ABSTRACT. Background: Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) remains a major challenge to biodiversity conservation and rural livelihoods across the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA). Population growth, habitat fragmentation, climate change and agricultural expansion have intensified interactions between people and wildlife, resulting in human fatalities, livestock predation, crop destruction and economic losses. Conventional mitigation strategies are often reactive, highlighting the need for innovative approaches that integrate modern technologies with Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Objectives: This study examines how Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing and IKS can be integrated to improve wildlife monitoring, predict conflict hotspots and strengthen community-based conservation while enhancing rural livelihoods across the KAZA landscape. Methods: The study employs a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, policy documents and conservation case studies from KAZA and developed countries. It evaluates satellite remote sensing, GIS-based spatial analysis, GPS/GNSS wildlife collars, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled camera traps, geofencing and real-time wildlife early warning systems. These technologies are complemented by Indigenous Knowledge Systems, including local ecological knowledge, traditional wildlife tracking, seasonal observations and community reporting to improve conflict prediction and spatial decision-making. Expected contribution: Integrating geospatial technologies with Indigenous Knowledge Systems provides a cost-effective and culturally responsive framework for predicting wildlife movements, identifying conflict hotspots and supporting timely interventions. Lessons from developed countries demonstrate that AI, predictive analytics and real-time wildlife tracking improve conservation outcomes, while IKS enhances community participation and long-term sustainability. The proposed framework can reduce human injuries, livestock and crop losses while supporting evidence-based policy and land-use planning. Relevance to KAZA: The study advances KAZA's objectives of transboundary conservation, climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods through technology-driven, community-centred approaches to human–wildlife coexistence.

ABSTRACT. The research explores women’s experiences with energy insecurity and deforestation in Ward 17, Gwanda specifically on the challenges women face in accessing sustainable energy sources from a qualitative interpretivist approach. This study examines how energy insecurity affects women’s daily lives and contribute to deforestation and understands the gendered impacts of energy insecurity in Ward 17, Gwanda. The study examines the data collected using semi-structured interviews and 1 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) from a sample of 15 participants selected using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The findings analysed through thematic analysis and feminist political ecology theory, indicate that women rely heavily on firewood as their primary source of energy due to limited or lack of alternative energy sources, increasing dependence on firewood accelerates deforestation and exposes women to physical, economic and health-related challenges. These results highlighted that inadequate access to sustainable energy sources perpetuates both gender inequalities and deforestation in the rural community. The study proposes recommendations for government, development stakeholders and the community to promote affordable renewable energy alternatives and strengthen environmental conservation programs in the area. Also, the study contributes to the broader field of environmental and gender studies by providing valuable insights into the intersection between energy insecurity, women’s experiences and deforestation that highlights the existing deep gendered crises in rural communities.

ABSTRACT. Research Question: What role does harmonised cross-border competition policy play in the process of sustainable tourism governance and inclusive economic development in the KAZA Transfrontier Conservation Area?

The Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation Area is one of the world's largest conservation landscapes. It is a regional platform for integration, sustainable tourism and community based economic development (CBD) that stretches across Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Although much has been written about conservation and environmental governance, there has been limited research on the contribution of competition policy to fair access to markets, sustainable investments and inclusive development. This research explores the potential of cross-border competition policy to improve fair markets, responsible investment and economic cooperation in the KAZA tourism and conservation economy.

A qualitative doctrinal legal approach and comparative policy analysis is used to explore the state of national competition law, regional governance and policy instruments in the five KAZA member states. It helps to detect regulatory discrepancies, market segmentation or restrictions on cross-border trade, which could stifle equitable benefit sharing from tourism and conservation projects, potentially leaving out local communities and small businesses. The analysis also examines anti-competitive practices, the opportunities for harmonisation of competition policy to promote integration of markets and to benefit small and medium enterprises.

The paper makes a case for harmonised competition policy as an understudied tool to promote sustainable tourism and inclusive development in transboundary conservation areas. Regulatory cooperation within KAZA member states will facilitate investor confidence, market efficiency and increased roles of communities in tourism value chains and contribute to the long-term environmental sustainability. The study adds to the developing body of knowledge on transboundary governance in which competition policy is recognized as a key element of sustainable tourism governance, and provides policy recommendations for developing competitive, resilient and inclusive regional markets in the KAZA region.

Preferred Presentation Mode: Oral Presentation

ABSTRACT. Background: Heavy metal contamination is a major environmental concern that threatens plant, animal, and human health, as well as the quality of the environment. This research evaluates the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Co) in sediment and water samples collected from the Kunene River in Namibia. Materials and Methods: An Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (Optima 8000, Perkin Elmer) was used to analysis the concentrations of heavy metals. A total of 30 sediment samples and 30 water samples were collected from 30 different points along the Kunene River Upstream (KRU), Kunene River Middle-stream (KRM), and Kunene River Downstream (KRD). Results: In sediment, the sequence of heavy metal abundance was identified as Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd > Co, with concentrations generally within permissible limits. However, notably high enrichment of Zn at KRU and moderate to significant enrichment of Pb at all locations were observed. Analysis of sediment geo-accumulation index (I-geo) and contamination factor (CF) values indicated no metal pollution, with PLI values indicating no significant pollution observed at all the locations. In water, the heavy metal abundance sequence was identified as Fe > Cd > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cr, with concentrations generally below WHO limits except for cadmium at KRU, indicating potential contamination at that site. The evaluation of I-geo, CF, and EF values reveals varying contamination levels, with cadmium showing significant enrichment at KRU. However, the Pollution Index (PI) values suggest minimal impact on water quality overall.

ABSTRACT. Abstract

Transboundary natural resources management remains a gigantic challenge across Africa. Issues of power asymmetries and discrepancies in levels of economic development have been the source of conflicts on transboundary cooperation. This review critically examines the complex relationship between regional development debates, natural resources management and sustainable development in the SADC region. Underpinned by the institutional theory, the study Draws from multidisciplinary scholarly literature, policy documents, and institutional reports, to explores how vast natural resource in Southern Africa can be harnessed for sustainable development. Findings of the study indicate that natural resource conflicts in the SADC region are largely driven by weak governance systems, unequal resource access, limited stakeholder participation, and inadequate enforcement of regional frameworks. However, cooperative mechanisms, including transboundary resource management, regional policies, and institutional collaboration, provide opportunities for conflict reduction. Strengthening governance structures, improving benefit-sharing arrangements, and enhancing community participation are essential for promoting sustainable resource management and regional cooperation. We argue that effective policies, regulations and social norms can significantly accelerate economic performance and social welfare in the SADC regions . The study recommends strengthening SADC regional governance frameworks, enhancing cooperation among member states, and promoting inclusive decision-making involving local communities. Governments should improve transparency, enforce resource management policies, and establish equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms. Investment in institutional capacity, conflict prevention strategies, and cross-border collaboration is necessary to ensure sustainable natural resource governance and transform resource competition into regional cooperation.

ABSTRACT. The KAZA Transfrontier Conservation Area unites five nations around a shared conservation vision, yet rural households living adjacent to protected areas face daily risks from wildlife, including crop damage, livestock losses, and safety threats that fall disproportionately on impoverished communities and challenge the social sustainability of conservation efforts. This study seeks to critically examine the socio-economic trade-offs experienced by communities within Zimbabwe's portion of the KAZA wildlife corridors, specifically in areas bordering Hwange National Park and the Zambezi Valley, aiming to quantify the direct and indirect costs of wildlife encounters on household livelihoods, investigate how these costs influence local attitudes toward conservation, and identify strategies that transform wildlife presence into a community asset, with the research design intentionally structured to allow replication in other KAZA member states for comparative analysis. A mixed-methods case study will be employed across three selected districts in the Zimbabwe KAZA region, using structured household questionnaires with a sample of three hundred respondents, seasonal livelihood diaries tracking conflict events over twelve months, and semi-structured interviews with community leaders and wildlife authorities, while Geographic Information Systems will spatially overlay conflict data with land-use patterns and wildlife movements, with quantitative analysis employing regression modelling and qualitative data being thematically analysed. The expected contribution is a nuanced understanding of the relationship between wildlife presence and rural livelihoods in the Zimbabwean context, informing a practical decision-support tool for community planners to enable targeted compensation, livelihood diversification, and community-based natural resource management. This research is directly relevant to KAZA's commitment to integrating community well-being into conservation planning, as the findings will equip the KAZA Secretariat, Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, and national wildlife authorities with actionable policy insights, recognising that enhancing community livelihoods is a prerequisite for the long-term success of transboundary conservation.

