ABSTRACT. The aerospace industry's need for lightweight and high-performance materials has prompted researchers to explore sustainable alternatives to traditional fiber composites. Flax fibers have emerged as a promising option due to their affordability, renewable nature, and eco-friendliness. However, the brittleness inherent in flax fibers currently limits their applicability in structural uses. This study focuses on enhancing the mechanical properties of flax/epoxy composites by incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). Vacuum infusion molding was used to create the composites, and a mix of sonication and mechanical stirring was used to evenly distribute the GNPs throughout the material. Standard American Testing Methods were used to assess the material's mechanical and physical performance. The results showed that the addition of GNPs significantly decreased the composite density. Flax/epoxy composites with an optimized graphene nanoplatelet content of 0.66% were found to be superior to all other compositions evaluated, including the pure flax/epoxy composite, which showed the best tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear performance.

ABSTRACT. Carbon dioxide emissions, primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels, have risen dramatically since the start of the industrial revolution. In 2022, Global energy-related CO2 emissions grew by more than 300 million tonnes, reaching a high of 37 billion tonnes (CO2eq). Emissions from oil grew by 2.5% (268 Mt) to 11.2 Gt in 2022. Approximately half of this increase, 235Mt, resulted from aviation as air travel continued its recovery from the covid pandemic lows. Annual jet fuel consumption is approaching 100 bn gallons per year. Estimations of the contribution of overall emissions by the global aviation fleet range between 2.5% and 3.5%. The lower percentage value accounts for CO2 emissions alone while the higher percentage includes vapour condensation trails (contrails) which contribute additionally to atmospheric warming. The number of domestic and global airline flights worldwide was estimated at 22 million in 2021. With approximately 30,000 flights per day, the number of ‘passenger flights’ per year was 4.5bn, with expected growth to 7.7bn by 2050. The world is at a crisis point owing to atmospheric emissions and their adverse impacts on global climate. Responsibility rests with individuals, companies, nations, and sectors to make the necessary adjustments that will help reduce the levels of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere. The target is to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. The aviation industry has much to be proud of, not least the outstanding achievements from the early years of flight, - Wright Brothers (1903), radar (1942), the International Convention of Civil Aviation (1944)… So much has been achieved in the interim 80 years, a relatively short period of time. Today, General Electric, Rolls Royce and Pratt & Whitney are leading names in the manufacture of gas turbine engines. It is hoped that advancements in the development of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) – made from non-petroleum feedstocks, may become a viable cleaner alternative to existing petroleum fuel. If successful, SAF, coupled with engine refinements, will help flatten the rising curve associated with aviation emissions. Other emerging fuel developments including biodiesel – manufactured from vegetable oil, and ethanol – made from corn, may also contribute as alternative sustainable solutions. In parallel to sustainable fuel development, Hydrogen as a power source by fuel-cell generation (Airbus zero-emission challenge), and electric and hybrid-electric powered airlines will also emerge as maturing members of tomorrow’s global fleet. There are also new design innovations in rotary aircraft for the modern age. Moving further afield, Spaceflight has truly emerged as ‘the new frontier’. – Perseverance missions to Mars, Exploration of the Moons of Jupiter (JUICE), and SpaceX Ariane (ESA), to name but a few of the scientific wonder projects of modern times. In order to launch, a spaceflight provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propel the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, it’s motion, whether unpropelled or under propulsion, is determined under the influence of gravity between the craft and other planetary bodies. Some spacecrafts have remained in space indefinitely, creating space pollution and potential hazard to other spacecraft. Most spacecraft are terminated by atmospheric re-entry, in which they disintegrate, or their re-entry is controlled to safely reach a surface by landing on land or sea. Whether actual timelines to ‘zero emissions 2050’ are achievable, is debatable. What is not debatable is the necessity to make every effort to reduce emissions and to ensure that Earth’s atmosphere is returned to better health. We must all come aboard with unified mission.

