ABSTRACT. This presentation by OPAL-RT is titled “Application of HIL Real-Time Simulation in power systems”. During this seminar we will present how OPAL-RT is used in many real-world applications of real-time simulation tools specific to the power system domain. This includes Hardware-In-the-LOOP (HIL) and Power-Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) cases. The examples presented covers HVDC links, microgrids, wind farms, solar controller, HVDC grids and industrial applications. The purpose is to make the attendees understand the necessity of using such tools in all the project stage: From early in the design stage until the end of the final commissioning. After this event, the attendees should take away the importance of real-time simulation tools and the necessity of including this in all projects.

ABSTRACT. "Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) is a kind of real-time simulation, capable of exchanging not just low-voltage, low current signals, but the power required by the power device under test (PDuT). PHIL requires a PDuT to be connected to a real-time digital power network simulator via a power interface (PI). There have been quite a few PIs proposed in the past. Among them, the ideal transformer model (ITM) is the most commonly used due to its ease of implementation. Other PIs such as partial circuit duplication and damping impedance can be considered as an extended version of the ITM. These PIs need to follow a strict impedance ratio between PDuT and the rest of the system prior to the PHIL implementation, which could be a tedious and difficult task. This talk covers a new PI for PHIL based on multi-dimensional golden section search algorithm, which can eliminate such a constraint. The proposed method is shown to have wider stability regions when PDuT is a passive device or active one such as an inverter based resource. Moreover, dynamic responses of the proposed method are similar to those of the ITM under stable conditions. The validity of the proposed method has been justified with offline simulation and experimental PHIL setups."

ABSTRACT. "During the last decade, SSLs-Solid-State Lighting based on components like LEDs, OLEDs and LDs, have challenged conventional technologies. In particular, LED has turned into a game changer beating the conventional technologies in all aspects. It is therefore anticipated that within a short time, all electric lighting will be based on SSLs. Today, SSLs are poised to replace all legacy technologies. This is a major change in the lighting market that is considered a revolution. Artificial light absorbs 13-14% of the world’s electricity annual production. Today, we are witnessing a transition from the conventional “analogue” lighting technologies towards “digital” lighting. Smart lighting will become the backbone for smart cities and homes. Smart lighting concept leads towards the heart of the “Internet of Things”. Further, to serve society as effectively as we can, Industry has coined a new term “Integrative lighting” to direct its primary efforts towards meeting human needs. The objective is switching to smart human-centric lighting driven by both “efficiency” and “quality of light”. But this forecast could be severely affected by the “rebound effect” described by Jevons in mid-19th century. Switching to the SSL2 concept, which consists of sustainable smart lighting systems based on solid-state lighting devices, might be one way to stop that harmful effect. Smart, human-centred lighting that incorporates light quality is driven by “appliance efficiency.” This merely suggests that the “Right Light” should be provided by next-generation lighting systems with the best levels of quality and efficiency when and where it is needed. This keynote will highlight all the above-mentioned issues and will focus on the future of the lighting systems and their contributions to the sustainable development of smart cities."

ABSTRACT. Electrical systems, especially those that are still isolated with a back-feeding system, are dynamic systems because the power of the system is quite small with a fluctuating load which affects the system power balance. To maintain system reliability against disturbances, a protection system that is selective, reliable, and has a fast response is needed. The auto-reclose scheme is a scheme that allows a circuit breaker to close again after a trip due to a temporary disturbance after a certain time interval by paying attention to several equipment readiness parameters and equipment synchronization requirements and paying attention to whether there are subsequent disturbances during a certain time interval to determine early whether The cause of the disturbance is temporary or permanent and will trip again when a permanent disturbance is detected within the interval. In this research, a study was carried out on the possibility of implementing a single-phase auto-reclose scheme in the Isolated Ketapang system. This was done to follow up on the increasing percentage of temporary disturbances on transmission lines in the Ketapang system caused by lightning strikes which occurred 11 times in the first quarter of 2024, dominated by the Ketapang - Kendawangan section. Based on the simulation results, show that there are absolute conditions that must be met so that the SPAR scenario can be realized in the Ketapang system.

ABSTRACT. The perturbation of Transformer #2 at Digital Substation System (DSS) Baturaja, which results in the operation of the Restricted Earth Fault (REF) LV, has resulted in numerous enhancements. One of these enhancements is the replacement of the neutral LV positioning of the current transformer (CT). This was initially located in SAM600-CT2 and has since been relocated to SMU615, which is located in the 20kV SAS Panel. The SAM600-CT2 processes data using a digital substation system-based standardization, specifically the IEC61850 Standard, which is a protocol for digital data exchange between devices and can process data in digital form. In this enhancement, it is necessary to evaluate the replacement of this position, either from the circuit or the position's accuracy. In order to guarantee this, a stability test was implemented. The CT differentiator and CT REF circuits were subjected to testing. It is assembled as required with AC system injection, and the anticipated outcomes are consistent. Stability testing is conducted on a 3-phase transformer with a capacity of 60 MVA in this journal. The transformer is connected to a digital substation system with a voltage of 150 kV/20 kV and an Alternate Current (AC) circuit. A process bus is present in one of the digital substation system architectures to facilitate the digitization process. In order to render the substation automation system measurable, flexible, and efficient, all analog values are converted to digital values. Digital values are directly derived from the digitally measured value data stream by protection relays.

ABSTRACT. Report on Statistics of disturbance data 2023 in the khatulistiwa system show that the total fault occurred in transmission was 237 times, with the highest transmission disturbances being on Line 2 Siantan-Seiraya. The high intensity of these disturbances requires that protection system must remain reliable at all times. The protection system on the 150 kV transmission line has 2 protection relays, namely main protection is Line Current Differential & Distance relay which operate with instantly and backup protection is the OCR/GFR relay which operates with a time delay. If fault occurs when the main protection failed to operate, the operating time required for the relay is in accordance with the current and time settings of the inverse standard curve. So the standard criteria for a maximum fault clearing time for 150 KV system of less than 120 ms cannot be met. As a result, it can reduce reliability, widespread outage and even blackouts in the West Kalimantan system. Therefore, a new protection scheme is needed if there is a disturbance on transmission line 2 Siantan-Seiraya when the main protection failed to operate, the backup protection will operate selectively and without looking at the delay time (instantaneous). Based on this condition, optimization of the OCR/GFR relay was carried out by utilizing the Goose IEC61850 communication function, teleprotection and logic diagrams on the relay as a solution to this problem.

ABSTRACT. Power system frequency is essential for maintaining continous production in the oil field. Dynamic load changes cause frequency changes in the electrical system. The electrical loads on the oil and gas production field are dominated by pumping systems. electric submersible pump (ESP) widely used due to their reliability. However, ESP often eoverloads due to variations in reservior fluid levels and affecting frequency system. To maintain frequency stability in electrical system, control technique that have rapid response required. This paper proposes an inverter-based control technique to overcome frequency system stability in the oil field. Virtual inertia control (VIC), one of the inverter-based control techniques widely used to overcome frequency system stability problems. VIC offers a fast response to load changes and effectively follows the rate of change frequency (RoCoF). Energy storage (ESS) can improve the performance of VIC by supply active power to the system. The ability of VIC to provide inertia support makes frequency stability maintained during ESP operations.

ABSTRACT. The operation of variable renewable energy (VRE) generating unit affect the power system stability. The effect on power system stability are proportional to the share of VRE generation. Therefore, stability assessment is required to evaluate the share of VRE integration. The assessment method is based power system stability criteria especially frequency and transient stability. This study focuses on the Ambon power system in 2030, where the system load is projected to reach 88 MW, with solar power plant (SPP) integration 50 MWp. The proposed assessment is based on the time domain simulation, which assess frequency stability during N-1 generating unit even, which in this study a 7 MW generating unit outage is simulated. The result show that the frequency is relatively stable with 50 MWp SPP even for some cases the frequency cannot recover into permissible value.