ABSTRACT. This study examines the relationship between internet costs and inclusive development in 41 African countries between 2015 and 2022. This study is motivated by the law of demand, which suggests that the demand for a good or service decreases as its price increases. In the digital economy, particularly with regard to internet access, high prices can prevent lower-income populations from affording internet plans. Thus, price levels can be a major barrier to social inclusion. This study uses the cost of the cheapest mobile broadband plan as a percentage of per capita gross national income (GNI) in purchasing power parity to measure the cost of internet access, using data from the International Telecommunication Union. The study measures inclusive development using the United Nations Development Programme’s Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index. The empirical strategy employs pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effects with Driscoll and Kraay's robust standard errors, and two-stage least squares. Our econometric analyses reveal a negative and significant association between the cost of internet and inclusive development in Africa. This result remains consistent when different estimation methods and model specifications are used, even when lags of the regressors are considered. These results suggest that an increase in internet costs as a percentage of per capita GNI might result in reduced inclusive development in Africa, all else being equal. Based on these findings, it would be wise for African policymakers to adopt policies that significantly reduce the cost of internet packages. This would allow all segments of society to benefit from affordable internet access and stimulate inclusive development in Africa.

ABSTRACT. Background The Education 5.0 philosophy in Zimbabwe has positioned Universities as engines of innovation, industrialisation, and socio-economic transformation. Universities are expected to generate knowledge that directly contributes to national development and economic growth. From its inception, Education 5.0 has activated the establishment of innovation hubs and commercialisation initiatives across Zimbabwean universities. Statement of the Problem Despite these developments being celebrated as evidence of progress, questions remain regarding the nature, originality, and transformative value of the produced innovations. The pertinent concern is on whether universities are genuinely innovating, or are they largely replicating existing technologies, products, and models under the banner of innovation? Methodology This paper critically examined innovation practices through document analysis within Zimbabwean universities noting that the prevailing scenario equates innovation with the production of tangible and commercial products without adequately assessing their novelty, societal relevance, scalability, and developmental impact. Drawing on theories of innovation, knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and higher education transformation, the study explored the distinction between innovation and imitation and investigated the extent to which university-generated outputs contributed to new knowledge, solving local challenges, and the creation of sustainable socio-economic value. Findings The paper contends that while imitation enables learning and adaptation mechanisms, excessive reliance on replication risks undermining the transformative trajectory of Education 5.0. The analysis further highlighted the need to move beyond product-centred definitions of innovation towards a broader understanding that encompasses process innovation, service innovation, social innovation, institutional innovation, and indigenous knowledge-based innovation. Consequentially, attention was given to the role of contextual relevance, community engagement, and sustainable development in determining the true value of university innovation. Conclusion The study proposed a critical framework for distinguishing innovation from imitation based on originality, problem-solving capacity, adoption, impact, and sustainability. The paper concluded that the success of Education 5.0 depends not merely on the number of products, prototypes, and patents generated by universities, but on their ability to produce meaningful innovations that address Zimbabwe's developmental challenges, improve livelihoods, and contribute to long-term national competitiveness. The paper asserted that a redirection towards impact-driven and context-sensitive innovation should be the basis for universities to fulfil their transformative mandate.

ABSTRACT. Access to safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in rural communities, necessitating eco-friendly, accessible bio-coagulants combined with conventional disinfectants. Raw water was collected from a local dam in Lupane Town Centre to evaluate a localised, dual-action purification strategy. The objectives of the study were to (i) determine the baseline performance of calcium hypochlorite alone in raw dam water treatment, (ii) evaluate the co-treatment effect of mixing varying masses of mopane bark with calcium hypochlorite on water quality and (iii) identify the optimal dosage ratio for maximum turbidity and microbial reduction. Four treatments were tested and Treatment 1 was the control with calcium hypochlorite only and Treatments 2, 3, and 4 (calcium hypochlorite mixed with 15 g, 25 g, and 35 g of ground mopane bark, respectively). While the control achieved effective microbial disinfection, its ability to reduce turbidity was limited. The addition of mopane bark promoted natural tannin-driven flocculation, significantly enhancing particle settling. Treatment 3 (25 g mopane bark) produced the optimal results, achieving the highest combined reduction in turbidity and pathogen counts without altering pH or causing organic discoloration. Treatment 4 (35 g) caused minor organic leaching, which slightly elevated total dissolved solids and colour. Natural tannins within mopane bark acted as efficient organic coagulants. When paired with calcium hypochlorite, mopane bark aggregated suspended solids, while the disinfectant eliminated remaining pathogens. However, excessive biomass dosages (35 g) introduced organic matter back into the treated water. Integrating locally harvested mopane bark with calcium hypochlorite provides a sustainable decentralised water treatment solution for resource-constrained rural communities reliant on surface dam water.

ABSTRACT. Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) are common water-dependent ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa, yet their habitat uses across structurally contrasting woodland types within Zimbabwe’s escarpment systems remains unquantified. The study examined the spatial distribution, habitat selection, and habitat suitability of waterbuck in Chizarira National Park, recording 996 individuals across 192 sighting events between 2018 and 2025. Analysis focused on the two dominant woodland types where waterbuck were recorded. There were 51.9% and 48.1% sightings in the Miombo and Mopane woodlands, respectively. Waterbuck distribution was significantly non-random relative to habitat availability (χ² (df=1) = 12.44, p < 0.001). Miombo woodland was significantly over-selected over the Mopane woodland. Ivlev’s Electivity Index showed consistent preference for Miombo woodland in both the dry and wet seasons, while the Mopane woodland was negatively selected in both seasons. Group size did not differ significantly between the two woodland types (Kruskal-Wallis H(1) = 0.226, p = 0.634). Distance to water sources did not significantly differentiate sighting locations between habitat types. A MaxEnt model performed strongly (mean test AUC = 0.844 ± 0.063), with water spring proximity as the dominant predictor (87.2% contribution). The model was trained using 127 spatially thinned presence records with 10-fold cross-validation. Predicted suitability peaked at 500-1,000 m from perennial springs and declined sharply beyond 6,000 m. Miombo woodland had higher predicted suitability (~0.60) than Mopane woodland (~0.42). The juvenile-to-adult ratio was markedly higher in Miombo woodland (JAR = 0.147) than in Mopane woodland (JAR = 0.012). Waterbuck distribution in Chizarira National Park was strongly associated with woodland type, exhibiting a non-random pattern across the landscape. Waterbuck consistently selected Miombo woodland over Mopane woodland in both seasons, indicating stable habitat preferences. Habitat suitability was primarily driven by proximity to perennial springs, with Miombo woodland providing more suitable conditions and supporting higher juvenile recruitment. These findings underscore the importance of Miombo woodlands and perennial water sources for the conservation and management of waterbuck populations in the park.

ABSTRACT. Rural communities across the Kavango-Zambezi region face increasing water insecurity, wetland degradation and public-health risks under climate variability. In Chibondo Village of Binga District, households relied on distant, unprotected wetlands, springs and seasonal sources, placing a disproportionate burden on women and girls. This study assessed whether community participatory planning (CPP), integrating Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) with technical assessment, could improve water access while strengthening wetland conservation and local governance. A 36-month participatory action research design involved 350 community members, traditional leaders, government agencies and technical partners. Evidence was generated through three community consultations, five focus group discussions, key informant interviews, community mapping, transect walks, seasonal calendars, matrix ranking and hydro geophysical assessment. Communities co-selected and helped construct infiltration galleries, protected wells and a solar powered water reticulation system and established water point committees with 60% women membership. Average distance to potable water was reduced 5.2 km to 0.4 km, collection time declined from 65 to 8 minutes, and daily water availability increased from 8 to 25 litres per person. The system achieved 98% functionality and maintained water access through the 2024 and 2025 dry seasons. Separating domestic and livestock watering points reduced contamination risks and conflict, while fencing and protection supported wetland vegetation regeneration. Community tariffs, pump minder training and women's leadership strengthened ownership and operation and maintenance accountability. The Chibondo case demonstrates that water engineering is more resilient when co-produced with local knowledge, inclusive governance and ecosystem safeguards. The approach offers a transferable model for climate-vulnerable KAZA communities seeking to advance water security, wetland integrity, community livelihoods and One Health outcomes.

