ABSTRACT. Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) has been an essential power apparatus of the electrical power industry since the mid-20th century. Due to its superior insulating characteristics, Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is utilized as the main insulation material. This breakthrough has allowed compact and efficient designs, which are significant in urban and space-limited environments. In transmission systems, GIS serves as a critical node for distributing electricity and isolating disturbances, ensuring network stability. This makes them indispensable in modern power transmission due to their reliability and minimal maintenance requirements. Although GIS is generally considered to be maintenance-free, the challenge is the management of aging infrastructure. The aging process can result in higher probabilities of failures. This lecturer will discuss the condition assessment of gas Insulated switchgear (GIS). It covers the discussion on the application of GIS in electric power system, the degradation process of GIS, the importance of pre-failure detection phenomena in GIS, the partial discharge phenomena in GIS, and the development of antenna as partial discharge sensor in GIS. It will also be discussed the condition assessment in GIS using single parameter and multiple parameters by calculation of GIS health index. Then, it will be discussed the GIS maintenance strategy based on the GIS health index, and GIS criticality, and GIS age.

ABSTRACT. "It has been approximately 30 years since concerns arose about the global warming of our "Water Planet, Earth" due to the increased use of fossil fuels. Since then, it has become a societal phenomenon through intergovernmental efforts and warnings from private volunteer organizations, yet there are no signs that the pace of global warming is slowing down. On the other hand, the Java Sea, which lies north of Java Island in Indonesia, has an average depth of about 60 to 70 meters shallow, making it easily warmed by sunlight during the day. This characteristic is known to significantly impact the global transport of thermal energy. While the influence of solar energy on the Java Sea is beyond human control, the main theme of this Key Note is the desire to at least reduce the thermal energy generated by human activities and mitigate the environmental impact. One apparent solution to this is the use of renewable energy. Active research is being conducted in this country, Indonesia, on solar power, wind power, geothermal power, and hydrogen-powered vehicles. Here, I would like to propose going a step further with "Renewable FUELs." One such fuel is magnesium (Mg), which I plan to detail in this Key Note Speech. This magnesium can be extracted from seawater, and by actively utilizing the Java Sea, I am confident that Indonesia can lead the world as a source of renewable fuel."

ABSTRACT. TBD

ABSTRACT. Indonesia holds vast potential for harnessing by-product gases from industrial processes, yet this energy source remains significantly underutilized. This presentation explores the untapped opportunities presented by by-product gases, emphasizing their potential to contribute to energy security and sustainability in the country. Despite the promising benefits, the current lack of utilization is attributed to insufficient research, limited awareness, and inadequate infrastructure. We highlight the need for increased investment and innovation to unlock this valuable energy resource. The paper calls for more research and studies to promote the adoption of by-product gas technologies, supports from government, and thereby enhancing Indonesia's energy landscape and supporting its transition to a more sustainable energy future.

ABSTRACT. Amidst the continuous progress in the field, there has been an escalating demand for environmentally sustainable and economically viable alternative energy solutions. Extensive research has positioned perovskite as a promising substitute in the realm of solar panels. Specifically, MASnBr3 has been identified as an absorbent layer characterized by its stability and non-toxic properties. Despite the limited volume of research on MSnBr3, our study delves into an examination of the performance of P-I-N solar panels. We evaluated and simulated the photovoltaic performance of Perovskite Solar Cell based on MASnBr3 by varying the materials of the electron and hole transportation layers using the simulator SCAPS_1D. We studied the effect of perovskite adsorption layer thickness and doping density (Nt) using different structures (HTL/MASnBr3/ETL/FTO), where we also examined the influence of the ETL (ZnS) and the HTL (Spiro-MeOTAD) on the cell performance. Our results demonstrated high photovoltaic performance, achieving an efficiency above 27%.

ABSTRACT. In photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximizing power output under partial shading conditions remains a significant challenge. Traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) methods often fail to find the global maximum power point (GMPP) due to multiple local maxima in the power-voltage curve. This paper introduces a new Multiple Perturb and Observe (MP&O) method, enhancing the conventional P&O. The proposed method strategically initializes reference voltages based on Vmpp distribution of maximum voltage, significantly improving the convergence speed and accuracy of the MPPT process. Experimental results comparing the proposed method with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simulated Annealing (SA) demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method in terms tracking speed and accuracy. The findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method in optimizing PV system performance under diverse shading conditions.

ABSTRACT. The escalating demand for renewable energy has catalyzed a notable increase in the production and installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems globally. However, PV panels are prone to defects arising during transportation, installation, and exposure to adverse weather conditions, thereby compromising their lifespan and efficiency. Conventional inspection methods, including visual inspection and I-V curve analysis, necessitate specialized expertise and are time-intensive, underscoring the need for more cost-effective and efficient inspection methodologies. This paper endeavors to analyze and compare the advantages and efficacy of two solar panel inspection techniques: thermal infrared (IR) imaging and electroluminescence (EL) imaging. IR images were acquired using a FLIR Pro thermal imaging camera, while EL images were obtained both indoors and outdoors utilizing a low-cost modification of a Panasonic GF3 camera. The study findings indicate that EL imaging is the superior method for detecting a range of defects in solar cells, though each technique presents distinct advantages. Thermal infrared imaging proves effective for identifying temperature-related defects but may fall short in detecting microscopic flaws. The developed EL setup, being straightforward and cost-efficient, represents a viable option for both small and large-scale PV systems, thereby fostering advancements in the PV inspection domain. Moreover, image analysis employing OpenCV and deep learning markedly enhances inspection efficiency by facilitating defect detection through photographic analysis alone.

ABSTRACT. The remote offshore location with extreme environmental conditions poses significant challenges in generating energy. This undoubtedly affects all aspects, especially construction and costs, of building a power plant. Solar Power Plants have become a popular solution for meeting clean and sustainable energy needs especially for remote area. This paper discusses the challenges, design, and solutions for solar power generation development installed on manned offshore platform, focusing on the implementation of an 8 kWp solar power plant on the Heli Deck in the green offshore AVSA Area, Indonesia which owned by Pertamina Hulu Energi ONWJ. The research findings reveal that one of the solutions for construction challenges is utilizing ballast as a strong support for a sturdy foundation for the Photovoltaic panel support to counter the extreme environmental condition at offshore area. Moreover, this offshore solar power generation development offers additional advantages, such as reducing operations cost for fuel diesel engine and maintenance, and ensuring reliable 7 x 24 hours power continuity. The construction of the 8 kWp AVSA Offshore Solar Power Generation received the Museum of Indonesia Record Award as the first manned offshore platform which fully operated using solar power generation and also Indonesia Subroto Award in the energy sector for the category of special innovation project

ABSTRACT. The health diagnostic assessment of photovoltaic systems is vital for ensuring their long-term performance and reliability. This review explores the comprehensive analysis of health diagnostics in PV systems and their correlation with electrical performance. PV systems are exposed to various stress factors and degradation mechanisms, impacting their efficiency and reliability. Monitoring and diagnosing PV system health are crucial for early issue detection and performance optimization. This review provides an overview of diagnostic techniques, including electrical performance monitoring, thermal behavior analysis, and structural integrity assessment. It examines the correlation between health diagnostics and electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and power output. Insights gained contribute to understanding factors influencing PV system performance and degradation mitigation. Furthermore, the review discusses the significance of health diagnostics in enhancing PV system reliability, longevity, and efficiency. It emphasizes integrating health monitoring systems for real-time monitoring and proactive maintenance. Insights contribute to advancing effective health diagnostic strategies in PV systems, fostering their widespread adoption and sustainability in renewable energy.