ABSTRACT. The electrical system is an essential component of the primary infrastructure. The Kalimantan Grid System presently comprises two electrical systems the Interconnection system (East-South-Central Kalimantan) and the Khatulistiwa System (West Kalimantan). We will integrate the two systems in the near future. Connecting the two systems can enhance energy transfer efficiency. Nevertheless, the existing state of the network layout features numerous elongated radial lines and Generations sites that are distanced from the load demand. The objective of this research is to analyze power system stability to comprehend the effects of the connectivity between the two systems. This research uses DIgSILENT PowerFactory® software as a tool for analysis due to its considerable complexity. Modal analysis enables the examination of damping within the system. particularly when the transfer between the two systems escalates. alongside the potential small signal stability for inter-area and intra-area oscillations during transmission and generation disturbances. The research results indicate that eigenvalues were obtained under transfer conditions between Sukamara and Kendawangan amounting to 50 MW using modal analysis. There is a contingency for the Kalteng 1 power plant where disturbances lead to unstable conditions. This is illustrated by the positive eigenvalues and the negative damping ratio in the Kalimantan System. Therefore, the interconnection of these two systems has transfer stability limits that must be anticipated under various contingency conditions, both for generation outages and transmission outages.

ABSTRACT. Disturbances in system transmission can make system become unstable. If these disturbances did not mitigate properly, it can lead to more severe disturbances and worst-case scenario can lead to system black out or system collapse. Most of disturbances that occur in transmission line is temporary, so reclose need to be applicated in transmission line in order to improve system stability. However wrong settings and scheme of reclose can lead to more severe disturbances. This study provides what parameter that need to be analyze to choose the settings and scheme of reclose. Digsilent application will be used to check and analyze parameter such voltage magnitude, phase angle, critical clearing time, power surge, secondary arc, and fault induced delayed voltage recovery in each segment. Later this parameter will be compared with IEEE standard or IEC standard. Result of the comparison will determine the best setting and scheme of the reclose.

ABSTRACT. Most renewable energy sources expected to become more prevalent in the coming years use inverter-based resources (IBRs). The working principle of IBRs differs significantly from that of conventional generators. Current transmission line protection in power systems is designed with conventional generators as the reference system. Therefore, it is important to study the impact of IBRs on transmission line protection, particularly on distance protection, which is commonly used. This paper assesses the performance of distance protection through Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation, considering two different types of IBRs. The results showed that in systems with IBRs, the distance relay experienced maloperation, particularly during unbalanced faults. It can be concluded that IBRs penetration poses challenges to existing distance protection systems.

ABSTRACT. A significant power outage can result in considerable economic and social losses. A blackout is often the result of a cascading failure. Failure of the transmission line may result in instability, thereby triggering further failure and propagating throughout the entire system. It is therefore necessary to identify the critical transmission lines in the electrical power system. Once the critical transmission lines have been identified, reinforcement can be taken to prevent cascading failures. A critical transmission line is a vital component of a transmission network, facilitating the transfer of substantial power over considerable distances. To identify critical transmission paths using the Comprehensive Transmission Betweenness method, one can integrate active and reactive power. The critical transmission path is influenced by the topology and length of the transmission line. The determination of critical transmission paths was applied to the Ende-Ropa-Maumere 70-150 kV electrical system. The results of the study identified that Ropa–Maumere 1 & 2 lines, with a length of 118.19 km and a transfer capacity of 4.4 MW is the most critical line. Three scenarios during loss of critical transmission lines were evaluated in terms of their impact on frequency stability. In all three scenarios, the most significant impact was observed when the most critical transmission line was released, resulting in the division of the system into two sub-systems. The frequency of system 1 decreased to 49.491 Hz. While the frequency of system 2 has increased to 50.601 Hz.

ABSTRACT. High-voltage overhead lines are highly susceptible to faults, especially temporary ones that can disrupt power supply. To occurrence of faults will lead the circuit breakers at the lines to open to protect the lines. The implementation of an auto-reclose (AR) scheme is essential, as it allows the line to automatically reclose after a temporary fault. However, for large turbine generators, such as those in coal-fired power plants (CFPPs), improper reclose operations carry serious risks. Two-phase or three-phase faults are more dangerous than single-phase faults because they generate stronger transients that are more difficult to manage. Incorrect reclose operations under these conditions can worsen the situation. This study analyzes the application of both SPAR (Single Pole Auto-Reclose) and TPAR (Three Pole Auto-Reclose) schemes on high-voltage transmission lines connected to plant outlets. In both 1-phase and 3-phase auto-reclose schemes, the simulation results show that the generator maintains synchronization not only during normal operating conditions but also when one line is out of service for maintenance. Even when faults occur on another line during maintenance, the generator remains synchronized after the disturbance.

ABSTRACT. Coastal areas have long coastlines and receive high exposure to sunlight, providing immense potential for the development of renewable energy, particularly from solar and wind sources. Despite this significant potential, many coastal regions continue to use fossil fuel-based power plants that generate substantial greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change. These negative impacts encompass various environmental issues such as global warming, sea level rise, and air pollution. Therefore, alternative, eco-friendly, and sustainable energy solutions are required for energy provision in coastal areas. At the Pameungpeuk Substation (GI) in Garut, energy consumption is recorded at 9.9864 MW/day. The potential for renewable energy in this area comes from solar radiation, which reaches 4.89 kWh/m², and an average wind speed of 5.55 m/s. HOMER, a globally renowned microgrid modeling software, is used for simulation and optimization of renewable power generation systems. This software calculates the Net Present Cost (NPC) and the Cost Of Energy (COE). Based on simulations using HOMER, the hybrid power generation system combining solar and wind energy in the coastal area of Garut Regency generates a total energy production of 11,503.275 kWh/year. Wind power generators become the largest energy supplier with a production of 5,205.950 kWh/year or 45.3% of the total production. The calculations show that the Cost Of Energy (COE) for this hybrid power generation system is Rp 140.9/kWh. Hence, the optimization of solar and wind power generation systems in coastal areas offers great potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. This has a significant impact on efforts to reduce carbon emissions in coastal areas, contributes to solving global environmental issues, and creates more sustainable energy solutions.

ABSTRACT. This study explores the potential of smart hybrid Savonius-Darrieus wind turbines to optimize wind energy capture in Indonesia, a country with significant wind resources. With solar and wind energy leading the renewable energy transition, this research focuses on enhancing wind turbine efficiency in regions with variable wind speeds. The hybrid Savonius-Darrieus turbine integrates the complementary strengths of both turbine types, employing a solenoid mechanism to switch between modes and a filtering method to stabilize operation. Our results demonstrate that this innovative design significantly reduces mechanical wear and operational instability by minimizing unnecessary switching events. Testing in Banjarmasin, Indonesia, the daily average wind energy potential for the smart hybrid and conventional hybrid turbines is calculated to be 6.1 kWh and 4.7 kWh, respectively. This condition revealed that the smart hybrid turbine generates approximately 30.89% more power than conventional hybrid turbines, highlighting its superior adaptability to fluctuating wind conditions. The turbine's ability to maintain efficient energy capture across a wide range of wind speeds underscores its potential for broader application in diverse environmental settings.

ABSTRACT. Rapid increase of grid-connected photovoltaic power plants bring technical challenge to grid quality, due to intermittency characteristic of PV generations. To preserve grid stability, a special regulation to PV system must be implemented to provide a more grid-friendly PV power plant. Flexible Active Power Control (FPAC), or commonly known as Flexible Power Point Tracking (FPPT), method can be used to control output power of PV system. This article will describe some method and algorithm of FPPT and their implementation in different circumstances.

