Talk Keyword Index

TALK KEYWORD INDEX

This page contains an index consisting of author-provided keywords.

Shortcuts: '-1 2 3 4 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y

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'Artificial reef'	Experimental and Numerical Study on Local Scour around Artificial Reefs
'Breakwater'	Experimental study on a new type of floating breakwater with wave energy conversion
'Hydraulic model experiment'	Experimental and Numerical Study on Local Scour around Artificial Reefs
'Local scour'	Experimental and Numerical Study on Local Scour around Artificial Reefs
'Numerical modeling'	Experimental and Numerical Study on Local Scour around Artificial Reefs
'Response Amplitude Operator'	Experimental study on a new type of floating breakwater with wave energy conversion
'Wave energy converter'	Experimental study on a new type of floating breakwater with wave energy conversion
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- 2D Inundation Model	An Impact-Based Framework for Identifying Critical Manholes Contributing to Urban Underground Flooding
- Climate change	Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Change by Erosion under Climate Change
- Manhole Impact Assessment	An Impact-Based Framework for Identifying Critical Manholes Contributing to Urban Underground Flooding
- Nature-based Solutions	Development of an Integrated Modeling Framework to Support Decision-Making for NbS-Based Watershed Sediment Management
- Physically based model	Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Change by Erosion under Climate Change
- Process based model	Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Change by Erosion under Climate Change
- Rainfall-Runoff-Sediment Yield	Development of an Integrated Modeling Framework to Support Decision-Making for NbS-Based Watershed Sediment Management
- Soil erosion	Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Change by Erosion under Climate Change
- Soil Erosion and Deposition	Development of an Integrated Modeling Framework to Support Decision-Making for NbS-Based Watershed Sediment Management
- Soil organic carbon	Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Change by Erosion under Climate Change
- Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics	Development of an Integrated Modeling Framework to Support Decision-Making for NbS-Based Watershed Sediment Management
- Storm Water Management Model	An Impact-Based Framework for Identifying Critical Manholes Contributing to Urban Underground Flooding
- Underground Inundation	An Impact-Based Framework for Identifying Critical Manholes Contributing to Urban Underground Flooding
- Urban Flooding	An Impact-Based Framework for Identifying Critical Manholes Contributing to Urban Underground Flooding
-Collective irrigation network	Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes: Baseline Assessment and Experimental Pilot Sites for Technical, Digital, and Sustainable Modernization
-HEC HMS	Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes: Baseline Assessment and Experimental Pilot Sites for Technical, Digital, and Sustainable Modernization
-Hydrological and hydraulic modeling	Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes: Baseline Assessment and Experimental Pilot Sites for Technical, Digital, and Sustainable Modernization
-IBER	Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes: Baseline Assessment and Experimental Pilot Sites for Technical, Digital, and Sustainable Modernization
1
1-minute rainfall data	Development of Short-Duration Rainfall Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) Curves Using 1-minute Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Data: A Case Study in Seoul, Korea
1. Drop shaft	Integrated Hydraulic and Numerical Analysis for the Effectiveness Assessment of Urban Flood Defense Infrastructure
1D-2D coupled model	Accelerating Urban Flood Simulation for Real-Time Forecasting: A Hybrid GPU-CPU Coupled Model approach
1D-2D Flood modeling	Numerical Study on Urban Drainage Performance and Flood Inundation Modeling in Kampung Alor, Dili, Timor-Leste
1D–2D Coupled Model	Urban flood Forecasting with composite roughness technique
2
2. Urban flood defense infrastructure	Integrated Hydraulic and Numerical Analysis for the Effectiveness Assessment of Urban Flood Defense Infrastructure
2D flow analysis	Validation of 2D Flow Analysis in a Natural River using Non-contact Measurement Technologies
2D flow simulation	Influence of DEM Resolution on 2D Flow Simulation of Channels with Centerline Vegetation Patches
2D HEC-RAS	Multi-metric flood hazard assessment and uncertainty analysis in the Ōta River Basin using XRAIN-driven 2D HEC-RAS
2D hydraulic modeling	2D Hydraulic modeling of the lower Var valley: codes benchmark and update of strategies
3
3-way junction manhole	Experimental Study on Energy Loss Characteristics of Surcharged 3-Way Junction Manholes
3. Hydraulic experiment	Integrated Hydraulic and Numerical Analysis for the Effectiveness Assessment of Urban Flood Defense Infrastructure
3D numerical model	Numerical Investigation of Complex Flow Structures around Bridge under Extreme Hydrologic Conditions
3D numerical simulation	Analysis of slug formation and frequency using 3D numerical model
3D printing	Carbon-Based Composite Filaments for FDM: A Review of Processing–Structure–Property Relationships
4
4. Numerical modeling	Integrated Hydraulic and Numerical Analysis for the Effectiveness Assessment of Urban Flood Defense Infrastructure
4K-Camera	A Hybrid YOLOv8 and LLaVA Framework for Analyzing Human Behavior in Riverine Environments
4R framework	Evaluating Urban Flood Resilience using a Flood Defense Index (FDI) and 4R Components
A
abandoned paddy field	Effects of the Spatial Configuration of Abandoned Paddy Fields on Peak Discharge Reduction in Small River Floodplains with Open Levees
Accumulation stability and failure	Hydraulic Mechanisms and Stability of Flood-Driven Floating Debris Accumulation at Hydraulic Structures
Accuracy assessments	Reducing Uncertainty in Accuracy Assessments of Satellite_measured Significant Wave Heights
Acoustic Backscatter	Performance Evaluation of Acoustic Instruments for Suspended Sediment Detection and Concentration Estimation Potential
Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter	Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Development over Rough Sand Beds in Open Channels
Adaptation	Smart Waterfront: Integrating predictive systems and advanced sensing feedback technology for effective monitoring of urbanised coastlines
Adaptation Strategy	From Climate Projections to Local Adaptation. An integrated assessment of the Ceira River Basin in Portugal
adaptive capacity	An Integrated Mixed Method Adaptive Capacity Framework for Strengthening Urban Flood Resilience in Malaysia
adaptive capacity framework	An Integrated Mixed Method Adaptive Capacity Framework for Strengthening Urban Flood Resilience in Malaysia
Adaptive flood control	A Paradigm Shift in Urban Flood Management Based on Spatial Detention Technologies Using Urban Surface Space
Adaptive gating	Variable-Agnostic Masked-Transfer Learning Framework for Multi-Station River Water Level Prediction Using Transformer Networks
Adaptive Management	Environmental Flow and Adaptive Management of River Water in Korea
ADCP	Performance Evaluation of Acoustic Instruments for Suspended Sediment Detection and Concentration Estimation Potential
ADCSWAN optimazation	Development of pre-optimized ADCSWAN models for non-typhoon extreme wave forecasts
Adrian Law Wing Keung	Spatial Field Monitoring of Surface Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport for Coastal Protection
Adsorption	Carbon-Based Composite Filaments for FDM: A Review of Processing–Structure–Property Relationships
Adsorption–oxidation hybrid system	Sustained Removal of PFAS and Pharmaceuticals Using a UV-Regenerable Fe-PAC Hybrid System at Pilot Scale
Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing (AFDM)	Overcoming Doppler-Induced Degradation in Ocean Sensing and Communication via Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing
agent-based modelling	A Phase-Adaptive Multi-Objective Evacuation Optimisation Framework Integrating Hydraulic Simulation and Agent-Based Modelling for Urban Flooding
Agentic AI	A Practical Framework for Integrating MLOps and Agentic AI into Deep Learning Flood Prediction
Aggregation–decomposition	A Hierarchical Deferred Hedging Strategy with Release Threshold Optimization for Multi-Objective Reservoir Operation
aging reservoirs	Integrated AIoT Monitoring for Aging Reservoirs: Field Demonstration for Early Warning
Agricultural drought	Evaluating the Continuity of MODIS and VIIRS NDVI for Agricultural Drought Assessment in South Korea Satellite-Based Assessment of Agricultural Drought Impacts Using the MODIS-Derived Drought Severity Index
Agricultural fields	Quantifying the Variability of BMP Effectiveness for Nutrient Reduction in Upland Fields Under SSP-Based Climate Change Scenarios
Agricultural reservoir	Analysis of Downstream Inundation Following Dam Break of an Agricultural Reservoir under Climate Change Scenarios in Korea Metabolic Response to pH Variation in Freshwater Reservoirs Calibration of Clark Unit Hydrograph Parameters (tc and K) in the Upstream Watershed of Gwansan Reservoir Development of a Exploration Technique for Agricultural Reservoir Embankments Using Precision Drones
Agricultural Reservoir Measurement Data	A Study on Optimizing Rainfall Forecasts Based on Agricultural Reservoir Measurement Data
Agricultural reservoirs	An Integrated Approach to Flood-Season Water Level Management for Agricultural Reservoirs Water Budget–Based Short-Term Prediction of Reservoir Storage Dynamics under Extreme Rainfall Validity Assessment of Flood-Control Target Reservoir Screening Criteria for Agricultural Reservoirs: A Nationwide Database-Based Analysis A Study on Optimizing Rainfall Forecasts Based on Agricultural Reservoir Measurement Data Necessity for Improving the Quantitative Downstream Disaster Risk Assessment System for Agricultural Reservoirs
agricultural return flow	Characteristics of Water Temperature Variability in Rivers and Paddy Field Channels in the Middle Reaches of the Nagara River
Agricultural water return flow	Estimation of Agricultural Water Return Flow Based on Field Monitoring and EPA-SWMM Modeling in Korea
Agricultural weir	Water Quality Characteristics of Stagnant versus Flowing Zones at an Agricultural Weir in Geumseong Stream, Yeongsan River Basin, South Korea
agriculture	Observations on Agriculture in Areas Prone to Frequent Flooding
AI	AI-Based Surrogate Modeling for Watershed Flood and Sediment Prediction: A Case Study of the Shihmen Reservoir, Taiwan AI-Informed Hydroinformatics for Urban Flood Prediction: GPU Hydrodynamics, Data Assimilation, Super-Resolution, and Surrogate Modeling A Study on Optimization Techniques for Improving the Accuracy of AI-Based River Water Level Prediction Models Temporal Downscaling of Rainfall Time Series using Advanced Deep Learning Algorithm in South Korea
AI machine learning	Comparing machine learning algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in the surface of inland water body utilizing multispectral satellite data
AI-based dam operation	Development and Validation of a Precision Forecast-AI based Integrated Watershed Flood Management Technology
AI-based virtual sensor	Development of performance evaluation methods for physical and virtual sensors for detecting abnormal conditions in water resources facilities
AI-driven hydrological prediction	AI-Driven Real-time Measured Data based Flood Early Warning System in Small Stream
AI-powered hydrologic systems	EXTREME RAINFALL IMPACTS ON HAPPY VALLEY UNDERGROUND STORMWATER STORAGE SCHEME: A CLIMATE-ADJUSTED PERFORMANCE REVIEW
AIoT field sensing	Integrated AIoT Monitoring for Aging Reservoirs: Field Demonstration for Early Warning
Algae Control Agents	Comparative Analysis of Water Quality Impacts by Algae Control Agents in Mesocosm Experiments: Algaecidal vs. Flocculating Mechanisms
Algal bloom prediction	Chlorophyll-a Prediction in Streams using a Hybrid Hydrological-Deep Learning Model
Alpine mass movement	Hydrological Functioning and Hydraulic Risk Assessment of the La Clapière Landslide (Tinée Valley, France)
Alternate sandbars	Effects of Flood Hydrograph Shape on the Migration and Development of Alternate Sandbars
Alternating bars	Experimental Study on Alternating Bar Formation, Development, and Migration under Uniform and Non-Uniform Sediment in Steep-Slope Channels
Amazon River Basin	Enhancing the Spatial Resolution of Climate Model Rainfall Using Deep Learning in the Amazon River Basin
AMSR2	Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Moisture in Mongolia Inferred from Field Measurements and Satellite Observations
Analytical Modeling	Frequency-Domain Analysis of FPV Dynamics With Coupled Hydrodynamic and Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects
Ancestral Irrigation Canals	Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes Region : Current Situation and Pilot Projects Aimed at Technical, Digital and Sustainable Modernisation
ANN	Analysis of the impact of ensemble model utilizing multiple artificial intelligence models on improving groundwater level prediction
Anomalous transport	The Effect of Sinuosity on Microplastic Transport in Meandering Channels
anomaly detection	Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Near-Term Risk Forecasting for River Drainage Pump Stations
Anthropocene process	Sedimentary Environments in the Nobi Plain in Central Japan: Using Pb-210 Dating Methods Exploring the Effects of Natural and Social Conditions during the Anthropocene
anthropogenic activities	Estimation of Naturalized Flow Duration Curves for the Gamcheon Stream, South Korea
Anthropogenic-climatic drivers	Assessing the variations of the available flood storage capacity in a flood retention basin due to the changing environment
APEX Model	Application of machine learning to develop an APEX meta-model for simulating phosphorus loss from croplands Quantifying the Variability of BMP Effectiveness for Nutrient Reduction in Upland Fields Under SSP-Based Climate Change Scenarios
AQUAscat 1000R	Performance Evaluation of Acoustic Instruments for Suspended Sediment Detection and Concentration Estimation Potential
Aquatic Ecosystem Health	Stream2Vec: learning river-network connectivity structure from barrier passability with a self-supervised graph transformer
aquatic plant	Characteristics and changes of major rivers’ aquatic plants using the National Census on River Environments in Japan
Aquifer Dynamics	An Analytical Framework for Aquifer Characterization using Mean Action Time (MAT)
Ariake sea	INVESTIGATION OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN WATER TEMPERATURE OF RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE INNER PART OF THE ARIAKE SEA
Arid inland river basin	From Trade-offs to Synergies: Ecosystem Service Responses to Integrated Water Resources Management in the Haba River Basin
Armor configuration	Experimental investigation on wave overtopping rate of horizontal composite breakwaters
Arrival time	Prediction of maximum tsunami height and arrival time using machine learning and inverse variance weighting
Artificial fiber	Microbial community characteristics in a floating constructed wetland using artificial fiber and ceramsite as substrates
Artificial intelligence	Applicability Analysis of Time-Series-Based AI Forecasting Models for Potential Evapotranspiration Prediction Scenario-Augmented LSTM for Water Level Forecasting under Extreme Flood Conditions AI-Based Risk Prediction and Assessment for Small-Scale River Facilities: Effects of Integrating Risk Assessment Items and Auxiliary Indicators
Artificial Intelligence (AI)	Smart Stormwater Management, AI and Smart Sensor-Based Approach- Case from New Zealand
Artificial Intelligence(AI)	Development and Application of an AI-Based Autonomous Control System for the MLE Process
Artificial Neural Network	Practical Prediction Method for Inflow to Dams with Insufficient Training Data by Machine Learning and Similar Basins Selecting Application of an Artificial Neural Network–Based Model for Predicting Annual Floating Debris at Multipurpose Dams
Arundo donax var. angustifolia	Evaluation of total nitrogen control effect and ecological product value of polyploid Arundo donax var. angustifolia in shallow mountainous area of Loess Plateau
Ashikita Port	Mechanisms of Diurnal Variation of pCO2 in a Coastal Water with Eelgrass: Field Measurements in Ashikita Port, Japan
Assembled boulders	Experimental Investigation on Riverbed Protection Utilizing Seepage Flow Downstream of Bridge Piers Relationship between seepage flow velocity and void space inside gravels for several sizes of gravels Countermeasures Against Riverbed Scouring Focusing on Seepage Flow Inside Boulders Downstream of Movable Weir Experimental Investigation on the Appropriate Spacing of Step and Pool Structures in Channelized River
Asset management	Suggestion for Classification of River Facilities and Asset Management Directions
Assimilation frequency	Joint Effects of Observation Network Design and Assimilation Frequency on Streamflow Prediction in Distributed Hydrological Models
Atmospheric Rivers	Contrasting Hydrometeorological Drivers of Extreme Flooding in New Zealand: Cyclone Gabrielle and the Mangawhai Flash Flood
Attention mechanism	An interpretable deep learning approach for river water quality prediction
attention-based learning	A Hybrid Transformer–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model (Transformer-BiLSTM) for Multi-Station Water-Level Forecasting in an Urban Watershed with Minute-Resolution Data
Autoformer	Forecasting Compound Drought and Heatwaves in South Korea Using LSTM with Multi-Resolution Approach and Autoformer Model
Automated Hydrological Observation	Development and On-Site Validation of a Locally Customized Smart Staff Gauge for Developing Countries
Automated sediment analysis	Automating Riverbed Sediment Surveys with Image-Based 3D Reconstruction
Automatic Weather Station(AWS)	Development of Short-Duration Rainfall Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) Curves Using 1-minute Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Data: A Case Study in Seoul, Korea
Autonomous Control	Development and Application of an AI-Based Autonomous Control System for the MLE Process
Auxiliary indicators	AI-Based Risk Prediction and Assessment for Small-Scale River Facilities: Effects of Integrating Risk Assessment Items and Auxiliary Indicators
Auxiliary spillway conduit	CFD Modeling of Open-Channel Flow Dynamics in an Auxiliary Spillway Conduit
Available flood storage capacity	Assessing the variations of the available flood storage capacity in a flood retention basin due to the changing environment
B
Backscattering Coefficient	Analysis of Levee Surface Conditions Using Sentinel-1 SAR Backscattering Coefficient
Backwater effects	Hydro-Mechanical Consideration of the Factors Contributing to Revetment Failure During an August 2025 Flood Event in the Tidal Channel of the Amikake River, Kagoshima, Japan
Baisha Bay sandy beach	Study on the Variation Characteristics of Beach Profile in Baisha Bay Sandy Beach under Continuous Multiple Typhoons
bank full flow	The role of bank-full flow estimation in habitat protection. Poland case study.