ABSTRACT. Abstract—A solar power plant generates optimal output when it receives radiation (sun peak hours) of 1000 W/m², following Standard Test Conditions (STC), and when all production equipment operates efficiently. The equipment will function well if optimal maintenance is performed. In this study, the PLTS is located between the Earth's latitudes of 0º and 23.5º N and 0º and 23.5º S, which falls within a tropical climate zone. Based on measurements from January to August 2024, the value of Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), or the total amount of solar radiation falling on a flat (horizontal) surface, reached a maximum intensity of 1000 W/m² at the research location, which was only achieved for 3 to 4 hours. According to project planning data, the estimated maintenance cost is USD 22/kWp per year. However, the initial project data does not specify the maintenance activities required for the plant. Solar power plants are generally considered low-maintenance, typically requiring only routine maintenance. Optimal expenditure is necessary to maintain the health of the plant’s equipment, ensuring that production output remains optimal. Based on cost management principles [1], the life cycle cost (LCC) method can be used to calculate the total expenses incurred throughout the plant’s lifespan, which can then be compared to total production over the same period. This study examines both investment costs and maintenance activities. A simulation of energy cost calculations (LCOE) was carried out using three different maintenance scenarios. The comparison of maintenance activity scenarios over 20 years based on the LCC method shows that optimal production is achieved in Scenario 3, with 24,112,415 kWh generated, an LCC of IDR 31,938,987,291 and a Levelized Cost of Energy (COE) of IDR 1,325 per kWh.

ABSTRACT. The design and simulation of a Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant (FPVPP) using both monofacial and bifacial PV modules are covered in this paper. It highlights the potential for FPVPP in the Tembesi reservoir in Batam Island to advance renewable energy and support the development of fossil-free power plants across Indonesia's different regions. The proposed FPVPP design for the Tembesi reservoir includes a capacity of 41.5 MWp grid-connected, using 390 Wp PV panels and 10 inverters with 10,640 PV modules per array. The modeling process involves using PVsyst 7.2 software to simulate solar energy utilization, design components, economic evaluation, and estimate electricity generation using different types of PV modules. This paper compares the system's performance using monofacial and bifacial modules in terms of technical and economic aspects. Based on the simulation results, the potential energy production for the FPVPP in the Tembesi reservoir in Batam is 57,844 MWh/year with LCOE of 0.071 USD/kWh using monofacial PV modules and 62,023 MWh/year with LCOE of 0.067 USD/kWh using bifacial PV modules. The bifacial system's energy output delivered to the grid is 7.22% greater than the monofacial system with a better cost-effectiveness.

ABSTRACT. High operating temperatures are seen as a major problem that may reduce the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, leading to a reduction in energy output. This study presents a detailed analysis of the adjustable drip water cooling effects on temperature reduction and power efficiency. Utilizing three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the study evaluates the influence of different water flow rates on PV module temperature and power output. Results demonstrate that increasing the flow rate from 0.04 kg/s to 0.26 kg/s significantly lowers the PV module temperature from 47.07°C to 28.03°C, enhancing power output from 175.28 W to 189.12 W and achieving a 7.9% efficiency gain. This research highlights the effectiveness of the system in improving PV performance in high-temperature environments and achieved significant power savings by optimizing energy use, offering a promising solution for maximizing solar energy efficiency.

ABSTRACT. Although solar PV relies on sunlight, there are issues when the panels temperature arise. This fact is known to result in a decrease in efficiency when the panels are overheated. A commonly implemented solution is to use passive cooling method with a heat sink on the back of the panels to increase the surface area contacted with the air which can help reduce the panel temperature. This study will compare the use of straight, circular, and zig-zag orientations for the heat sink through CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The heat sink orientation with the best result will be combined with another passive cooling method, which is PCM (Phase Change Material) that uses specific materials capable of storing and releasing energy in the form of heat through a phase change, thereby providing temperature regulation. With the combination method, simulation resulted in average cell temperature of 47.94°C compared to use of heat sink only resulted in average cell temperature of 51.25°C. Based on effectiveness, weight, and economy, combination of heat sink and PCM become the best alternative as a passive cooling method.

ABSTRACT. The application of photovoltaic (PV) modules offers numerous benefits in supporting the transition to renewable energy. Despite their many advantages, PV modules have a drawback, one of which is dust that can affect the performance of the PV output. This study was conducted in Baturaja, South Sumatra, near a cement factory, which presents the potential for cement dust particles to settle on PV modules. The study analyzes the performance and efficiency of three PV modules, a comparison that has not been widely explored, as similar studies generally use only two PV modules under two different conditions. The three PV modules examined are: clean PV modules, PV modules left exposed to dust contamination, and PV modules with a dust deposit of 40 grams, compared under the same irradiance and time conditions. Data collection was carried out over a period of four weeks from 09:00 to 16:00. The results indicate that dust deposits impact the performance and efficiency of PV modules. The clean PV module had an output power difference of 0.26 watts compared to the module in real condition, while the clean PV module had a difference of 0.52 watts compared to the dust-deposited module. The PV module in the real condition exhibited better efficiency compared to the module with a 40-gram dust deposit. Additionally, rainy weather and irradiance also have significant effects on PV output performance, but rain has the benefit of reducing dust deposits on PV modules.

ABSTRACT. Previous studies have extensively discussed the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms for transformer fault identification. However, the unavailability of data and the resulting imbalance can reduce the accuracy of the developed models. This study aims to develop a ML-based system for transformer fault identification using a Multi-Method approach with imbalanced Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) data modified by various oversampling techniques, this technique aims to balance class distribution by increasing the number of samples in the minority class. Thus, the developed ML model can achieve good performance even when using an imbalanced dataset. The methods used for DGA identification in the Multi-Method approach include Roger Ratio, IEC Ratio, Duval Triangle, and Duval Pentagon. The dataset consists of 343 imbalanced data points, which are then processed using oversampling techniques such as SMOTE, ADASYN, SMOTE-Tomek Link, and SMOTE-ENN. Neural Network, Random Forest, and Naïve Bayes algorithms are employed as ML models in this study. The best combination is achieved with the application of a Neural Network on a dataset modified using SMOTE-ENN, yielding a F1 score of 0.994 and a Precision of 0.994. The results of this study indicate that data balance and the number of misclassified classes can significantly impact the accuracy of the developed model. The developed system model can assist utilities in performing maintenance and making decisions based on DGA results for power transformers.

ABSTRACT. Power transformers are critical components in electrical power systems that require effective insulation to prevent service interruptions. The insulation material, which typically consists of mineral oil and paper, is often subject to aging, which can reduce its performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the insulation performance of three types of transformer oils: mineral oil, synthetic ester oil, and natural ester oil (rapeseed oil) under accelerated aging conditions to determine the best option. Oil and paper insulation samples were heated to temperatures of 100°C and 125°C for 168, 504, and 840 hours. Tests included color scale, acidity, moisture content, breakdown voltage (BDV), permittivity, dissipation factor (Tan Delta), resistivity, and tensile strength. The results show that natural ester oil, especially canola oil, has better insulation performance compared to mineral oil and synthetic ester oil. Natural ester oil showed better stability in breakdown voltage (BDV), and resistivity, and exhibited a slower decline in tan delta and acidity during aging. Synthetic ester oil also has good performance, but it is inferior to that of natural ester oil. Mineral oil, on the other hand, showed a significant decline in performance in all test parameters.

ABSTRACT. In the evolving field of transformer technology, selecting the most effective insulating oil is essential to optimizing performance and longevity. This study aims to evaluate the chemical, physical, and electrical characteristics of three types of insulating oils used in transformers, namely mineral oil, GTL (Gas-to-Liquid) oil, and synthetic ester oil. Tests to characterize color scale, acidity, water content, breakdown voltage (BDV), permittivity, resistivity, and tan delta were conducted to determine the reliability and performance of each oil to ensure their insulation and cooling properties. the paper insulation test is carried out by tensile strength test. Oil samples were tested in new conditions and after undergoing thermal aging processes to simulate long-term operational conditions. The thermal aging process was conducted with temperature variations of 100°C and 125°C and time variations of the initial condition, 168 hours, 504 hours, and 840 hours. Test results showed that synthetic ester oil provided the best performance in terms of chemical, physical, and electrical stability, as well as superior reliability under long-term operational conditions. GTL oil showed improvement over mineral oil in terms of oxidation stability and electrical performance. Mineral oil, although more economical, showed a significant decline in performance after thermal aging.