ABSTRACT. This study integrates Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with Meteoblue Weather data to improve the performance of hybrid diesel and solar power plants by accurately predicting wind energy output. Focusing on the Derawan Islands in Indonesia, where traditional energy grids are challenging to establish, the research enhances energy management by adding wind power to reduce the load on diesel plants. The ANN model, trained on historical weather data, achieved high predictive accuracy with an R² value of 0.9969 and RMSE values of 0.5772 for training and 0.5620 for testing. These results indicate a strong correlation between predicted and actual wind speeds, outperforming similar models used in other regions like Ethiopia and Chile. The findings highlight the ANN model's effectiveness in optimizing wind energy integration, making hybrid power systems more reliable and cost-effective for remote areas.

ABSTRACT. As the penetration of solar energy sources into a power system increases, the significance of precise short-term forecasts for solar power plants becomes paramount. However, the erratic and non-periodic nature of solar poses challenges in accurately predicting the output power. The main objective of this paper is to study power output forecasting in photovoltaic systems based on vector autoregression (VAR) and SCADA data. The study of forecasting aims to predict the condition of specified parameters e.g., power output for the next time ahead to set up the planning for anticipation action if the predicted parameters fall into bad conditions. In this study, the data utilized to train the VAR algorithm originates from seven months of historical solar power plant operations collected from 1 December 2022 to 30 September 2023. The trained VAR is then applied to forecast one month ahead of the power output. The results are evaluated with performance forecasting measures namely nRMSE and nMAE which are relative measures with a basis on maximum power output generated in photovoltaic systems. Referring to the normalized RMSE, the maximum active power in this study reached 1350 kW for July 2023, and then the nRMSE and nMAE were 0.06 and 0.04, respectively. The nRMSE and nMAE give small values that mean the proposed method is admissible and could be applied to real solar power plant systems in forecasting the output power.

ABSTRACT. Biomass potential mapping and determining the appropriate conversion technology is a strategic step in developing an efficient and sustainable renewable-based power plant. The research aims to develop a determination method for biomass to electricity technology conversion for power plants in Riau province. The methods used in this study are Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering and then analysis of each cluster's regional characteristics using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to choose the best conversion technology. The capacity and the calorific value of biomass production in a region are the parameters for determining the biomass conversion technology. For the results of 164 subdistricts in Riau province, we can see that the best Silhouette index was at a cluster number of 5 with a strong structure. Cluster 1, with 129 sub-districts, or 78.6% of all the sub-districts examined, has the most significant number of members. Clusters 2, 3, 4 and 5 are 9, 14, 6 and 6 sub-districts, respectively. From the PCA, palm oil and rice are the most promising in Cluster 1, Cluster 2, and Cluster 5, while potential crops in Cluster 3 and 4 are coconut and rubber, respectively. The waste's calorific value, the annual production capacity and the result of the research can be used for the conversion technology determination.

ABSTRACT. The global water crisis, driven by population growth and climate change, necessitates sustainable solutions like solar-based distillation systems. Conventional solar stills, while effective, often suffer from low efficiency and productivity, particularly when relying solely on passive solar energy. This study addresses these challenges by designing and implementing a hybrid solar still system that integrates photovoltaic (PV) panels to enhance wastewater distillation. The system combines solar radiation with additional energy from PV panels to optimize distillation performance. Over a five-day testing period, the hybrid system produced up to 5.5 liters of distilled water per day, significantly higher than the 1.1 liters generated by a solar-only setup. In terms of energy, the PV-assisted system provided up to 12,430 kJ, far exceeding the 2,486 kJ achieved using solar energy alone. The hybrid system also reduced water loss, decreasing from 55 liters in the solar-only setup to 50.05 liters. These results demonstrate that the integration of PV technology into solar stills improves energy efficiency and productivity, offering a more effective solution for wastewater treatment, particularly in areas with abundant solar resources. The findings suggest that hybrid solar stills can play a key role in addressing global water scarcity challenges.

ABSTRACT. Achieving net zero emissions by 2060 is a critical goal for all countries under the Paris Agreement, requiring the elimination of fossil-fuel power plants. This paper explores the optimization of hybrid power generation in Nusa Penida, an isolated Indonesian island with significant renewable energy potential. Its renewable resources and tourism appeal make it an ideal location for sustainable energy projects. The study evaluates a fully renewable energy setup using solar PV, wind turbines, and Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave power, combined with battery storage. Simulation results demonstrate that the most cost-efficient configuration comprises 275,420 kW PV, 45,000 kW wind turbines, 100 OWC units, and 169 units of 1MWh batteries. This setup offers the lowest Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) at $0.273/kWh, with an initial capital investment of $194 million and annual operating costs of $8.30 million, presenting an economically optimal solution for Nusa Penida’s energy needs

ABSTRACT. The paper presents on implementing an Electrifying Lifestyle Area in Pagaralam City's Alun-alun Merdeka, integrating a grid-connected solar PV system with battery storage to support the transition from gas to electric cooking and promote sustainable practices. Solar energy, leveraging an average irradiance of 4.65 kWh/m²/day, is central to this initiative, aligning with Indonesia's National Energy Plan to increase renewable energy's share to 23% by 2025. The study involves modeling two schemes: the first integrates renewable energy systems but maintains conventional cooking methods, while the second transitions to electric cooking appliances, drawing comparisons with the Electrifying Lifestyle Area in Jambi. Detailed calculations for daily energy consumption, PV capacity, and battery sizing are provided, demonstrating significant increases in energy demands and the necessary PV system capacities of 64.37 kW and 106.99 kW for the respective schemes. Optimal system specifications, including tilt angle and azimuth for PV modules, are determined to maximize efficiency and production, ensuring a reliable and sustainable energy supply for the area.

ABSTRACT. The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the existing power grid presents significant challenges, particularly concerning the electrical infrastructure's readiness. This paper investigates the EV hosting capacity of the Bandar Lampung distribution electrical network using a Monte Carlo simulation-based model. This method approximates the EV load profile through random variables and events, enabling the simulation of these profiles alongside existing load feeders to determine the number of EVs the feeders can accommodate. Two scenarios are simulated: charging during peak hours and off-peak hours. The study covers five electric feeders in the Bandar Lampung Regency, Indonesia. The results indicate that the loading constraint associated with cable conductor ampacity primarily limits the EV hosting capacity. The findings reveal that charging during off-peak hours increases the hosting capacity and enhances the load profile by raising the base load. This study's methodology and results provide valuable insights into the feeders' capabilities and the potential for accommodating the rapid growth of EVs in Bandar Lampung, ensuring grid reliability and stability. Future research may explore charging during office hours and the impact of network upgrades on EV hosting capacity.

ABSTRACT. The development of electric train vehicles that can perform regenerative braking has an impact on reducing energy consumption in vehicles and traction substations. This paper presents the performance of the Jakarta MRT system with non-regenerative braking vehicles and regenerative braking vehicles. This study aims to determine how much regenerative braking impacts energy consumption. This paper uses the MRT Jakarta Phase 1 Lebak Bulus-Bundaran HI data. A single vehicle is modeled to obtain a single vehicle profile, including speed, power consumption, and energy consumption. The single vehicle profile is configured with headway and dwell time to obtain the catenary drop voltage and traction substation energy consumption. The calculation results show that regenerative vehicles decrease single-vehicle and total traction substation energy consumption, but catenary losses increase. Overall, total traction substation energy consumption decreases by 43.45%.