Bank Migration	Numerical Investigation of River Meander Morphodynamics: An Enhanced 2D Modelling
Bankside vegetation patches	Effects of Riparian Vegetation Patch Location and Vertical Structure on Bulk Flow Resistance and Turbulent Flow Characteristics
Baseline data	Construction and operation of ground soil moisture measurement equipment for satellite observation calibration
basin flood control	Observations on Agriculture in Areas Prone to Frequent Flooding
Basin-scale flood mitigation	Evaluation of a Traditional Decentralized Water Management Practice “Motase” for Pluvial Flood Mitigation
Basin-wide Flood Control	Impact of River and Drainage Network Representation on the Reproducibility of Simultaneous Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding Using an Integrated Model
Bayesian Networks	System Reliability Assessment of Flood Control Level of Service (LOS) using Bayesian Networks: Integrating Hydrological, Mechanical, and Operational Uncertainties
Bayesian optimization	Integrating Multi-scale Observations and Bayesian Optimization to Improve CLM5 Carbon Flux Simulations in a Constructed Riverine Wetland, South Korea
Bayesian Search	Development of an AI-Based Flood Forecasting System for Practical Application in Typhoon Committee Member Countries
beach profiles	Study on the Variation Characteristics of Beach Profile in Baisha Bay Sandy Beach under Continuous Multiple Typhoons
BEAST algorithm	Trend Analysis of Maximum Dew Point in Korea using the BEAST Algorithm
bed disturbance	A Multi-Stage Discharge Approach to Characterizing Sediment Mobility and Bed Disturbance in Gravel-Bed Rivers
Bed instability	Swash interaction characteristics and bed instability in double dam-break generated flow: OpenFOAM Simulations on a Rough Impermeable Bed.
Bed Material	Spatial Characteristics of Bed Material Sorting in Meandering Channels According to Transverse Structure Arrangement
Bed morphology	Flow and Bed Morphological Responses to a Finite Vegetation Patch under Mobile-Bed Conditions
Bed Relief Index(BRI)	Effects of Vegetation Density and Flood Magnitude on River Hydraulics and Morphodynamics: A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study
Bed shear stress	Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Distribution and Bed Shear Stress in a Meandering Compound Channel Assessment of Riverbed Disturbance Tendencies Based on Bed Shear Stress Responses under Multi-Stage Discharge Conditions Three-Dimensional Flood Flow Analysis Considering Bamboo Lodging and Woody Vegetation Washout Based on Airborne LiDAR Data and the Dupuit–Forchheimer Drag Model
Bed variation modeling	Evaluation of the Applicability and Limitations of One-Dimensional Bed Variation Modeling for Post-Flood Sediment Dynamics in the Takatoki River
Bed-load transport	Application of Deep Learning-based YOLO to PTV for High-Accuracy Tracking of Bed-Load Sediment Particles
Bedload	Rescaling Shields stress using channel slope to mitigate uncertainty in bedload estimation
bedload transport	Applicability and Limitations of Fixed-Bed 2D Unsteady Flow Analysis for Bedload Transport: Comparison with Movable-Bed Simulations Upstream of the Funagira Dam
Bedload transport rate	Assessment of Riverbed Disturbance Tendencies Based on Bed Shear Stress Responses under Multi-Stage Discharge Conditions
Bending morphology	Experimental Study on Flow-induced Bending and Resistance Reconfiguration of Submerged Flexible Vegetation
Benthic macroinvertebrate sensitivity	Assessing Cumulative Turbidity Stress on Riverine Biota under Increasing Hydrologic Variability
Bidirectional coupling	A bidirectional hydrologic and hydrodynamic coupling model to predict the urban compound flood hazards induced by tropical cyclones
Bidirectional temporal convolutional network	Knowledge Graph–Physics Fusion Bidirectional Temporal Convolutional Modeling for Flood Regulation Simulation
BiLSTM	A Hybrid Transformer–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model (Transformer-BiLSTM) for Multi-Station Water-Level Forecasting in an Urban Watershed with Minute-Resolution Data
Bioaccumulation prediction model	Development of a biotic ligand–toxicokinetics model based on interspecies extrapolation for predicting cadmium bioaccumulation in Glyptotendipes tokunagai
Biocha	Carbon-Based Composite Filaments for FDM: A Review of Processing–Structure–Property Relationships
BIOECODS	Applications of On-Site Stormwater Systems for Water Reuse: Assessing BIOECODS Pond-Based Rainwater Harvesting
Biofilm	Microplastic Deposition on Biologically Cohesive Sediment Over Bare Bed and Within Emergent Canopies
Biogeomorphic feedback	Vegetation Patch-Induced Morphodynamics: Leveraging Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Green River Transition
Biota-Sediment accumulation factor	Development of a biotic ligand–toxicokinetics model based on interspecies extrapolation for predicting cadmium bioaccumulation in Glyptotendipes tokunagai
bivariate copulas	A Bivariate Copula Model for Future Simulation of Precipitation from Temperature Projections
blue carbon	Mechanisms of Diurnal Variation of pCO2 in a Coastal Water with Eelgrass: Field Measurements in Ashikita Port, Japan
Blue-Green-Grey drainage system	Evaluating Urban Flood Resilience using a Flood Defense Index (FDI) and 4R Components
BMP effectiveness	Quantifying the Variability of BMP Effectiveness for Nutrient Reduction in Upland Fields Under SSP-Based Climate Change Scenarios
Boundary condition	Non-uniform suspended sediment transport in turbulent free surface flows under non-equilibrium conditions
Boundary conditions	Improving the Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Models Using Riemann Invariants
Boussinesq wave model	Modeling Random Wave Transformation and Dissipation over Varying Bathymetry Using FUNWAVE-TVD
Braided channel	Channel Planform Dynamics in Braided Rivers Under Flood-Induced Vegetation Loss
Breaking onset	Laboratory Study of Plunging and Spilling Breaking Waves considering Bubble Kinematics
Breakwaters	Integrated LiDAR and Vision-Based System for Field Monitoring of Wave Overtopping
Bridge Hydraulics	Hydraulic Characteristics of Debris at Bridge Under Extreme Flood Conditions: An Experimental Study
Bridge piers	Experimental Investigation on Riverbed Protection Utilizing Seepage Flow Downstream of Bridge Piers
bridge section	Analysis of the Influence of Wind on Water Surface Velocity in a Bridge Section of a River
Buckingham-π analysis	Time‑Dependent Local Scour Downstream of a Fixed‑Bed Structure: Flume Measurements and Exner–Based Morphodynamic Modeling
Building-Induced Hydraulic Resistance	Urban flood Forecasting with composite roughness technique
Building-scale simulation	Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Cost Saving for Potential Greywater Reuse and Pico-Hydropower Generation in a High-Rise Building
Buildup-Washoff	Quantification of Rainfall–Runoff-Driven Microplastic Inflows to a River Using a Catchment-Scale Water Quality Model
Bulk flow resistance	Effects of Riparian Vegetation Patch Location and Vertical Structure on Bulk Flow Resistance and Turbulent Flow Characteristics
C
CA-MLP	Land Cover Change Prediction Using a CA-MLP Model with Neighborhood Patterns and Topographic Accessibility Factors
calculation model	Study on ecological compensation standard for networked water diversion based on water value flow
calibration and validation	Multi-Sensor UAV Observations for Soil Moisture Downscaling and Inter-Comparison with NISAR Soil Moisture
Calm zone	Countermeasures Against Lakeshore Erosion Caused by Seepage Flow Inside Mount-Shaped Riprap
Cambodia	Improving Spatial Resolution of Precipitation Under Climate Change Using Deep Learning-Based Super-Resolution for Fine-Resolution Hydrological Modeling
Carbon credit	Examining economical value of photovoltaic green roof solutions Green roofs as climate resilience assets: increased benefits in humid subtropical settings
Carbon Cycle	Carbon Cycle Dynamics in Korean Riverine Wetlands under Future Climate Scenarios using the CLM-FATES
Carbon dioxide reduction	Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Cost Saving for Potential Greywater Reuse and Pico-Hydropower Generation in a High-Rise Building
Carbon emissions	Comparison and Evaluation of Energy Consumption in the Water Use Cycle in Korea
Carbon fluxes	Integrating Multi-scale Observations and Bayesian Optimization to Improve CLM5 Carbon Flux Simulations in a Constructed Riverine Wetland, South Korea
carbon sequestration	Nature-Based Low-Impact Development Solutions for Stormwater Management, Urban Heat Mitigation, and Carbon Sequestration
Carbonation Model	Unveiling Safety Bias in River Sluice Gates: A Dual-Track Risk Assessment for Ensuring Functional Reliability
Cascade Effect	Stream2Vec: learning river-network connectivity structure from barrier passability with a self-supervised graph transformer
Cascade reservoirs	Cumulative thermal impacts of rivers by cascades reservoirs revealed through deep learning–based reconstruction
Cascading reservoirs	Assessment of Flood Characteristics in a Cascading Dam System under 720 Ensemble Years of Future Climate Scenarios Using a Deep Learning-based Model
Case study analysis	Case study for social implementation of collaborative nature restoration in rivers
catchment area	Updating Sedimentation Management in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area Implementation of Infiltration Well in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area to Reliving the Water Springs during Drought Season
catchment-scale	Catchment-Scale Nature-Based Framework for Managing Stormwater under Climate Extremes in Tropical Regions: Insights from the RainS-TECH Project
Cavitation erosion	Effect of particle shielding on cavitation erosion mitigation in hyper-concentrated sediment flows
CCTV Image Analysis	Automated Generation Framework for Microscopic Time-Series Urban Inundation Data from CCTV Imagery using Fixed Visual References
CCTV-based monitoring	Continuous 3D Monitoring of Suspended Sediment Mixing Patterns Using CCTV-Based Hyperspectral Imaging
CE-QUAL-W2	Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change-Induced Physicochemical Changes on the Formation of the Metalimnetic Oxygen Minimum Layer in Lake Soyang
Ceira River Basin	From Climate Projections to Local Adaptation. An integrated assessment of the Ceira River Basin in Portugal
Central Asia	Spatio-Temporal Changes of Kazakhstan's River Flow Regimes
Ceramsite	Microbial community characteristics in a floating constructed wetland using artificial fiber and ceramsite as substrates
CFD	Influence of turbulence models and wall boundary conditions on prediction of oscillating hydraulic jump at a drop structure with a trench
CFD–DEM	Role of Wake-Induced Coherent Turbulence in Sediment Entrainment Around a Circular Pile
CFD–VOF simulations	Predicting Flood and Debris Flow Behaviour in Hobart’s Natural Channels: The Role of Obstacle Spacing Effects of Obstacle Arrangement and Channel Slope on Water Floods and Viscoplastic Debris Flow Dynamics in Idealised Channels
Channel blockage	Simulation of the impact of cross-section blockage on flood water levels in a small mountain stream
channel geometry	Assessing the Reliability of Satellite-Derived Digital Terrain Models for Channel Characterization for Flood Simulation in Steep, Data-Limited Regions
Channel morphodynamics	Experimental Investigation of Sediment Sorting Associated in a Vegetated Channel
Channel network scaling	Scale-Invariant Behavior of Total Source Basin Area and Regime Shifts between Ephemeral and Perennial Channel Networks
Channel realignment and stabilization	A Case Study on the Incorporation of a Confluence Basin into the Existing Waterways with Downstream Segment Reconfiguration in a Private Mixed-Use Development
Channel sinuosity	The Effect of Sinuosity on Microplastic Transport in Meandering Channels
Channelized river	Experimental Investigation on the Appropriate Spacing of Step and Pool Structures in Channelized River
Chlorophyll-a	Chlorophyll-a Prediction in Streams using a Hybrid Hydrological-Deep Learning Model Comparing machine learning algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in the surface of inland water body utilizing multispectral satellite data
Cilacap	Hydrodynamics and tidal asymmetrical in Cilacap-Segara Anakan estuary system
Circular Structure	Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients and Flow Type Transition Thresholds in Gated-Circular Shaped Structures
CLAHE	Research on Improving Object Detection Accuracy through Dynamic Adaptation of CLAHE Parameters
Clark unit hydrograph	Calibration of Clark Unit Hydrograph Parameters (tc and K) in the Upstream Watershed of Gwansan Reservoir
Classification	Super-Resolution Sentinel-2 Imagery to PlanetScope Using CNN: Application for River Morphology Classification
Climate	Smart Waterfront: Integrating predictive systems and advanced sensing feedback technology for effective monitoring of urbanised coastlines
Climate adaptation	Vegetation Patch-Induced Morphodynamics: Leveraging Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Green River Transition Multi-Indicator Framework for Assessing Coastal Groundwater Resilience: Integrating Critical Slowing Down Theory with Information-Theoretic Metrics Repurposing stormwater tanks for rainwater reuse: A catchment scale approach to urban-runoff utilisation.