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT The role of Higher education is very vital role in developing human capital, promoting innovation, enriching the capacity of employability, and contributing to national economic expansion. Nevertheless, concerns have increasingly surfaced concerning the relevance of higher education curricula to the evolving demands of the labour market and the requirements of industry. It is realised that Business programmes usually emphasise theoretical knowledge, management principles, and entrepreneurship, while skills-based programmes often focus on practical and technical competencies. The split of these two forms of education may lessen opportunities for learners to acquire an integrated combination of theoretical knowledge, practical skills, entrepreneurial capabilities, and problem-solving competencies. This study seeks to examine the potential of integrating business and skills-based education as an innovative approach to rethinking higher education curriculum. The study will examine the importance of converging business-oriented courses into skills-based programmes and practical skills courses into business programmes. A mixed-methods research design will be employed, involving selected universities and colleges in Zambia. Questionnaires and interviews will be administered to lecturers, students, administrators, industry representatives, and other relevant stakeholders. The study is earmarked to establish the extent to which convergence between business and skills-based education can enhance curriculum relevance, graduate employability, entrepreneurship, innovation, and responsiveness to labour-market needs. The findings may provide useful insights for higher education institutions, curriculum developers (Universities and Colleges), policymakers, and industry stakeholders in developing more flexible, relevant, and market-oriented higher education curricula in Zambia. The population will be drawn from The University of Zambia, Nkrumah University, Mulungushi University and Kabwe Institute of Technology targeting Deans and Directors of the Schools and Head of Departments in selected faculties. The sample would be approximately 30 participants. At the end of the study the conclusion would be drawn.

ABSTRACT. Background: Sustainable crop and livestock production is essential for food security, rural livelihoods and ecosystem conservation in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA). However, climate variability, droughts, land degradation, emerging livestock diseases and human-wildlife conflict continue to reduce agricultural productivity. Innovative approaches that combine traditional knowledge, modern technologies and future-oriented solutions are required to build resilient and sustainable agricultural systems. Objectives: This study explores the integration of traditional, modern and futuristic technologies to improve crop and livestock productivity, climate adaptation and sustainable resource management across the KAZA region. Methods: The study uses a review of scientific literature, agricultural innovation reports and regional case studies to assess technology applications in KAZA. Traditional technologies examined include Indigenous weather forecasting, conservation farming, mixed cropping, seed preservation, rotational grazing, traditional livestock management and ethnoveterinary practices. Modern technologies assessed include precision agriculture, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, smart irrigation, digital extension platforms, livestock tracking devices and automated monitoring systems. Futuristic technologies considered include autonomous farming robots, AI-powered predictive models, advanced biotechnology, smart sensors, gene-editing applications, drone-based agricultural systems and climate-resilient digital decision-support platforms. Expected contribution: The study highlights that combining traditional ecological knowledge with modern and emerging technologies can enhance crop yields, livestock health, water efficiency and climate resilience. Future technologies offer opportunities for predictive farming, early disease detection and improved resource management. The study recommends investment in research, innovation hubs, farmer capacity building, supportive policies and partnerships that ensure technologies are accessible, locally appropriate and environmentally sustainable. Relevance to KAZA: The study supports KAZA’s objectives of sustainable livelihoods, food security, biodiversity conservation and climate resilience through inclusive innovation and technology-driven agricultural transformation.

ABSTRACT. Flooding has become one of the most persistent environmental hazards affecting rural livelihoods in Namibia's Zambezi Region, particularly in the Ikaba area of Kabbe South Constituency. Recurrent flood events have disrupted agricultural production, damaged infrastructure, displaced households, and intensified food insecurity, compelling many residents to adopt temporary or permanent migration as a coping strategy. Despite growing concerns over climate-induced displacement, limited empirical evidence exists on the nexus between flood-induced migration and household food security in flood-prone communities of Namibia. This study investigates the relationship between recurrent flooding, migration patterns, and food security among households in the Ikaba area. The study adopts a mixed-methods research approach, combining household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions to examine the drivers of migration, its effects on agricultural livelihoods, and the coping mechanisms employed by affected households. Quantitative data are analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data are subjected to thematic analysis to provide an in-depth understanding of community experiences and adaptation strategies. Preliminary findings indicate that recurrent flooding has significantly reduced agricultural productivity, resulting in declining household food availability and income. Consequently, seasonal and temporary migration has emerged as a critical livelihood strategy, with household members relocating to urban centres or neighbouring communities in search of employment and alternative income sources. While migration provides short-term financial support through remittances, it also reduces local agricultural labour, weakens household resilience, and contributes to long-term food insecurity among vulnerable families. The study concludes that flood-induced migration represents both an adaptive response and a manifestation of vulnerability to climate change. Strengthening community resilience requires integrated policies that combine climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction, sustainable livelihood diversification, and improved food security interventions in flood-prone areas. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on climate mobility and food security in Southern Africa and provide evidence to inform national and regional policy aimed at enhancing resilience in vulnerable rural communities.

ABSTRACT. The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is classified as of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. As apex predators, crocodiles play vital ecosystem clean up roles. However, anthropogenic activities threaten its population in wetlands in Southern Africa. The species attracts significant interest from humans within the Traditional Water Knowledge (TWK) ambits. Method and analysis: This Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guided review assessed the uses of crocodiles, inclusion levels, and barriers and benefits of integrating TWK in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries’ wildlife and water policies for crocodile conservation. Result: TWK poses an existential threat to crocodile conservation through intergenerational negative perceptions bordering on myths and ethnic zoological medicinal use incorporating its eyes, tail, head, scales, gall bladder, belly skins, liver and bile duct secretions. Anthropogenic driven destruction of nesting sites abeted by poor monitoring of wetland habitats by wildlife authorities cause declines in populations and shifts in distribution. Discussion: Crocodile ranching is effective to sustain populations of crocodiles though its reliance on wild egg collection for enhancing production negates its overall contribution to conservation. TWK is poorly conceptualised and covered in wildlife and water conservation policies in SADC. Conclusion: Integrating geospatial techniques and citizen science in TWK provides a holistic framework to conserve crocodile populations in Southern Africa.

ABSTRACT. Trophy hunting within CAMPFIRE areas in Zimbabwe remains financially central to conservation communal areas, yet Bulilima District positioned at the edge of the Hwange-KAZA interface has lacked integrated, decade-scale evidence on whether harvest practices remain aligned with quota allocation, trophy quality and environmental variability.The study sought to quantify species-specific selective harvest patterns, assess ten-year trophy-quality trends, evaluate environmental influences on harvest structure, and identify adaptive-management thresholds for the African elephant, Cape buffalo, and greater kudu. CAMPFIRE and safari-operator harvest records from 2016 to 2025 were combined with CHIRPS rainfall and MODIS NDVI data and analysed for quota utilisation, quota-standardised selectivity index, chi-square goodness-of-fit tests, regression and Mann-Kendall trend tests, SCI benchmark comparisons, and Spearman correlations. The African elephant recorded the highest quota utilisation (84.03%) and was over-represented relative to quota share (qSI = 1.83), with realised offtake significantly mismatched to quota structure (χ² = 56.98, p < 0.001). Elephant tusk weight declined significantly (−0.79 lbs/yr, p = 0.011) and kudu horn length declined (−2.59 cm/yr, p = 0.023) while the Cape buffalo and African leopard showed no reliable trend. Elephant utilisation rose in drier years (ρ = −0.663, p = 0.037). Elephant and kudu are flagged as priority species for quota review under a converging-indicator adaptive-management framework. Bulilima lies within the wider Hwange-KAZA transboundary landscape, where cross-boundary elephant movement may sustain local offtake even as trophy-quality cohorts change locally. The study offers a replicable, indicator-based quota-review framework that can be adopted by other KAZA CAMPFIRE and communal hunting areas for evidence-based adaptive management.

ABSTRACT. Technological advancement and innovation are fundamentally transforming research practices in the fields of conservation, livelihoods, and sustainable development. In the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), the adoption of digital instruments, artificial intelligence, and participatory methodologies creates unprecedented opportunities to reinforce collaborative knowledge networks. This study investigates how cutting-edge technologies—including remote sensing, big data analytics, and mobile applications—can refine research approaches within transboundary settings. Through an examination of sectoral innovation systems, the paper illustrates how digital transformation facilitates cross-disciplinary cooperation, elevates data reliability, and expedites decision-making processes related to environmental conservation and community welfare. Remote sensing delivers accurate tracking of ecological conditions and wildlife movements, whereas big data analytics equip scholars with the capacity to detect patterns that underpin sustainable policy formulation. Additionally, mobile technologies broaden access to knowledge creation, allowing local populations to engage meaningfully in directing research priorities. Grounded in contemporary literature from innovation studies and digital research methodologies, the analysis underscores the importance of flexible frameworks that resonate with contextual specificities. The results indicate that research strategies grounded in innovation do more than streamline operations; they decentralize knowledge generation, enabling communities to jointly develop pathways toward sustainability. In conclusion, incorporating technological innovation into research paradigms is critical for realizing the One KAZA vision—one that integrates people, nature, and health within a unified transboundary ecosystem. By merging contemporary technological tools with inclusive, participatory strategies, research across the KAZA region can achieve greater collaboration, precision, and influence, ultimately transcending national boundaries and enabling communities to lead conservation and development initiatives.