ABSTRACT. In recent times, the domains of antenna design, wireless terrestrial, and satellite communications have embarked on an extraordinary period of rapid expansion, with no signs of abating in the foreseeable future. This session will be focused on remarkable growth, which is underpinned by significant advancements in antenna design and manufacturing that are driven by the imperative to meet the global demand for high-capacity internet connectivity, as well as to cater to the multifaceted needs of industries, governments, and defense applications. Consequently, a wide spectrum of pioneering antenna technologies is currently undergoing robust development, and widespread deployment, specifically tailored to augment transport and access wireless networks, will be presented. A prominent trend is the increasing emphasis on crafting compact and economical antenna solutions, a theme that will be thoroughly explored. The strategic allocation of spectrum resources and the delivery of high capacity while maintaining low latency through innovative antenna design will be addressed. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities spurred by the escalating demand for ultra-wide bandwidth, multi-bands, millimeter-wave technology, multi-beam configurations, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) setups, and adaptive antennas for upcoming network iterations like 5G, 6G, and beyond, as well as Internet of Things (IoT), will be meticulously examined. These imperatives have spurred researchers and engineers to pioneer and conceptualize novel antenna designs adept at seamlessly operating across a diverse range of transport and access networks. These advancements and challenges of regulatory requirements with customer expectations play a pivotal role in enabling the forthcoming phase of high-frequency, efficient and intelligent wireless communication. To establish reliable and high-data-rate communication links, an array of ingenious methodologies will be introduced.

ABSTRACT. Water on Mars, on Jupiter’s Icy Moons, on Asteroids, and perhaps even more water on more bodies of our solar system — Are water and life unique to Earth? The last decade of planetary exploration suggests that the liquid water, uniquely characterizing our blue planet, is potentially a transitional phase that other bodies of our solar system may have gone through or will be transiting to during their evolution. On Earth, as well as other bodies of the solar system, evidence of water and climatic evolutions are often found in the first few kilometers of the subsurface. Today, planetary sounding and imaging techniques have provided new insights into understanding the unseen evolution history of the Earth, Moon, Venus, Mercury, comets, and Mars—as well as numerous other bodies in our solar system hunting traces of water and ice and exploring new habitable environments. The returned data reveals the similarities and discrepancies between our planets and the other bodies of the solar system. In this lecture dedicated to the general audience, Dr. Heggy will speak about how sounding methods are being used to explore pieces of evidence of possible deep subsurface aquifers and ice deposits on Mars, asteroids, and comets and how these methods are being used to understand the evolution of groundwater recourses in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and their responses to climatic and anthropogenic stresses. The lecture will also discuss the uncertainty and the evolution of water shortage in the Middle East and its implications on the stability of the area for the upcoming few decades.

ABSTRACT. Space debris is the most important issue of today’s space age. It includes both naturally occurring meteoroids and anthropogenic debris from human activity in Earth’s orbit. Donald Kessler first observed the phenomena of increasing debris and noted that the accumulation of already present orbital debris would begin to create new debris due to collision and that this cascading process would severely impede human activities in space – a phenomenon known as Kessler Syndrome. Today, the space segment is constantly threatened by orbital debris, including rocket bodies and defunct satellites. As of March 2023, the Space Surveillance Network (SSN) has traced about 33680 pieces of space debris greater than 10cm in size. Additionally, an estimated 1 million pieces between 1 to 10 cm and 130 million fragments smaller than 1 cm are also orbiting Earth. Thus, space safety in today’s scenario requires two essential approaches – the space debris mitigation (SDM) and space debris remediation (SDR). Unless both approaches are employed simultaneously, the likely possibility of space catastrophes will continue to rise steadily. While the SDM is being managed through InterAgency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), the SDR remains essentially unresolved. The SDR process can be best undertaken by performing Active Debris Removal (ADR) missions. These highly complex and risky missions need to be designed with utmost accuracy so that debris removal can be conducted without affecting the safety of the SDR spacecraft. At the AstroFlux research facility, there is an ongoing pursuit for developing mission strategies for small affordable Space Tugs with limited orbital life, that use robotic end-effectors for undertaking SDR operations of preselected debris in Low Earth Orbit. The alternative mission strategies for the space tugs are based on the minimal energy maneuvers, thus drastically reducing the cost of mission operations. The methodology for affordable SDR mission is based on a three-step approach. The first step involves selection of space debris for SDR. For this a dimensionless mission efficiency parameter is defined to select the debris items that cause minimal losses for SDR mission. In the second step a suitable parking orbit and several alternative mission sequences are evolved. The parking is a Sun-synchronous orbit as the spacecraft’s secondary objective can be to function as an Earth observation satellite during its waiting period. In the final step the most suitable mission concepts are fully developed. Following the concurrent engineering approach, two novel mission strategies have been developed namely, the Home capture and the Nodal capture. In Home capture the debris is grabbed from its orbit by phasing the chaser’s orbit. The chaser enters the debris orbit, grabs it, and then de-orbits it. The Nodal capture is however designed to be less risky and energy efficient in which the debris trajectory crosses the parking orbit at the intersecting node at which point debris is captured. Thus, neither the chaser nor the debris changes its orbit. These missions are designed to be performed by a dedicated spacecraft bus supported by a LIDAR-based tracking that assists the robotic arm for capturing the debris.

