ABSTRACT. Education System in Poland

ABSTRACT. Education System in Netherlands

ABSTRACT. Education system in Asia and Philippines

ABSTRACT. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of real-time B-mode ultrasound (U/S) scanners in Khartoum and to identify the major problems that affect such equipment which constitute a very valuable diagnostic tool. Methods: An evaluation of image quality was carried out for 22 U/S scanners in some government, private hospitals and clinics in Sudan/Khartoum using 403 GS RMI U/S phantom. In addition, to obtain additional information which may support our findings, a survey was conducted in each hospital/clinic. Because there is no internationally standard for U/S QC tests; we used two references to assess the performance of the U/S machines; issued by the Royal College of Radiologists and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Results: Results of QC tests revealed different levels of performance of U/S scanners, and some of them suffer from major defects, yet they are still being used in routine patients’ investigations. The performed QC tests and the percentage of scanners showed recommended performance are maximum depth of penetration (63%), vertical distance accuracy (91%), horizontal distance accuracy (41%), axial resolution (100%), lateral resolution (45%), image uniformity (100%), dead zone (91%), gray scale (83%), cyst imaging (100%) and image recorder (100%). Conclusion: The findings of QC tests performed in this study may be considered as a baseline for most of the tested U/S equipments. The radiologists were informed about the necessity and importance of performing quality control tests and introduced to the QC tools.

ABSTRACT. Precise determination of resistance by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay is important in handling bacteria. Here we describe a protocol for identifying the MIC for cadmium (Cd) of B. agri C15 and B. agri C15 CdR with the hope of assisting researchers to correctly confirm the resistance of isolates. In addition, the effects of Cd on the cell-surface structure and morphology, endospore formation, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and polyphosphate granules were investigated. Its MIC to Cd were 16 ± 0.7 mM and 21± 0.4 mM Cd, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed no morphological effects of Cd on either of the strains, and both strains have terminal endospores, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granules and absence of polyphosphate granules. This projected assay to determine MIC of cadmium can be applied to the study of new agents with B. agri C15 and B. agri C15 CdR and in laboratory routine for other bacteria.

ABSTRACT. Background: Meningiomas are considered the most common primary tumors of CNS and their coverings, and serum S100 proteins were used as predictors for post-surgical meningiomas recurrence and as a prognostic factor. One of these proteins is S100A15 or Koebnerisin. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was performed in The Neuroscience Hospital in Baghdad, 76 patients from both genders with different meningioma types were enrolled, with 48 individuals as the control. Serum Koebnerisin level was quantitatively assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA] technique, and statistical analysis was performed for the data. Results: Meningioma en plaque was consuming 41% of total cases, and about 22% of study group individuals showed Koebnerisin level above the normal range. A significant statistical difference was found between mean Koebnerisin levels in the study and the control groups (P-value <0.0001). Conclusion: Koebnerisin may be used as a tumor marker for meningioma cases to confirm the diagnosis.

ABSTRACT. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease present by low bone mass with a resultant increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. Osteoporosis causes a massive financial burden, particularly the costs for treatment of fragility fractures and their consequences, including work loss or disability. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that presents in two forms of vitamin K1, found in vegetables with green leaves, and vitamin K2, produced by Lactobacillus bacteria in the intestine, and found mainly in fermented dairy. Recently, other functions of vitamin K2 have arisen. It is essential to bone physiology as it is involved in bone cells remodeling, signaling, and apoptosis. We performed a comprehensive search through the different databases for English-language sources to determine if vitamin K2 plays a significant role in the improvement of bone health or in the prevention of fractures in patients with osteoporosis and to see how can vitamin K2 effectively reduce the costs of osteoporosis-related fractures. On the basis of a review of the literature, the preventative practice has unfortunately served a lesser role in patient care. All findings point out that vitamin K2 treatment can effectively prevent the incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures, and thus reduce its financial burden. It also appears that it is advantageous to encourage patients to eat a diet rich in vitamin K2