ABSTRACT. The rapid increase in demand for electrical energy has accelerated the use of high-voltage transformers, where mineral oil is often chosen as the insulating fluid due to its availability and low cost. However, environmental and safety concerns such as non-biodegradability and fire risk have spurred the search for more environmentally friendly alternatives. Canola-based ester oil and gas-to-liquid (GTL) oil have emerged as potential options. Ester oil offers biodegradability and a higher flash point, while GTL oil offers better purity and good insulation performance. This study compares the performance of mineral oil, ester oil, and GTL oil as insulating fluids in transformers through a series of tests, including color scale, acidity, water content, breakdown voltage (BDV), permittivity, dissipation factor (Tan Delta), resistivity, tensile strength, and degree of polymerization (DP). Oil samples are subjected to accelerated aging at temperatures of 100°C, 125°C, and 150°C for 168, 504, and 840 hours. The results are expected to help the electrical industry to be able to select safer and more environmentally friendly insulating fluids and support the development of more sustainable transformers.

ABSTRACT. Coastal regions experience salt fog formation due to wave and tidal motions. This fog adheres to insulators, increasing surface conductivity and accumulating pollutants. Consequently, this leads to increased leakage currents and the potential failure of insulators over a period of time. This study investigates how the application of room temperature-vulcanized (RTV) silicon rubber (SiR) coating affects the hydrophobicity, insulation resistance, and leakage current of outdoor insulators under various environmental conditions. Hydrophobicity tests show that coated insulators have better water repellency, achieving hydrophobicity class 1 (HC 1) in clean conditions and HC 2 in polluted conditions, whereas uncoated insulators only reach HC 3. Insulation resistance measurements demonstrate that insulators coated with RTV SiR have significantly greater resistance than those that are uncoated, especially in polluted conditions. The leakage current tests show that the RTV SiR coating significantly reduces both leakage current intensity and total harmonic distortion (THD) under all test conditions. The coated insulators consistently showed lower cross-product values, even in harsh situations like salt fog, while the uncoated insulators had flashover at 50 kV. The results emphasize the significance of using RTV SiR coatings to improve the reliability and effectiveness of insulators under challenging conditions.

ABSTRACT. The reliability of electrical power distribution is heavily dependent on the performance of outdoor insulators. The study focuses on the evaluation of post-pin ceramic insulators, comparing those coated with RTV SiR and those uncoated after being installed after nine years of service at the Pangandaran Substation near the coastal area in West Java, Indonesia, from 2012 to 2021. These insulators are constantly exposed to 11 kV of voltage and environmental factors like humidity, temperature, and pollution, which make the surfaces wear down faster and make them more likely to leakage currents, which could cause flashovers. The research reveals that coated insulators exhibit higher insulation resistance and better performance in preventing leakage currents under various conditions, including dry, clean, and salt fog environments. Measurements indicate that the coated insulators consistently outperform the uncoated ones, significantly reducing leakage current and total harmonic distortion (THD). However, with age, its effectiveness may decrease. Leakage current measurements showed that the insulator was consistently heavy beyond the uncoated insulator in areas with a lot of pollution and long operating lives, which meant that visual and thermovision inspections were needed. Performance degradation must be prevented to avoid Flashover. The study strongly recommends using RTV SiR-coated insulators in environments with high humidity and pollution to mitigate flashovers and maintain the reliability of power transmission systems.

ABSTRACT. Porcelain insulators in coastal areas are often disturbed due to the accumulation of salt pollutants carried by wind from seawater evaporation. RTV silicone rubber (RTV SiR) is commonly used as a coating to enhance insulation performance and hydrophobicity and maintain these properties even in highly polluted conditions. Coating materials use nSiO2 as filler to modify polymer performance, such as improving mechanical and electrical properties. This study evaluates the insulation properties, in terms of hydrophobicity, surface resistivity, and relative permittivity of RTV SiR coating material with varying concentrations of nSiO2. The study finds that 4 wt% nSiO2-filled RTV SiR coating provides the highest surface resistivity and relative permittivity, making it the optimal composition for coating application of high voltage outdoor insulators. Leakage current tests under artificial conditions (dry, clean fog, and salt fog) are conducted to verify the insulation performance of the modified RTV SiR coating. The results show a decrease in leakage current on clean surfaces from 18% to 25% in dry conditions, 8% to 9% in clean fog conditions, and 36% to 48% in salt fog conditions. This research highlights the effectiveness of nSiO2-enhanced RTV SiR coatings in improving the reliability and performance of insulators in polluted environments.

ABSTRACT. This study examines the impact of RTV silicone rubber coating on the leakage current characteristics of 150 kV long rod insulators, with an emphasis on improving the insulation performance under demanding environmental conditions, including pollution and high humidity. Experimental evaluations were conducted on two different groups of insulators, specifically RTV silicone coated and uncoated, subjected to clean and contaminated conditions. The characteristics examined included insulation resistance, surface hydrophobicity, total harmonic distortion (THD) of leakage current, and the cross product of RMS leakage current and THD. The findings indicate that the application of RTV silicone coating significantly improves the insulation performance. Insulators with RTV silicone coating exhibited significantly higher insulation resistance compared to uncoated insulators, even in the presence of pollution. Furthermore, RTV silicone coating demonstrated considerable efficacy in maintaining a high level of hydrophobicity, thereby reducing the possibility of leakage current. Harmonic distortion associated with leakage current was also significantly reduced in coated insulators, indicating improved electrical signal quality and overall system reliability. The cross product between RMS leakage current and THD shows that convergence of leakage current enhancement and minimal harmonic distortion is observed in both clean and coated insulators, indicating optimal performance under operational conditions.

ABSTRACT. The electrical industry demands improvements in electrical systems' efficiency and performance. Silicon Rubber RTV 683 has good insulating properties, but for high-voltage applications, improved performance is required by adding fillers such as SiO2, ATH, and TiO2. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding filler on the hydrophobic properties and dielectric properties of Silicon Rubber RTV 683, as well as the impact of corona treatment on the performance of this material as a high-voltage insulator. The research method included making samples with variations in filler composition (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), applying corona treatment with an AC voltage of 10 kV, as well as analysis that included measurements of contact angle, permittivity values, surface and volume resistivity, as well as breakdown and flashover voltage before and after corona treatment. The results showed that corona exposure led to degradation of insulation performance and significant changes in surface wetting properties, especially in areas directly exposed. Corona treatment decreases relative permittivity, volume resistivity, and surface resistivity. However, samples with fillers showed better resistance and recovery. Corona treatment also significantly decreased flashover voltage for all samples, with filler samples showing a lower decrease. Although the addition of fillers increases the resistance of the material to the effects of the corona, such as in the SR-B1, SR-D3, SR-D1, and SR-ID samples, the corona treatment remains a critical factor affecting the performance of Silicone Rubber RTV 683 as a high-voltage insulator.