ABSTRACT. The identification of defects at an early stage in the components is a significant task to avoid terrible failures in the process maintenance of an electrical apparatus. Physical examination of electrical power supplied apparatus can be very hazardous owing to the presence of high voltage and placed at a greater height and vision than human intervention. Hence, in this scheme of condition monitoring, present an ultraviolet image based non-invasive imaging system for component health status and visual inspection of electrical components observed through an unmanned ariel vehicle for a small distribute generation plant. The ariel vehicle collects the thermal images in the solar panels, fittings, connections, and their accessories to identify the defects. The ultraviolet images taken were processed through different methods of image processing techniques to get the required geometrical and statistical features, thus obtained data are done with latest image extraction techniques. Based on the information of processed image features will be implemented through build classifier algorithm with support vector machine is formed for classification of defected area analyzed with classification algorithm. Hence based on the results of the algorithm, a condition signal for strategy has been generated, based on the generated approach the equipment can be monitored/repaired before the defect in the component can become an unsafe fault. So that the faults can be identified at an early stage and the reliability of the system is increased operational as well as from an economic point of view

ABSTRACT. The architecture of most present aircraft control systems is based on the principle of the “federated, centralised avionics architecture”. Federated avionics architecture means that each system consists of standalone and self-contained avionics; different systems cooperate in a loosely controlled way with each other. Centralised avionics architecture signifies that a centralised avionics computer performs the whole functions assigned to the system. On the basis of the “federated avionics architecture” principle, new aircraft functions require their own dedicated new avionics resources. With regards to aircraft systems in their totality, this will result in a high number of standalone avionics resources leading to increased weight, volume, and life cycle cost. On the contrary, the “Integrated Modular Avionics” (IMA) provides a solution approach, where the functions of different systems share a number of standardised avionics resources. IMA proves to be efficient, particularly when it shows a distributed character with following specific attributes: 1) an integrated distributed acquisition and generation of signals for different systems by distributed input and output resources, and 2) the integration of the control functions of different systems into common powerful core computing resources. This paper presents the validation’s results of the implementation of a safety critical aircraft function – the secondary flight control function – on an integrated, distributed avionics architecture.