Climate adjusted design	EXTREME RAINFALL IMPACTS ON HAPPY VALLEY UNDERGROUND STORMWATER STORAGE SCHEME: A CLIMATE-ADJUSTED PERFORMANCE REVIEW
Climate change	From Climate Projections to Local Adaptation. An integrated assessment of the Ceira River Basin in Portugal Adaptive Water Management in a Volcanic Basin: Climate Change and Governance Strategies for Indonesia Emas 2045 Future Changes in Typhoon Characteristics Affecting the Philippines Revealed by Deep Learning Cluster-Matching Model and Large Ensemble Climate Data Large ensemble-based rainfall frequency analysis using Stochastic Storm Transposition: A case study of Northern Japan Assessment of Flood Characteristics in a Cascading Dam System under 720 Ensemble Years of Future Climate Scenarios Using a Deep Learning-based Model INVESTIGATION OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN WATER TEMPERATURE OF RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE INNER PART OF THE ARIAKE SEA Bridging High-Resolution Climate Projections and Local Impact Applications: A Quantile Delta Mapping Approach for Singapore’s V3 Dataset Hydrological modeling as a tool to identify and quantify potential storage areas for the valorization of stormwater runoff Assessing the Hydrological Performance of a Green Roof in Auckland Analysis of groundwater recharge under climate change using a multi-model ensemble Flood control operation of reservoir group under extreme autumn flood conditions in the Han River in 2025 Decoding Climate Change Impacts: An Interpretable Framework for Reconstructing Coastal Water Quality Dynamics Integrating real-time control with green-grey infrastructure optimization under multiple climate scenarios: a cost-effective strategy for urban flood mitigation Assessment of housing flood resilience and its enhancement measures Drought resistant operation of reservoir groups under extreme low water conditions: A Case Study of the Han River in 2025 Sand Dams as a Policy-Oriented Water Management Strategy for Water-Scarce and Underserved Regions: Implications for Developing Countries Quantifying the resilience of national adaptation plans under future climate uncertainty using integrated hydrological model Enhancing the Spatial Resolution of Climate Model Rainfall Using Deep Learning in the Amazon River Basin Enhancing Rainfall Gap Filling in Arid Regions Using Ensemble Fusion Models Multi-Index Identification of Drought Hotspots and Disaster Vulnerability Across the Korean Peninsula Under Climate Change Quantifying the Variability of BMP Effectiveness for Nutrient Reduction in Upland Fields Under SSP-Based Climate Change Scenarios Regional Weather Model–LSTM Approach for Estimating Extreme Droughts in a Korean Dam Basin Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change-Induced Physicochemical Changes on the Formation of the Metalimnetic Oxygen Minimum Layer in Lake Soyang Green roofs as climate resilience assets: increased benefits in humid subtropical settings Assessing SSP-Based climate change impacts on runoff responses under soil moisture conditions Seasonal Impacts of climate factors on groundwater variability in fractured rock aquifers of South Korea Advancing Climate Mitigation Frameworks through Phenological Dynamics Radiative and Physiological Impacts on Streamflow under Elevated CO₂ in Asian River Basins Improving Spatial Resolution of Precipitation Under Climate Change Using Deep Learning-Based Super-Resolution for Fine-Resolution Hydrological Modeling Spatio-Temporal Changes of Kazakhstan's River Flow Regimes Future projection of hypoxia in Lake Suwa, Japan, using meteorological and hydrodynamic-water-quality models Future Projections of Meteorological and Hydrological Components in the Nakdong River Basin under Climate Change Scenarios: Multi-GCM SSP Ensemble Analysis An enhanced eco-morphodynamic model incorporating climate-sensitive riparian vegetation processes Drought Impacts on Energy Generation within the Water–Energy Nexus Integrated Methodology to Assess Future Change of Exploitation Patterns on Hydro Reservoirs under Climate Change. The case of the Iberian Minho-Lima river basin Delineating hydrological homogeneous regions for rainfall regional frequency analysis using and clustering techniques based on recent rainfall data in South Korea Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Extreme Wave Overtopping at Coastal under Climate Change Case Study on the Application of Electrical Resistivity Survey for Functional Diagnosis of Cut-off Barriers in Groundwater Dams
Climate change adaptation	An Integrated MRV Framework for Carbon Mitigation and Climate Adaptation of Moss-Based Green Infrastructure: An Urban Ecotron Experimental Study Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes Region : Current Situation and Pilot Projects Aimed at Technical, Digital and Sustainable Modernisation Integrating Nature-Based Solutions into Policy Implementation: Empirical Evidence for Climate-Resilient Water Circulation Cities in South Korea Recent Advances in Earth Observation Satellites and Foundation Models for Hydrological Prediction and Analysis A Component-Based Evaluation of Regional Flood Resilience Using AHP–TOPSIS: Policy Implications for South Korea
Climate change impact	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions Quantifying Future Flood Risk under CMIP6 Climate Scenarios: A Case Study in the Miho River Basin, South Korea
Climate change impact and adaptation	Linking Climate Change to Urban Water Infrastructure Design: Recent Advances and Shortcomings in Downscaling of Extreme Hydrologic Processes
Climate Change Impacts	Mapping FutuFlood Regime Shifts in South Korea through a Multidimensional Flood Risk Index under IPCC AR6 Climate Scenarios Climate Change Impacts and Evaluation of Adaptation to Flooding in Japan
climate change mitigation	Examining economical value of photovoltaic green roof solutions
Climate change projections	Climate Change–Driven Intensification of Tropical Cyclone–Induced Storm Surges in Eastern Indonesia
Climate change scenario	Analysis of Downstream Inundation Following Dam Break of an Agricultural Reservoir under Climate Change Scenarios in Korea
Climate change scenarios	Future Wave Climate Projections in the Korean Sea Waters: A Multi-Model Approach Under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 Development and Validation of a Precision Forecast-AI based Integrated Watershed Flood Management Technology
Climate extreme	Observed Seasonal Changes in Compound Heatwave–Extreme Precipitation in South Korea
Climate mitigation	Advancing Climate Mitigation Frameworks through Phenological Dynamics
climate projecions	A Bivariate Copula Model for Future Simulation of Precipitation from Temperature Projections
Climate Resilience	From Probabilistic Statistical Models to AI Deep Learning Models: A Paradigm Shift in Hydrological Time-Series Forecasting and Spatial Downscaling for Climate Resilience From Science to Practice: Stress-Testing and Co-Designing Sponge Landscape Strategies for Climate Resilience in Europe
Climate Resilience and Adaptation	Community-Led Integrated Water Resource Management for Climate Resilience, Food Security, and Nature Conservation in Rural Nepal
Climate Resilient Landscapes	Towards Climate Resilient Landscapes: The Role of Interdisciplinary Knowledge for Successful Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions
Climate variability	Assessment of Drought-Period Water Supply Reliability of Sand Dams
Climatic variability	Evapotranspiration responses of a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system to different climatic year types in the North China Plain: Implications for climate-smart irrigation and agricultural water security
Cloud seeding	Establishment of Water Resource Management Strategies Using Cloud Seeding Experiment Results
Clustering	A Cluster-Based Machine Learning Framework for Water Level Prediction in Data-Limited Region Robust Regional Classification of Extreme Snowfall Events Using Probabilistic and Clustering Approaches in Korea
CMIP6	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions Bridging High-Resolution Climate Projections and Local Impact Applications: A Quantile Delta Mapping Approach for Singapore’s V3 Dataset Improving Long-Term Wave Projections via Extreme-Oriented Bias Correction
CNN	Rainfall correction and accuracy verification of numerical weather forecast models using CNN
Co-creation	From Science to Practice: Stress-Testing and Co-Designing Sponge Landscape Strategies for Climate Resilience in Europe
Coagulation	A Study on Water Quality Improvement of Estuarine Reservoirs Using the Coagulation-Filtration Method
coastal	Smart Waterfront: Integrating predictive systems and advanced sensing feedback technology for effective monitoring of urbanised coastlines Informing Coastal Flood Impact Mitigation Under Changing Environment
Coastal adaptation	Emerging technologies for predicting and mitigating coastal disasters and increasing resilience
Coastal aquifer	Title: Assessment of Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Using GALDIT Based on Long-Term Time-Series Data On Saltwater Intrusion and Subsequent Recovery Processes in Coastal Aquifers Induced by Tsunami Inundation
Coastal bathymetry	Frequency-Dependent Wave-Mode Weighting for Multi-Scale Depth Inversion
Coastal Change	Littoral Cell Classification along the East Coast of the Korean Peninsula Using Satellite-derived Shorelines and Unsupervised Learning
coastal engineering	Calibration-Free Stereo Imaging for Coastal Wave Field Reconstruction and Quantification of Wave Breaking
Coastal flooding risk	Increased Flooding Risk to Coastal Urban Roads from Storm Surges Coupled with Rising Sea Levels
Coastal groundwater	Multi-Indicator Framework for Assessing Coastal Groundwater Resilience: Integrating Critical Slowing Down Theory with Information-Theoretic Metrics
Coastal hazards	A global-scale coastal vulnerability assessment An Integrated Wave Forecasting and Digital Twin Visualization Framework for Coastal Hazard Preparedness: A Case Study of Qijin Port, Taiwan Integrated LiDAR and Vision-Based System for Field Monitoring of Wave Overtopping
coastal impact	Emerging technologies for predicting and mitigating coastal disasters and increasing resilience
Coastal monitoring	Integrated LiDAR and Vision-Based System for Field Monitoring of Wave Overtopping
Coastal Protection	The Influence of Algae Dynamics in Modelling the Growth of Seagrass as a Nature-Based Solution
Coastal sediment transport	Experimental Investigation of the Nonlinear Characteristics of Normalized Bed Shear Stress in Tsunami Bores
Coastal vulnerability	A global-scale coastal vulnerability assessment
Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI)	A global-scale coastal vulnerability assessment
Coastal Waters	Decoding Climate Change Impacts: An Interpretable Framework for Reconstructing Coastal Water Quality Dynamics
CoastSat	Multi-Decadal Shoreline Dynamics and Wave Climate Interaction along the Cox’s Bazar–Teknaf Coast, Bangladesh
Coating	A Study on the Mechanism and Countermeasures of Pitting Corrosion in the Steel Lining of a Headrace Tunnel
Coexistence of Farmers Around the Dam	Utilizing Dam floodplains & the Ministry of Environment's river basin land purchase system to improve the river water quality through an agricultural revolution
Coherent structures	Role of Wake-Induced Coherent Turbulence in Sediment Entrainment Around a Circular Pile
Collaborative nature restoration	Case study for social implementation of collaborative nature restoration in rivers
cological Resilience	Spatiotemporal Change and Scenario Simulation of Ecological Resilience in the Lower Yellow River Floodplain
Combined Sewer Overflows(CSOs)	Scenario-Based Simulation of Delayed Sluice Gate Operation for CSO Control in a Restored Urban Stream: Cheonggyecheon Case Study
COMCOT	Logic-Tree Based Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Deaggregation for the Eastern Coast of Korea
Communication	Overcoming Doppler-Induced Degradation in Ocean Sensing and Communication via Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing
Community Land Model(CLM)	Carbon Cycle Dynamics in Korean Riverine Wetlands under Future Climate Scenarios using the CLM-FATES
community resilience	Building Resilience Through Experience: Community Flood Perception and Awareness in Taman Sri Muda Before and After the 2021 Flood An Integrated Mixed Method Adaptive Capacity Framework for Strengthening Urban Flood Resilience in Malaysia
Community-Based and Inclusive Water Governance	Community-Led Integrated Water Resource Management for Climate Resilience, Food Security, and Nature Conservation in Rural Nepal
Community-based flood management	Evaluation of a Traditional Decentralized Water Management Practice “Motase” for Pluvial Flood Mitigation
Compactness	A Study on Evaluation Methods of Flow Resistance of Permeable Structures
Composite Manning’s Roughness	Urban flood Forecasting with composite roughness technique
Compound channel	Numerical Simulation of Flow Structures in a Large-Scale Compound Channel with Floodplain Vegetation using a Quasi-Three-Dimensional Calculation Model
Compound climate hazards	Observed Seasonal Changes in Compound Heatwave–Extreme Precipitation in South Korea Stochastic Daily Rainfall Generation Under Climate Nonstationarity: A Neural Network Framework for Extreme Rainfall and Drought–Flood Compound Hazards
Compound Drought heatwaves	Forecasting Compound Drought and Heatwaves in South Korea Using LSTM with Multi-Resolution Approach and Autoformer Model
Compound drought-heatwave events	Spatial Heterogeneity and Dependence Structure of Compound Drought–Heatwave Extremes across Eurasia
Compound Failure	System Reliability Assessment of Flood Control Level of Service (LOS) using Bayesian Networks: Integrating Hydrological, Mechanical, and Operational Uncertainties
Compound flood	A bidirectional hydrologic and hydrodynamic coupling model to predict the urban compound flood hazards induced by tropical cyclones
Compound flooding	A GNN-Based Surrogate Modeling framework for Compound Urban Flooding Diffflood: Attention-Augmented Diffusion Models for Compound Flood Inundation Map Super-Resolution in Coastal Cities
Compound heatwave–extreme precipitation events (CHWEP)	Observed Seasonal Changes in Compound Heatwave–Extreme Precipitation in South Korea
Computational Fluid Dynamics	Swash interaction characteristics and bed instability in double dam-break generated flow: OpenFOAM Simulations on a Rough Impermeable Bed. Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Development over Rough Sand Beds in Open Channels
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)	CFD Modeling of Open-Channel Flow Dynamics in an Auxiliary Spillway Conduit
Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)	Flow Regime Transitions and Geysering Onset in Deep Drainage Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional CFD Simulations
Computer vision	Feature-Based River Image Monitoring with Varying Illumination Image-to-Video Transferability of Water Segmentation Models for Real-Time Flood Monitoring Computer Vision–Based Assessment of Storm Drain Inlet Clogging for Mitigating Property-Scale Pluvial Flood Risk Deployment-Oriented Evaluation of a Mobile Edge AI Pipeline for Hazardous Object Detection as an Auxiliary Warning Layer in Coastal Environments
concentrating bypass flow	WAKE–SCOUR INTERACTION IN A SUBMERGED-TO-EMERGENT VEGETATION SEQUENCE: LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
Condition assessment	Hyperspectral Imaging–Based Condition Assessment of Dam Structures Safety
confluence	Numerical analysis of sandbar behavior at a river confluence
Confluence basin / detention pond	A Case Study on the Incorporation of a Confluence Basin into the Existing Waterways with Downstream Segment Reconfiguration in a Private Mixed-Use Development
Confluences	Application of T–C Diagram for Analyzing Mixing Behavior at River Confluences
constructed wetland	Analysis of Nitrogen Removal Driving Forces in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
construction	Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus
container throughput forecasting	LLM-Augmented Port Container Throughput Forecasting: A Systematic Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Neural Architectures with Exogenous Semantic Fusion
Contaminant movement tracking	Characterizing Dry Weather Flow Dynamics and Water Quality States in Urban Drainage Systems: A High-Frequency Multi-Parameter Approach
Contemporary Transformation	River Ethical Narratives and Contemporary Transformation of Water Conservancy Heritage
continuous monitoring	Integrated AIoT Monitoring for Aging Reservoirs: Field Demonstration for Early Warning
continuous multiple typhoons	Study on the Variation Characteristics of Beach Profile in Baisha Bay Sandy Beach under Continuous Multiple Typhoons
continuous slope–area method	Stage-segmented Manning’s Roughness Estimation and Discharge Computation Using the Continuous Slope–Area Method at an Automatic Gauging Station
Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) Boundary-layer processes	Title: PoLSAR and AI-Informed Analysis of Flood Impacts on Convective Available Potential Energy via Hydro-Atmospheric Coupling
copula model	A Bivariate Copula Model for Future Simulation of Precipitation from Temperature Projections
Copula modeling	Spatial Heterogeneity and Dependence Structure of Compound Drought–Heatwave Extremes across Eurasia
Copula-VAR	Copula-VAR Identification of Seasonal and Regulation-Induced Restructuring in Runoff-Sediment Dependence in the Middle Yellow River
Correction factors	Trend Analysis of Maximum Dew Point in Korea using the BEAST Algorithm
Corrosion resistance	A Study on the Mechanism and Countermeasures of Pitting Corrosion in the Steel Lining of a Headrace Tunnel
Cost saving	Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Cost Saving for Potential Greywater Reuse and Pico-Hydropower Generation in a High-Rise Building