ABSTRACT. Abstract- PT. PLN (Persero), provides electricity services to various industries, including premium customers such as Bay Line Switching-Smelter. This research addresses the importance of proper insulator selection to maintain the reliability of the electrical transmission system, specifically for the Bay Line Switching-Smelter which operates at a load capacity of 198.66 Megawatts. This study investigates the performance of polymer, glass, and ceramic insulator under pollution and high humidity conditions common in the nickel industry. Experimental evaluations were conducted on the three types of insulators in clean and contaminated environments, focusing on insulation strength, surface hydrophobicity, flashover voltage (FOV), as well as an economic analysis to compare insulator procurement and maintenance costs. The results show that polymer insulators have superior performance compared to glass and ceramic insulators. The flashover voltage of the polymer insulator was recorded to be the highest, reaching 49.56 kV under salt fog conditions, which is 65% higher than that of ceramic (30.06 kV) and 70% higher than that of glass (29.12 kV) under the same conditions. Polymer insulators also maintain good insulation performance as well as high surface hydrophobicity, which helps reduce the risk of flashover. In addition, economic analysis results show that polymer insulators are more efficient in terms of maintenance and replacement costs than glass and ceramic insulator.

ABSTRACT. Electric bicycles, also known as e-bikes, have gained considerable popularity in Indonesia. However, this surge in popularity has not translated into a proportional increase in the number of e-bikes on the roads compared to conventional two-wheeled vehicles. One contributing factor to this phenomenon is the perceived inferiority of certain features offered by e-bikes, such as range and torque, in comparison to conventional counterparts. The primary determinant of an e-bike's price and performance lies in its electric propulsion system. Consequently, this study focuses on the design and modeling of a 250 W Brushless DC (BLDC) motor intended for an e-bike electric drive system, aimed at enhancing performance while minimizing costs. Various alternative designs featuring different pole-slot combinations were proposed and evaluated, with particular emphasis on selecting the design exhibiting optimal performance characteristics. Through rigorous analysis, it was determined that designs employing slot-pole combinations of 24/28 yielded the most promising results in enhancing the performance of the original design. Subsequent validation confirmed the efficacy of the selected alternative design, establishing its suitability for achieving the desired performance benchmarks.

ABSTRACT. Brushless DC motors have problems with speed, whereas Brushless DC motors have pretty high speeds, and control is needed to reach a certain speed. The control proposed in this study is Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) with empirical parameter tuning, making it easier to implement. The method used in PID control uses the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) open-loop method; in this method, the initial stage of the motor is run without control to obtain an open loop curve, and then from the graph, the PID parameters are obtained with the ZN Open-Loop table rules. Then, after obtaining PID parameters such as Kp, Ki, and Kd, they will be entered into the programmed digital PID control, and the control will be tested with three test schemes. The results obtained from the tests that have been carried out, namely the response of Brushless DC motor speed control by implementing the ZN open-loop PID tuning method, namely the control can explore a fixed setpoint at a speed of 2250 RPM and a changing setpoint, with a rise time and settling time below 3 seconds and has a steady state error below 5% when the motor is loaded.

ABSTRACT. DC motor drives equipped with six-pulse diode or thyristor rectifiers exhibit a substantial harmonic current distortion within a predefined threshold. To mitigate this issue, an LCL-type harmonic filter module is employed to filter the harmonics of the input current. In order to reduce the current harmonics absorbed by the power converter, an LCL filter is employed. The LCL filter comprises reactors and capacitors connected in parallel and series, with the objective of reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD-I) to a level of approximately 8%. This filter has been designed in accordance with the requirements set out in the IEC 61000-3.4 and IEEE 519 standards. The installation of an LCL filter in the Indonesia Low Speed Tunnel (ILST) system serves the purpose of reducing the harmonic current flowing through the DC converter drive section, thereby maintaining the quality of the electric power. The aforementioned filter is utilised in the low-speed wind tunnel fan drive system. This article addresses the operational characteristics of the system, the potential causes of damage to LCL filter components, and an analysis of the factors that contribute to the deterioration of these components. These factors include load characteristics, current harmonics, voltage harmonics, temperature, humidity, and environmental factors. Furthermore, the article proposes a method for early detection of damage to reactors and capacitors, which could prevent sudden or unexpected deterioration. This method represents a novel approach in this field of study.

ABSTRACT. Rechargeable electrochemical energy storage devices (ESDs) such as lead-acid, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, ZEBRA, Zn/Air, Na/S, lithium-ion, and super-capacitors are commonly utilized in electric vehicles (EVs). Critical factors in selecting ESDs for EVs include safety and higher energy storage capacity. Therefore, the design process considers all aspects to ensure compliance with standards and suitability for use. This study evaluates the performance of electric vehicle battery packs based on the SAE J2982_2022 standard test. The battery pack models tested were Sample 1, Sample 2, Sample 3, and Sample 4. Each model underwent five tests to calculate the average energy consumption per kilometer, considering the resulting operating temperature. Each battery pack contains 100 NMC Samsung 21700-50GB type cells, arranged in a 20S5P configuration with 5 cells in parallel and 20 cells in series. The test results indicate that the Sample 1 model consumes 26.12 Wh/km, the Sample 2 model consumes 25.43 Wh/km, the Sample 4 model consumes 24.91 Wh/km, and the Sample 3 model consumes 23.61 Wh/km. Additionally, the Sample 3 model produced the lowest average operating temperature of 40.03 ± 0.14°C, while the Sample 4 model had the highest average operating temperature of 41.33 ± 0.12°C.

ABSTRACT. Parasitic capacitance causes capacitive currents that potentially damage motor components. Induction motors experience failure of as much as 40% in bearings. This study determines the parasitic capacitance in induction motors at low voltage when supplied by a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) inverter. This experiment uses a 3-phase variable speed divider inverter, 15 kW with a 3-kW induction motor, 50Hz, and a speed of 1420 RPM. Measurements are taken on the motor shaft, motor neutral to inverter and the connection between the motor frame to the motor neutral with a variable switching frequency from 4kHz - 14 kHz for every 10% interval at variable motor speed. The research results show that increasing the switching frequency of the PWM inverter causes an impact on parasitic capacitance and motor components.

ABSTRACT. Induction motors are widely used in industry, failures in induction motors can lead to production stop, high maintenance costs, and unexpected spare parts expenses. A strategic maintenance approach involves preventive actions before failures occur based on bearing lifespan, increased vibration, current unbalance, and motor temperature rise. The maintenance activities for induction motor are replacement of motor bearings, cleaning of winding surfaces, insulation varnishing and stator heating. The objective is to maintain and enhance the reliability of induction motors. Maintenance activities without replacing the windings and core laminations as long as passed electrical test (delta resistance, insulation test, polarization index and the surge test) because replacement winding and core lamination will be increased maintenance cost. However, the windings and core laminations have a limited-service life and reliability will decrease. This study aims to identify the saturation point of reliability for the windings and core laminations. The results of this study demonstrate the saturation point of the windings and core laminations, indicating that winding insulation has a limitation time. Therefore, utilizing the findings from this study will help determine the optimal time for replacing the windings and core laminations, thereby reducing the probability of induction motor failure.

ABSTRACT. Electric Vehicle Charger (EVC) is a heavy nonlinear load. Charging process have a huge impact and a generous burden increment and augmentation of the harmonic distortion. Harmonic of working EVC need to analyze and suppress especially in large scale. Harmonics that occur on the grid due to nonlinear loads can be mitigated by filtering out these harmonic distortions to prevent them from entering the grid. Harmonic can be suppressed by applying the filter. Since the charger main component is rectifier/inverter with controller, then harmonic that appear to the grid distorts current, so shunt active power filter is proposed to prevent the harmonic flow to the grid due to charging process. This filter was designed using Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) to create the Reactive Power locally and give the demanded current to become the input of EV Charger. This filter was designed to make the charger working finely or to not interrupt the process of EV charging and yet make the source supplied EVC without harmonic. MATLAB Simulink is utilized to simulate the work. Afterwards THD and TDD results of grid and load to be analyzed. The result of THD and TDD before filter applied are 18.69% and 12.52%. After the filter applied the THD and TDD value become 1.32% and 0.85%.

