and society, such as the humanities, social and economic sciences, which implies the existence of entropy, which is very similar to the theory of transactions and transaction costs. This approach is necessary for the application of budgeting and financial relations for individual entities and as well as the whole state.

ABSTRACT. On the basis of theoretical generalization and studies in the field of algorithmization of typical design engineering problems in automated systems, the algorithms of layout of elements in in multimedia designs are analyzed. One of the first problems solved at the design stage of multimedia structures is the task of converting functional circuits into electrical. Due to the large variety of elements in multimedia devices, it is necessary to determine the optimal set of these elements for each particular class of schemes, namely minimizing the number of types of elements of the set in the designed device. As a formal mathematical model, graph theory was used, which allowed to abstract from specific electrical circuits and to increase the efficiency of the search for optimal design solutions. The electrical circuit of the device is represented by a multigraph, in which each structural element corresponds to a vertex, and to electrical connections - edges of the graph. The distribution of circuit elements among the switching boards, taking into account the minimization of the number of intermodular connections, made it possible to increase the reliability of the circuit, reduce the signal delay time in the circuits, simplify the design and improve the manufacturability of the device as a whole. The layout task was analyzed being based on two types of algorithms - sequential and iterative. The sequential layout algorithm is quite simple to implement and has a high speed, but a narrow scope due to the non-optimality of the results obtained. The iterative layout algorithm provides high quality graph splitting into subgraphs satisfying the requirements of a minimum of external links, but it takes more time than a sequential algorithm. To reduce the iteration time, it is proposed to use sequential methods for the formation of subgraphs as well as group permutations of pairs of vertices that do not intersect each other.

ABSTRACT. The paper presents a research into the concept of digital twins based on a virtual prototype and the advantages it has. Also presented are the inner workings of the digital twin method and the possible algorithms for implementing it in the manufacturing workflow. Additionally, software products that take care of that process by guiding the user and helping them to implement the vast quantities of data and the sensor data acquisition the needed components from the Internet of Things methodology. Presented are the summarized advantages and reasons for implementing the digital twin methodology.

ABSTRACT. On the example of introducing amendments to the calibration characteristics of tanks to the effect of destabilizing factors (deformation of the tank and its loading) and working conditions, it is shown to ensure uniformity of measurements and traceability of a unit of volume during transportation of petroleum products that minimizes the unbalance of hydrocarbons

ABSTRACT. Thermoelectric generator converters have applications in many areas where ultra-reliable power sources of relatively low power are required. Currently, among manufacturers of such converters there is a lack of automated measuring and control systems for monitoring the quality parameters of their products. The article describes a specially developed information-measuring system for measuring the basic quality characteristics of generator thermoelectric modules and batteries based on them, namely, internal resistance and maximum power generated. A method for measuring these parameters, a block diagram of the system, its characteristics and test results at one of the manufacturer of thermogenerator modules is presented

ABSTRACT. The aim of the work was to identify violations of thermal protection (temperature anomalies) of buildings and to assess the associated heat losses. Thermal characteristics of the building envelope were obtained using point measurements and panoramic shooting with IR camera. A method for calculating the relative and absolute heat loss is given. The results exceeded the real data by 32%. A list of methodological and instrumental errors, reducing the reliability of the results and ways to reduce them is given. It is shown that thermal testing solves the task of finding places with temperature anomalies. The relative heat loss obtained from the results at the moment of the shooting is the closest to real values.

ABSTRACT. The paper presents the application of the image processing algorithm for pattern recognition on FPGA. The IP design is proposed that lend itself to hardware implementation for real-time temporal processing of image sequences. In this case is with respect to motion in the image sequence as well as variation of noise statistics. The most important tasks in the development of Intelligent Heating Technology System are the identification of the object dynamics model and the synthesis of optimal control actions. The most important tasks in the development of Intelligent Heating Technology System (IHTS) are the identification of the object dynamics model and the synthesis of optimal control actions

ABSTRACT. The paper presents the application of the Kalman filter algorithm for pattern recognition on FPGA. The filter is proposed that lend itself to hardware implementation for real-time temporal processing of image sequences. In this case is with respect to motion in the image sequence as well as variation of noise statistics. The most important tasks in the development of Intelligent Heating Technology System are the identification of the object dynamics model and the synthesis of optimal control actions.

ABSTRACT. The work is dedicated to verification of automatic logic control systems by analyzing the correctness of state diagrams of control finite state machines which are represented in the form of the code in the hardware description language. As a method for state diagram analysis the, it is proposed to use the concept of orthogonality, as a system of incompatible events. Analysis of the correctness is carried out by analysis the results of behavioral modeling and logical synthesis using CAD tools.

ABSTRACT. The standard satellite antennas are constructively shaped like an irradiator and a reflector. Satellite antennas with a single irradiator placed in the focus of one parabola operate at one frequency. Some satellite systems operate at two frequencies of different bands, that is, the cross-band. Two separate antenna structures are needed for two reflectors. Is it possible for two irradiators working on a cross-band to work together on one reflector? In this case, a whole antenna structure is saved. The answer to the question is given in this article. Measurements and analysis of the results of three different irradiators were made in real conditions. A standard irradiator with a low noise convertor (LNC) is selected for the high frequency. For the low frequency two different beam irradiator constructions are selected. Measurements are made in the laboratory and on a real Earth - Satellite - Earth track. The system is designed for a geostationary communications satellite. Measurements are made from a point with geographical coordinates: Latitude: 42.676111° and Longitude 23.255227°, Sofia, Bulgaria.

ABSTRACT. The generation of signals is important for the troubleshooting and for the development of every electronic device. The generator normaly is used to provide known test conditions for the performance evaluation of electronic systems and for replacing signals that are missing in systems during repairing work, it can be used for test some electrical or electronic circuit to generate periodic signals, for computers and control system it can work as a timer. In the present work have been developed a Virtual Functional Generator with output for two real signals. It have been developed inside also oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. The testing experiments prooved that virtual instrument / VI / works properly. Those VI could be used for educational purposes or other purposes.