Coupled hydrodynamic-wave modelling	Emerging technologies for predicting and mitigating coastal disasters and increasing resilience
Coupled Simulation Method	Dynamic simulation method for emergency flood control facilities
Coupled Wind–Wave Loading	Frequency-Domain Analysis of FPV Dynamics With Coupled Hydrodynamic and Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects
Coupling Mechanism	Study on the Coupling Mechanism Between Irrigation Engineering Heritage and Natural‑Humanistic Environment
Coverage rate	Experimental study of self-lining mechanisms in open-channels with triangular and square strip roughness elements
Cox’s Bazar coast	Multi-Decadal Shoreline Dynamics and Wave Climate Interaction along the Cox’s Bazar–Teknaf Coast, Bangladesh
Crack	Hyperspectral Imaging–Based Condition Assessment of Dam Structures Safety
Crack detection	Development of performance evaluation methods for physical and virtual sensors for detecting abnormal conditions in water resources facilities
crack identification	A Vision-Based Virtual Sensor Approach for Multi-Stage AI Crack Recognition in Water Infrastructure
Critical slowing down	Multi-Indicator Framework for Assessing Coastal Groundwater Resilience: Integrating Critical Slowing Down Theory with Information-Theoretic Metrics
critical water resources regulation	Determination and Application Practice of Drought-Limited Water Levels for Active Drought Defense
Cross-correlation	A Data-Driven Framework for Typhoon Fatality Risk Index Construction in Data-Scarce Regions
Cross-correlation analysis	Seasonal Impacts of climate factors on groundwater variability in fractured rock aquifers of South Korea
cross-regional transferability	Enhancing cross-regional transferability of deep learning-based flood surrogate models for data-scarce catchments
CRU-Net	Short-Term Urban Flood Prediction Using Coupled U-Net Based Deep Learning Rainfall and Inundation Models
Cumulative turbidity exposure	Assessing Cumulative Turbidity Stress on Riverine Biota under Increasing Hydrologic Variability
Curved channel	EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RERATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIUS OF CURVATURE AND LATERAL OVERFLOW ANGLE IN CURVED CHANNEL Analysis of Relationships Based on Straight Channels for Scour in a Curved Channel Downstream of a Weir Spatial Characteristics of Bed Material Sorting in Meandering Channels According to Transverse Structure Arrangement
Cyanobacterial bloom	Phytoplankton Community Shifts and Microcystin-LR During Cyanobacterial Blooms in Upstream Soyang Lake, Korea
Cyanobacterial blooms	Classification of Cyanobacterial Bloom Risk Levels in a Weir-Regulated River Using Machine Learning
Cyber-Physical System (CPS)	Development and Application of an AI-Based Autonomous Control System for the MLE Process
Cylinder wake	Role of Wake-Induced Coherent Turbulence in Sediment Entrainment Around a Circular Pile
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d4PDF	Future Changes in Typhoon Characteristics Affecting the Philippines Revealed by Deep Learning Cluster-Matching Model and Large Ensemble Climate Data Classification of Meteorological Fields Leading to Linear Rainfall Bands in Kyushu Using SOM and Their Future Projections
DAF	Microbubble Characteristics of DAF System to Remove Water Pollutants from Deep Rainwater Tunnel Outflow to River
Dam	Hyperspectral Imaging–Based Condition Assessment of Dam Structures Safety
Dam break	Analysis of Downstream Inundation Following Dam Break of an Agricultural Reservoir under Climate Change Scenarios in Korea
Dam inflow estimation	Development and Validation of a Precision Forecast-AI based Integrated Watershed Flood Management Technology
dam inflow prediction	Proposal for Inflow Prediction method applicable into Low flow to High flow Using the Elastic Net
Dam Safety	System Reliability Assessment of Flood Control Level of Service (LOS) using Bayesian Networks: Integrating Hydrological, Mechanical, and Operational Uncertainties
dam upstream reach	Applicability and Limitations of Fixed-Bed 2D Unsteady Flow Analysis for Bedload Transport: Comparison with Movable-Bed Simulations Upstream of the Funagira Dam
dam-break	Comparison and Development of Composite Numerical Schemes for Enhanced Accuracy and Stability in Long-Wave Equation Simulations
Dam-break experiments	Experimental Investigation of the Nonlinear Characteristics of Normalized Bed Shear Stress in Tsunami Bores
Dam-break flow	A Fully Implicit Discontinuous Galerkin Wet-Dry Scheme for Shallow Water Equations
dam-break problems	A Physics-Informed Neural Network Framework with Gradient-Weighted and Residual-Based Adaptive Refinement for Dam-Break Problems
Dam-Break Scenario	Flood Inundation Sensitivity to Runoff Characteristic Variability under Extreme Rainfall-Induced Dam-Break Scenarios
Dam-break simulation	Hydrological Functioning and Hydraulic Risk Assessment of the La Clapière Landslide (Tinée Valley, France)
Dams Inflow	Practical Prediction Method for Inflow to Dams with Insufficient Training Data by Machine Learning and Similar Basins Selecting
DART	Evaluating WRF-Hydro-DART Ensemble Data Assimilation for Streamflow Prediction in Regulated River Systems
data assimilation	Integrating Data Assimilation and Geospatial Interpolation for Three-Dimensional Water Temperature Prediction in Ogouchi Reservoir AI-Informed Hydroinformatics for Urban Flood Prediction: GPU Hydrodynamics, Data Assimilation, Super-Resolution, and Surrogate Modeling An Integrated Framework for Urban Flood Forecasting Using Physics-Guided AI and Ensemble Data Assimilation Estimation of Subsurface Turbulent Flow Structures from Water-Surface Data Using Sequential Data Assimilation Evaluating WRF-Hydro-DART Ensemble Data Assimilation for Streamflow Prediction in Regulated River Systems Evaluating the impact of spatiotemporal resolution in satellite-based soil moisture data assimilation on streamflow prediction
data management	Real-Time Risk Monitoring of Levee Junctions at River Drainage Pump Stations Using a Physical–Virtual Sensing System
Data preprocessing	Improving water quality prediction accuracy through outlier detection
Data scarce	A Cluster-Based Machine Learning Framework for Water Level Prediction in Data-Limited Region
Data-driven approach	A Machine learning-based Global Snow Water Equivalent dataset
data-driven modeling	A comparative framework for physics-based and data-driven streamflow modeling: Application to the Hoengseong Dam basin Data-driven exploration of depth–conductivity relationships in climate-sensitive peatland
Data-driven models	Improving water quality prediction accuracy through outlier detection
Data-Driven Prediction	Data-Driven Prediction of Domestic Water Demand Using LSTM Considering Socio-Economic and Climatic Conditions
Data-scarce regions	A Data-Driven Framework for Typhoon Fatality Risk Index Construction in Data-Scarce Regions
DCI	Evaluating the Continuity of MODIS and VIIRS NDVI for Agricultural Drought Assessment in South Korea
De-impermeabilization	De-Impermeabilization of an Urban Parking Lot and Stormwater Management in a French Mediterranean Pilot : Experimental Monitoring and Hydrological Modeling
Deaggregation	Logic-Tree Based Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Deaggregation for the Eastern Coast of Korea
Debris	Hydraulic Characteristics of Debris at Bridge Under Extreme Flood Conditions: An Experimental Study
Debris flow	Automatic Calibration of a Random Walk Model for Debris-Flow Runout Mapping
Decentralized water management	Evaluation of a Traditional Decentralized Water Management Practice “Motase” for Pluvial Flood Mitigation
Decision support system	2D Hydraulic modeling of the lower Var valley: codes benchmark and update of strategies A Study on Practical Restoration Strategies to Bridge the Connectivity Gap in Korean Small and Medium-sized Streams Development of Decision Support System for Early Detection and Response to Disaster in Water Resource Facilities
Deep Learing	An Operational AI Modeling Framework for Environmental Prediction in Estuarine Systems
Deep learning	National-Scale Inland Water Quality Trends in South Korea (2015-2024): Deep Learning Reconstruction at 30 m and 1 km Trend Analysis Future Changes in Typhoon Characteristics Affecting the Philippines Revealed by Deep Learning Cluster-Matching Model and Large Ensemble Climate Data A Data-driven Framework for Near-field Time-series Prediction of Landslide-generated Tsunamis Assessment of Flood Characteristics in a Cascading Dam System under 720 Ensemble Years of Future Climate Scenarios Using a Deep Learning-based Model LLM-Augmented Port Container Throughput Forecasting: A Systematic Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Neural Architectures with Exogenous Semantic Fusion An interpretable deep learning approach for river water quality prediction Physics-Guided Deep Learning for Spatiotemporal Downscaling of Urban Flood Predictions Integrating Process-Based Hydrological Modeling and Deep Learning to Project Glacier-Fed Runoff in the Tarim River Basin An Integrated Framework for Urban Flood Forecasting Using Physics-Guided AI and Ensemble Data Assimilation Integrating deep learning surrogates with model predictive control: A tractable framework for autonomous water network operation A Practical Framework for Integrating MLOps and Agentic AI into Deep Learning Flood Prediction Enhancing the Spatial Resolution of Climate Model Rainfall Using Deep Learning in the Amazon River Basin Impact of Incorporating Water Vapor Flux on the Accuracy of Deep Learning-Based River Water Level Prediction during Heavy Rainfall Comparison of Time and Spectral-Domain Deep Learning Denoising for Radar-Based Wave Estimation Comparative analysis of gridded and station-based meteorological data for deep learning-based streamflow prediction Integrating Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data and Deep Learning for High-Accuracy Prediction of Lake Water Quality Short-Term Urban Flood Prediction Using Coupled U-Net Based Deep Learning Rainfall and Inundation Models Improving Spatial Resolution of Precipitation Under Climate Change Using Deep Learning-Based Super-Resolution for Fine-Resolution Hydrological Modeling Deep Learning-based Segmentation of Riparian Zones using High-Resolution Planet Scope Imagery Application of Deep Learning-based YOLO to PTV for High-Accuracy Tracking of Bed-Load Sediment Particles A ConvLSTM-Based Deep Learning Surrogate Model for Real-Time Flood Inundation Mapping under Levee Breach Scenarios Deep Learning–Based River Discharge Estimation from Sentinel-1 SAR and GOCI-II Observations in the Han River Basin Integrated LiDAR and Vision-Based System for Field Monitoring of Wave Overtopping Cumulative thermal impacts of rivers by cascades reservoirs revealed through deep learning–based reconstruction
Deep Learning Model	From Probabilistic Statistical Models to AI Deep Learning Models: A Paradigm Shift in Hydrological Time-Series Forecasting and Spatial Downscaling for Climate Resilience
Deep neural network(DNN)	Developing an Artificial Intelligence–Based forecasting Technique for Water Level Estimation of Underground Urban Flooding Mitigation Facility
Deep stormwater drainage tunnels	Experimental investigation of ventilation shaft configuration effects on pressure transient stabilization in deep stormwater drainage tunnels
Deep-learning emulator	Emulating SWAN for Operational Coastal Waves with UNet++ and ConvLSTM
Deflected flow	Experimental Investigation on Riverbed Protection Utilizing Seepage Flow Downstream of Bridge Piers Countermeasures Against Riverbed Scouring Focusing on Seepage Flow Inside Boulders Downstream of Movable Weir
Deformation monitoring technologies	Review of the Deformation Mechanisms and Monitoring–Early Warning of Flexible Mattress Systems
Delay-Doppler	Overcoming Doppler-Induced Degradation in Ocean Sensing and Communication via Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing
DEM resolution	Influence of DEM Resolution on 2D Flow Simulation of Channels with Centerline Vegetation Patches
density current	Density Current Simulation Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method with Non-Uniform Lattices
Deposition	Microplastic Deposition on Biologically Cohesive Sediment Over Bare Bed and Within Emergent Canopies
Deposition and entrainment	Non-uniform suspended sediment transport in turbulent free surface flows under non-equilibrium conditions
Depth inversion	Frequency-Dependent Wave-Mode Weighting for Multi-Scale Depth Inversion
Depth-Area-Frequency(DAF)	Probabilistic Estimation of Depth-Area-Frequency Curves Using Copula Models for Extreme Rainfall Events in South Korea
depth-dependent properties	Data-driven exploration of depth–conductivity relationships in climate-sensitive peatland
depth-integrated model	Numerical Simulation of Flow Structures in a Large-Scale Compound Channel with Floodplain Vegetation using a Quasi-Three-Dimensional Calculation Model
Depth–velocity hazard	Hazard Analysis of Driving and Housing in Hitoyoshi City During the July 2020 Torrential Rainfall, Japan
Desalination	Salinity Management and Agricultural Water Supply in Tando Lake, Korea
Desalination Water	Salinity Management and Agricultural Water Supply in Tando Lake, Korea
desert	Development of soil and water management practices for rice cultivation in UAE desert environment
Design and evaluation	Hydraulic and Structural Design of a Water-Level-Adaptive Floating Debris Barrier: An Integrated Approach for River Applications
Detention basin	Experimental Analysis of Flood Mitigation Effects of a Detention Basin Side-Weir under Urban Flood Conditions
Developing countries	Sand Dams as a Policy-Oriented Water Management Strategy for Water-Scarce and Underserved Regions: Implications for Developing Countries
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DIC	Integrating Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data and Deep Learning for High-Accuracy Prediction of Lake Water Quality Metabolic Response to pH Variation in Freshwater Reservoirs
Differentiable Hydrological Model	A Differentiable Hydrological Modeling Framework Integrating Reservoir Operations for Human-Impacted Catchments
Diffusion model	Diffflood: Attention-Augmented Diffusion Models for Compound Flood Inundation Map Super-Resolution in Coastal Cities Temporal Downscaling of Rainfall Time Series using Advanced Deep Learning Algorithm in South Korea
diffusive flux	Spatial Baselines and Hydrological Modulation of Methane Concentration in Humid Tropical Rivers
Digital terrain model (DTM)	Assessing the Reliability of Satellite-Derived Digital Terrain Models for Channel Characterization for Flood Simulation in Steep, Data-Limited Regions
Digital Twin	An Integrated Wave Forecasting and Digital Twin Visualization Framework for Coastal Hazard Preparedness: A Case Study of Qijin Port, Taiwan Proposal of Digital Twin for Imaging of Tsunami Inundation in Muroran City Using Unreal Engine
dimensioning	Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus
disaster preparedness	Building Resilience Through Experience: Community Flood Perception and Awareness in Taman Sri Muda Before and After the 2021 Flood
disaster prevention measurement	A Study on Optimizing Rainfall Forecasts Based on Agricultural Reservoir Measurement Data
disaster recovery	A study on the development of a flood disaster resilience assessment method using the PEOPLES Framework
Disaster response	Development of Decision Support System for Early Detection and Response to Disaster in Water Resource Facilities
Disaster Response Infrastructure	Enhancing Urban Flood Response Resilience through Strategic Deployment of Distributed Energy systems
Disaster risk management	Development of a Meteorological Information System to Support Rapid Evacuation Decision-Making in Urban Flood Disasters
Discharge	Stage-segmented Manning’s Roughness Estimation and Discharge Computation Using the Continuous Slope–Area Method at an Automatic Gauging Station A Data-Driven Framework for Typhoon Fatality Risk Index Construction in Data-Scarce Regions Evaluating the Suitability of Dynamic Linear Models for River Discharge and Water Quality
Discharge Coefficient	Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients and Flow Type Transition Thresholds in Gated-Circular Shaped Structures An Analytical Study on Side Weir Discharge Characteristics: Gravimetric Assessment and Empirical Formula Formulation
Discontinuous Galerkin	A Fully Implicit Discontinuous Galerkin Wet-Dry Scheme for Shallow Water Equations
Dissolved ions	Determination of the distribution and the sources of dissolved ions in a watershed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and neural network analysis
dissolved oxygen	Decoding Climate Change Impacts: An Interpretable Framework for Reconstructing Coastal Water Quality Dynamics Metabolic Response to pH Variation in Freshwater Reservoirs
Distributed Energy Systems	Enhancing Urban Flood Response Resilience through Strategic Deployment of Distributed Energy systems
Distributed hydrological modeling	Basin-Scale Dynamic River Roughness Estimation Using Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices and Its Impact on Flood Water Levels
Distributed model	Impact of River and Drainage Network Representation on the Reproducibility of Simultaneous Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding Using an Integrated Model
Distributed Runoff Model	Research om improving the accuracy of snow water volume estimation and snowmelt runoff prediction using publicly available meteorological data
Domestic Water Demand	Data-Driven Prediction of Domestic Water Demand Using LSTM Considering Socio-Economic and Climatic Conditions Investigating Spatio-temporal Variability of Domestic Water Demand Considering Social, Economic, and Spatial Factors
Double dam-break	Swash interaction characteristics and bed instability in double dam-break generated flow: OpenFOAM Simulations on a Rough Impermeable Bed.