ABSTRACT. Many countries are developing electric vehicles as a commitment to reducing the impact of carbon emissions. Electric vehicles have quite high prices compared to conventional cars. This high price is dominated by the price of electric vehicle components, namely batteries. This is what underlies the importance of designing a charging system that is not only fast but guarantees the safety of the battery. LifePO4 batteries are batteries that are sensitive to temperature changes. Exposure to high temperatures can have an adverse effect on LiFePO4 batteries causing faster degradation. In this paper, a charging system is designed that is equipped with CC-CV control which changes when the SoC reaches 80%, which is the limit when a Li-ion battery must operate. The internal temperature of the LiFePO4 battery is maintained between 30° - 40° by regulating the charging current using consideration of the internal temperature of the battery and the SoC itself to prevent the main aging mechanism of the battery. To achieve optimal temperature use pulse charging 30C and when the optimal temperature is reached the charging current is reduced to constant current charging 4C. Apart from that, it is also tested when the battery experiences a faulty condition and variations in ambient temperature which will affect the charging current. Simulations using Matlab Simulink have been successfully carried out to verify the proposed method above.

ABSTRACT. The transition to clean energy presents various kinds of developments in renewable energy technologies, including wind turbines. One of the limitations of conventional wind turbines is their inability to operate in regions with low wind speeds. This paper presents a Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) generator design configuration with an electromagnetic induction approach that utilizes the transformer cores as the cores of the coil and neodymium magnets. The generator can already produce a voltage of up to 1 Vrms and enough to light up an LED lamp at a frequency of roughly 3Hz and an amplitude of 5 cm for the turbine’s vibrator by magnets. The generator design still has some constraints regarding its reliability in power generation. Hence, further research is needed to analyze its power operation point and energy management.

ABSTRACT. Bushing is a crucial component in transformer electrical systems, making its maintenance and condition assessment vital for asset management. Despite its importance, research on bushing assessment methods is still rare, so the contribution of this paper is to provide an academic study on bushing assessment methods. Condition assessment of bushings can be employed by utility companies to evaluate their assets' conditions by simplifying the evaluation process using various diagnostic methods. This article focuses on the application and development of bushing assessment in evaluating bushing conditions. Bushing assessment comprises three main parts: Visual Inspection, Thermo-vision, and Tan Delta Testing. In determining the parameters of these three parts, this study will adapt the CIGRE 761 standards. The adoption of these standards ensures a comprehensive and reliable assessment process. Moreover, integrating these diagnostic methods enhances the predictive maintenance strategies of utility companies. The final condition assessment of the bushing will then be used to plan effective maintenance activities, thus improving the overall reliability and efficiency of the electrical system.

ABSTRACT. Asset management is essential in managing the life cycle of electrical equipment, including relay protection equipment at the Substation. For this reason, several tiered inspection results are needed, which are processed into a Health Index (HI) because HI is an indicator condition that can improve the decision-making process. At PLN UIT JBB, equipment performance (HI) is currently only seen from the value of the Asset Health Index (AHI), where AHI is an early warning system for equipment so that the determination of equipment replacement priorities is carried out in stages of evaluation with a long process. With the rapid development of technology, continuous progress in Substation maintenance is based on visual inspection and inspection, when energized and compiled with the results of equipment testing in off conditions. The results of secondary equipment maintenance at the Substation (both IL1, IL2, and IL3) can automatically produce a 5-level Health Index by combining the maximum quantitative AHI elements and elements of condition weighting (Condition Health Index (CHI) and Potential Failure). Furthermore, combining the results of AHI, CHI, and Potential Failure as a weighting of vulnerability at the Substation can provide Health Index results and solution recommendations for secondary equipment. So, With the value of AHI = 5, CHI = 2, and Potential Failure = 4, it is obtained that the HI value of the equipment is 5 (critical), so it is easy to determine the priority of repair and replacement of equipment on time before a Non-System Fault or blackout occurs.

ABSTRACT. This research focuses on the Health Index (HI) of 149 power transformers which operate on 150/20 kV and 500/150 kV in Jakarta and Banten during 2022-2023. HI scoring is obtained based on critical factors such as oil quality, paper condition, fault factor dan dielectric winding factor. The data obtained through standardized testing and each parameter is given score and weighing based on relevant source like IEC 60422 and IEEE C57.104. This study explores the correlation between HI and transformers operation time and load. The result shows that most of the transformers are in good and excellent condition. Correlation analysis shows a high negative correlation between HI and operation time with -0,787, which shows significant degradation trough time. In other side, correlation analysis between HI and load operation shows low negative result with -0,237 which indicates that other factor like load, operation condition and maintenance quality also have significant effect. These findings emphasize the importance of regular monitoring and directed maintenance to prolong transformers’ live span and enhance its reliability. This research also provides the outlook to develop maintenance strategy and prioritizing transformers replacement based on HI which can lead to operational cost reduced and electric system enhancements.

ABSTRACT. The amorphous core transformer represents a new technological advancement aimed at improving transformer efficiency, particularly in reducing energy losses. As Indonesia's energy demand continues to grow rapidly, there is a critical need to implement more efficient technologies to reduce production costs and minimize environmental impact. This study evaluates the performance of amorphous core transformers in comparison with traditional Cold Rolled Grain Oriented (CRGO) transformers, focusing on energy losses and their environmental effects. The evaluation was conducted through direct measurements of transformer losses, supported by references from existing literature, and provides the potential annual loss reduction and carbon emission reduction at PT PLN (Persero). The analysis revealed a significant disparity in no-load losses between amorphous and CRGO transformers, with the difference becoming more pronounced as transformer size increases. Amorphous core transformers consistently demonstrated lower no-load losses, indicating superior efficiency, especially for larger units. Furthermore, the potential for reducing load losses was assessed, showing that amorphous transformers can lead to substantial savings. This research has found that these transformers, based on the quantity used by PT PLN (Persero), have the capability to reduce production costs by up to IDR 139,597,000,000 annually, while also contributing to a reduction in carbon emissions by 77,398 tons of CO2 per MWh. This research highlights the potential of amorphous core transformers as a key technology in addressing Indonesia’s growing energy needs. By significantly reducing both operational costs and environmental impact, amorphous transformers offer a promising solution for enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of the country’s energy infrastructure.

ABSTRACT. Generators play a crucial role in power generation, ensuring energy production and distribution in power systems. However, traditional diagnostic practices, which typically focus on offline specific component tests, do not provide a holistic view of generator health. This often leads to challenges in early detection of systemic issues, potentially resulting in significant operational disruptions and economic losses. Addressing this gap, this research introduces a comprehensive approach to assess generator health by identifying crucial components and parameters that significantly influence overall generator functionality. Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), this study quantitatively determines the weighting factors of each component and parameter. These factors are then integrated into a novel Generator Health Index (GHI) model, which combines scoring guidelines based on extensive literature review and international standards. The developed GHI model offers a more integrated and predictive framework for generator health assessment, providing critical insights into the overall condition of generators based on available data. The findings demonstrate the model's effectiveness in offering a detailed and informative health profile of generators, suggesting its potential as a standard tool in the energy sector for achieving optimal operational efficiency.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Generators are essential for power generation, enabling energy production and distribution. Disruptions in generator operation can cause significant issues and economic losses. Current maintenance practices, which involve testing individual subsystems, do not provide a comprehensive overview of the generator’s overall health. This limitation makes early detection of issues challenging and increases the risk of unexpected failures. This research aims to develop a Generator Health Index (GHI) model that integrates condition assessment data with operational maintenance data to provide real-time insights into generator health. The GHI model is created using a scoring and weighting method with various sub-components based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), contributing to the overall generator condition as part of the condition assessment framework. Scores are assigned based on criteria values aligned with relevant standards, and the weight of each component and parameter is determined by assessing its relative impact on the overall generator condition. This paper focuses on implementing the GHI at the Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia 2 unit from the 3 x 330 MW coal-fired power plant, addressing how the data is handled, including instances where data was not collected in certain years, and evaluating the quality of the data. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in real-time decision-making and maintenance planning at the Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia Coal-Fired Power Plant, reducing the risk of unexpected failures.