ABSTRACT. Radar Altimeter is a critical instrument used in aircraft navigation and flight control systems. It measures the aircraft's altitude above the terrain or water by transmitting a radio frequency (RF) signal toward the ground and receiving the reflected signal. The accuracy of the radar altimeter is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of the aircraft. However, the growth of 5G communication systems operating in the C-band frequency range has led to the risk of interference with the radar altimeter signal. Radar Altimeter operates in the frequency band of 4.2-4.4 GHz, while 5G-C band transmissions operate in the frequency range of 3.7-4.2 GHz. The overlap of these frequency ranges creates a risk of interference between the radar altimeter signal and 5G-C band transmissions, which could compromise the accuracy and reliability of the radar altimeter. Interference in the radar altimeter signal can cause incorrect altitude readings, which could lead to dangerous situations such as incorrect landing approaches, incorrect altitude control, or false alarms. The auto-pilot system relies heavily on the radar altimeter for accurate altitude information during the landing phase. The auto-pilot system uses this information to make precise altitude control decisions, ensuring that the aircraft follows the correct approach path to the landing runway. In addition, the radar altimeter provides critical information about the altitude of the aircraft above the terrain or water, enabling the auto-pilot system to make decisions about the altitude of the aircraft and adjust the flight path accordingly. Given the importance of the radar altimeter for safe and efficient aircraft operation, finding a solution to the problem of interference with 5G-C band transmissions is crucial. The proposed solution aims to mitigate the interference in the RF front end of the radar altimeter without changing the hardware to avoid certification issues. This approach is expected to provide a cost-effective and practical solution to the problem, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the radar altimeter signal in the presence of 5G-C band transmissions. The proposed solution will involve simulating the interference between the radar altimeter signal and 5G-C band transmissions. The simulation will then evaluate the effectiveness of the redesigned RF front-end of the radar altimeter in mitigating interference. The simulation will include the passing of the 5G-C band signal and the signal from the mitigated RF front-end of the radar altimeter to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution, in a manner that minimum certifications are to be carried out. The simulation will provide valuable insights into the behavior of the redesigned RF front-end and its ability to effectively mitigate interference, helping to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the radar altimeter signal. The simulation will play a crucial role in verifying the effectiveness of the proposed solution and helping to ensure its practicality and feasibility in real-world situations. The simulations are to be carried out on MATLAB & SIMULINK software.

ABSTRACT. In recent years vehicle detection has attracted widespread attention from many institutes and automobile companies. It’s necessary to detect and recognize the vehicles automatically to ensure a secure and safe environment. This research work is proposed for Military bases, where large number of vehicles are used. A RFID system is developed to identify and recognize the vehicle and its owner details, then distinguishes the times authorized to enter and leave the base. Initially a data base is created for each Tag in the Raspberry Pi. According to the tag data, the Raspberry Pi will execute commands allowing the gate to open or close, based on user instructions. Also, all entry and exit information for employees will be saved in the system, in order to review the timings in case of any problems. The research work will also be linked to independent tracking devices, especially for vehicles visiting the sanctuary to be secured. The tracking device is installed on vehicles with a temporary entry permit, and after that it sends data to the gate or to the security system, to ensure that it does not enter the prohibited areas.

ABSTRACT. Indoor air quality (IAQ) plays a vital role in creating a healthy and productive environment, and this importance extends to aeronautical facilities as well. The COVID-19 has affected millions of people across the world and has raised awareness of the importance of good indoor air quality (IAQ) in Aeronautical facilities together with other all types of residential and commercial buildings. It highlights the factors contributing to poor IAQ in aeronautical buildings, the potential health and productivity implications, and the benefits of improved IAQ. Poor air quality increased the rate of infection spread in indoor spaces. This concern spread due to meteorological factors has raised the need to improve indoor air quality. Humans spend around 80% - 90% of their time indoors and studies reveal that the air indoors may be 70 times more polluted than the air outside. Indoor air quality is a key factor of individual and population health. The buildings must provide the best indoor air quality to minimize the indoor transmission of contaminants, such as excess moisture, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide and the virus like COVID-19. The HVAC system plays a vital role in improving this indoor air quality that can be achieved through decrease in concentration of contaminants by dilution and/or by source removal. This work discusses the requirement of fresh air inside the building to improve the IAQ to control any virus spread, other indoor contaminants and energy saving/reducing energy cost. It highlights the importance of IAQ and the various strategies that can be employed to improve it. The research concludes around 60% energy can be saved by sustainable and optimized design of fresh air requirements in aeronautical facilities, reducing carbon footprint and maintaining the Air Quality Index (AQI) 50 or below to represents good air quality in buildings.