downscaling	Multi-Sensor UAV Observations for Soil Moisture Downscaling and Inter-Comparison with NISAR Soil Moisture Informing Coastal Flood Impact Mitigation Under Changing Environment Enhancing the Spatial Resolution of Climate Model Rainfall Using Deep Learning in the Amazon River Basin
Downscaling methods	Linking Climate Change to Urban Water Infrastructure Design: Recent Advances and Shortcomings in Downscaling of Extreme Hydrologic Processes
downstream	Necessity for Improving the Quantitative Downstream Disaster Risk Assessment System for Agricultural Reservoirs
downstream channel bed change	Assessment of Downstream Channel Bed Responses to Intensified Future Sediment Flushing from a Reservoir Lacking Flushing Infrastructure
Downstream effects	Flow and Bed Morphological Responses to a Finite Vegetation Patch under Mobile-Bed Conditions
Downstream inundation	Analysis of Downstream Inundation Following Dam Break of an Agricultural Reservoir under Climate Change Scenarios in Korea
Drag coefficient	Experimental Study on Flow-induced Bending and Resistance Reconfiguration of Submerged Flexible Vegetation
Drag force	Influence of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Flexibility on Drag Force
drain structures	Levee resilience as one of new policies in Japan for flood management and adaptation to climate change
Drainage	EXPERIMENTAL HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF WATER LEVEL VARIATION AND OBLIQUE JUMP FORMATION ANGLE IN A TANGENTIAL-INLET INCLINED CHUTE UNDER VARIOUS FLOW CONDITIONS
Drainage management	Analysis of the Impact of Seawater Inflow from Saemangeum Lake on Reclaimed Farmland Soil and Groundwater
Drainage network	Impact of River and Drainage Network Representation on the Reproducibility of Simultaneous Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding Using an Integrated Model
Drainage networks	High-Performance C++ Reimplementation and Optimization of the Gibbs’ Model for Analyzing Structural Complexity in Urban Drainage Networks
Drainage system	A bidirectional hydrologic and hydrodynamic coupling model to predict the urban compound flood hazards induced by tropical cyclones
drainage tunnel	A Dynamic Operational Framework for Urban Flood Infrastructure Based on Storage-Oriented Resilience
Dredged material disposal	Formation of composite sediment clouds
Dredged sediment	Contaminant Characterization and Recycling Potential of Dredged Sediments from Stormwater Detention and Drainage Facilities: Toward Efficient and Sustainable Management Strategies
drift velocity of plastic	Wind effects on drifting velocity of plastic debris in rivers
driftwood capture facility	Effect of hydraulic parameters on bypass-type driftwood traps installed in straight channels
Drinking Water	Assessment of Mercury (Hg) in the TOYAGAMA Drinking Water System at Universitas Gadjah Mada
Drought	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions Drought resistant operation of reservoir groups under extreme low water conditions: A Case Study of the Han River in 2025 Analysis of Drought Characteristics in the Okseong Underground Dam Watershed Using the SWAT Model Title: Assessment of Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Using GALDIT Based on Long-Term Time-Series Data Fifty Years of Flood Forecasting and Water Management in Korea From Hazard to Impact: Drought Impact Based Forecasting and County Level Vulnerability Mapping in Kenya’s Athi Basin Spatio-Temporal Changes of Kazakhstan's River Flow Regimes Drought Impacts on Energy Generation within the Water–Energy Nexus Establishment of Water Resource Management Strategies Using Cloud Seeding Experiment Results Prepare Before the Drought: Traditional Culture and Modern Risk-Avoidance Wisdom Behind Drought Limit Water Levels
Drought Analysis	Evaluation of Spatial Donwscaling GPM IMERG for Drought Analysis Using Attention U-Net in South Korea
Drought condition	Assessment of Drought-Period Water Supply Reliability of Sand Dams
Drought damage	Characterizing Drought Propagation in South Korea Using Sensor-Based Drought Indices
drought impact	Quantifying Drought Impacts and Damages with Consideration of Lead–Lag Responses in Drought Indicators
drought index	Quantifying Drought Impacts and Damages with Consideration of Lead–Lag Responses in Drought Indicators
Drought Indices	Multi-Index Identification of Drought Hotspots and Disaster Vulnerability Across the Korean Peninsula Under Climate Change
Drought Management	Development of an ESP-Based Long-Term Water Supply Outlook to Support Drought Management in the Geum River Basin Strategic Cooperation in Agricultural Water Management: An Incentive-Based Model for Unequal Withdrawal Conditions
Drought memory	Drought Persistence, Escalation, and Recovery in the Godavari River Basin, India: A Soil Moisture Transition Probability Analysis
Drought persistence	Stochastic Daily Rainfall Generation Under Climate Nonstationarity: A Neural Network Framework for Extreme Rainfall and Drought–Flood Compound Hazards
Drought propagation	Timescale Dependence of the Propagation Time–Recovery Lagtime Relationship in Drought Events Characterizing Drought Propagation in South Korea Using Sensor-Based Drought Indices
drought risk	Determination and Application Practice of Drought-Limited Water Levels for Active Drought Defense
Drought Risk Management	Assessing Drought-Affected Paddy Fields and Rice Productivity under Precipitation Deficits Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning
drought simulation	Regional Weather Model–LSTM Approach for Estimating Extreme Droughts in a Korean Dam Basin
Drought Vulnerability	Multi-Index Identification of Drought Hotspots and Disaster Vulnerability Across the Korean Peninsula Under Climate Change
drought-limited water level	Determination and Application Practice of Drought-Limited Water Levels for Active Drought Defense
Dry weather flows	Characterizing Dry Weather Flow Dynamics and Water Quality States in Urban Drainage Systems: A High-Frequency Multi-Parameter Approach
dsfas
DSI	Satellite-Based Assessment of Agricultural Drought Impacts Using the MODIS-Derived Drought Severity Index
Dual-Polarization radar	Snow Load Prediction Using Dual-Polarization Radar
DualSPHysics	Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Extreme Wave Overtopping at Coastal under Climate Change
Dupuit-Forchheimer drag model	Three-Dimensional Flood Flow Analysis Considering Bamboo Lodging and Woody Vegetation Washout Based on Airborne LiDAR Data and the Dupuit–Forchheimer Drag Model
DWAT	Assessing SSP-Based climate change impacts on runoff responses under soil moisture conditions
DWAT(Dynamic Water Resources Assessment Tool)	A comparative framework for physics-based and data-driven streamflow modeling: Application to the Hoengseong Dam basin
Dynamic Linear Models (DLM)	Evaluating the Suitability of Dynamic Linear Models for River Discharge and Water Quality
Dynamic response	Preliminary Model Tests on the Hydrodynamic Responses of an Aquaculture Structure under Wave Loading
Dynamic river roughness	Basin-Scale Dynamic River Roughness Estimation Using Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices and Its Impact on Flood Water Levels
Dynamic Wave	Ungauged Basin Flood Prediction using a Decoupled Physics-Machine Learning Framework
E
Early warning	Forecasting Compound Drought and Heatwaves in South Korea Using LSTM with Multi-Resolution Approach and Autoformer Model From Hazard to Impact: Drought Impact Based Forecasting and County Level Vulnerability Mapping in Kenya’s Athi Basin
Early warning signals	Multi-Indicator Framework for Assessing Coastal Groundwater Resilience: Integrating Critical Slowing Down Theory with Information-Theoretic Metrics
Early Warning System	Development of an Integrated Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System for Flood Risk Reduction and Management in the Greater Metro Manila Area, Philippines Development of a Sensor-Based Monitoring System for Early Warning of Levee Failure
Early-warning methods	Review of the Deformation Mechanisms and Monitoring–Early Warning of Flexible Mattress Systems
Earth observation satellites	Recent Advances in Earth Observation Satellites and Foundation Models for Hydrological Prediction and Analysis
earth-fill dam safety	Integrated AIoT Monitoring for Aging Reservoirs: Field Demonstration for Early Warning
Eco-friendly	Full-scale hydraulic stability experiments to evaluate the erosion resistance of vegetated mattress-type gabions
eco-morphodynamic model	An enhanced eco-morphodynamic model incorporating climate-sensitive riparian vegetation processes
Ecohydraulics	Stream2Vec: learning river-network connectivity structure from barrier passability with a self-supervised graph transformer
ecohydrology	Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Modelling of Peatland Water Table Dynamics under Climate Change Green roofs as climate resilience assets: increased benefits in humid subtropical settings
ecological compensation standard	Study on ecological compensation standard for networked water diversion based on water value flow
Ecological drought	Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Ecological Drought in the Nakdong River Basin Using the EI Index
Ecological flow	A Hierarchical Deferred Hedging Strategy with Release Threshold Optimization for Multi-Objective Reservoir Operation
Ecological integrity	River ethics vs. environmental ethics: Historic backgrounds and nuance
ecological niche models	Effects of Watershed-based Flood Management on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Diversity Based on Species Distribution Models in the Oyodo River Basin, Southwest Japan
ecological product value	Evaluation of total nitrogen control effect and ecological product value of polyploid Arundo donax var. angustifolia in shallow mountainous area of Loess Plateau
Ecological replenishment	Research on Multi-Scenario Simulation and Optimization Techniques for Recycled Water Network Systems Based on EPANET
Ecology and Civil Engineering	Recovery of River Connectivity and Restoration of Sediment Transport Environment
ecosystem health	Influence of geomorphological evolution on the ecosystem health of estuarine-deltaic wetlands: A bibliometric analysis and synthesis assisted by large language model
Ecosystem services	From Trade-offs to Synergies: Ecosystem Service Responses to Integrated Water Resources Management in the Haba River Basin Development and Application of a Real-Time Data-Based Urban Wetland Integrated Management System
Ecotoxicological risk assessment	Development of a biotic ligand–toxicokinetics model based on interspecies extrapolation for predicting cadmium bioaccumulation in Glyptotendipes tokunagai
Edge AI	Deployment-Oriented Evaluation of a Mobile Edge AI Pipeline for Hazardous Object Detection as an Auxiliary Warning Layer in Coastal Environments
Education	EduWaterLab project: advancing urban hydrology education through shared laboratory experiments. Evaluation of vertical infiltration on permeable pavement.