ABSTRACT. Power transformer failures caused by hydrolysis in insulation paper present significant challenges to the reliability of electrical systems. To mitigate these risks, PLN has implemented a comprehensive strategy that includes enhanced diagnostic processes, design improvements, and optimized treatment procedures. Diagnostic improvements have been achieved through ISO 17025 accreditation and participation in international proficiency testing, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of oil testing results. Design improvements focus on specifying the appropriate conservator type, transitioning from open to closed systems to prevent oxidation. In terms of treatment procedures, PLN has introduced a policy to assess the severity of hydrolysis through furan testing before proceeding with oil reclamation, ensuring the economic feasibility and effectiveness of the process. Several case studies are presented to provide a practical illustration of how these improvements are applied in PLN, demonstrating the company's commitment to extending transformer life and enhancing system reliability.

ABSTRACT. The distribution system is one of the business processes in the utility system. The most crucial asset in distribution system is the transformer. The high failure rate of distribution transformers can lead to loss of revenue and decreased service quality. There are many factors that cause the failure of distribution transformers. thus, developing strategic planning to increase the reliability of transformers is a must. One of the strategic plans for the maintenance of the distribution transformer is Health Index. Health index consists of several stages, and one of the most influential factors in increasing the accuracy of the health index is weighting factors. Based on previous studies, there are several methods used in determining the weighting factor. In this study, the Analytical Hierarchy Process Method involves expert judgment applied to adjust the weighting factor. The experience of experts will serve as the basis for determination. The weighting factor will be applied to several parameters in the assessment of the transformer (i.e. Oil leakage, tank condition, Grounding, Unbalance, Load Profile, Hot spot). The findings oh the AHP show that Load profile has a highest with 32.17%, followed by Unbalance (18.93%), Hot Spot Temperature (18.72%), Oil Leakage (13.92%), Grounding (11.53%), and Tank Condition (4.73%). Furthermore, 538 samples of operating 20 kV distribution transformers will be assessed with Health Index.

ABSTRACT. Kalimantan Interconnection System, consisting of 94 substations and 8,470.45 km of transmission lines, experiences frequent disturbances, primarily in Central Kalimantan. These disturbances, often caused by lightning, highlight the need for improved defense schemes to ensure system reliability. The implementation of the Adaptive Defense Scheme (ADS) for the Kasongan-SLK transmission line aims to address this need by integrating both dynamic and static Over Voltage Transmission Shedding (OVTS) schemes. This paper details the design of ADS hardware specifications to meet the applicable standard. Adaptive Defense Scheme (ADS) demonstrates significant advantages over the existing Special Protection Scheme (SPS). Testing results indicate superior performance of the ADS in data polling, telecommunications, optimization, and GOOSE signal processing, with response times meeting PLN standards. Recommendation for further improvements including redundant telecommunications infrastructure, server and gateway, are also discussed in this paper.

ABSTRACT. In the dynamic field of electrical power systems, disturbances ranging from minor fluctuations to major outages pose significant threats, necessitating advanced protection mechanisms. This study introduces an Adaptive Defense Scheme specifically designed for the Cirata’s subsystem, which offers a dynamic, responsive protection strategy tailored to the variable nature of power system operations. Utilizing the DIGSILENT PowerFactory software, this study presents a methodologically advanced Adaptive Defense Scheme that adapts to changing supply and demand conditions. These simulations help evaluate the Adaptive Defense Scheme’s performance across various system conditions, incorporating a brute force technique to optimize decision making processes, particularly in effective on load shedding to maintain system balance and prevent cascading failures. The initiated Adaptive Defense Scheme aligns with PLN's operational standards and proves effective in securing the power system against a broad spectrum of disturbances, thereby ensuring system stability. The findings demonstrate the Adaptive Defense Scheme’s superiority over conventional methods by effectively mitigating system deficits through strategic on load shedding and potential subsystem interconnection, representing a significant advancement in power system protection and setting a foundation for future research and implementation.

ABSTRACT. This study aims to develop Optimal Feeder Reconfiguration using ADMS and SCADA technology for the spindle distribution network at Gandul Primary Substation, South Jakarta. Using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software, the Automation of OFR operates by detecting real-time load conditions and automatically reconfiguring feeders to support the Smart Grid Distribution, improve voltage quality, reduce losses, and maintain load balance during contingencies. As a result, the voltage at the JGK29 Distribution Substation increased from 19.8 kV to 20 kV and losses at Gandul Primary Substation were reduced by 14.2%, or 10.8 MWh from a total daily loss of 76.1 MWh. In the N-1 contingency simulation, OFR successfully reduced the load on Feeder Express Krukut from 250.7 A to 170.6 A by automatically switching to Feeder Besan and Buyut.

ABSTRACT. As part of the 150 kV Sumatera Selatan-Muntok interconnection system, there are a mix of different transmission media, including 25.7 km of overhead transmission lines, 3.937 km of ground cables, and 36.1 km cables under the sea. The system connects over 65.76 km, employs an adaptive auto-reclose canceling protection scheme based on the traveling wave fault location system (TWFL), and coordinates with an 87L relay (line current differential relay). Auto reclose system is not allowed at underground cable (USC) because to the propensity for short circuits in cables to cause the insulating layer to break down, leading to a permanent failure. Consequently, it is essential to identify faults when the Automatic Reclosing (AR) system is permitted on the Overhead Line (OHL) part but prohibited in the Underground Cable (USC) segment. The article discusses various methods for utilizing operational data and switching events to improve the accuracy of a commissioned fault locator's fault location capabilities. This implies that the system's high accuracy depends on the protection relay's working time speed, as well as the optimal traveling wave line propagation time (TWLPT) and traveling wave cable propagation time (TWCPT) setting parameters. Based on the proposed approach shows that with the new setting value of TWLPT = 344.5 μs, the fault distance accuracy error is 1.42%, or ± 295 meters (± 1 span tower). The result shows that numerical calculation of the fine-tuning procedure using field event analysis can improve the precision of fault locator from 15.01% error to 1.42% error.

ABSTRACT. Ungaran is one of the important subsystems in the Central Java system. This subsystem is the main supplier of consumers to the industrial area in the north coast region, which is undergoing significant industrial growth. The Ungaran subsystem also supplies the business center and the government offices in Semarang, the capital city of Central Java province. Based on the 2024 Annual Operating Plan, the highest nighttime peak load of the Ungaran Subsystem is 892 MW, on October 30, 2024. During its operation, potential interruption of Inter-Bus Transformer (IBT) 500kV/150kV supply or frequency drop exceeding certain limits can cause the Ungaran Subsystem to form Island Operation. Thus, due to its importance, maintaining the integrity of island operation in the Ungaran Subsystem is of high priority. The installed defense scheme is still static so that it is not flexible enough to cope with change in the configuration of the distribution load and changes in the operating pattern of the power plant so that the percentage of success of this static defense scheme is small. After identifying the credible contingency of the island operation scheme in the Ungaran subsystem, to increase the success of the island operation in the contingency event of loss of supply from the 500 kV system (IBT 500/150 kV) and frequency drop to 48.3 Hz, an adaptive island operation scheme is proposed. The success of the island operation scheme in the Ungaran subsystem can save the Tambaklorok Power Plant to avoid startup costs and speed up the recovery process. Based on the performed simulations, the proposed scheme could maintain the generation load balance during island operation and results in successful island operation

ABSTRACT. Data concentrator units have a crucial role in the implementation of advanced metering infrastructure. In a smart grid ecosystem, AMI has to be connected to a unit for collecting data. Data Concentrator Unit (DCU) becomes a bridge between groups of smart meters and Head End System (HES). These data concentrators will use radio frequency, or PLC, for downlink communication and cellular, or Ethernet, for uplink communication, along with their portable modular communication. Therefore, a large number of fiber optics will be installed alongside this AMI rollout in 2023. As part of optimising the business solution for electricity and internet customers, PLN established a development plan to do an overlay combination method for optimising DCU location to accommodate direct and indirect benefits in AMI implementation. This paper will discuss the DCU standard, its setup, implementation, and evaluation. Moreover, there will be a deep dive into the overlay combination method for deciding exact locations for DCU installation. DCU locations will play an important role in maximising either potential fiber optic investment or smart meter benefits for customers. As a result, PLN not only benefits from its smart meter utilities project but also could stimulate fiber optic investment while building the ecosystem for smart grid in Indonesia through Advanced Meter Infrastructure.