ABSTRACT. This research paper investigates the effects of tiredness, stress, and effort on human performance in aviation. It is well known that these factors have a substantial impact on a pilot's ability to carry out their obligations in a safe and efficient manner. The research employs a comprehensive review of the literature to evaluate the varied effects of workload, stress, and fatigue on human performance in aviation. The review includes a complete evaluation of the relevant information, emphasizing the significant findings and limitations of previous studies. The study argues that workload, stress, and fatigue are all interconnected and can all have a negative impact on a pilot's performanceThe study's conclusions have implications for aviation management safety, particularly in terms of developing policies and practices to reduce the risks associated with these factors. The study concludes with recommendations for future research topics, such as the development of more comprehensive models of human performance in aviation that account for the complex relationships between weariness, stress, workload, and other factors.

ABSTRACT. Aeronautical practical tasks are one of the fundamental tools enabling our students both to learn scientific knowledge, and gain engineering practices. However, we know that carrying out practical work using technical equipment has its own challenges. Instructors normally identify the difficulties they face finding suitable space, time and resources. They are also concerned about health and safety issues and face student inexperience recognizing and using scientific equipment. Practical investigations also play an important role in developing 21stcentury transferrable skills, with universities and future employers looking for critical thinkers who can problem-solve. Planning and preparation can take time, finding space and appropriate resources can be difficult and of course, all practical work must take place in a safe environment. Help is available however, guidance on how to plan and carry out practical activities safely can be found in practical teaching guides and practical workbooks. There will also be suggestions for alternative equipment and guidance on how to differentiate activities. Practical teacher’s resources, lesson observation and peer support can all help if you’re struggling to plan practical sessions. The Effective use for training aids of Aeronautical Engineering is fundamental to its sustainable structural integrity. Students will be provided with essential training skills through simulated reality in which various real-life scenarios can be replicated in a safe and controlled training environment. Pennant’s training aids allow the instructor to enter errors for the student to diagnose and rectify, enabling the student to practice repairing and maintaining aircraft. The extensive capabilities of the equipment present an exciting future for aeronautical engineers, one which Pennant is excited to be a part of.

ABSTRACT. SAFETY MANAGEMENT: HUMAN FACTOR ABSTRACT 1. Aviation Maintenance & Manufacturing operations are prone to incidents due to the fact that even a smaller error can contribute towards major accident at any timeframe. Aviation accidents are investigated to find out the root causes so that recurrence can be avoided by taking appropriate corrective measures. Human Error has been documented as a primary contributor to more than 80% of airplane accidents.

2. Twelve most common factors, called the Dirty Dozen, have already been identified, affecting or causing accidents in aviation. Originally, the dirty dozen list was meant for aircraft maintenance; however, nowadays it is used as an introductory concept for human factor field. All 12 factors are equally important, yet some are considered very important like LACK OF TEAMWORK, NORMS and PRESSURE.

3. After the lapse of around 3 decades, the dirty dozen awareness has not been as effective as it should have been. This is, probably due to:

(a) Peculiar adverse working environment conditions associated with aviation operations.

(b) Type of job, requiring more time for procedure reading /documentation than the actual task.

4. Therefore, lots of human psychological aspects (clinical, medical, organizational, anthropometric, and educational) are directly linked with this. To reduce Human Factor occurrences, following aspects needs to be considered to find out the best approach / actions to arrest the trend:

(a) Highly efficient & Safe Working environment

(b) Improved Designs

(c) Simplified yet comprehensive Procedures

(d) Type of Selected Management: Fear Based or Respect Based

(e) Monitoring based Reward / Punishment

MAHMOOD FAISAL Air Cdre (R) Snr Dir Quality AMF, PAC Kamra 009203016357969

ABSTRACT. The demand for wastewater treatment is rapidly increasing with the significant growth in the world population. There is a noticeable enhancement in the number of wastewater treatment plants and research is focused on technological development in different stages of the treatment process. The current project is aimed at implementing a key stage in the wastewater treatment process using ultraviolet (UV) light that will be environment-friendly and cost-effective. A water chamber containing ultraviolet (UV) light has been designed and built that is used to disinfect water from biological molecules in the tertiary stage of the wastewater treatment process. A synthetic housing made of stainless steel has been used as a chamber for UV light and Solid Works software was used for the initial design and subsequent numerical analysis. The required intensity of the UV light was determined from the numerical calculations. The volumetric flow rate of the treated water in the chamber was calculated using the data available in the literature. The sample water, after some stages, was collected from a local wastewater treatment company and used to perform the experiments. The treated water was sent back to the same company for quality check and estimated the analysis based on the results. The quality of the treated water was also checked using digital water flow meter available in the market and comparisons has been made that revealed a good agreement.