effective area	Comparative Assessment of Detention Facility Geometry and Performance in Existing vs. Newly Developed Urban Areas
Effective permeability	Experimental and numerical study of infiltration-type rainwater drainage systems
Efflorescence	Hyperspectral Imaging–Based Condition Assessment of Dam Structures Safety
elastic modulus	Development of an Evaluation Method for the Ideal Condition of the Algal Ball Marimo
Elastic Net	Proposal for Inflow Prediction method applicable into Low flow to High flow Using the Elastic Net
Electrical Resistivity	Case Study on the Application of Electrical Resistivity Survey for Functional Diagnosis of Cut-off Barriers in Groundwater Dams
Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)	Monitoring ISCO Remediation Dynamics and Hydraulic Changes in TPH-Contaminated Site using Time-Lapse ERT
Electromagnetic Flowmeter	Performance verification experiment of smart velocity and discharge measurement system in small river
Ellis Penning	Towards Climate Resilient Landscapes: The Role of Interdisciplinary Knowledge for Successful Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions
Emergency Flood Control Facilities	Dynamic simulation method for emergency flood control facilities
emergent vegetation	Numerical Simulation of Flow Structures in a Large-Scale Compound Channel with Floodplain Vegetation using a Quasi-Three-Dimensional Calculation Model An Enhanced Depth-Integrated Model for Simulating Wave-Vortex-Sediment Transport Interactions in Vegetated Channels
Empirical formula	Experimental investigation on wave overtopping rate of horizontal composite breakwaters
empirical formula for reflection coefficient	Experimental Assessment and Empirical Formulation of Reflection Coefficients for a Breakwater-Integrated OWC Converter
Empirical Quantile Mapping	Improving Long-Term Wave Projections via Extreme-Oriented Bias Correction
Emulator	An Integrated Framework for Urban Flood Forecasting Using Physics-Guided AI and Ensemble Data Assimilation
Energy and carbon reduction	Assessment of City-Scale Water, Energy, and Carbon Reduction Potential from the Adoption of Surfactant-Free Detergents
Energy consumption	Comparison and Evaluation of Energy Consumption in the Water Use Cycle in Korea
Energy dissipation	Effect of particle shielding on cavitation erosion mitigation in hyper-concentrated sediment flows
Energy generation	Drought Impacts on Energy Generation within the Water–Energy Nexus
energy loss	Experimental Study on Energy Loss Characteristics of Surcharged 3-Way Junction Manholes
Energy saving	Green roofs as climate resilience assets: increased benefits in humid subtropical settings Development and Application of an AI-Based Autonomous Control System for the MLE Process
Energy source ratio	Drought Impacts on Energy Generation within the Water–Energy Nexus
EnKF	Hourly Reservoir Inflow Estimation Using Water Level Observations and Kalman Filtering for Agricultural Reservoirs
ensemble forecast	Optimized operation of multi-purpose reservoir system for flood management considering mesoscale and global operational ensemble hydrological forecasts
ensemble fusion models	Enhancing Rainfall Gap Filling in Arid Regions Using Ensemble Fusion Models
Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)	Joint Effects of Observation Network Design and Assimilation Frequency on Streamflow Prediction in Distributed Hydrological Models
Ensemble Model	Analysis of the impact of ensemble model utilizing multiple artificial intelligence models on improving groundwater level prediction
Ensemble Streamflow Prediction	Development of an ESP-Based Long-Term Water Supply Outlook to Support Drought Management in the Geum River Basin
ENSO	River Regulation and Mangrove Recovery After Hydroclimatic Extremes in Indonesia: An Event-Aligned Multi-Watershed Comparison
Entity-aware long short-term memory	AI-Driven Streamflow Prediction Incorporating River Network Information Using Graph WaveNet and the Entity-Aware Long Short-Term Memory Model
Environmental conditions	Data-Driven Analysis of Forest Carbon Accumulation Across Species and Environmental Conditions in South Korea
Environmental Drought	Short-Term Water Quality Forecasting Based on Environmental Drought Conditions
Environmental ecological flow	Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Ecological Drought in the Nakdong River Basin Using the EI Index
Environmental Ecological Flow Index (EI)	Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Ecological Drought in the Nakdong River Basin Using the EI Index
Environmental ethics	River ethics vs. environmental ethics: Historic backgrounds and nuance
Environmental Flow	Environmental Flow and Adaptive Management of River Water in Korea
Environmental flow and biodiversity conservation	Balancing Energy, Rivers, and Communities: A Hydro-Environmental Perspective from Upper Trishuli–1 Hydro Electric Project 216 MW
EPA SWMM	Evaluating Urban Flood Resilience using a Flood Defense Index (FDI) and 4R Components Estimation of Agricultural Water Return Flow Based on Field Monitoring and EPA-SWMM Modeling in Korea
EPA-SWMM	Generalizing inlet capture discharge equations across inlet sizes for HEC-22
EPANET	Research on Multi-Scenario Simulation and Optimization Techniques for Recycled Water Network Systems Based on EPANET
Ephemeral stream	Assessment of Drought-Period Water Supply Reliability of Sand Dams
Ephemeral streams	Scale-Invariant Behavior of Total Source Basin Area and Regime Shifts between Ephemeral and Perennial Channel Networks
ERA5 reanalysis	Spatial Heterogeneity and Dependence Structure of Compound Drought–Heatwave Extremes across Eurasia
Erosion	Study on the Variation Characteristics of Beach Profile in Baisha Bay Sandy Beach under Continuous Multiple Typhoons Full-scale hydraulic stability experiments to evaluate the erosion resistance of vegetated mattress-type gabions
Erosion control	Countermeasures Against Lakeshore Erosion Caused by Seepage Flow Inside Mount-Shaped Riprap
Escalator	Simulation on the characteristics and effects of flow velocity at escalators in a subway station
ESG	ESG-based Resilience Assessment of Hydrological and Hydraulic Infrastructure
estuarine and deltaic wetlands	Influence of geomorphological evolution on the ecosystem health of estuarine-deltaic wetlands: A bibliometric analysis and synthesis assisted by large language model
Estuarine Modeling	An Operational AI Modeling Framework for Environmental Prediction in Estuarine Systems
Estuary	Comparison of hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic model performance in simulating currents and water quality in Osaka Bay, Japan Hydrodynamics and tidal asymmetrical in Cilacap-Segara Anakan estuary system
Eurasia	Spatial Heterogeneity and Dependence Structure of Compound Drought–Heatwave Extremes across Eurasia
Europe	EduWaterLab project: advancing urban hydrology education through shared laboratory experiments. Evaluation of vertical infiltration on permeable pavement.
Eutrophication	A Study on Water Quality Improvement of Estuarine Reservoirs Using the Coagulation-Filtration Method
evacuation	A Phase-Adaptive Multi-Objective Evacuation Optimisation Framework Integrating Hydraulic Simulation and Agent-Based Modelling for Urban Flooding
Evacuation decision-making	Development of a Meteorological Information System to Support Rapid Evacuation Decision-Making in Urban Flood Disasters
Evacuation feasibility	Hazard Analysis of Driving and Housing in Hitoyoshi City During the July 2020 Torrential Rainfall, Japan
evaluation method	Development of an Evaluation Method for the Ideal Condition of the Algal Ball Marimo
Evapotranspiration	Evapotranspiration responses of a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system to different climatic year types in the North China Plain: Implications for climate-smart irrigation and agricultural water security
Evolution	Evolution of Water Culture in Korea: Establishing a New Culture through River Ethics
Exner equation	Time‑Dependent Local Scour Downstream of a Fixed‑Bed Structure: Flume Measurements and Exner–Based Morphodynamic Modeling
expected annual damage (EAD)	Integrating Direct and Indirect Losses for Multi-Level Flood Risk Governance: Multi-Component Flood Configurations and Post-Flood Landslide Direct-Loss Comparisons in the Metropolitan Region, South Korea
Experimental modeling	Experimental Study on Flow-induced Bending and Resistance Reconfiguration of Submerged Flexible Vegetation
expert elicitation	Stakeholder appraisal reveals epistemically fragile assumptions driving global irrigation water estimates
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)	A Grid-Based Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Identify Dominant Flood-Influencing Factors Development of an XAI-Based Machine Learning Model for Urban Flood Susceptibility Prediction
Exploration Technique	Development of a Exploration Technique for Agricultural Reservoir Embankments Using Precision Drones
extended kalman filter	3D visualization application that can display water levels in canals and presumed inundation depth
Extreme autumn flood conditions	Flood control operation of reservoir group under extreme autumn flood conditions in the Han River in 2025
Extreme Events	From Climate Projections to Local Adaptation. An integrated assessment of the Ceira River Basin in Portugal Evaluating an AI-based Global Weather Prediction Model for Precipitation Forecasting and Extreme Event Representation
Extreme flood	Hydraulic Characteristics of Debris at Bridge Under Extreme Flood Conditions: An Experimental Study
Extreme flood events	Scenario-Augmented LSTM for Water Level Forecasting under Extreme Flood Conditions
Extreme heavy/light precipitation	Consistent Intensification of Extreme Heavy and Light Precipitation Events in the Tienshan Mountains, Central Asia
Extreme hydro-climatic events	Consistent Intensification of Extreme Heavy and Light Precipitation Events in the Tienshan Mountains, Central Asia
Extreme low water conditions	Drought resistant operation of reservoir groups under extreme low water conditions: A Case Study of the Han River in 2025
Extreme marine environments	Preliminary Model Tests on the Hydrodynamic Responses of an Aquaculture Structure under Wave Loading
Extreme Precipitation	Large ensemble-based rainfall frequency analysis using Stochastic Storm Transposition: A case study of Northern Japan Predictability of Extreme Precipitation Days over the Korean Peninsula
Extreme rainfall	Contrasting Hydrometeorological Drivers of Extreme Flooding in New Zealand: Cyclone Gabrielle and the Mangawhai Flash Flood Catchment-Scale Nature-Based Framework for Managing Stormwater under Climate Extremes in Tropical Regions: Insights from the RainS-TECH Project Flood Inundation Sensitivity to Runoff Characteristic Variability under Extreme Rainfall-Induced Dam-Break Scenarios Water Budget–Based Short-Term Prediction of Reservoir Storage Dynamics under Extreme Rainfall Stochastic Daily Rainfall Generation Under Climate Nonstationarity: A Neural Network Framework for Extreme Rainfall and Drought–Flood Compound Hazards Probabilistic Estimation of Depth-Area-Frequency Curves Using Copula Models for Extreme Rainfall Events in South Korea Evaluating Trend-Driven Nonstationarity in the Frequency Characteristics of Extreme Rainfall in South Korea Developing an Artificial Intelligence–Based forecasting Technique for Water Level Estimation of Underground Urban Flooding Mitigation Facility A Multimodal AI Framework Combining Radar–Gauge Deep Learning and Language Models for Rainfall Forecasting over South Korea
Extreme rainfall and temperature processes	Linking Climate Change to Urban Water Infrastructure Design: Recent Advances and Shortcomings in Downscaling of Extreme Hydrologic Processes
Extreme rainfall impact analysis	EXTREME RAINFALL IMPACTS ON HAPPY VALLEY UNDERGROUND STORMWATER STORAGE SCHEME: A CLIMATE-ADJUSTED PERFORMANCE REVIEW
Extreme Value Theory	Robust Regional Classification of Extreme Snowfall Events Using Probabilistic and Clustering Approaches in Korea
Extreme Values	Improving Long-Term Wave Projections via Extreme-Oriented Bias Correction
extreme values ratio (EVR)	Spatiotemporal variations of intra-annual runoff distribution in Taohe River Basin during 1980-2016
extreme weather resilience	Assessing the Extreme Rainfall and Heatwave Resilience of Nature-based Stormwater Systems through Long-Term IoT-based Sensor Data and Machine Learning Integrating Nature-Based Solutions into Policy Implementation: Empirical Evidence for Climate-Resilient Water Circulation Cities in South Korea
F
Facility-level	A Standardized Framework for Facility-Level Water Demand and Surplus Resource Assessment in South Korea
Farmland Inundation	Evaluation of Farmland Inundation Using Unsteady Flow Analysis: Comparison of GATE and SWMM Models
Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)	Enhancing Gradient Estimation for Spatio-Temporal Images using Generative Adversarial Networks
Feature-based methods	Feature-Based River Image Monitoring with Varying Illumination
Fecal coliform	Spatiotemporal Distribution and Pattern Analysis of Fecal Coliforms in the Han River Basin, South Korea
Feedback response	Response Mechanisms and Synergistic Identification of Multi-Objective Trade-offs in a Reservoir Group under Inter-Basin Water Transfer Intervention
Field capacity	Integration of National Soil Survey Data and Machine-Learning Pedotransfer Functions for Predicting Soil Water Content
Field measurement	Mechanisms of Diurnal Variation of pCO2 in a Coastal Water with Eelgrass: Field Measurements in Ashikita Port, Japan Field-based analysis of hydrodynamic behavior in a complex artificial lake under variable flow regimes
Field measurements	Field Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures and Mixing Processes at a River Confluence
field monitoring	Estimation of Agricultural Water Return Flow Based on Field Monitoring and EPA-SWMM Modeling in Korea
Field observation	Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Moisture in Mongolia Inferred from Field Measurements and Satellite Observations Water temperature measurement at Tanabe bay over the past decade
Field soil sample	Construction and operation of ground soil moisture measurement equipment for satellite observation calibration
field survey	Field-based investigation of flow redistribution in sharp meander bends of shallow rivers in South Korea
Field Validation	Development and On-Site Validation of a Locally Customized Smart Staff Gauge for Developing Countries
field‑based learning	HydroAsia International Exchange Program in Water Engineering: Program operation and Pathways for Developing Young hydraulicians
Filteration	A Study on Water Quality Improvement of Estuarine Reservoirs Using the Coagulation-Filtration Method
finite volume/element methods	2D Hydraulic modeling of the lower Var valley: codes benchmark and update of strategies
Fish	Development of an Automated Habitat Index Estimation Program
fish ecosystems	Simulation of River Water Temperature Increase Using HEC-RAS for Habitat Suitability Analysis of Baung Fish (Hemibagrus nemurus) as a Strategy for Aquatic Environmental Management
Fish Habitat Improvement	Fish Habitat Improvement by Preventing Water Temperature Increases through Old Channel Restoration
Fisher Information	Multi-Indicator Framework for Assessing Coastal Groundwater Resilience: Integrating Critical Slowing Down Theory with Information-Theoretic Metrics
Fixed weir	Movable-Bed Experimental Analysis of Upstream Stagnation Mitigation by Weir Opening Expansion
fixed-bed 2D model	A Multi-Stage Discharge Approach to Characterizing Sediment Mobility and Bed Disturbance in Gravel-Bed Rivers
fixed-bed analysis	Applicability and Limitations of Fixed-Bed 2D Unsteady Flow Analysis for Bedload Transport: Comparison with Movable-Bed Simulations Upstream of the Funagira Dam
Flexibility	Influence of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Flexibility on Drag Force
Flexible mattress	Review of the Deformation Mechanisms and Monitoring–Early Warning of Flexible Mattress Systems
Flexible vegetation	Experimental Study on Flow-induced Bending and Resistance Reconfiguration of Submerged Flexible Vegetation