ABSTRACT. The Value of Lost Load (VoLL) quantifies the economic impact of power supply disruptions in rupiah per megawatt-hour and is crucial for justifying economic feasibility and investment decisions. This study uses the Stated Preferences (survey) method to calculate VoLL for the Jawa Madura Bali (Jamali) electricity system in Indonesia, taking into account data availability, calculation complexity, and result reliability. The findings reveal that the mean VoLL for business customers ranges from Rp 782,582 for a 5-minute outage to Rp 25,842 for a 24-hour outage, while for industrial customers, it ranges from Rp 35,340,331 for a 5-minute outage to Rp 3,060,356 for a 24-hour outage. Additionally, the analysis of Willingness to Accept (WTA) and Willingness to Pay (WTP) shows that businesses have a mean WTA of Rp 12,069 and a mean WTP of Rp 3,677, whereas industries have a mean WTA of Rp 10,737 and a mean WTP of Rp 2,355. These results highlight the substantial economic impact of power outages on different customer sectors and emphasize the need for targeted investments to enhance reliability. Integrating VoLL into policy and investment frameworks allows power companies and policymakers to make informed decisions, ultimately improving system reliability and economic efficiency.

ABSTRACT. This paper proposes an enhancement to the existing Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration (FLISR) system implemented in the Advanced Distribution Management System (ADMS) of PLN Central Java & Yogyakarta. The current system focuses on equipment capacity and switching operations. However, this study introduces additional variables such as the reliability index, disturbance history, technical losses, and load forecasting to improve system efficiency and reliability. A case study conducted on the KDS15 feeder demonstrates how these new variables optimize network reconfiguration, significantly reducing potential losses and disturbances. The FLISR algorithm's decision-making process was enhanced by using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to prioritize network sections for restoration, yielding more reliable results compared to the original method. Simulation results show a reduction in technical losses, improved prioritization of network recovery, and reduced recurrence of disturbances. Most required ata is accessible through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), except for health index data, which remains unintegrated. The novelty of this research lies in integrating additional variables into the FLISR recovery process, demonstrating its potential to improve distribution network reliability and efficiency.

ABSTRACT. PT PLN (Persero) is an electrical energy company which as a utility serves customers with various types of loads. As technology develops, customer loads, especially industrial customers, are increasingly dominated by non-linear loads such as Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). The non-linear load will cut the sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms into another type. This other type of waveform is a deformed wave produced by a counting mechanism known as harmonic distortion. Furthermore, the accuracy of energy measurements is very important to create business fairness between utility companies and customers, therefore this paper presents an investigation of the effects of harmonious interactions on energy meters. The results show that harmonics have an influence on the measured power and on the error in the energy meter. We carry out tests by supplying the load with harmonic sources of orders 3, 5, and 7 alternately with values referring to IEC 62053-21 2020. We found that the 3rd and 5th order harmonic distortion has caused the active power to reverse (minus) while in order 7 it causes an increase in active power. In testing the energy meter error, we found that harmonics caused the energy meter measurement deviation to exceed the limit based on the accuracy class, where harmonics of order 3 caused the deviation to be +0.535%, order 5 caused the deviation to be -0.985% and order 7 caused the deviation to be -0.990.

ABSTRACT. In diesel power plants, the inability to detect faults quickly can lead to delays in corrective actions, reducing operational efficiency and system reliability. Operational errors often occur due to conventional control systems that heavily rely on operator expertise and rapid responses. Additionally, system recovery is hindered by the lack of automation in the control process. As a solution, this study proposes the use of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) to manage critical parameters within diesel power plants. The system includes control of the governor, pressure in the cooling water and oil systems, water and oil temperatures, combustion processes, and bearing temperatures. This implementation is expected to enhance responsiveness to faults, reduce operator dependency, and improve both recovery speed and system efficiency. Furthermore, it allows for safer and more effective testing and adjustment of control systems before they are applied to actual operations. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that conventional diesel power plants can be retrofitted with automation and monitoring systems, thereby enhancing system productivity.

ABSTRACT. The growing adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has significantly altered the traditional distribution network by introducing multiple power sources. This study employs Quasi-Static Time Series Simulation (QSTS) to evaluate the hosting capacity of the distribution system in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Unlike traditional hosting capacity analysis, QSTS captures the dynamic nature of PV generation and load profiles over time, providing a more accurate assessment. The research aims to determine the maximum PV capacity that can be integrated without violating the network's operational criteria. The methodology involves creating a detailed network model with real-world parameters and simulating PV integration across 665 medium voltage transformers. Key performance indicators such as busbar voltage, line loading, and reverse power flow are analyzed to ensure reliable network operation. Results indicate that the peak hosting capacity in the Bandar Lampung system reaches 90.56 MW at 2:00 PM, with the highest individual transformer hosting capacity at 0.346 MW. The findings emphasize the importance of considering time-dependent factors and precise load profiles in hosting capacity analysis to avoid adverse effects like reverse power flow. This study highlights the necessity of using advanced simulation techniques for distributed generation planning, ensuring a stable and efficient integration of renewable energy sources into existing power grids.

ABSTRACT. This study analyzes the integration of Hybrid Solar Power Plants, Battery Energy Storage Systems, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, and Diesel Generator on Baranglompo and Laelae Islands in Indonesia, optimized using the HOMER Pro software. These islands rely heavily on diesel generators for electricity, resulting in high operational costs and frequent outages. The introduction of renewable energy sources such as solar power, supported by battery storage and hydrogen fuel cells, aims to optimize the energy supply. The simulation results highlight the economic and environmental benefits of hybrid systems, demonstrating significant reductions in Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), and emissions compared to the existing diesel-based systems. Model 1, which combines PV Solar Cell, BESS, and Generator Diesel, offers the most optimal performance, while Model 2, incorporating Hydrogen Fuel Cells, requires further adjustments. This research provides a framework for improving energy sustainability on remote islands through hybrid power systems.

ABSTRACT. Pulau Bunyu, Pulau Bunyu, located in North Kalimantan, Indonesia, is facing increased energy demand, driven primarily by industrial growth such as from PT. Lamindo. The island’s existing energy system, which relies heavily on Gas Engine Power Plants (PLTMG) and Diesel Power Plants (PLTD). This study explores the potential of integrating Solar Power Plants (PLTS) with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) as a more sustainable energy alternative. A quick calculation method was developed to assess the feasibility of this hybrid system, with manual calculations verifying initial estimates. These calculations were further validated through simulators. The proposed system, which consists of a 25 MWp PLTS, 68 MWh battery storage, and a 20 MW inverter, was evaluated for both cost and performance. Although the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for the hybrid system is higher than the current infrastructure, long- term benefits—including reduced fossil fuel consumption, lower emissions, and enhanced energy reliability—make the system a promising solution. Additionally, the study recommends phasing out PLTD in favor of a PLTMG and PLTS+BESS hybrid system to improve the island’s energy reliability. This approach can serve as a model for renewable energy integration in other remote areas across Indonesia.