ABSTRACT. Electric vehicle penetration become one of three special causes of the growth of energy demand in East Borneo beside the construction of IKN dan additional demand. nowdays EV growth is not massive yet, but with econometric modeling the amount of EV cen be predicted. The data thus used in modelling section are data from year 2015 to 2022, then the prediction is made until 2045. This reseacrh levels the energy unit into BOE. The conclusion of the research shows that the electicity energy’s demand will rise while the total energy consumption will go down. Total energy consumed in moderat scenario is 14,98 % lower than BaU scenario, while the optimistic scenarion shows total energy consumtion is 37,2 % lower than BOE. The electric energy consumption is predicted to be 4.095,77 GWh, 6.845,51 GWh, dan 10.944,87 GWh for each scenario in 2045. Total elctric energy consumed by EV is about 19 % of total electric energy consumption in moderat scenario.

ABSTRACT. The rapid adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) presents a challenge in meeting growing charging demands, particularly as Fixed charging stations (FCS) face limitations such as high installation costs and capacity constraints. The EVs will have quite some waiting time when they arrive at the fully occupied FCS. Mobile charging stations (MCSs) are one of the innovative flexible solution to augment FCS. MCS can alleviate EV drivers’ range anxiety by carrying batteries traveling to EVs for charging. However, a common issue is the challenge of charging in places with heavy traffic or limited space. This study develops an optimization model for MCS on Batam Island using Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation (ABMS). The optimization is made to place a minimum number of MCSs to minimize the operating costs and charging capacity. Simulation results suggest that deploying MCSs near existing high-traffic FCS can significantly reduce charging queues and improve service distribution, particularly in areas with limited or no FCS coverage.

ABSTRACT. To increase environmental sustainability, many countries are electrifying their transportation systems in smart city planning, so that the number of electric vehicles will increase significantly in the future. Rising prices and the scarcity of fuel oil also lead to transportation electrification. On the other hand, a significant obstacle that causes the use of electric vehicles to be less accepted by society is concern about distance traveled, or what is termed "range anxiety". One solution that is feasible is increasing the amount of charging infrastructure. Electrification of transportation without being balanced with adequate charging infrastructure, will only suppress the increase in the use of electric vehicles themselves. This research proposes an agent-based modeling of EV user behavior to obtain EV charging station distribution in Semarang City. The remaining number of electric vehicles from the past 3 years becomes data input for predicting the total number of electric vehicles 3 years later. The total number of EVs and their spatial distribution were then applied to the behavior model. It was then used as a consideration for charging station infrastructure availability. The result is the agent-based model can approach the charging demand for designing the charging station distribution system that is able to complement existing locations and meet charging demand.

ABSTRACT. The growth of the electric vehicle user population has been accelerating rapidly in recent times. However, this is still considered insufficient to support the government's target of achieving Net Zero Emission by 2060. There are several factors that affect, one of which is the infrastructure readiness, especially the availability and quality of charging stations. In this work, we conduct a forecast of the development of electric vehicles for the year 2030 and model the behavior of electric vehicles using agent-based technique to assess the quality of service at each existing charging station. We perform this simulation with some scenarios to represent consumers ownership of home charging stations. From this simulation, we obtain the average waiting times and the utilization rates of each charging station in Surabaya. The results indicate that home charging station ownership has a positive impact on improving the quality of service, specifically by reducing waiting times at existing public charging stations while also decreasing their usage and demand. By combining waiting time, utilization, and the total number of consumers as evaluation criteria for charging station service quality, an initial recommendation for the relocation or addition of public charging stations can be developed. This study's findings can guide policymakers and owners to formulate incentives or discounts for home charging installations to maintain ownership levels.

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses the techno-economic assessment of the exploitation of new renewable energy (RE) that may be used as a source of energy from the Public Electric Battery Swapping Charging Station (PEBSCS). This paper analyzes RE systems and technologies, including identifying the potential use of various types of RE that can be applied in PEVBCS, analyzing their benefits and drawbacks, measuring the load profile of Gas Stations that already have BSCS, and calculating the RE contributions that can be made from electricity use at Hayam Wuruk Gas Station in Bali, Indonesia. When simulating techno-economy studies, cost inputs include capital costs, replacement costs, operational and maintenance costs that have been changed and selected based on current conditions, and inflation values updated in recent years in accordance with the Minister of Finance's regulation letter. The findings of the use of PV-based RE may be extended to all existing PEVBCS, since according to the studies conducted, the use of PV at the Hayam Wuruk Gas Station - Bali site results in a substantially cheaper Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) value than the use of PLN electrical energy tariff special services. The comparison of the findings and the resultant value is a description of the hybrid scheme (PV, battery, and grid) based on many models and simulations performed on the PEBSCS object utilizing both external and existing batteries.

ABSTRACT. The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in Indonesia, particularly in urban areas like Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi, has increased the demand for well-placed and adequately sized public electric vehicle charging stations (PEVCSs). This paper examines whether the current public electric vehicle charging station network in the PLN West Java Distribution is sufficient to meet the needs of this expanding EV population or if there is a need for strategic relocation and resizing of the stations. Using a combination of behavior, and EV growth projections, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the current public electric vehicle charging station placements. The analysis considers key factors such as proximity to tourist spot, hotel and consumers behavior. The research aims to identify potential gaps in coverage and recommend adjustments to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the charging infrastructure using agent-based technique. Preliminary findings suggest that while some PEVCSs are well-positioned, others may require relocation or resizing to better align with the increasing demand in certain areas. The results of this study provide an analysis that can be used by PLN to optimize their public electric vehicle charging station network and ensure that the installed PEVCS supports the sustainable growth of the EV ecosystem in the region.

ABSTRACT. This paper employs a co-simulation approach using Ansys Maxwell and MATLAB Simulink to investigate the performance of a Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system for Electric Vehicles (EVs). The study aims to optimize Power Transfer Efficiency (PTE) according to SAE J2954 standards, which require >85% PTE for aligned coils and >80% for misaligned coils, addressing challenges commonly encountered in public EV charging stations (SPKLU). Ansys Maxwell analyzes magnetic field distribution and coupling coefficient variations, while MATLAB Simulink evaluates circuit-level performance under various alignment conditions. Results demonstrate that optimal alignment achieves 97.50% PTE, and moderate misalignments (e.g., k = 0.4 to 0.55) maintain efficiency above 80%, meeting the standard. This research highlights how co-simulation offers practical insights into addressing real-world challenges in public charging infrastructure, improving the reliability and efficiency of WPT systems.

ABSTRACT. One of the methods to assess the insulation's condition is measuring the partial discharge initiation voltage (PDIV). Researchers have examined the dielectric and insulating properties of polyimides (PI) and polyimides that have had boehmite alumina (BA) added. When the films are tested under impulse voltage, it is found that a PI film has a greater PDIV but a lower lifespan than a BA film. Using a finite element technique simulation on the atmospheric air wedge gap between the HV electrode and the polyimide film samples above the grounded electrode, the PDIV estimate in a computational model of the IEC (b) electrode system determines the electric field strength. At the intersection of the curve with Paschen's curve, the PDIV is found. The Dakin equation is used to validate the PDIV estimate process. Based on the additional nanofiller content, measurement and estimation findings verify that PI films have a greater PDIV than BA films and that they adhere to the Dakin's equation line. On the other hand, the BA films exhibit a greater PDIV at unipolar positive impulse voltage, indicating that the nanocomposite-added PI films are not the source of the initial electron emission

ABSTRACT. This research aims to design and implement a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) with a frequency range of 0.3 - 3000 MHz to measure Partial Discharge (PD) in high voltage power apparatus. The LNA design considers PD characteristics according to the frequency range of Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Antennas as the main detectors for PD measurements in accordance with IEC60270 and IEC62478 standards. The proposed LNA uses Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) type BFP840ESD transistor. To obtain the characteristics of the LNA, the designs are simulated in the electric circuit design software. The main characteristics to be assessed are gain, bandwidth, voltage standing wave ratio, noise figure, stability, price and incomplexity. Simulations were carried out on four alternative topologies, namely common emitter, common base, cascode, and cascade of cascode. The results show that the last two alternatives were chosen as the final best topology with the main parameters being high gain values (21.79 dB and 34.15 dB) and bandwidth with high upper cutoff frequencies (3.12 GHz and 3.27 GHz) to meet the needs of the Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) UHF Antenna which has a wider bandwidth than the specified standard.