Flexible vegetation lodging	Assessment of Manning’s Roughness Variability Caused by Flexible Vegetation Lodging Using HEC-RAS for Sustainable and Ecological River Management
Floating debris	Hydraulic Mechanisms and Stability of Flood-Driven Floating Debris Accumulation at Hydraulic Structures
Floating debris barrier	Hydraulic and Structural Design of a Water-Level-Adaptive Floating Debris Barrier: An Integrated Approach for River Applications
Floating drbris	Application of an Artificial Neural Network–Based Model for Predicting Annual Floating Debris at Multipurpose Dams
Floating Photovoltaic Systems	Frequency-Domain Analysis of FPV Dynamics With Coupled Hydrodynamic and Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects
Floating wetland	Microbial community characteristics in a floating constructed wetland using artificial fiber and ceramsite as substrates
Flocculation	A Study on Water Quality Improvement of Estuarine Reservoirs Using the Coagulation-Filtration Method
Flood	AI-Based Surrogate Modeling for Watershed Flood and Sediment Prediction: A Case Study of the Shihmen Reservoir, Taiwan Informing Coastal Flood Impact Mitigation Under Changing Environment Fifty Years of Flood Forecasting and Water Management in Korea Temporal Downscaling of Rainfall Time Series using Advanced Deep Learning Algorithm in South Korea Probabilistic Estimation of Depth-Area-Frequency Curves Using Copula Models for Extreme Rainfall Events in South Korea Residual Life and Performance Degradation of River Gates using Statistical Methods Developing an Artificial Intelligence–Based forecasting Technique for Water Level Estimation of Underground Urban Flooding Mitigation Facility A Multimodal AI Framework Combining Radar–Gauge Deep Learning and Language Models for Rainfall Forecasting over South Korea
Flood Analysis	Assessment of Flood Characteristics in a Cascading Dam System under 720 Ensemble Years of Future Climate Scenarios Using a Deep Learning-based Model
Flood and drought forecasting	Recent Advances in Earth Observation Satellites and Foundation Models for Hydrological Prediction and Analysis
Flood buffer zone	Analysis of the effectiveness of applying nature-based solutions to river flood management
Flood control	Integrating deep learning surrogates with model predictive control: A tractable framework for autonomous water network operation Flood control operation of reservoir group under extreme autumn flood conditions in the Han River in 2025 Proposal for Inflow Prediction method applicable into Low flow to High flow Using the Elastic Net
Flood Control Level of Service (LOS)	System Reliability Assessment of Flood Control Level of Service (LOS) using Bayesian Networks: Integrating Hydrological, Mechanical, and Operational Uncertainties
Flood control operation	Knowledge Graph–Physics Fusion Bidirectional Temporal Convolutional Modeling for Flood Regulation Simulation
Flood damage assessment	Development of QGIS-Based Plugin for Korean Flood Risk Assessment Model (K-FRM)
Flood Defense Index (FDI)	Evaluating Urban Flood Resilience using a Flood Defense Index (FDI) and 4R Components
Flood Defense Performance	Urban Flood Pilot Experimental Facility for Evaluating the Defense Performance of Flood Protection Infrastructure
Flood disaster resilience	A study on the development of a flood disaster resilience assessment method using the PEOPLES Framework
flood disturbance intensity	Watershed-Scale Assessment of Spatiotemporal Flood Disturbance Intensity on the River Bed
Flood extremes	Copula-VAR Identification of Seasonal and Regulation-Induced Restructuring in Runoff-Sediment Dependence in the Middle Yellow River
Flood Forecasting	Fifty Years of Flood Forecasting and Water Management in Korea Development of an Integrated Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System for Flood Risk Reduction and Management in the Greater Metro Manila Area, Philippines Automated Multi-Site Calibration of WRF-Hydro with PEST++ in the Nakdong River Basin: Reliability Across Flood Events and an AI Extension Development of an AI-Based Flood Forecasting System for Practical Application in Typhoon Committee Member Countries
Flood Forecasting and Early Warning	Design and Implementation of Urban Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Framework for Municipal Governments
Flood hydrograph shape	Effects of Flood Hydrograph Shape on the Migration and Development of Alternate Sandbars
Flood influencing factors	A Grid-Based Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Identify Dominant Flood-Influencing Factors
Flood inundation	3D visualization application that can display water levels in canals and presumed inundation depth Necessity for Improving the Quantitative Downstream Disaster Risk Assessment System for Agricultural Reservoirs Hazard Analysis of Driving and Housing in Hitoyoshi City During the July 2020 Torrential Rainfall, Japan
Flood inundation analysis	Numerical Study on Urban Drainage Performance and Flood Inundation Modeling in Kampung Alor, Dili, Timor-Leste
Flood Inundation Mapping	A ConvLSTM-Based Deep Learning Surrogate Model for Real-Time Flood Inundation Mapping under Levee Breach Scenarios
Flood Inundation Sensitivity	Flood Inundation Sensitivity to Runoff Characteristic Variability under Extreme Rainfall-Induced Dam-Break Scenarios
flood management	Optimized operation of multi-purpose reservoir system for flood management considering mesoscale and global operational ensemble hydrological forecasts Hydraulic Performance of Traditional Japanese Overflow Levees under Extreme Flooding Development and Validation of a Precision Forecast-AI based Integrated Watershed Flood Management Technology
Flood Management Governance	Exploring Logical Interdependencies in Flood Management Governance: A Network Approach to Reveal Weak Ties and Structural Holes
flood maps	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions
Flood mitigation	Different self-defense structures for flood inundation around residence in old flood prone area in Japan Development of Surrogate-based Optimization Framework for Land Use-Informed LID Facility Combinations in Urban Areas Experimental Analysis of Flood Mitigation Effects of a Detention Basin Side-Weir under Urban Flood Conditions Hydraulic Impacts of Storage Layout and Operation Strategies in Valley-Bottom Lowlands
Flood modelling integrating framework	A bidirectional hydrologic and hydrodynamic coupling model to predict the urban compound flood hazards induced by tropical cyclones
Flood monitoring	Image-to-Video Transferability of Water Segmentation Models for Real-Time Flood Monitoring A Machine Learning Virtual Sensor Framework for Multi-Site Water Level Estimation in a River Network
flood plain	Analysis of Flow and Riverbed Changes in the Kizu River Based on the Presence or Absence of -"Seigyu"
Flood prediction	Ungauged Basin Flood Prediction using a Decoupled Physics-Machine Learning Framework AI-Driven Streamflow Prediction Incorporating River Network Information Using Graph WaveNet and the Entity-Aware Long Short-Term Memory Model
Flood propagation	Quantifying Contributions of All Tributaries to Flood Hydrographs Along the Entire Main River at the Basin Scale
Flood Quantiles	Quantifying Future Flood Risk under CMIP6 Climate Scenarios: A Case Study in the Miho River Basin, South Korea
Flood Regime Change	Mapping FutuFlood Regime Shifts in South Korea through a Multidimensional Flood Risk Index under IPCC AR6 Climate Scenarios
Flood resilience	Assessment of housing flood resilience and its enhancement measures A Component-Based Evaluation of Regional Flood Resilience Using AHP–TOPSIS: Policy Implications for South Korea Water Budget–Based Short-Term Prediction of Reservoir Storage Dynamics under Extreme Rainfall Scenario-Based Simulation of Delayed Sluice Gate Operation for CSO Control in a Restored Urban Stream: Cheonggyecheon Case Study
Flood Resilience Assessment	Evaluating Flood Resilience in Urban Drainage Networks Using Deep Learning Models
Flood retention basin	Assessing the variations of the available flood storage capacity in a flood retention basin due to the changing environment
Flood risk	Evaluation of the Relationship between Flood Inundation Risk and Topographic Features in Japan Assessment of housing flood resilience and its enhancement measures Evaluating Trend-Driven Nonstationarity in the Frequency Characteristics of Extreme Rainfall in South Korea
Flood risk assessment	Flood risk assessment and requirements of water sensitive urban design for unplanned suburban areas of the Upper Selbe river, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia A Simplified Flood Inundation Risk Assessment Method for Small and Medium-Sized Rivers Using Topographic Indices
flood risk management	2D Hydraulic modeling of the lower Var valley: codes benchmark and update of strategies
flood risk perception	Building Resilience Through Experience: Community Flood Perception and Awareness in Taman Sri Muda Before and After the 2021 Flood
Flood routing	Analysis of Downstream Inundation Following Dam Break of an Agricultural Reservoir under Climate Change Scenarios in Korea
flood season operation	An Integrated Approach to Flood-Season Water Level Management for Agricultural Reservoirs
flood strage area	Observations on Agriculture in Areas Prone to Frequent Flooding
flood susceptibility mapping	Prediction of Urban Flood Susceptibility using a Transformer-based deep learning model with urban infrastructure dataset in Seoul, South Korea
Flood water	Predicting Flood and Debris Flow Behaviour in Hobart’s Natural Channels: The Role of Obstacle Spacing Effects of Obstacle Arrangement and Channel Slope on Water Floods and Viscoplastic Debris Flow Dynamics in Idealised Channels
Flood water level	Simulation of the impact of cross-section blockage on flood water levels in a small mountain stream
Flood water levels	Basin-Scale Dynamic River Roughness Estimation Using Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices and Its Impact on Flood Water Levels
Flood-adapted livelihoods	Integrating Bio-Cultural Diversity into Flood Control Policy under the Anthropocene: A Multispecies Perspective Based on the Landscape History of the Lower Yoshino River Basin in Tokushima
Flood-control storage criteria	Validity Assessment of Flood-Control Target Reservoir Screening Criteria for Agricultural Reservoirs: A Nationwide Database-Based Analysis
Flood-event discharge dynamics	Deep Learning–Based River Discharge Estimation from Sentinel-1 SAR and GOCI-II Observations in the Han River Basin
flooding in rivers and urban areas	Analysis of Spatial Characteristics of Rainfall to Produce Spatial Rainfall Scenarios
Floodplain	Satellite-Based Assessment of Floodplain Sediment Dynamics for Riparian Space Management Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Surface Deformation Analysis Numerical simulation on the transport of supersaturated TDG in compound channels with vegetated floodplain Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Distribution and Bed Shear Stress in a Meandering Compound Channel Sedimentary Environments in the Nobi Plain in Central Japan: Using Pb-210 Dating Methods Exploring the Effects of Natural and Social Conditions during the Anthropocene
Floodplain management	Flood risk assessment and requirements of water sensitive urban design for unplanned suburban areas of the Upper Selbe river, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Floodplain vegetation	Vegetation–Flow–Sediment Feedbacks in Meandering Rivers: Implications for Nature-Based Flood Management
Floodplain vegetation patches	From Patch-Scale Drag to Reach-Scale Friction: Full-Scale Evaluation of Vegetation-Resistance Models in a Compound Channel
Flow attack points	Effects of Flood Hydrograph Shape on the Migration and Development of Alternate Sandbars
Flow Characteristics	Hydraulic Characteristics of Debris at Bridge Under Extreme Flood Conditions: An Experimental Study
Flow continuity	Movable-Bed Experimental Analysis of Upstream Stagnation Mitigation by Weir Opening Expansion
flow pattern	Field-based investigation of flow redistribution in sharp meander bends of shallow rivers in South Korea
flow rate ration	Numerical analysis of sandbar behavior at a river confluence
flow redistribution	Field-based investigation of flow redistribution in sharp meander bends of shallow rivers in South Korea
Flow regulation	A Multi-Factor Analysis of White-to-Green River Transitions in South Korea
Flow resistance parameterization	Reducing Hydraulic Uncertainty in NbS Design for Flood Management by Constraining Woody Riparian Vegetation Resistance with Full-Scale Experiments
flow structure	Effects of Upstream Vegetation on Local Scour and Flow Structure around a Spur Dike
Flow Transition	Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients and Flow Type Transition Thresholds in Gated-Circular Shaped Structures
Flow velocity	Simulation on the characteristics and effects of flow velocity at escalators in a subway station
Flow-Induced Energy Resources	Enhancing Urban Flood Response Resilience through Strategic Deployment of Distributed Energy systems
Flow-regime transition	Flow Regime Transitions and Geysering Onset in Deep Drainage Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional CFD Simulations
Flow-vegetation interaction	Experimental Study on Flow-induced Bending and Resistance Reconfiguration of Submerged Flexible Vegetation
Flowing zone	Water Quality Characteristics of Stagnant versus Flowing Zones at an Agricultural Weir in Geumseong Stream, Yeongsan River Basin, South Korea
FLUENT	Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Development over Rough Sand Beds in Open Channels
fluid force reduction	Different self-defense structures for flood inundation around residence in old flood prone area in Japan
Fluid-structure interaction	Influence of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Flexibility on Drag Force
Flume experiment	Channel Planform Dynamics in Braided Rivers Under Flood-Induced Vegetation Loss
Flushing Discharge	Evaluation of Scenarios for Reducing Saltwater Intrusion in the Seomjin River Estuary using Numerical Model: Focusing on Riverbed Restoration and Hydraulic Structures
flushing efficiency	Assessment of Downstream Channel Bed Responses to Intensified Future Sediment Flushing from a Reservoir Lacking Flushing Infrastructure
Fluvial and inland flooding phenomena	Impact of River and Drainage Network Representation on the Reproducibility of Simultaneous Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding Using an Integrated Model
fluvial morphology	An enhanced eco-morphodynamic model incorporating climate-sensitive riparian vegetation processes
FLUXNET CH4	Interpreting Machine-Learning-Based Methane Flux Models in Wetlands Using FLUXNET-CH₄ Data: A Framework for Algorithm Comparison
Forecasting	Case Study : Predicting a Wetland Water Level by Data-Driven Models and Statistical Models
Forecasting models	Forecasting Compound Drought and Heatwaves in South Korea Using LSTM with Multi-Resolution Approach and Autoformer Model
Forest carbon accumulation	Data-Driven Analysis of Forest Carbon Accumulation Across Species and Environmental Conditions in South Korea
Foundation AI models	Recent Advances in Earth Observation Satellites and Foundation Models for Hydrological Prediction and Analysis
Foundation model	Strengths and Limitations of Foundation Model for Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Precipitation Prediction
Fractured rock aquifer	Hydrological Functioning and Hydraulic Risk Assessment of the La Clapière Landslide (Tinée Valley, France)
Free Flow	Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients and Flow Type Transition Thresholds in Gated-Circular Shaped Structures
Free surface	Numerical Investigation of Complex Flow Structures around Bridge under Extreme Hydrologic Conditions
Frequency analysis	Development of Short-Duration Rainfall Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) Curves Using 1-minute Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Data: A Case Study in Seoul, Korea
Frequency-based wave mode weighting	Frequency-Dependent Wave-Mode Weighting for Multi-Scale Depth Inversion
Freshwater carbon	Integrating Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data and Deep Learning for High-Accuracy Prediction of Lake Water Quality