ABSTRACT. Integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery energy storage systems (BESS) is crucial for enhancing grid stability, especially in regions with significant solar potential like Sumbawa, Indonesia. This paper investigates the application of Simple Moving Average (SMA) and Exponential Moving Average (EMA) methods for smoothing the output power of a solar PV system integrated with BESS in the Tambora Grid System. The study utilizes a modified MATLAB Simulink model based on the "Renewable Energy Integration Design with Simscape" example. The model simulates various scenarios to assess the effectiveness of SMA and EMA in mitigating the intermittency of solar PV output, thereby ensuring grid stability and reliability. Results indicate that both smoothing methods significantly reduce the ramp rate (RR) of PV power output, with EMA achieving slightly better performance than SMA. These findings highlight the potential of advanced smoothing techniques in enhancing the integration of solar PV systems with BESS in power grids.

ABSTRACT. Tourist islands in Indonesia such as Wangi Wangi Island often rely on diesel generators which have high operational costs due to the use of diesel fuel. This study aims to analyze the configuration of a hybrid system between diesel generators, PV and battery storage on the Wangi Wangi system to achieve a balance between operational costs and system reliability. The hybrid system is chosen because by utilizing PV, the use of diesel generators will be reduced, so that operational costs will be reduced. In terms of system reliability, the hybrid system can keep the system stable in the event of a disturbance to the renewable energy source. This study conducted system validation and discussion of electrical reliability. The validation results show that the annual report and simulation results have a low deviation. The discussion is carried out on three optimized models that are compared with the base model. The most optimal model has a PV of 13,757 kWp and a battery of 66,117 kWh with an unmet electrical load of 134 kWh per year and a capacity shortage of 6,326 kWh per year, also has the most efficient production costs with a Net Present Cost (NPC) of IDR 999 billion and a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of IDR 3,110 per kWh. This research can provide an overview to improve distribution on the island system through hybrid power systems.

ABSTRACT. The Lightning Protection System (LPS) plays an important role in protecting oil and gas tanks from the destructive effects of lightning strikes. Oil and gas tanks are vulnerable to lightning strikes due to their large surface area and flammable contents. Lightning can cause fires, explosions, structural damage and environmental hazards, so it is important to apply a strong LPS. The examination of safety systems in gas and oil tanks is frequently restricted to a two-dimensional method, which could not be effective enough to safeguard the entire tank. Consequently, the goal of this study is to conduct a three-dimensional analysis of the protective system to offer a more thorough understanding of the potential advantages and benefits of this methodology. Through the Decision matrix, the EMT and FSM design is taken as the best Lightning Protection System, which is proven through simulation that the system can reduce the number of air terminals installation by about 50%-58% than the conventional system. The author has simulated a 3-dimensional protection system that has fewer EMT and FSM installations than the 2-dimensional simulation, where the system uses 77 air terminals and can protect an area of 207,783.12m2 for the Plaju area.

ABSTRACT. With high rainfall in Indonesia, lightning strikes often occur and cause significant damage such as equipment damage, fires, and loss of life. This research aims to evaluate the lightning protection system of a 20+ years old structure, one of the buildings in a university at Surabaya, which houses many electrical devices. The evaluation covers both external and internal lightning protection. The external evaluation includes the air termination system, down conductor, and lightning grounding. The results indicate that the existing rolling sphere method is not able to protect the building. The recommendation is to change the number of air terminations from six units of 1.3 meters high to four units of 3.3 meters high, thereby protecting the building area of 2359.57 m². A down conductor system and lightning grounding were not found in the building, preventing lightning currents from being channeled into the ground. Installation recommendations include a down conductor path of 282.85 meters using 50 mm2 NYA cables and grounding using three solid copper rods with a length of 3 m and a diameter of 15 mm in accordance with IEC 62305 standards. The internal protection evaluation showed that the laboratories did not have equipment grounding. Grounding modeling was conducted under two conditions: without equipotential bonding and with equipotential bonding and SPD. Simulations were performed using ATP Draw with lightning current variations of 20 kA, 50 kA, and 100 kA and a GPR limit value of 5 kV. The simulation results showed that the equipotential condition with SPD produced the lowest GPR value, with a maximum GPR of 0.62 kV in laboratories. This condition reduces the GPR due to lightning strikes by 84.56% at the air termination of the building compared with the equipotential condition without SPD, ensuring that laboratory equipment is safe from damage due to lightning strikes.

ABSTRACT. Generation, transmission, and distribution are the main components of a modern electrical power system. Transmission plays a crucial role in delivering electricity from power generation sources to main substations and then distributing it to customers. Indonesia, a maritime continental country spanning the equator, experiences significant lightning activity. According to NASA's LIS data, the Tegalluar Traction Substation area has a high density of lightning strikes (16 flashes/km²/year). The Tegalluar Traction Substation is a critical supply point for the 27.5 kV Jakarta – Bandung High – Speed Train system, served by Substations Gede Bage and Ujung Berung. These substations are particularly vulnerable due to their proximity to areas with high lightning strike density. Tall structures, such as transmission towers, are most susceptible to lightning strikes. The supply from these two substations serves as the main source for the Tegalluar Traction Substation, which features a tall multicircuit tower, increasing its exposure to lightning strikes. This study evaluates the condition of the existing tower concerning tropical lightning disturbances and provides recommendations for a safe and cost-effective (techno-economic) protection system to mitigate the impact of lightning strikes. The research findings are expected to enhance the operational reliability of the Jakarta – Bandung High – Speed rain by addressing the threat of tropical lightning disturbances.

ABSTRACT. A 150 kV high-voltage overhead line is a critical part of the electrical power transmission system. This line is highly susceptible to outages due to lightning strikes, which can cause voltage surges that may damage electrical equipment. In Indonesia, lightning is the most significant cause of transmission outages. In the Bali Transmission Operating Unit area, 86% of transmission outages over the last five years have been attributed to lightning. The 150 kV Gilimanuk – Celukan Bawang – Pemaron line, with a total length of 75.075 km and 240 towers, frequently experiences outages due to lightning, as identified by Vaisala software. Analysis revealed that these outages were caused by backflashovers. Several corrective measures have been implemented, including improving the grounding of transmission towers, connecting ground wires, and replacing insulators that experienced flashovers. Installing Transmission Line Arresters (TLA) is essential to reduce lightning-induced outages. However, determining the optimal location for TLA installation on transmission lines to achieve minimal outage levels is a complex task. In this study, the optimal and effective placement of TLAs was determined using simulation tools such as ATPDraw (Alternative Transients Program) and EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program).

ABSTRACT. Indonesia, situated within the tropical belt and known as a maritime continent, experiences abundant sunlight and frequent updrafts due to its equatorial location. Its vast tropical forests contribute to high humidity levels, while the presence of sea salt and industrial particles elevates aerosol levels. Consequently, Indonesia exhibits a notable density of lightning occurrences. The characteristics of tropical lightning significantly impact transportation infrastructure, notably the Jakarta Bandung High-Speed Railway (JBHSR) station. Lightning statistical data in Indonesia in-form an analysis of lightning disturbances using peak current data of negative polarity, at a 50% probability, equivalent to 40 kA. This probability aligns with best practices for tropical conditions and meets safety and engineering criteria, particularly for analyzing the rolling spheres method within the JBHSR station. To mitigate direct lightning strike damage at the JBHSR station, Extended Mast Terminal (EMT) Lightning Protection System (LPS) tailored to local lightning conditions is installed. Equipped with a monitoring system, the LPS performance is evaluated through information collected by the Lightning Event Counter (LEC) and Magnetic Tape.