ABSTRACT. This study explored the effectiveness of environmental education (EE) in promoting environmental awareness, knowledge, and sustainable behaviors among learners at a selected public secondary school in Walvis Bay, Erongo Region. In Namibia, government integrated environmental education into curriculum policies to enhance sustainable environmental development (Ministry of Environment Forest and Tourism, 2021). Therefore, the school implemented initiatives such as environmental clubs/societies, clean-up campaigns, and awareness programs. This investigation was guided by the objectives that follows: to investigate the role of environmental education programs in promoting sustainable behaviors in a selected public secondary school. To investigate the challenges limiting EE programs implementation at selected secondary school and to establish mitigation measures that promotes the effectiveness of sustainable behaviors in a selected school. The study population comprised of 34 teachers, and 100 Grade 11 learners aged 18 years and older, bringing the total population to 134. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the teacher, while 100 learners were selected through random sampling and lottery strategy, yielding a total sample of 21 participants. Data were collected using questionnaires, observational checklists, and open-ended responses to capture both quantitative and qualitative insights. The study found that 70% of EE learners displayed environment sustainable behaviors such as practical paper firewood making, reuse of materials like bottles and plastics. The program covered only few learners in the school, and not all learners could practice what they learnt in EE club as challenge of EE implementation. Time and resources for recycling process was also a challenge faced by the school.

ABSTRACT. Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health challenge, and healthcare workers are central to its prevention through rational antibiotic use and infection control. Objectives: To assess awareness of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic stewardship among healthcare workers in a district hospital. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 84 healthcare workers, including nurses, clinicians, and allied health staff. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, stewardship principles, and infection prevention practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Although 90.5% of respondents recognized antimicrobial resistance as a serious problem, only 46.4% correctly defined antibiotic stewardship. Three key gaps emerged: limited understanding of appropriate antibiotic selection, poor awareness of resistance surveillance, and inconsistent application of infection prevention practices. Most participants (88.1%) supported regular in-service training on antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion: Awareness of antimicrobial resistance was high, but practical understanding of stewardship remained limited. Regular education, clearer guidelines, and stronger infection prevention support are needed in hospital settings. Relevance to KAZA: AMR is a trans boundary One Health threat affecting humans, livestock, and wildlife across the KAZA region. This study supports cross-border stewardship, infection control, and policy harmonization, protecting both community health and the biodiversity-dependent economies that sustain the KAZA TFCA.

ABSTRACT. The Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) spans over 520,000 km² across five Southern African nations. Managing biological invasions across this expanse requires scalable, cross-border surveillance, highlighting the utility of citizen science. This study extracted Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) records (1960–2026) to evaluate established invasive alien species across KAZA. Observations were categorized into plants, birds, and arthropods. Spatial analysis revealed severe disparities in record density among partner states: Zimbabwe recorded the highest occurrence count (2,064), followed by Botswana (1,984), Namibia (702), and Zambia (181), whereas Angola registered zero records (0). Spatial clustering closely aligned with major river basins, travel routes, and eco-tourism hubs. Plant invasions were dominated by Ricinus communis (n=92), Mimosa pigra (n=88), Salvinia molesta (n=85), Lantana camara (n=82), and Pontederia crassipes (n=48). Avifauna generated the highest record counts overall, driven by the Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis, n=2,215), Feral Pigeon (Columba livia, n=1,107), and House Sparrow (Passer domesticus, n=1,030). Arthropod records exhibited extreme data deficits within the TFCA boundary, represented solely by the Australian Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus, n=2) in aquatic systems. However, this low figure reflects spatial bounding limits rather than true regional scarcity, as substantial observation clusters occur immediately adjacent to the KAZA TFCA perimeter. Temporal analyses demonstrated an exponential surge in reporting post-2016, reaching a sustained peak between 2022 and 2024 exceeding 750 records annually. This surge was primarily driven by public participatory platforms: EOD-eBird, the Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2 (SABAP2), and iNaturalist. These findings demonstrate that opportunistic citizen observations substantially enhance landscape-scale early detection. To operationalize transboundary biosecurity, conservation policy should integrate tourist networks, local communities, and visiting researchers into formal monitoring frameworks. This participatory approach supports the KAZA Treaty and Master Integrated Development Plan (MIDP) by offering scalable data-collection pathways that promote policy harmonization, community engagement, and cross-border ecosystem preservation.

ABSTRACT. Climate change presents profound governance and justice challenges in Zimbabwe, where recurrent droughts, erratic rainfall, and water scarcity are undermining livelihoods and deepening social inequalities. Despite the proliferation of climate-related policies and institutional reforms, the ethical and rights-based dimensions of climate resilience remain insufficiently explored. This paper interrogates the intersections between climate governance, policy implementation, and human rights discourse within Zimbabwe’s evolving water governance framework. The paper argues that the quest for climate resilience cannot be divorced from broader and wide-ranging struggles for environmental justice, equity, and accountability. Drawing on qualitative research, policy analysis, and case studies from climate-vulnerable regions such as Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South provinces, the study examines how national and local institutions operationalize the human right to water amid rapidly intensifying climate-induced pressures. It further critically assesses interrelationships between Zimbabwe’s climate policies—such as the National Climate Policy (2017) and the National Adaptation Plan—and the emerging ethical imperatives of justice, participation, and inclusivity. Preliminary findings reveal that whilst policy frameworks acknowledge vulnerability and sustainability, governance fragmentation, constrained institutional coordination, and weak community participation encumber equitable adaptation outcomes. Consequently, whilst framing climate resilience from a justice and human rights point of view, the paper foregrounds the urgent need for transformative governance approaches that integrate ethical accountability, gender sensitivity, and localized indigenous knowledge systems (IKS). The paper proposes that climate governance in Zimbabwe must evolve beyond technocratic adaptation measures to embrace participatory and transparent models that empower communities as co-creators of resilience. In doing so, the research contributes to the growing discourse on climate justice in the Global South, offering critical insights for policy reform and sustainable water governance in an era of escalating climate uncertainty.

ABSTRACT. Livestock production in semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe, particularly Matobo District, is constrained by declining pasture quality during the dry season (May–October), where crude protein (CP) levels fall below the 7% maintenance requirement for ruminants. Indigenous browse species such as Vachellia karroo (umunga) and Ziziphus mucronata (umphafa) remain green during dry periods and are locally available, but their actual nutritive value for Matobo District has not been experimentally quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition (DM, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, ash, minerals), condensed tannin content, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of foliage from these two species harvested from Matobo District during the dry season. Foliage samples were collected from five sites, pooled per species, oven-dried, ground, and analyzed using standard. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests (p < 0.05). Results showed that both species had CP above 13%, with Z. mucronata having significantly higher CP (14.5% vs. 13.8%), lower fiber fractions (NDF 40.1% vs. 48.3%; ADF 30.2% vs. 36.7%; ADL 9.3% vs. 12.4%), and lower condensed tannins (2.9% vs. 5.6%). Z. mucronata also had significantly higher IVDMD (63.7% vs. 52.3%) and higher ash, Ca, Mg, and K. Phosphorus was marginal in both species (<0.25%). The study concludes that Ziziphus mucronata is nutritionally superior to Vachellia karroo as a dry season supplement for livestock in Matobo District. It is therefore recommended that there be prioritizing of Z. mucronata for browsing, wilting V. karroo leaves to reduce tannins, and supplementing with phosphorus.

ABSTRACT. Abstract Background: Cryptosporidium is a parasitic protozoan that causes significant economic losses to farmers due to its effect on livestock causing reduced growth rates, increased morbidity, and mortality. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals and humans or indirectly via contaminated food, water, and environmental sources.

Objectives: This study aimed to characterize Cryptosporidium species in livestock (calves, lambs, and goat kids) in three districts of Zambia: Monze, Mumbwa, and Lusaka.

Methods: A total of 60/763 Cryptosporidium positive stool samples, confirmed by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, were analyzed using 18S rRNA and HSP70 gene-based PCR. Key Findings: Out of the 60 samples, 43 tested positive for 18S rRNA, of which 11 were successfully sequenced. Cryptosporidium andersoni was the most prevalent species, identified in six calves, one lamb, and one goat kid, while C. parvum was detected in three calves. Additionally, the HSP70 gene successfully amplified two cattle samples, both identified as C. parvum. These findings contrast with previous studies in Zambia, where C. parvum was the dominant species. The identification of C. andersoni in small ruminants highlights the potential for interspecies transmission and the need for further surveillance. Understanding Cryptosporidium species diversity in livestock is crucial for assessing zoonotic risks and informing control strategies within a one health framework. Relevance to KAZA: Our findings suggest a potential shift in species distribution, which may have implications for both zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission. The discovery of C. andersoni in calves offers baseline molecular epidemiology data that can facilitate cooperative One Health efforts, surveillance, and the identification of possible transmission paths.