ABSTRACT. Generator stators components is an urgent issue because the reliability of the stator main component that supplies the voltage. One of the preventive maintenance processes for preventing failure in the stator is to conduct a Partial Discharge (PD) test. In this study, the characteristics of the insulation resistance and external PD of a test stator with a rating of 6.6 kV were studied. The test stator consisted of a full stator and a stator bar cut from a set of phase-to-phase stators. The insulation resistance and external PD tested in the form of surface discharge, corona discharge, and slot discharge are differentiated by the conditioning damage to the stator. The test is performed with an AC high voltage that varies depending on the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). The insulation resistance measurement in this study uses a high-voltage insulation tester (Megger) with PI (Polarization Index) and DAR (Dielectric Absorption Ratio) methods, whereas the PD detection process uses a high-frequency current transformer and is acquired with a digital Oscilloscope and Matlab. The oscilloscope data were processed into PRPD patterns using MATLAB to analyze the PD distribution in each phase and the PD magnitude of each damage. The PDIV test results showed that the smallest PDIV value was obtained in the slot defect variation. The results of this study can serve as a reference for the design of PD testing procedures on the stator and for the initial identification of the cause of generator stator damage.

ABSTRACT. This work evaluated two antenna sensors developed by prior researchers for detecting partial discharge (PD) and analyzing its features on SF6 insulation, using RC and HFCT sensors for comparative analysis. The test data indicated that the PD magnitude increased by an average of 16.59% when the voltage was elevated from 10 kV to 15 kV, with a notable increase of 71.85% observed for the RC and HFCT sensors when the voltage was raised from 15 kV to 20 kV. The phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) graph indicates a positive phase shift of partial discharge across different sensors, with the angle of occurrence varying as voltage increases. The augmented local electric field produced by the elevated voltage promotes ionization and precipitates the partial discharge earlier in the voltage cycle. Moreover, the predominant frequency spectrum of partial discharge (PD) often escalates with voltage, with certain sensors exhibiting varying sensitivity to high and low frequency components. The results suggest the necessity for a more adaptable PD detection method across different voltage levels to comprehensively capture the complete PD frequency spectrum.

ABSTRACT. Abstract— Partial discharge (PD) is a phenomenon that serves as a crucial parameter in diagnosing high-voltage equipment to indicate the quality of the equipment's insulation. PD diagnosis requires a calibration process using a pC calibrator as an initial step. This study aims to compare the performance of several pC calibrators in PD calibration. The experiment involved calibrating PD using a needle-plate setup with a 2 cm air gap as the insulation medium. Three pC calibrators were used to create synthetic PD in the experimental setup. A comparative analysis was performed on the measured voltage against the charge injected by the three calibrators. Calibrators 2 and 3 showed a good response to the same injected charge, while calibrator 1 did not respond well to the injected charge. Additionally, the charge was calculated by injecting voltages of 7, 8, and 9 kV using both the calculation and calibration results.

ABSTRACT. The use of electric power in the world is increasing due to the increasing number of equipment that uses electrical energy sources. Reliability of the electric power system is needed in order to reduce the losses incurred due to failure of the electric power system equipment. Failure that often occurs is the failure of the insulation. One solution to reduce this problem is to install a partial discharge detection antenna on the isolation of the electric power system equipment. One type of antenna that can be used to detect this partial discharge is a dipole antenna. This test used dipole antenna variations with a total of 60 models of antenna size variations to gap distance variations with 6 printed antennas selected for testing to detect partial discharge. VNA testing obtained maximum results according to the minimum value requirements for return loss and VSWR and wide bandwidth with all antennas able to receive signals of 90% and not much different from the simulation results. Furthermore, for testing to detect partial discharge, the maximum amount of PD received by the antenna is obtained with good antenna speed or sensitivity.

ABSTRACT. The result of the modified reference antenna is based on predefined parameters by optimizing each parameter namely r1, r2, and L for partial discharge detection of high-voltage, parameter r1 shows the largest bandwidth when r1 is changed by 10mm of 5.36 GHz. However, the reflection coefficient and VSWR values at 15mm are better if we compare them to 5mm and 10mm. Parameter r2 shows that the largest bandwidth shown after we changed the size by 6mm of 5.37GHz is better than 3mm and 9mm. However, the reflection coefficient value at 9mm is better than 3mm and 6mm. Simulation results on parameter L based on Fig. 6 show that the largest bandwidth when parameter L is changed to 3mm is better than 2mm and 4mm, but the reflection coefficient value at 4mm is better than 2mm and 3mm, and for VSWR value 2mm is better than 3mm and 4mm. Modification antenna has roughly omnidirectional radiation patterns is 1.96dBi for r1 = 5; r2 = 3; slot = 2; 2.07dBi for r1 = 10; r2 = 6; slot = 3; 2.03dBi for r1 = 15; r2 = 9; slot = 4, the operating frequency band between 1.5 GHz, which is the frequency of interested for PD occurrence. For a voltage of 7 kV, the modified antenna can detect positive and negative cycle partial discharge of 115nPos, while the reference antenna is 80nPos. For a voltage of 8 kV, the modified antenna can detect partial discharge positive and negative cycles of 51nPos, while the reference antenna is 19nPos. For a voltage of 9 kV, the modified antenna can detect partial discharge positive and negative cycles of 27nPos, while the reference antenna is 14nPos.

ABSTRACT. The phenomenon of partial discharge (PD) that occurs locally due to equipment malfunction over a long period will cause damage to electrical equipment. This paper observes partial discharge in high-voltage positive DC from air insulation using a loop antenna sensor. This antenna is designed for PD measurement in high voltage equipment as well as its sensitivity to PD signals. A comparison of PD measurements made by HFCT sensors in the laboratory is used to evaluate how the loop antenna is capable of PD signals. Observing and analyzing corona discharge inception voltage (CIV) and partial discharge waveforms to determine the insulation characteristics were performed. The measurement results show that the loop antenna has high sensitivity at return loss of -25.85 dB and -25.52 at working frequencies of 666 MHz and 796 MHz. In addition, the PD detection analysis shows that the magnitude of PD detected by the proposed loop antenna can detect PD under positive DC voltage conditions.

ABSTRACT. Partial Discharge (PD) in cable insulation is the main cause of damage, hence, it is important to accurately detect and determine PD patterns using sensors. The study focuses on the application of RC sensors designed by adding a high-pass filter (HPF) to a PD detection system. Specifically, HPF is used to make the sensitivity level of the sensor more accurate by filtering and separating PD signal in AC sinusoidal wave. This exploration deals with the implementation of RC sensors to investigate and analyze discharge occurring in XLPE-insulated power cables in the extruded state under negative DC voltage. In addition, the surface discharge (SD) mechanism and activity patterns were observed based on time analysis. The test results showed the ability of the sensor to detect SD pulses in cable insulation under HVDC. According to the visualization interpretation using Python, the maximum value of the difference in SD magnitude was less than 1 nC. Even though the number and magnitude of discharge amplitude were observed, the influence of voltage affected the characteristics or activity of the discharge patterns.