ABSTRACT. Background: Computerized tomography scan can show the detailed anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Sphenoid sinus is very important corridor for the skull base because of its central position. This sinus has a great range of variation and can put structure s around in risk during surgery. This study aims to examine the variation of the sphenoid sinus, and its relation to other structures around, in this sample of Iraqi patients. Materials and Methods: CT scans of 122 patients, were obtained, and submitted to examination and measurements, during the period between September 2020 and September 2021. Exclusion was made for those with previous history of sinus surgery and patients with tumors, sinonasal trauma or sinus fungal infection. Results: This study involved CT scans of 122 patients. The posts sellar type of pneumatization was seen in 47.6%, sellar type 35.2% and presellar type 17.2%, while we did not see conchal type in this sample. Onodi cell was seen in 27.9%. The optic nerve, maxillary nerve, vidian nerve, and Carotid artery were protruding into the sinus in (35.2%), (14.8%), (46.8%) and (40.2%) respectively. We noticed that full lateral type of lateral pneumatization is significantly associated with vidian nerve protrusion and maxillary nerve protrusion; while right and left optic nerve protrusions were significantly associated with right and left lesser wing type of lateral pneumatization, P - Value 0.001. Conclusion: Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus has a great degree of variation in the population. Each patient has a different pneumatization pattern.

ABSTRACT. The computation methods of Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) give possibilities to explore this theory in law energy regimes where nonperturbative methods can be applied. One of the main objectives in lattice QCD calculations it is to find the lattice parameter a that it is called lattice scale. The best way to determine this parameter it is that from the behavior of quark-anti quark potential. In lattice QCD simulations this potential can come out from calculating before the Wilson loops. In this work we used a dedicated software for lattice QCD simulation, called QCDLAB, version 2.0. In our simulations, to derive the interquark potential we have calculated only planar Wilson loops. As background field configurations of simulations, we have used SU (3) gauge field. These kinds of simulations are repeated for three different values of coupling constant (which means different background field configurations) and are tested increasing the volume of the lattice, specifically for 84, 124, 164. The calculations are repeated for 100 configurations of gauge fields which are statistically independent. Finally, we find the lattice scale for different lattice volume. If we have lattice space, we can take all physical quantity from quantity measured in lattice unit in physical quantity measured in physical unit. In our previous work we use an old software FERMIQCD for this purpose and now finally with help of author Artan Borici we can use an easy and more effectively software such as QCDLAB, version 2.0.

ABSTRACT. one of the most important problems facing society at the present time is the disposal of organic waste because it produces unpleasant odors and causes many diseases when letting it ferment in the open p. It also increases the phenomenon of global warming as it helps to generate toxic gases Including methane gas that affect the environment and cause global warming. Therefore, the process of anaerobic digestion is the best solution for disposing of waste, and at the same time biogas is produced that can be used for heating and cooking. Anaerobic digestion treatments have often been used for the biological stabilization of organic wastes. These treatment processes generate biogas which can be used as a renewable energy source. Recently, the anaerobic digestion of solid wastes has attracted more interest because of current environmental problems, especially those concerned with global warming. Thus, increased significantly the laboratory-scale research in this area. This review paper summarized anaerobic digestion and its benefits and describe the biogas produced from this process and its composition, benefits, and characteristics.

ABSTRACT. In this study, a polyester (cellulose diacetateadipate) was prepared for use in the manufacture of simple biologically derived materials derived from natural sources adipic acid and cellulose, which can be used as wound dressing to prevent complications that may occur after the injury, including prevention of tissue adhesions, infections and hemorrhagic bleeding. The chemical properties of poly ester and its primary components were studied using ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy techniques. The biological properties of this poly esterwere tested. The results have been shown to be effective in preventing complications associated with lesions by affecting a wide range of pathogens. It turns out that the substance does not have harmful properties on the human immune system. These biological properties of the poly ester and its components are very essential for wound healing

ABSTRACT. Elemental Impurities in Pharmaceuticals industry is indispensable to ensure of pharmaceuticals safety, for 24 elements Although atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma are used in the U.S Pharmacopeia and the European Pharmacopoeia, FESEM with energy dispersive spectrometers can be applied as an alternative analysis method for quantitative and qualitative results for a variety of elements without chemical pretreatment, unlike other techniques. This technique characterizes by shortest time, with more less contamination, no reagent consumption and generation of minimal residue or waste as well as sample preparations time limiting, with minimal analysis error. Simple dilution for powder or direct analysis for liquid, we analyzed the usefulness of EDS method in testing with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, SUPRA 55 Carl Zeiss Germany) with an X-ray energy dispersion (XFlash6l10 Bruker Germany). The samples analyzed directly without coating by applied 5µ of known concentrated diluted sample on carbon stub with accelerated voltage according to sample thickness, the result for this spot was in atomic percentage and by Avogadro converted factor the final result will be in microgram. The conclusion of this study is application of FESEM-EDS in US pharmacopeia and ICH /Q3D guideline to reach a high-precision and accurate method in element impurities analysis of drugs or bulk materials. The recommendation is to use this technique in pharmacopeia as standard methods like inductively coupled plasma both ICP-AES, ICP-OES and ICP-MS.