ABSTRACT. A critical challenge in national and transboundary infrastructure development across the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) region is the profound disconnect between remote community needs and funded projects. Traditional top-down assessments are slow, costly, and lack hyper-localized granularity, resulting in resource misallocation while local entrepreneurs remain invisible to potential investors. To address this dual challenge, we present CommUnityMapper, an open-source software framework designed to close the infrastructure prioritization gap while fostering regional economic collaboration. The platform integrates participatory GIS, mobile technology, and automated spatial analytics to empower citizens to log infrastructure failures alongside local business assets.

The technical architecture comprises five integrated components: a low-bandwidth mobile app and USSD/SMS gateway for offline telemetry submission; a centralized web analytics dashboard visualizing infrastructure deficits and a dynamic business directory; a dedicated investment module connecting impact funds, NGOs, and government agencies with community projects; a public accountability portal tracking repair status; and an automated matching engine suggesting strategic joint ventures.

System simulations demonstrate that the platform's lightweight relational architecture significantly reduces computational overhead and reporting latency when validating rural investment risks. By providing a phased pilot implementation framework tailored for agricultural and rural corridors in Zimbabwe, CommUnityMapper offers a scalable digital public good for integrating transboundary infrastructure, empowering local communities, and driving inclusive economic development across KAZA partner states.

ABSTRACT. Background: Skin disease is a major complaint of cattle farmers in the Zambezi region of Namibia, where this syndrome is called "sikwekwe". Objectives: The first objective was to determine the perception of farmers in the Zambezi region about the occurrence, severity and economic impact of skin disease amongst their cattle. The next objective was to establish a feasible hypothesis regarding the underlying risk factors for the occurrence of skin disease amongst cattle in the region, with an ultimate goal to find a solution to this problem. Approach: A farmer survey was utilised to determine farmers' perception about cattle skin disease prevalence and impact in the Zambesi region. A desktop literature review combined with more detailed interactions with farmers and their cattle was performed to establish potential risk factors for skin diseases amongst cattle in the Zambesi region. In the farmer survey (n = 80) skin disease was the most prevalent cattle health concern raised by farmers: 2 out of every 3 farmers indicated skin disease as one of the top animal health concerns. It appears from clinical examinations that the typical skin lesion resemble an underlying condition of parakeratosis, which is known to be cause by Zinc deficiency, with clear lesions caused by either lumpy skin disease virus or pseudo lumpy skin disease virus, and with secondary infection that typically resembles that of dermatophilosis. It was further noted that the Zambesi region falls within the area with the most severe Zinc deficiency globally. Expected contribution: It is hypothesised from the findings to date, that a severe Zinc deficiency that exists in the Zambesi region of Namibia and the surrounding areas, is likely to predispose cattle to viral and secondary bacterial skin infections, most notably lumpy skin disease, pseudo lumpy skin disease and dermatophilosis (senkobo). It is proposed that continuous Zinc supplementation (oral combined with injectable) in combination with regular vaccination against lumpy skin disease may significantly improve the skin health of cattle in the Zambezi region. A further study is underway to test this hypothesis in a structured manner.

ABSTRACT. Although arthropods are fundamental to ecosystem functioning, their diversity, distribution and responses to environmental change remain poorly documented in Namibia. This knowledge gap is significant in savannah systems undergoing vegetation change, including bush encroachment, where conservation and rangeland management require biodiversity information at multiple spatial and ecological scales. To improve understanding of arthropod biodiversity and inform sustainable vegetation management in Namibia and broader transboundary research, we integrated global biodiversity networks, citizen-science records and ground-based surveys. First, we assessed the recognition (species-level identification) and completeness (coverage relative to national databases) of arthropod records from iNaturalist and GBIF for Namibia. While these platforms provide information on biodiversity patterns, distributions and research gaps, they suffer from low taxonomic resolution and spatial bias, particularly in bush-encroached rangelands. Only 54–63% of iNaturalist and GBIF records reached species level, with overall completeness below 50% for most orders. Conspicuous taxa, particularly Odonata and Scorpiones, were the best represented (>90%). We then conducted field sampling across 135 plots in north-central Namibia, targeting three encroaching shrub species (Dichrostachys cinerea, Senegalia mellifera and Terminalia sericea), using pitfall traps, pan traps and beating methods during wet and dry seasons. Field surveys revealed that the three shrub species supported distinct arthropod communities and trophic structures. Brachycera, Curculionidae and Collembola were highly responsive to environmental variation and may serve as useful bioindicators. Complete shrub removal reduced arthropod abundance by approximately 30%, whereas moderate manual thinning (50%) maintained diversity comparable to controls. Together, these findings demonstrate that citizen-science and global biodiversity databases are valuable for identifying biodiversity patterns and research priorities but should be complemented by systematic field surveys. Integrating these approaches can support biodiversity-informed mosaic debushing strategies that reconcile rangeland restoration with conservation, providing a framework for collaborative research and sustainable management across Namibian savannah landscapes, including the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation.

ABSTRACT. Background: The Okavango Delta faces threats from unprecedented climate change related extreme events and associated anthropogenic challenges. Understanding the status of literature on how climate change affects availability of water resources in the delta is key to sustainable management of the wetland. Objectives: The objectives of the paper are to (i) synthesise literature on how climate change alters water availability, flooding regimes, and water quality in the Okavango River Basin and Delta; (ii) evaluate documented studies on socio-ecological vulnerabilities and adaptive responses of local communities in the Okavango Delta; and (iii) analyse national and regional policy, management, and governance mechanisms that support or constrain adaptation (iv) outline knowledge gaps on climate change impacts on water resources in the Okavango Delta. Methods/ approach: This review draws on multidisciplinary sources (peer-reviewed articles derived from Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus, books, handbooks, chapters, technical reports) that explicitly address climate related drivers to water resources, hydrological processes, water quality, flood regimes, fisheries, transboundary management, and adaptation strategies in the Okavango Delta and closely related basins. The review also includes a policy analysis on the extent to which water policies mainstream climate change impacts on water resources and adaptation interventions. Key Findings: Persistent droughts pose threats to the Okavango Delta’s hydrology, water resources, water quality, and ecosystem services, particularly through altered flood dynamics, groundwater–surface water interactions, and sediment transport processes. Effective adaptation requires an integrated, transboundary governance framework that combines climate projections with hydrological modelling, ecosystem-based management, and community participation, groundwater management, and policy mainstreaming of climate resilience, supported by robust monitoring with remote sensing and geospatial analytics. Expected Contribution to KAZA: Unveiling research gaps to support continued, integrated research that is essential to reduce uncertainties and to translate scientific insights into actionable, equitable, and sustainable water-resource management in the Okavango Basin in line with national policies, Sustainable Development Goals 6 (Clean Water) and 13 (Climate Action).

ABSTRACT. Background: In semi-arid settings such as the Okavango Delta, drought and hydrological variability threaten the magnitude and stability of ecosystem goods and services. The Delta’s status as a Ramsar site and its status as a major livelihood and tourism hub in Botswana underscore the need for spatially explicit assessments of how drought affects wetland goods and services. Objectives (i) Characterize and map the spatial distribution of key wetland goods and services in the Okavango Delta under current and drought-affected hydrological regimes (ii) Quantify the sensitivity of selected services to drought intensity and duration using geospatial indicators derived from remotely sensed and in situ data (iii) Assess spatial equity and vulnerability by overlaying service supply with human communities, livelihoods, and governance structures to identify hotspots of risk and potential adaptation opportunities Methods and approach The study will adopt a geospatial and Earth observation-based approach to assess the spatial and temporal response of wetland goods and services to drought in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Multi-temporal satellite imagery, climatic and hydrological datasets will be integrated within a Geographic Information System (GIS) and cloud-computing environment. The analysis will focus on mapping wetland dynamics, characterising drought conditions, developing spatial indicators of selected wetland ecosystem goods and services, and determining how the distribution and condition of these services vary between drought and non-drought periods.

Expected findings or results The study will generate a series of spatial products showing: (i) wetland distribution and change; (ii) drought severity and frequency; (iii) wetland hydroperiod and inundation dynamics; (iv) spatial supply of selected wetland goods and services; (v) drought-induced ecosystem-service gains and losses; (vi) hotspots of ecosystem-service decline; and (vii) wetland vulnerability, resilience and post-drought recovery.

Contribution and significance Empirical, spatially explicit understanding of how drought modulates wetland goods and services in a globally important tropical flood-pulsed wetland, contributing to the broader discourse on climate variability, ecosystem services, and dryland-wetland dynamics in southern Africa. Continued, integrated research is essential to reduce uncertainties and to translate scientific insights into actionable, equitable, and sustainable water-resource management in the Okavango Basin.