ABSTRACT. Indonesia aims achieving Net Zero Emission by 2060. To meet this goal, Indonesia has raised its emission reduction target to 31.89 % by 2030. Utilizing the potential of Renewable Energy Source (RES), such as solar and wind, is one of the key strategies to support emission reduction efforts. This study focuses on analyzing various configurations of Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) and scenarios applicable to the electrification of rural area. In addition to addressing load demand, the study aims to assess the potential of RES in rural area. Homer Pro is utilized for this analysis to model and evaluate different configurations and scenarios effectively.

ABSTRACT. Traditional electrical load forecasting often relies on macro approaches, such as linear regression, which do not account for geographic variations and complicate the mapping of load centers. To address this, the study integrates Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), providing a more nuanced analysis. GWR extends linear regression by incorporating geographic factors, resulting in location-specific regression coefficients that capture local variations in load density. GIS complements this by offering detailed spatial analysis and visualizing the distribution of electrical loads. The application of GWR revealed that land use for industry, land use for social purposes, GDP, and electrical load for business significantly affect load density in most subdistricts. The GWR model achieved a high R² of 99.82%, indicating that these variables explain almost all of the variance in load density, while GIS-based plots illustrated the spatial distribution and significance of these variables. The model has been validated as suitable for representing all subdistricts within the cluster, with an average MAPE of 3.36%. Therefore, the study demonstrates that the integration of GWR and GIS significantly improves the precision of load growth projections and the estimation of load centers. Additionally, it allows for a precise determination of the location and distribution of load centers, aligning forecasts with the underlying geographic structure and facilitating better-informed decision-making for energy management and infrastructure planning

ABSTRACT. This study explores generation expansion planning (GEP) for Sumatra, aiming to achieve net-zero emissions (NZE) by 2060. This paper analyzes the energy strategy shifts required to meet Indonesia's climate goals by exploring three scenarios: Business as Usual (BaU), Renewable Energy Mix (RE-Mix), and Renewable Energy and Nuclear Mix (REN-Mix). The BaU scenario, which relies heavily on coal and gas, is projected to result in emissions rising to 247.35 Mton by 2060, highlighting the environmental risks of maintaining current energy policies. By 2060, the RE-Mix scenario is expected to phase out coal entirely, with solar power constituting 57.28% of total capacity, while the REN-Mix scenario integrates nuclear power, contributing 16.42% of total generation. Investment costs are substantial across all scenarios, with the REN-Mix scenario requiring the highest capital investment of $123 billion USD by 2060 due to the integration of nuclear energy. Both the RE-Mix and REN-Mix scenarios offer viable pathways to achieving NZE, demonstrating significant emissions reductions through increased reliance on renewable energy.

ABSTRACT. This research explores the role of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) as a key solution for achieving net-zero emissions, focusing on its ability to generate renewable energy while capturing carbon dioxide. BECCS has garnered attention due to its potential dual benefit: producing energy from biomass and removing CO2 from the atmosphere. However, this study critically assesses the balance between BECCS’s advantages and the risks it poses to ecosystems and biodiversity. While BECCS is a promising CO2 removal technology, its deployment requires caution. The review underscores the importance of thoroughly evaluating the environmental and social implications, particularly with respect to ecosystem disruption, biodiversity loss, and food security. Increased biomass demand for BECCS could accelerate deforestation and habitat degradation, with negative consequences for natural ecosystems. The study advocates for a holistic approach, integrating diverse energy solutions and tailoring decisions to site-specific conditions and regulatory frameworks. Although BECCS offers transformative potential, its responsible implementation hinges on technological innovation, robust regulations, and careful planning to mitigate any adverse impacts while contributing to climate goals.

ABSTRACT. Abstract—Increasing energy consumption in East Kalimantan, driven by population growth and economic development, necessitates effective energy planning. This study projects electricity demand and evaluates CO₂ emission reductions by 2035 under three scenarios: Business as Usual (BAU), nuclear power, and renewable energy. Using Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) software, the analysis forecasts electricity consumption, generation, and emission reductions. Results show that electricity demand will rise from 4424.93 GWh in 2023 to 7313.64 GWh by 2035, with a 4.2% annual increase. Emission reductions start around 2030, with the nuclear scenario achieving the lowest emissions at 3740.94 metric tons, followed by renewable energy at 4042.65 metric tons. This study provides insights into energy planning strategies to reduce emissions and meet future electricity demand efficiently.

ABSTRACT. One form of energy security, as stated in Government Regulation No. 79/2014 is a condition where there is energy availability, and the energy can be reached by all levels of society. The use of Diesel Power Plants (PLTD), which are still widely used in the Indonesian archipelago, is not in accordance with the energy security program because the availability of fuel on the island takes time. It is necessary to utilize the energy available in locations such as solar energy which is a potential renewable energy in Indonesia. In addition to the implementation of energy security, the use of solar energy can also be the realization of Indonesia's commitment to reducing emissions. One of the islands that utilize PLTD is Kodigareng island, where on the island, the existing solar energy potential is quite large at 5.87 kWh/m2/day. In this study, a dedieselization system is made with a solar power plant (PLTS) by ensuring that the PLTS capacity can supply electrical energy needs on Kodingareng Island with 0% shortage. To fulfill this, the appropriate capacity of the PLTS is 1,127kWp, while still utilizing the PLTS as a backup. With this combination of PLTS and PLTD, the fuel cost reduction obtained is IDR 5,735,958,676 with a Co2 reduction of 93%. This PLTS system also has the smallest COE value of IDR 3,982.

ABSTRACT. Menui island is a remote island in Central Sulawesi that is provided electricity by a diesel power plant with a maximum capacities of power 715 kW and a maximum peak of load 417 kW for 12 hours a day. This research investigates the analysis of hybrid renewable energy power plant in a local area to provide electricity for 24 hours. There are 5 schemes alternative designs proposed for the Hybrid Solar PV-Diesel, the first 100 % using the existing diesel power plant, the second using 100 % Solar PV, the third 70 % of Solar PV and 30 % of diesel, the fourth 50 % of Solar PV and 50 % of diesel, and lastly combination of 30 % of Solar PV and 70 % of diesel. The simulation results using HOMER software showed that the third combination gave the lowest Cost of energy (COE) at USD 0,2072/kWh. On the other hand, the economic feasibility studies including Net Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index (PI), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are not worth it. From the aspect of environmental sustainability, the best hybrid generator scheme benefits from reducing CO2 emissions by 1,679 tons of CO2/year and reducing efforts to manage diesel generator waste.

ABSTRACT. Global warming, driven by rising CO2 levels, has heightened the need for sustainable energy solutions, particularly in remote areas like Tabuan Island, Indonesia, where reliance on diesel generators (DGs) leads to significant greenhouse gas emissions and high operational costs. This study aims to optimize the energy configuration for the island by minimizing the Cost of Energy (COE), which is calculated as the total annualized cost divided by the total energy production from all sources. Using HOMER software, three scenarios were analyzed: DG-only, DG-PV hybrid, and DG-PV-BESS (Battery Energy Storage System). The electrical analysis revealed that the DG-PV-BESS configuration achieved the highest renewable fraction of 99.9%, drastically reducing CO2 emissions to 1,215 kg/year. However, it still generated 760,730 kWh of excess electricity annually, indicating the need for further optimization in energy storage and utilization. Economically, the DG-PV-BESS configuration reduced the Cost of Energy (COE) to 0.548 USD/kWh, achieving the lowest Net Present Cost (NPC) of 5.78 million. Despite these improvements, the proposed system’s COE exceeds the regional regulatory standard of 0.18 USD/kWh, making it not yet feasible under current regulations. Therefore, future research should explore advanced technologies, cost-reduction strategies, and regulatory frameworks to further optimize hybrid energy systems for remote islands, making them more economically viable and compliant with regional standards.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the integration of a photovoltaic (PV) system with hydrogen storage for industrial energy applications in Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia. Two approaches are assessed: the Economic Optimization Method and the Proposed Renewable Energy System. The Proposed System involves a higher initial capital expenditure (CAPEX) of IDR 842 billion, but it results in the lowest Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) at IDR 664.64 per kWh and the most significant reduction in CO2 emissions at 26,601,050 kg per year. These outcomes indicate that the Proposed System enhances economic viability in the long term and aligns with global efforts toward Net Zero Emissions (NZE). In contrast, the Economic Optimization Method, while minimizing the Net Present Cost (NPC), leads to greater reliance on grid electricity and higher CO2 emissions. The findings suggest that the Proposed System offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for industries in Indonesia with high solar energy potential, providing a model for supporting national energy resilience and environmental goals.