ABSTRACT. The winglet is one of the best ways to reduce fuel consumption due to minimizing the drag generated at the wingtip. In the present work, the influence of winglet Toe and Twist angles upon the aerodynamics performances of an aircraft wing was investigated. The aerodynamics characteristics of the wing with winglets with a Cant angle of 60o and a winglet span of 3.5 m were examined. Wings having various toe angles (+10o, +5o, 0o, -5o, and -10o) and twisted angles (+5o, 0o, and +5o) at (4) attack angles (0o, 3o, 6o, and 9o) were considered. All wing models (sixty models), which have the dimensions of Boeing 737-800 wing, were drawn using SOLIDWORKS software. The whole models of a wing were analyzed employing ANSYS FLUENT. This analysis indicated that modifying the arrangement of the winglet's Toe and Twist angles can increase the aerodynamic performance at various attack angles. The L/D value was calculated to decide which wing possesses the best aerodynamic characteristics, and the maximum value of L/D was with a toe angle of 5o, a twist angle of +5o, at an angle of attack 3o.

ABSTRACT. Filter Bank Multi Carrier Offset-QAM (FBMC OQAM) is one of the hot-topics of the research in 6G multi carrier methodologies due to the high spectral efficiency, too low side lobe leakage, zero cyclic prefix (CP) and multiphase filter design. Hence FBMC-OQAM is used in fiber optical transmissions with colossal subcarrier configurations. Chromatic dispersion is one of major effect in optical fiber transmission which make different spectral waves (color beam) delivered with different speeds. In this paper, we are investigating the compensation of chromatic dispersion in Optical Communication system of FBMC OQAM with multiple equalizers in receiver section. The concepts of each compensation methods are presented and addressing the boon and bane of the algorithms for the different factors of implementation.

ABSTRACT. In the wireless and wired applications, Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) communication have recently created an interest over worldwide because of their higher spectral efficiency, enhanced spectral containment, and improved flexibility contrasted to traditional Orthogonal Frequency-based Division Multiplexing (OFDM). A specific FBMC type is so called OQAM/FBMC or OFDM/OQAM system, which comprises pulse-shaped OFDM that carries Offset Quadrature-Amplitude-Modulation (OQAM) symbols, has gained popularity because to, along with other things, its ease of implementation and better spectral efficiency. However, it struggles from fictitious inter-symbol/inter-carrier interference, which complicates the tasks of signal processing like Channel Estimation (CE). This review paper mainly focuses on the CE for FBMC in 5G wireless communication. The channel estimation methods with different channels and prototype filters are reviewed in this paper, and comparison of different estimation schemes over other methods in FBMC is provided. The comparative study helps to know the previous or existing methods used for CE and best method for CE regarding Mean-Squared-Error (MSE), Bit-Error-Rate (BER), and Signal-Noise-Ratio (SNR). Moreover, this paper provides a future scope based on the reviewed technologies

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bakers’ yeast, is not a pathogen in healthy individuals, but it has been isolated from immunocom-promised patients. The incidence of invasive infection by these fungi has significantly increased in the last decades. This study was amid to identify the incidence of invasive fungal infection in renal transplant patients. During the period of June 2018 to April 2019, 18(18%) patients with S. cerevisiae fungemia have been detected among one hundred kidney transplant patients (75% males and 25% females) who have admitted to Kidney Disease and Transplantation Center / Baghdad Medical City. Two of them were diagnosed with culture methods by BACT/ALERT Culture Media bottles and VITEK 2 system a fully automated microbiology identification system; the rest of them diagnosed by PCR methods using internal transcription spacer 2 gene (ITS2) and gene sequencing. The results showed that the gene sequencing of ITS 2-Region is potentially useful in rapid and accurate diagnosis of clinical fungal isolates. According to phylogenetic analysis, using version 11.0 of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software results showed that all isolates of Saccharomyce cerevisiae have the same common ancestor and have evolutionary change from the reference sequence. Clinical experience to date has shown that each method used in the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections is of limited use, therefore, a combination of various methods and regular screening is advisable to ensure that a diagnosis is reached and start the treatment as soon as possible.