ABSTRACT. Background Researchers working in transboundary conservation and development contexts face a growing tension between two legitimate demands. Funders and journals increasingly require open access to underlying data, while national data protection laws, institutional policies, and community expectations often call for restricted access, particularly where data concerns local communities, sensitive locations of endangered species, or health information. Repositories designed around one of these demands often fail to accommodate the other. Objectives This paper explores how regional research repositories can be structured to meet open access expectations without compromising legal or ethical obligations around data protection, and proposes a tiered-access governance model as a practical middle ground. Methods/Approach The paper reviews current data-sharing policies used by regional research networks and funding bodies, alongside relevant national data protection provisions in the partner countries. Case examples of sensitive datasets, including species location data and community survey data, are used to test how a tiered-access model might work in practice. Key Findings/Expected Contribution The proposed model classifies data into open, restricted, and controlled-access tiers, each with defined conditions for access and use. This offers repository administrators a workable framework rather than a binary choice between full openness and full restriction. Relevance Shared research repositories are a stated ambition of regional university collaboration, but their long-term usefulness depends on trust. A governance model that protects sensitive data while still enabling legitimate research use directly supports that goal.

ABSTRACT. Background Universities working across shared river basins, wildlife corridors, and protected areas often collect valuable ecological and social data, yet this data rarely moves smoothly between institutions. Differences in file formats, metadata conventions, storage platforms, and internal repository policies mean that datasets collected by one university are frequently unusable, or simply unknown, to researchers at another. This slows down collaborative research and limits the value of data that has already been collected at considerable cost and effort. Objectives This paper examines the practical barriers to data interoperability among partner universities engaged in shared ecosystem research, and proposes a common metadata and format standard that could be adopted across institutions without requiring major changes to existing local systems. Methods/Approach The study draws on a review of data management practices at partner universities, supplemented by interviews with researchers and data custodians involved in cross-border ecological projects. Common pain points are mapped against existing interoperability frameworks used in other research networks, and a simplified, adoptable standard is proposed. Key Findings/Expected Contribution Preliminary findings suggest that most barriers are institutional and procedural rather than technical, meaning a lightweight, low-cost standard has a realistic chance of adoption. The paper contributes a practical starting template that partner universities can pilot and adapt. Relevance As research consortia expand collaborative work across national borders, the ability to combine datasets from multiple institutions becomes central to producing findings that are regionally meaningful rather than site-specific. This paper offers a concrete step toward that goal.

ABSTRACT. Background Rural schools in border areas frequently serve learners from several language groups within a single classroom, yet mathematics textbooks and teaching materials are usually produced in only one national language. Teachers who do create their own translated materials rarely have a way to share them beyond their own school, meaning useful resources are often reinvented rather than reused. A shared digital repository could allow such materials to be collected, stored, and accessed across schools and even across borders. Objectives This paper describes the development of a small digital repository for multilingual mathematics teaching materials, and reports on its early piloting among teachers in rural, linguistically diverse schools. Methods/Approach Materials were developed collaboratively with teachers and community language speakers, then uploaded to a simple, low-bandwidth digital repository accessible via basic smartphones. Repository usage data, including downloads, most-accessed materials, and teacher feedback submitted through the platform, was tracked over one school term and compared against feedback from schools not using the repository. Key Findings/Expected Contribution Usage data shows that teachers most frequently accessed materials covering foundational vocabulary and early-grade concepts, and several teachers uploaded their own translated materials once shown how the repository worked. The paper contributes a low-cost, replicable repository model along with usage data that can inform how such tools are designed for low-connectivity settings. Relevance Rural and border schools across the region share similar linguistic diversity and limited access to teaching resources. A shared repository model offers a practical way for partner institutions and education ministries to pool and reuse resources rather than each developing them separately.

ABSTRACT. Background In many border communities, learners grow up speaking one or more home languages that differ from the official language of instruction used in mathematics classrooms. This mismatch can affect how well learners grasp mathematical concepts, particularly where language is closely tied to reasoning and problem interpretation. Basic mobile phones and widely used messaging platforms such as WhatsApp are already common in these communities, even where dedicated educational technology is not, offering a low-cost and familiar channel that has so far been underexplored for mathematics language support. Objectives This paper investigates how teachers and learners in multilingual, border-area schools could use existing mobile messaging platforms to share translated mathematics vocabulary, voice-note explanations, and worked examples between home languages and the official language of instruction, and examines what patterns of use and learner response emerge from a small trial of this practice. Methods/Approach A small group of teachers in multilingual primary schools were supported to share short, translated mathematics explanations with learners through a messaging platform already in common use. Message logs, covering the types of content shared, frequency of use, and learner replies and questions, were reviewed alongside learner performance on mathematics assessments, and compared with classrooms not using this approach. Key Findings/Expected Contribution Early observations suggest that learners engaged more actively with mathematics vocabulary when it was reinforced through short voice notes in a home language, and that teachers found the approach easy to sustain since it required no new technology or training. The paper contributes practical, low-cost guidance for using tools teachers and learners already have access to, rather than proposing new technology development. Relevance Education systems across neighbouring countries in the region share similar multilingual challenges and similar patterns of mobile phone use, making this a realistic and immediately adoptable approach for other border schools facing the same constraints.

ABSTRACT. Background Small-scale traders operating across border regions, including those selling agricultural produce, crafts, and tourism-related goods, form an important part of local livelihoods. Many of these businesses still rely on informal, paper-based, or memory-based record-keeping, which limits their ability to track profitability, access credit, or demonstrate business viability to banks and support programmes. At the same time, mobile money and basic accounting apps are increasingly available even in remote areas, though uptake among small traders remains low. Objectives This paper examines current record-keeping practices among small cross-border traders, identifies the practical barriers preventing wider adoption of simple digital tools, and assesses whether traders who use basic digital record-keeping show measurable differences in business stability and growth compared to those who do not. Methods/Approach The study surveys a sample of small traders operating in border markets, combining interviews on current record-keeping habits with a comparison of business indicators, such as sales consistency, access to credit, and reported income stability, between traders using mobile money or simple accounting apps and those relying on informal methods. Key Findings/Expected Contribution Preliminary findings suggest that traders using even basic digital record-keeping report easier access to informal credit and better ability to plan for seasonal demand changes, though adoption is limited by device cost, literacy, and trust in digital tools. The paper contributes practical recommendations for support programmes aiming to encourage low-cost digital adoption among small border traders. Relevance Sustainable livelihoods and green economic growth in border regions depend heavily on the resilience of small, informal businesses. Understanding what helps or hinders their adoption of simple digital tools offers practical value for policymakers and support institutions working across the region.

ABSTRACT. Background Conservation and research data shared across institutions and borders is vulnerable to tampering, loss of provenance, and disputes over authenticity, particularly when multiple parties contribute to or rely on the same dataset over time. Traditional shared databases offer limited ability to verify who added or altered a record and when, which weakens confidence in jointly held data used for policy or enforcement decisions. Objectives This paper investigates how blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies could be applied to conservation and ecological research data to create a verifiable, tamper-evident record of data contributions, edits, and access. Methods/Approach The study reviews existing applications of distributed ledger technology in environmental and supply-chain data contexts, then develops a conceptual model tailored to the practical constraints of regional conservation research, including limited connectivity in remote field sites and the need for low-cost implementation. Key Findings/Expected Contribution The paper presents a lightweight ledger design suited to low-bandwidth environments, along with a discussion of the trade-offs involved, including energy use, storage costs, and the technical capacity required for adoption. It contributes an early-stage but practical model rather than a finished system. Relevance Where research and enforcement decisions depend on jointly held data, such as wildlife population counts or incident reports used across borders, being able to trust the origin and integrity of that data matters. This paper offers a starting point for that conversation among partner institutions.

ABSTRACT. Giraffe (Giraffa giraffa) populations across southern Africa are increasingly affected by habitat change, climate variability, and predator pressure, posing significant challenges for their long-term conservation. In Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe's largest protected area and a critical component of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), understanding the interactions between giraffe populations and large carnivores is essential for evidence-based ecosystem management. Despite the ecological importance of giraffes as mega-herbivores, limited information exists on how their spatial distribution, population structure, and vulnerability vary in response to predator dynamics. This study aims to (i) determine the spatio-temporal distribution of giraffe populations, (ii) assess their population demographics in terms of age and sex structure, and (iii) evaluate predator-driven vulnerability in relation to the distribution and abundance of large carnivores, particularly lions (Panthera leo), spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). A mixed-methods approach will be employed, integrating road-based distance sampling, camera trapping, GPS/GIS spatial analysis, and existing wildlife monitoring datasets. Spatial statistics, kernel density estimation, habitat suitability modelling, and Generalised Linear Models will be used to examine relationships between giraffe occurrence, habitat characteristics, predator distribution, and seasonal variation. The study is expected to generate detailed spatial maps of giraffe distribution, identify demographic trends and high-risk areas of predator-related mortality, and provide insights into predator–prey interactions that influence giraffe conservation. The findings will contribute to adaptive wildlife management by informing habitat management, predator monitoring, and conservation planning within Hwange National Park. The research is highly relevant to the KAZA Transfrontier Conservation Area, as it supports landscape-scale biodiversity conservation, strengthens science-based management of shared wildlife populations, and contributes to improving ecological connectivity and resilience across transboundary ecosystems.