ABSTRACT. Bunaken Island has an isolated electrical system and microgrid. The electrical system on Bunaken Island relies on a Diesel Power Plant (DPP) with four engine, providing a daytime capacity of 300 kW and a nighttime capacity of 380 kW. In 2023, repairs were carried out on the Solar Power Plant (SPP) due to fault since 2018. SPP is expected to reduce the reliance on DPP. This paper analyzes the existing operational pattern of the DPP to identify changes that can improve fuel efficiency. Subsequently, it analyzes the hybrid operation of the SPP and DPP to achieve the most efficient use of fuel while considering engine performance factors, specifically Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC). The analysis in this paper utilizes the SOLVER plug-in available in Microsoft Excel using GRG non-linear method. From the analysis of the comparison of existing PLTD operational patterns, the fuel usage efficiency is found to be 46.35 liters per day or equivalent to Rp 532,147 per day, with an improvement in SFC from 0.292 liters/kWh to 0.279 liters/kWh. Additionally the hybrid operation pattern of SPP and DPP, is found that the inclusion of energy from the SPP will reduce High Speed Diesel (HSD) consumption to 391.72 liters per day or equivalent to Rp 4,497,693 per day, with an improved SFC) of 0.259 liters/kWh. However, economically, adding additionally battery capacity is not feasible and does not improve SFC compared to the existing condition.

ABSTRACT. Renewable energy is crucial for electrifying remote areas, especially islands. Hybrid renewable energy systems that combine photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) are a promising solution, as they eliminate the need for fossil fuels. However, reducing energy costs remains a significant challenge for these stand-alone hybrid systems. In residential off-grid systems, there are often deferrable loads, those whose operation can be rescheduled or shifted. This study explores how deferrable loads impact energy costs. In simple terms, deferrable loads are seen as a proportion of the total load. By analyzing different proportions of deferrable loads in relation to the total load, simulations are conducted using the HOMER software. The results reveal that by having 40% deferrable load minimizes energy costs and improve capacity shortage by 50%.

ABSTRACT. This research explores the techno-economic optimization of hybrid energy systems for isolated tropical islands, with Mentawai Island as a case study. Many studies focus on hybrid power systems for isolated islands disconnected from the grid. This study aims to determine the optimal mix of the existing diesel generators installed in the field. Two configurations were analyzed, Diesel Generator-PV and Diesel Generator-PV-BESS, with a focus on capacity optimization and minimizing the Cost of Energy (COE) while ensuring system reliability. The Diesel Generator-PV system achieved a COE of $0.157/kWh with 42.3% renewable penetration, utilizing optimized capacities for PV (25,471 kW), Gen500 (2,000 kW), Gen650 (650 kW), and Gen800 (800 kW). Despite lower capital costs, this configuration results in higher long-term fuel dependence. In contrast, the Diesel Generator-PV-BESS system, with a COE of $0.162/kWh, includes 4 BESS units (1 MW each) and a 5,000 KW inverter. While the Diesel Generator-PV configuration is better suited for minimizing short-term costs, the Diesel Generator-PV-BESS system provides greater long-term reliability, resilience, and reduced fuel dependency, making it a more sustainable solution for isolated island energy systems.

ABSTRACT. This paper analyses the implementing of the Independent Single Buyer (ISB) mechanism in the Java-Bali electricity system to foster efficiency and competition. Three cost and electricity production scenarios were analyzed, focusing on the cost of generation (BPP) and operational efficiency. Ultra Super Critical (USC) technology at IPP PLTU Jawa 7 significantly improves efficiency and reduces fuel prices per unit. This study also highlights the importance of the authority held by PLN to regulate system operations independently. The simulation results show significant cost savings without reducing electricity production, supporting efficiency in the ISB scheme, and operating high-efficiency IPP plants.

ABSTRACT. The electricity market in Indonesia is predominantly managed by the state-owned company, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), which operates as a vertically integrated utility. In recent years, the market has seen increased private sector participation, particularly in electricity generation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Indonesia's electricity market, focusing on its structure and the challenges associated with integrating large-scale Variable Renewable Energy (VRE). The integration of VRE presents multifaceted challenges that span technical, economic, regulatory, and social dimensions. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated efforts from all stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector players, and local communities. This paper highlights the significant role of PLN in promoting Rooftop Solar PV (PLTS Atap) and emphasizes the need for substantial investments in technology, infrastructure, and innovative financing schemes to achieve effective VRE integration. By adopting a holistic approach, Indonesia can navigate these challenges and transition towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future. This paper introduces techno-economic risk assessment to identify all risk factors associated with the large VRE integration. Along with the assessment, several risk mitigations will be addressed. This paper also discusses the impacts of energy policies, the structure of different electricity market models, and the strategic plans laid out by the Indonesian government to enhance energy security, access, and environmental sustainability.

ABSTRACT. This research aims to optimize the Public Electricity Supply Station (PESS) based on the Electrifying Lifestyle Area concept to address the issue of electricity oversupply in Indonesia and increase energy sales by the State-owned Electricity Company (SEC) in Indonesia, while reducing the use of conventional diesel generators by street vendors. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, this study analyzes the strategic placement of PESS, power flow simulations using ETAP software, and the reliability of the electrical system in the Tugu Keris Siginjai area, Jambi. The results show that between January and December 2023, energy sales from PESS reached 20,098 kWh with a revenue of IDR 33,051,563. This research emphasizes the importance of educating the street vendors and public on environmentally friendly electricity usage as an effort to change people's lifestyles, highlighting a novelty at the implementation of the Electrifying Lifestyle concept in raising awareness of clean energy in commercial areas.

ABSTRACT. The Emergency Restoration System (ERS), commonly referred to as the emergency tower, is a rapid-deployment solution for maintaining transmission line functionality. In Indonesia, the ERS serves several critical roles: it temporarily replaces damaged or collapsed transmission towers, addresses environmental vulnerabilities, expedites national and regional strategic projects, and supports internal projects of the state-owned electricity utility, PLN. The financial impact of losing a transmission tower is significant, resulting in substantial energy losses and reduced supply to customers. This article examines PLN's comprehensive approach to the management of emergency towers. To ensure the effectiveness and adequacy of the emergency towers, a set of stringent criteria has been developed and implemented including to define optimum number of emergency towers in a location.