ABSTRACT. The energy is extracted from the solar panels during normal days. However, the middle Eastern countries where the normal temperature during day time is relatively higher, heats up the solar panels. Therefore, this research focuses on the extraction of additional energy through heat harvesting from solar panels. The system proposed integrates photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric (TE) technologies to harvest solar energy from the heat. Additionally, thermodynamic limits exist for simultaneous energy harvesting from both the sun and outer space, and the efficiency of solar energy harvesting is typically lower than 1. Furthermore, thermal energy storage (TES) system will be employed in this project to turn solar heat into electrical energy. TES system is a tool that store heat or cold for later use. TES system is often constructed from materials that readily absorb and release heat. In addition, components used during the process include a photovoltaic panel, heat sink, Dc-Dc converter, capacitor, supercapacitor, thermoelectric generator (TEG), LED, and battery. The expectation of maximum harvest energy is few hundred mW from a small panel being used in the experimentation. The research has direct application on the heat extraction systems being used in the Aeronautical facilities as well. This work is innovative in nature and can be applied to modify the PV panel installed in various businesses, homes, and residential structures for increased electricity generation.

ABSTRACT. Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing forms of renewable energy which can be extracted using a wind turbines such as the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs). All HAWT systems must go through experimental characterization for performance assessments. For this purpose, highly specialized wind units are employed. In this research a testing procedure has been evolved for characterizing the various HAWT configurations under variable operating conditions by using the Eolic Energy Units (EEEC). This research aims at developing comparative performance characterization curves for the EEEC unit by using the design of experiment (DoE) approach applied to HAWT system. The experiments for characterization have been conducted under different load and no-load conditions. The input parameters that include blade angles, the number of blades, and wind speeds have also been varied. Moreover, the results have been verified and validated through analytical calculations by using the Blade Element and Momentum (BEM) theory and computational analysis on ANSYS CFX. Substantial number of performance characteristic curves have been developed with good conformance of results.

ABSTRACT. Aluminium alloys have become the most common material for structural components in most engineering fields because of their unique properties. At some point during the manufacturing process, the material must be drilled to create holes for bolts or fasteners that will be used to attach or join other components. Drilling must be optimised in terms of quality and precision in order to meet the industry's high standards, as there is a high rejection rate due to these factors. By adjusting the key drilling parameters, it would be possible to save money, time, and effort while enhancing the quality. This study dives into the impact of cutting parameters and coolant on drilling Al6082-T6 aluminium alloy. The focus rests on addressing issues related to internal surface roughness. Experiments were conducted both dry and wet using CNC machines and HSS drills with varying spindle speeds (v) and feed rates (f). ANOVA analysis was used to pinpoint the influence of factors on surface roughness. A comparison is made between drilling with and without coolant. Results reveal that feed rate affects surface roughness, while spindle speed was minimal. Optimal parameters for improved surface roughness were v = 4500 rpm and f = 150 mm/min in dry drilling. Notably, drilling conditions (dry/wet) have the greatest impact (28.8%) on surface finish, followed by spindle speed and feed rate.

ABSTRACT. Abstract: Due to the extensive availability of data in education, it is now common practice to analyze data in order to uncover patterns and important knowledge. They can be applied to develop strategies and policy aimed at enhancing educational outcomes. The importance of a data science and machine learning research technique is growing in the field of education, particularly when it comes to predicting results. In this study, a machine learning model called multiple linear regression is employed to forecast the academic performance of the students. Using multiple linear regression techniques, a case study of foundation students' performance on the final test is provided. so that we can identify the students who are less capable and take the appropriate steps to enhance the outcomes. Also try to find out different performance criteria.