ABSTRACT. Human-carnivore conflict presents a critical challenge to communal livelihoods and biodiversity conservation across the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA-TFCA). Livestock depredation by predators specifically african lion (Panthera leo), spotted hyena (Crocuta Crocuta), and leopard (Panthera pardus) triggers retaliatory killings that threaten carnivore populations. To mitigate the conflict, wildlife authorities and conservation partners test preventative, and reactive strategies. However, sustainable intervention requires understanding community attitudes, perceptions, and adoption drivers. This study assesses farmers’ perceptions and attitude of livestock enclosure (kraal) assessments, evaluates the extent of adoption, and identifies socio-economic factors influencing implementation in Mabale communal lands, adjacent Hwange National Park (HNP) in Zimbabwe. Using stratified random sampling, we interviewed 88 farmers across 11 villages, grouped by distance from protected area boundaries. Quantitative data were analyzed in SPSS (v21) using descriptive statistics analysis and Ordinal Regression with perception and attitudes as the dependent variables. Secondary kraal assessment records from the Lion Guardian Programme were examined in R using Wilcoxon Paired Sample and Kruskal–Wallis tests to detect structural changes in kraal visibility, strength, and height. Results indicate that farmers view kraal assessments positively, recognizing them as a useful tool (median = 4; ± SD = 0.949), reflecting trust in participatory approaches. Statistically significant post-intervention improvements were recorded in kraal height, strength, and visibility (p < 0.01), with the most pronounced gains observed beyond 5 km from protected area boundaries, where building materials were more accessible. However, few kraals met optimal structural standards constrained by financial constraints (63.8%), labor shortages (52.5%), and material scarcity (45%). Notably, day time grazing depredation remained inadequately addressed. As the first empirical evidence on kraal assessment adoption from Zimbabwe's KAZA landscape, this study demonstrates that participatory mitigation can foster carnivore tolerance. Yet to be scalable, such efforts must actively address adoption barriers and integrate kraal reinforcement with daytime herding practices. These findings offer a scalable foundation framework for promoting human-carnivore coexistence across transboundary landscapes

ABSTRACT. Beehive fences, which use honey bees to deter elephants, are widely promoted as a low-cost, non-lethal solution to human elephant conflict. While their deterrence efficacy is supported by field trials across Africa and Asia, evaluations have largely focused on immediate outcomes at the fence line. We argue that this narrow framing overlooks broader ecological, social, and governance consequences. Honey bees themselves can cause injury, while colony sourcing and concentration may alter ecological interactions and raise regulatory questions. We propose a four-dimensional framework for evaluating conflict-mitigation interventions target efficacy, ecological footprint, secondary conflict potential, and legal/regulatory coverage. Applied to beehive fences, this framework illustrates how interventions can simultaneously resolve one conflict while redistributing risks across landscapes and communities. More broadly, it provides a transferable lens for assessing the responsibility and sustainability of human–wildlife conflict innovations.

ABSTRACT. The transition to a low-carbon economy has positioned the mining sector as a strategic supplier of the critical minerals required for clean energy technologies. At the same time, the sector is increasingly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to its dependence on natural environmental conditions. This study assesses the exposure of mining subsectors to multi-climate hazards, including extreme heat, drought, and flooding. We develop a spatially weighted composite Climate Exposure Index to compare the industrial and artisanal and small-scale mining subsectors in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the period 2000-2024. The study aggregates climate-hazard indicators observed at the provincial level with the spatial distribution of mining subsectors across the provinces. Results reveal substantial heterogeneity in climate exposure across mining subsectors. Industrial diamond mining exhibits the highest average exposure, followed by gold, artisanal diamond, and the copper-cobalt belt, while tantalum and tungsten mining display the lowest exposure levels. Exposure patterns are therefore primarily driven by the geographic concentration of mining activities in provinces characterized by high climate hazards. Furthermore, the comparison between industrial and artisanal systems shows that several industrial subsectors exhibit higher average composite exposure. Sensitivity analyses based on alternative weighting schemes confirm the robustness of the exposure index. The findings demonstrate that climate exposure is unevenly distributed across mining activities and underscore the need for subsector-specific climate adaptation and risk management strategies for the mining sector. The findings also have important policy implications for climate governance in the DRC’s mining sector, contributing to the long-term sustainability of one of the most strategically important economic sectors in DRC, and a major supplier in the global energy transition.

ABSTRACT. The environment encompasses a dual nature offering essential resources while also harboring considerable dangers, among which are natural disasters such as floods which pose some of the most serious threats to humans and the physical environment. This study aims to assess the effects of the February 2025 floods on livelihoods, amenities and infrastructure in Gaborone, Botswana. It will further explore how location, socio-economic factors, and urban infrastructure exacerbate the flood effects, and also examine the effectiveness of existing stormwater management systems and institutional responses. A mixed-method approach will be employed, involving social surveys with four groups of respondents (household heads, school personnel, service providers and key informants), GIS techniques and frequency-flow analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques will be used. The objectives are as follows: to assess the effects of the February 2025 floods on livelihoods, amenities and infrastructure in Gaborone, to determine the factors exacerbating the effects of floods on livelihoods, amenities and infrastructure and to examine the effectiveness of existing stormwater management systems and influencing factors. The findings will provide evidence-based recommendations for infrastructure improvements, policy reforms, and community-based adaptation strategies to enhance disaster risk reduction and urban resilience in Gaborone and similar rapidly urbanizing contexts facing increasing exposure to extreme weather events. The study is also relevant to the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), particularly in understanding flood vulnerability, livelihood impacts and resilience within Botswana and the wider transboundary landscape. Although the study focuses on Gaborone, its findings on flood impacts, infrastructure, institutional responses and community-based adaptation can contribute to broader understanding of disaster risk reduction and resilience in communities and areas associated with the KAZA region.

ABSTRACT. Cuando Province, in southeastern Angola, has a dual legacy: it was one of the territories most affected by the twenty-seven years of armed conflict (1975-2002) and is home to two of Africa’s largest national parks, Mavinga and Luengue-Luiana, which form part of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. This qualitative case study, based on documentary sources and field observations, analyzes the province’s trajectory from “the land at the end of the earth” to an emerging ecotourism destination. Sources were selected for their institutional and territorial relevance, and the researcher’s involvement in conservation and demining organizations was considered a possible interpretive bias, mitigated by triangulating documents and observations. The findings indicate that, between 2020 and 2025, 150 minefields in the KAZA region were fully cleared, covering approximately 17 million square meters, and some 25,000 anti-personnel and anti-tank mines were destroyed, by teams that included all-female teams, which made it possible to convert mined land into farmland and reopen access routes; that the creation of parks, the training of environmental rangers, and the new administrative division, which hired more than 445 staff across various sectors, strengthened wildlife protection; and that the opening of the first tourism venture in Bico de Angola, the creation of seven community associations in Luengue-Luiana National Park alone, and the establishment of two transboundary forums generated more than 1,500 direct and indirect jobs, which are still below the anticipated tourism opportunities. It is concluded that Cuando’s transformation is a fragile process, dependent on funding, yet it demonstrates a territorial model in which demining, conservation, and tourism are intertwined as drivers of post-conflict reconstruction.

ABSTRACT. Climate change has intensified water insecurity, environmental degradation, and socio-economic vulnerabilities across Zimbabwe, particularly within the rapidly urbanising metropolitan region of Harare. Although considerable investments have been made in climate adaptation planning, relatively little attention has been devoted to the role of education as a long-term adaptation mechanism. This paper argues that localized climate-water educational curricula, combined with the formal integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and Western scientific knowledge, constitute a strategic pathway for strengthening regional human capital and enhancing measurable community-led adaptation outcomes. Rather than positioning indigenous knowledge as supplementary to scientific knowledge, the paper advocates for an epistemological partnership that values both systems as complementary sources of climate intelligence. Drawing upon literature on climate education, community resilience, environmental governance and human capital theory, the paper develops a conceptual framework linking curriculum localization, knowledge integration, adaptive capacity and resilience metrics. The paper proposes indicators for evaluating community adaptation, including climate literacy, water stewardship, institutional participation, innovation capacity and household resilience. The concluding recommendation is that climate adaptation cannot be sustainably achieved through technological interventions alone but requires educational transformation that equips citizens with locally relevant knowledge, practical competencies and collaborative problem-solving skills. Zimbabwe's Education 5.0 philosophy provides an enabling policy framework for institutionalising such transformative climate-water education.