ABSTRACT. An integrated electricity utility realizes its business values by operating physical assets comprising generation plants, transmission, and distribution. The "financial value" usually becomes the primary attention of the top management since the electricity utility business requires a large number of capital investments to support growth. However, financial indicators do not reflect the condition and risks of assets, while the business relies on assets to get earnings. Organizations with mature Asset Management implement asset risk management to bridge the strategic objectives with what the organization must do with the assets at the operational level. The method estimates the asset risk level by considering all the organization's business values. PLN adopts the method to improve the way of managing the risk in the organization and use the risk information in the decision-making process. With better decision-making that embeds the asset risk management process, PLN aims to improve the Return on Assets, where the return is not only financial but also other values of the organization. The paper shares the progress in developing asset risk management in an integrated electricity utility in Indonesia. This development includes building awareness about the importance of managing asset risks, creating a value framework and measures, and developing an asset risk map to support asset investment planning at the tactical level.

ABSTRACT. The primary objective of this research is to develop a smart power device energy at domestic management system that leverages renewable power generation connected to the main grid for end users. Thereby reducing the household's overall electricity bills while maintaining the desired level of comfort and convenience. This research presents a novel approach that integrates Internet of Things technologies, employing the NodeMCU ESP32 module device connected to the Firebase real-time database, while the ThingSpeak platform serves for monitoring purposes. Furthermore, the system provides end users the capability to remotely monitor and control their energy usage through smartphones or computers at any time. Additionally for end user get daily notifications of their energy consumption limits via the Telegram platform.The result of this combination of qualities is the development of an energy billing system for users that not only saves monthly costs on electricity consumption bills but also allows end users to schedule load switching by managing the energy system from monitoring device control. The experimental results of several load combinations in this study with a daily limit of 4 kWh

ABSTRACT. This paper present Dynamic Programming (DP) method to Unit Commitment (UC) problem in hybrid system in Temajuk. The research aims to obtain optimal results to minimize the fuel costs from the diesel power plant in Temajuk. This research emphasizes the operation settings of diesel generators. The solar power plant operation is only used to reduce the load demand. Python code was written to model and solve the UC problems. The simulations demonstrate that fuel consumption may be reduced using the dynamic programming method which controls several operating parameters, including the status and dispatch of diesel generator (DG).

ABSTRACT. Steel industry produces various exhaust gases from its manufacturing processes. These exhaust gases have the potential to be used as fuel due to high calorific value. Power plant that utilizes exhaust gases from industry as fuel is called an off gas power plant. By taking PT Krakatau Posco steel plant as reference, steel industry off gases consist of coke oven gas (COG), blast furnace gas (BFG), and Linz Donawitz gas (LDG). This paper will assess the feasibility of off gas combined cycle power plants from energy, economy, and environment aspects. This study results show that off gas combined cycle power plant is techno-economically feasible with significant reduction of carbon emissions. Despite its high investment cost, the power plant has high thermal efficiency, is economical with a certain capacity factor, and has significant greenhouse gas emissions reduction from both industry and power sector. The designed power plant has a capacity of 400 MW with 119 kg/s fuel flow rate and has a net thermal efficiency of 58.46%. Assuming fuel costs are negligible, if operated with 100% capacity factor, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is Rp478.76/kWh. Stoichiometrically, the emission factor from the designed off gas power plant is 0.80 kgCO2/kWh, approximately 0.05 kgCO2/kWh lower than thepower generation emission factor in Indonesia.

ABSTRACT. The reliability of the electrical system is one of the most important aspects in ensuring the distribution of electrical power supply, especially in remote and isolated areas. With the increase in customer loads each year, the stability of the power system is quite fluctuating, therefore PLN in this case as the main supplier of electrical power must guarantee the quality of power and the stability of the electrical power system. Therefore, a thorough planning is needed to meet the needs of electrical power, especially in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan. This experiment focuses on optimizing the planning and operation control in Melak Isolated Electrical Power System in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan. Therefore, the system is more reliable and stable, can meet the needs of the electrical energy supply in the area. Some of the steps taken in this experiment include conducting mathematical modeling of the generating system; determining the objective function; collecting planning data and generator operation dispatch; formulating parameters into objective functions; starting optimization of planning and operation; testing with planning and operation simulations; and analysis of optimization result data.

ABSTRACT. This study examines human resource development (HRD) strategies for achieving Net Zero Emissions (NZE) in the energy sector across Denmark, Malaysia, Japan, and Indonesia. Employing a multiple case study approach, it analyzes practices of leading energy companies to identify best practices and innovative strategies for Indonesia's energy transition. The research combines Focus Group Discussions and content analysis to gather comprehensive data on HRD strategies. Findings reveal critical areas for Indonesia to focus on, including aligning HRD with national energy objectives, investing in specialized training for renewable technologies, fostering international collaborations, prioritizing infrastructure development, and creating a supportive regulatory environment. The study proposes a framework for global HRD strategies emphasizing global exposure, partnerships with educational institutions, comprehensive HR policies, and sustainability commitment. This framework provides a roadmap for Indonesia to enhance its workforce capabilities, overcome unique challenges in infrastructure development across its archipelago, and position itself as a leader in the global transition to renewable energy. The research concludes that by adopting these strategies, particularly through PLN and other energy sector players, Indonesia can achieve its ambitious NZE targets by 2060 through a skilled and adaptable workforce.

ABSTRACT. The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into a fluctuating power grid requires alternative solutions, such as implementing flexible power generation (FPG) in small-scale coal-fired power plants (CFPPs), to dynamically adjust power output, maintain grid stability, and improve the operational efficiency of conventional power generation systems. This study aims to evaluate the impact of adopting FPG technologies on plant equipment and performance indicators, including enhanced load-following capabilities and improved integration with renewable energy sources. The method used involves co-firing biomass sawdust with a sliding pressure control mode. This research measures daily efficiency, heat rate, and specific fuel consumption, and analyzes the impact of FPG on these performance indicators. The results show that the coal-fired power plant operates with an average monthly load of 58.56% of full capacity, with an average operational flexibility of 11.31%. The implementation of co-firing improves the plant’s minimum load, but at 35% load operation, it has a negative impact on performance indicators. Additionally, the co-firing operation contributes to slagging formation, which is analyzed based on the increase in flue gas temperature at inlet air heater. The conclusion of this study is that integrating flexible power generation in small-scale coal-fired power plants enhances operational efficiency and improves grid stability, provided the plants operate within defined limits.

ABSTRACT. Through the microgrid structure, the developing potential of renewable-based power generation systems, variety of storage, and varied loads are integrated. This work presents an optimization research on the design and development of a hybrid renewable energy system for the microgrid application in Gili Ketapang. The system combines solar, biomass, and storage technologies. An optimization has been conducted to determine the optimal size of the sources in the hybrid system, taking into account the potential resources and load requirements of the Gili Ketapang. Evaluation indicates that the grid-connected hybrid system incurs an extra initial capital cost of IDR 140 million and a cost of energy (COE) of IDR 6,888 /kWh. This work presents the findings of sensitivity analysis conducted on specific parameters, including tariff rates and capital cost of renewable energy technologies. This program is important because it can anticipate rolling blackouts due to supply shortages and reduce the levelized cost of electricity. This aligns with PLN's program, which supports environmentally friendly energy.

ABSTRACT. In recent years advanced materials had a considerable interest in worldwide researchers due its interesting functional properties and applications in areas of energy storage and Conversion, water, health care, and sensors technology. Research is being carried out worldwide to find alternative novel materials, improved the performance by various materials processing, surface modification, and fabrication technology.In my talk, I will discuss various studies on materials for realated to energy storage and conversion. Materials mining and fabrication, characterization techniques, fundamentals, interface studies and applications. I will focus on materials challenges for electric vechicles, smart grid applications, fabrication and various fast charging, thermal managment, importence of advanced sensors for thermal runways studies for electric vechicles and in situ and exsitu studies, reaction mechanisms,  and present challenges in electric vehicles will be discussed. Finally, i will discuss briefly materials sustainability and recovery techniques.