ABSTRACT. Integrating Data Governance into Public Sector IT Strategies: Challenges and Best Practices Mercy Ziezo, Jude Osakwe, Namibia University of Science and Technology International University of Management, Windhoek Background: Public sector IT strategies are increasingly required to embed data governance principles rather than treat them as a compliance afterthought. However, institutional silos, limited technical capacity, and competing budgetary priorities often prevent effective integration of governance into IT planning and delivery. Objectives: The study examines how public sector organisations integrate data governance into their broader IT strategies, identifies structural and capacity-related barriers to integration, and distills best practices from institutions that have achieved stronger alignment. Methods/Approach: A mixed-methods approach is used, combining a review of public sector IT strategy documents with semi-structured interviews and a survey of ICT managers and data governance officers across public institutions to assess strategic alignment and implementation maturity. Key Findings/Expected Contribution: Preliminary analysis suggests that successful integration depends on executive sponsorship, cross-departmental data stewardship structures, and phased governance roadmaps tied to IT modernisation efforts. The study contributes a practical integration model and a set of best practices for embedding data governance into public sector digital transformation strategies. Relevance to KAZA: Effective IT strategy integration is critical for KAZA member institutions managing shared conservation, health, and livelihood datasets across borders. Embedding governance into IT planning strengthens data quality, interoperability, and long-term sustainability of regional data infrastructure.

Integrating Data Governance into Public Sector IT Strategies: Challenges and Best Practices Mercy Ziezo, Jude Osakwe, Namibia University of Science and Technology International University of Management, Windhoek Background: Public sector IT strategies are increasingly required to embed data governance principles rather than treat them as a compliance afterthought. However, institutional silos, limited technical capacity, and competing budgetary priorities often prevent effective integration of governance into IT planning and delivery. Objectives: The study examines how public sector organisations integrate data governance into their broader IT strategies, identifies structural and capacity-related barriers to integration, and distills best practices from institutions that have achieved stronger alignment. Methods/Approach: A mixed-methods approach is used, combining a review of public sector IT strategy documents with semi-structured interviews and a survey of ICT managers and data governance officers across public institutions to assess strategic alignment and implementation maturity. Key Findings/Expected Contribution: Preliminary analysis suggests that successful integration depends on executive sponsorship, cross-departmental data stewardship structures, and phased governance roadmaps tied to IT modernisation efforts. The study contributes a practical integration model and a set of best practices for embedding data governance into public sector digital transformation strategies. Relevance to KAZA: Effective IT strategy integration is critical for KAZA member institutions managing shared conservation, health, and livelihood datasets across borders. Embedding governance into IT planning strengthens data quality, interoperability, and long-term sustainability of regional data infrastructure.

Keywords: Data governance; IT strategy; Public sector digital transformation; Data stewardship; Governance maturity; Best practices Preferred Presentation Mode: Oral presentation

ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT Farmers in the western Okavango Delta have experienced transboundary animal disease (TADs) outbreaks, mainly foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), and Trypanosomiasis. This has necessitated design, adoption, and implementation of mitigation measures including the erection of cordon fences, vaccination against FMD, culling to reclaim CBPP-free disease status, and promulgation of legislative instruments to enforce control measures. Such mitigation measures likely resulted in transitioning and relocation of human-wildlife interfaces to effect compliance. This study investigates the impacts of the TADs control measures on the livelihoods of rural pastoralists in the western Okavango Delta. The specific objectives are to, (i) To determine the spatial-temporal trends in major outbreaks of TADs and the control measures instituted in western Okavango from 1970 to 2025. (ii) To determine factors which influence livestock population dynamics and distribution at the human-wildlife interface; and (iii) To determine the socio-economic impacts brought by control measures of TADs on pastoralist livelihoods. Findings from this study may help inform future disease control measures in a way that promotes human-livestock-wildlife co-existence under the One Health approach.

ABSTRACT. Taxonomical Keys have been used in the identification of dung beetle species due to their cost-effectiveness and accessibility. The aim of this study was to determine the DNA barcoding and phylogenetic relations of dung beetles in north-eastern Namibia. Sampling of dung beetles was done using baited pitfall traps. The collected Dung beetles were preserved in DNA/RNA Shield solution. The genomic DNA was isolated using blood and tissue Quick-DNA Miniprep Plus Kit. COI universal primers were used for PCR amplification. The sequence FASTA files were aligned using the multiple alignments ClustalW software, and the Phylogenetic relationships by neighbour-joining analysis were performed using the MEGA12 software. A total of 62 DNA barcodes of dung beetle species were accomplished, from which 15 species from 27 sequenced samples were identified with a percentage of 95-100%, while 35 dung beetle sequences were not retrieved from the database. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree showed 9 species of the genera Onthophagus, Milichus, and Caccobius of the tribe Onthophagini separated from each other and grouped together with the bootstrap value (> 95%). The clustering examination divided the 32 species into three main clades, while two species appeared separately from the three clades. This study was the first report of DNA barcodes specifically for Namibian dung beetles. The DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis application for molecular identification in dung beetles provides valuable and accurate information which is useful for understanding their diversity.

ABSTRACT. BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major occupational health diseases in the mining industry, hence the need to assess its burden in miners and ex-miners. We aimed to determine annual TB incidence rates and its associated risk factors. METHODS This was a repeated cross-sectional study in which 178,624 medical records for miners and ex-miners from 2011 to 2023 from four mines (Kitwe, Mufulira, Chingola and Chililabombwe) were extracted at Occupational and safety institute (OHSI). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine independent predictors for TB.

RESULTS TB incidence rates across the four mines ranged from 376/100,000 population to 1,922/100,000 population. Males were 2.02 (95% CI 1.52-2.69) times more likely to have TB than females. Miners and ex-miners <35 years of age were 64% (AOR=0.36, 95% CI 0.32-0.41) less likely to have TB than those aged 50+ years while those aged 35 to 49 years were 1.21 (95% CI 1.11-1.31) times likely to have TB than those aged 50+ years. Miners and ex-miners with silicosis were 2.41 (95% CI 2.04-2.84) times likely to have TB than those without. Miners and ex-miners in the rainy season were less likely to have TB (AOR = 0.91 95% CI: 0.85-0.97) compared to their counterparts in the hot season. Miners and ex-miners in the underground-only mines (Chililabombwe and Mufulira) had 22% lower TB odds than those in the mixed underground/open-pit mines (Kitwe and Chingola: AOR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70-0.87). However, when compared by ownership/geographical grouping, miners at Chililabombwe and Chingola had 21% higher odds than those at Kitwe and Mufulira (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.12-1.29). CONCLUSION Tuberculosis is still a significant occupational disease among miners and ex-miners.

Relevance to KAZA The health and livelihood of miners is of great importance since the mining industry is a major contributor to the economy of many countries not only in sub-sahara region but the World hence targeted occupational health interventions will improve the health of miners and thus play a key role in more mineral production which in turn contributes significantly to the economy.

ABSTRACT. Authors Smthokozele Sikabongo1, Graça K. Kandanda1, Uvatera Maurihungirire1, Charlize L. Rix1, Julia M. Johannes1, Laura Ashipala2, Willem Swartbooi2 and Lamech M. Mwapagha1

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing one health challenge at the interface of human health, environmental contamination and water security. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can serve as reservoirs and surveillance points for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and mobile genetic determinants. This is particularly relevant in water-scarce settings such as Windhoek, Namibia, where treated wastewater forms and important component of the city’s water-management strategy.

Objective To characterize virulence factors (VF), disinfectant resistance genes DRGs), and antimicrobial resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urban WWTPs in Windhoek, Namibia, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

Methods Influent and treated effluent samples were collected from four major WWTPs in Windhoek. MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and WGS. Bioinformatic analysis focused on the identification and determination of antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes, disinfectant resistance genes, sequence types and phylogenetic relationships.

Results High phenotypic resistance was observed to ampicillin (70%) and amoxicillin (60%). WGS identified World Health Organization (WHO) priority lineages, including E. coli ST410 and K. pneumoniae ST70, ST20, and ST219. Isolates harbored extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes (i.e., blaCTX-M-15), virulence genes associated with iron acquisition (yersiniabactin), adhesion, and capsule biosynthesis, as well as disinfectant resistance genes (i.e., qacE). Phylogenetic analysis revealed close genetic relatedness among isolates recovered from treated effluent, indicating the presence of clinically relevant lineages within wastewater systems.

Contribution and KAZA relevance Detection of clinically relevant AMR and virulence determinants in wastewater highlights the value of genomic surveillance in wastewater as a complementary one health approach. For the KAZA region, coordinated environmental AMR surveillance across interconnected communities and water systems could strengthen early detection of emerging threats and support evidence-based protection of human health, ecosystems and shared water resources.

Preferred presentation Both Oral and Poster presentation