freshwater ecology	Characteristics and changes of major rivers’ aquatic plants using the National Census on River Environments in Japan
Froude Number	Experimental study of self-lining mechanisms in open-channels with triangular and square strip roughness elements
Full-scale Flume Experiment	Performance Evaluation of Acoustic Instruments for Suspended Sediment Detection and Concentration Estimation Potential
Full-scale hydraulic experiments	Reducing Hydraulic Uncertainty in NbS Design for Flood Management by Constraining Woody Riparian Vegetation Resistance with Full-Scale Experiments
functional genes	Analysis of Nitrogen Removal Driving Forces in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
Functional latency	Geosynthetic Systems as Enabling Infrastructure in Hybrid Nature-Based Coastal Protection
Functional Reliability	Unveiling Safety Bias in River Sluice Gates: A Dual-Track Risk Assessment for Ensuring Functional Reliability
FUNWAVE-TVD	Modeling Random Wave Transformation and Dissipation over Varying Bathymetry Using FUNWAVE-TVD
Future Climate Scenarios	Carbon Cycle Dynamics in Korean Riverine Wetlands under Future Climate Scenarios using the CLM-FATES
Future wave projection	Future Wave Climate Projections in the Korean Sea Waters: A Multi-Model Approach Under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5
Fuzzy-AHP	A study on the development of a flood disaster resilience assessment method using the PEOPLES Framework
G
GALDIT	Title: Assessment of Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Using GALDIT Based on Long-Term Time-Series Data
Game Theory	Strategic Cooperation in Agricultural Water Management: An Incentive-Based Model for Unequal Withdrawal Conditions
GATE	Evaluation of Farmland Inundation Using Unsteady Flow Analysis: Comparison of GATE and SWMM Models
Gate Control	Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients and Flow Type Transition Thresholds in Gated-Circular Shaped Structures
Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)	A GNN-Based Surrogate Modeling framework for Compound Urban Flooding
Gaussian noise	Temporal Downscaling of Rainfall Time Series using Advanced Deep Learning Algorithm in South Korea
Gaussian Process Regression	A Data-Driven Framework for Typhoon Fatality Risk Index Construction in Data-Scarce Regions
Generalized additive model	Environmental patterns associated with dissolved methylmercury variability in Minamata Bay, Japan (2006–2023)
Generalized linear model	Evaluation of the Relationship between Flood Inundation Risk and Topographic Features in Japan
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)	Enhancing Gradient Estimation for Spatio-Temporal Images using Generative Adversarial Networks
Generative AI	River Waste Detection Using UAV Images and Generative AI Models: InstantMesh and Stable Diffusion
geomorphological evolution	Influence of geomorphological evolution on the ecosystem health of estuarine-deltaic wetlands: A bibliometric analysis and synthesis assisted by large language model
geospatial interpolation	Integrating Data Assimilation and Geospatial Interpolation for Three-Dimensional Water Temperature Prediction in Ogouchi Reservoir
Geosynthetic sand containers (GSCs)	Geosynthetic Systems as Enabling Infrastructure in Hybrid Nature-Based Coastal Protection
Geysering	Flow Regime Transitions and Geysering Onset in Deep Drainage Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional CFD Simulations
Gibbs' Model	High-Performance C++ Reimplementation and Optimization of the Gibbs’ Model for Analyzing Structural Complexity in Urban Drainage Networks
Gini Coefficient	Investigating Spatio-temporal Variability of Domestic Water Demand Considering Social, Economic, and Spatial Factors
GIS	Site Suitability Analysis for Nature-Based Solutions in an Agricultural River Basin: A Case study of Wetland Restoration
Glacier runoff	Integrating Process-Based Hydrological Modeling and Deep Learning to Project Glacier-Fed Runoff in the Tarim River Basin
Global	A Machine learning-based Global Snow Water Equivalent dataset
Global assessment	A global-scale coastal vulnerability assessment
Global Hydrological Models (GHMs)	Comparing fine-tuned neural hydrology and Physics-Based models in the Mekong Basin
Global Optimization	Automatic Calibration of a Random Walk Model for Debris-Flow Runout Mapping
Global topographic data	Estimation of water level–storage relationships for an ungauged basin dam using global DEMs: Application to the Hwanggang Dam in the Imjin river basin
global warming	Mechanisms of Diurnal Variation of pCO2 in a Coastal Water with Eelgrass: Field Measurements in Ashikita Port, Japan
Glyptotendipes kokunagai	Development of a biotic ligand–toxicokinetics model based on interspecies extrapolation for predicting cadmium bioaccumulation in Glyptotendipes tokunagai
GOCI-Il	Deep Learning–Based River Discharge Estimation from Sentinel-1 SAR and GOCI-II Observations in the Han River Basin
Godavari River Basin	Drought Persistence, Escalation, and Recovery in the Godavari River Basin, India: A Soil Moisture Transition Probability Analysis
Google Earth Engine (GEE)	Integrating Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data and Deep Learning for High-Accuracy Prediction of Lake Water Quality
Governance	Evolution of Water Culture in Korea: Establishing a New Culture through River Ethics
GPM IMERG	Evaluation of Spatial Donwscaling GPM IMERG for Drought Analysis Using Attention U-Net in South Korea
GPR	GPR-based monitoring for sea-dike integrity in Saemangeum area
GPU	AI-Informed Hydroinformatics for Urban Flood Prediction: GPU Hydrodynamics, Data Assimilation, Super-Resolution, and Surrogate Modeling
GPU&CPU acceleration	Accelerating Urban Flood Simulation for Real-Time Forecasting: A Hybrid GPU-CPU Coupled Model approach
GR4J model	Comparative Evaluation of Rainfall-Runoff Model (GR4J) Considering Snowmelt Processes for Reservoir Inflow Simulation
gradient-weighted	A Physics-Informed Neural Network Framework with Gradient-Weighted and Residual-Based Adaptive Refinement for Dam-Break Problems
Grain size distribution	Automating Riverbed Sediment Surveys with Image-Based 3D Reconstruction
Graph Convolutional Network (GCN)	A GNN-Based Surrogate Modeling framework for Compound Urban Flooding
Graph Neural Networks	Evaluating Flood Resilience in Urban Drainage Networks Using Deep Learning Models
Graph WaveNet	AI-Driven Streamflow Prediction Incorporating River Network Information Using Graph WaveNet and the Entity-Aware Long Short-Term Memory Model
Graph-LSTM	A Machine Learning Virtual Sensor Framework for Multi-Site Water Level Estimation in a River Network
GraphCast	Evaluating an AI-based Global Weather Prediction Model for Precipitation Forecasting and Extreme Event Representation
Graphene	Carbon-Based Composite Filaments for FDM: A Review of Processing–Structure–Property Relationships
Grate inlet	Generalizing inlet capture discharge equations across inlet sizes for HEC-22
gravel-bed river	Wall-pressure fluctuations on a rough bed and their relation to turbulent flow
Gravimetric Assessment	An Analytical Study on Side Weir Discharge Characteristics: Gravimetric Assessment and Empirical Formula Formulation
Gray–green infrastructure systems	Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Flood Management: A Systematic Review of Key Gaps
green hydraulic stress index	A GHSI–HSM Framework for Identifying Rainfall Tipping Points in Grey–Green Drainage Systems
Green infrastructure	Case study for social implementation of collaborative nature restoration in rivers A GHSI–HSM Framework for Identifying Rainfall Tipping Points in Grey–Green Drainage Systems
Green river	Vegetation Patch-Induced Morphodynamics: Leveraging Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Green River Transition
Green roof	Green roofs as climate resilience assets: increased benefits in humid subtropical settings Green Roof for Urban Hydrological Resilience: Extensive or Intensive
Green roofs	Assessing the Hydrological Performance of a Green Roof in Auckland
green stormwater infrastructure	Assessing the Extreme Rainfall and Heatwave Resilience of Nature-based Stormwater Systems through Long-Term IoT-based Sensor Data and Machine Learning Integrating Nature-Based Solutions into Policy Implementation: Empirical Evidence for Climate-Resilient Water Circulation Cities in South Korea
green urban infrastructure	Examining economical value of photovoltaic green roof solutions
Green-grey infrastructure (GGI)	Integrating real-time control with green-grey infrastructure optimization under multiple climate scenarios: a cost-effective strategy for urban flood mitigation
Green–grey infrastructure	Geosynthetic Systems as Enabling Infrastructure in Hybrid Nature-Based Coastal Protection
Greywater reuse	Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Cost Saving for Potential Greywater Reuse and Pico-Hydropower Generation in a High-Rise Building
Grid-based machine learning	A Grid-Based Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Identify Dominant Flood-Influencing Factors
Gridded meteorological data	Comparative analysis of gridded and station-based meteorological data for deep learning-based streamflow prediction
Ground observation technology	Construction and operation of ground soil moisture measurement equipment for satellite observation calibration
Groundwater	Title: Assessment of Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Using GALDIT Based on Long-Term Time-Series Data
Groundwater Dam	Case Study on the Application of Electrical Resistivity Survey for Functional Diagnosis of Cut-off Barriers in Groundwater Dams
groundwater flow modeling	Data-driven exploration of depth–conductivity relationships in climate-sensitive peatland
Groundwater level	What do satellite-derived groundwater storage products capture?
Groundwater management	Interpretable Knowledge-Driven Framework for Groundwater Regime Simulation: Integrating Physical Laws and Graph-Based Reasoning for Regional Groundwater Management
Groundwater monitoring wells	Seasonal Impacts of climate factors on groundwater variability in fractured rock aquifers of South Korea
Groundwater quality	Analysis of Groundwater Quality Variation Characteristics: A Case Study of Sand Dam Site
Groundwater recharge	Analysis of groundwater recharge under climate change using a multi-model ensemble
Groundwater Remediation	Monitoring ISCO Remediation Dynamics and Hydraulic Changes in TPH-Contaminated Site using Time-Lapse ERT
Groundwater resilience	On Saltwater Intrusion and Subsequent Recovery Processes in Coastal Aquifers Induced by Tsunami Inundation
Groundwater Response Time	An Analytical Framework for Aquifer Characterization using Mean Action Time (MAT)
Groundwater simulation	Interpretable Knowledge-Driven Framework for Groundwater Regime Simulation: Integrating Physical Laws and Graph-Based Reasoning for Regional Groundwater Management
groundwater storage	What do satellite-derived groundwater storage products capture?
groundwater table	Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Modelling of Peatland Water Table Dynamics under Climate Change
Growth Modelling	The Influence of Algae Dynamics in Modelling the Growth of Seagrass as a Nature-Based Solution
Groynes	Traditional Japanese Groynes and Sediment Management Principles
GRU	Analysis of the impact of ensemble model utilizing multiple artificial intelligence models on improving groundwater level prediction
GRU(Gated Recurrent Unit)	A comparative framework for physics-based and data-driven streamflow modeling: Application to the Hoengseong Dam basin
Gumbel	Residual Life and Performance Degradation of River Gates using Statistical Methods
gutter flow	Designing Stormwater Inlet Spacing for Urban Roadways
H
habitat	Toward Quantitative Environmental Targets in class A rivers managed by Central government: Institutional Framework and Practices under Nature-Positive Policy in Japan
Habitat of living creatures	Analyses of Flood Flow and Riverbed Variation in Newly Constructed Wandos in the Shimeno District of the Yodo River
habitat quality	Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Habitat Quality in the Yellow River Basin (Inner Mongolia Section) from 1980 to 2020 Based on the InVEST Model
habitat restoration	Analysis of Flow and Riverbed Changes in the Kizu River Based on the Presence or Absence of -"Seigyu"
habitat suitability index	Simulation of River Water Temperature Increase Using HEC-RAS for Habitat Suitability Analysis of Baung Fish (Hemibagrus nemurus) as a Strategy for Aquatic Environmental Management
Han river	Spatiotemporal Distribution and Pattern Analysis of Fecal Coliforms in the Han River Basin, South Korea
Han River Basin	Study on ecological compensation standard for networked water diversion based on water value flow
Hanjiang River Basin	Response Mechanisms and Synergistic Identification of Multi-Objective Trade-offs in a Reservoir Group under Inter-Basin Water Transfer Intervention
Hard-projection	Temporal Downscaling of Rainfall Time Series using Advanced Deep Learning Algorithm in South Korea
Harmful Algal Blooms(HABs)	Comparative Analysis of Water Quality Impacts by Algae Control Agents in Mesocosm Experiments: Algaecidal vs. Flocculating Mechanisms
Hazardous Weather Detection	Short-term Hazardous Weather Forecasting based on Radar-derived Morphological Classification and Motion Vector Analysis
HEC-22	Generalizing inlet capture discharge equations across inlet sizes for HEC-22
HEC-RAS	Assessment of Manning’s Roughness Variability Caused by Flexible Vegetation Lodging Using HEC-RAS for Sustainable and Ecological River Management Simulation of River Water Temperature Increase Using HEC-RAS for Habitat Suitability Analysis of Baung Fish (Hemibagrus nemurus) as a Strategy for Aquatic Environmental Management Influence of DEM Resolution on 2D Flow Simulation of Channels with Centerline Vegetation Patches
Hedging rule	A Hierarchical Deferred Hedging Strategy with Release Threshold Optimization for Multi-Objective Reservoir Operation
Hedonic Price Model	Analysis of Marginal Willingness to Pay According to Urban Stream Accessibility - A Case Study of the Seoho Stream in Suwon -
Herb and grass	Hydrological effcets of vegetation on rill sediment from steep hillslops
Heterogeneous computing	Accelerating Urban Flood Simulation for Real-Time Forecasting: A Hybrid GPU-CPU Coupled Model approach
High-frequency data	Improving water quality prediction accuracy through outlier detection
High-frequency monitoring	Assessing the Applicability of Soft Sensors for Pollutant Load Estimation Using High-Frequency Flow and Water-Quality Data
High-Resolution Flood Mapping	Development of an XAI-Based Machine Learning Model for Urban Flood Susceptibility Prediction
high-resolution hydrology	Multi-Sensor UAV Observations for Soil Moisture Downscaling and Inter-Comparison with NISAR Soil Moisture
High-Resolution Monitoring Data	Analysis of Stratification and Flow Structures in Rivers Using High-Resolution Monitoring Data
High-resolution satellite imagery	Deep Learning-based Segmentation of Riparian Zones using High-Resolution Planet Scope Imagery
High-resolution simulation	High-Resolution Urban Flood Simulation for Large Domains Enabled by Multi-GPU Computing
HighResMIP	Improving Long-Term Wave Projections via Extreme-Oriented Bias Correction
Himalayan rivers	Balancing Energy, Rivers, and Communities: A Hydro-Environmental Perspective from Upper Trishuli–1 Hydro Electric Project 216 MW
Hinged flap gate operation	Scenario-Based Simulation of Delayed Sluice Gate Operation for CSO Control in a Restored Urban Stream: Cheonggyecheon Case Study
Horizontal composite breakwater	Experimental investigation on wave overtopping rate of horizontal composite breakwaters
housing	Assessment of housing flood resilience and its enhancement measures
HSI	Development of an Automated Habitat Index Estimation Program
HSPF	Chlorophyll-a Prediction in Streams using a Hybrid Hydrological-Deep Learning Model
Human Behavior	A Hybrid YOLOv8 and LLaVA Framework for Analyzing Human Behavior in Riverine Environments
human-robot interaction doll experiment	Hydrodynamic testing of a water-rescue system using tentacle mechanisms
Human–nonhuman relations	Integrating Bio-Cultural Diversity into Flood Control Policy under the Anthropocene: A Multispecies Perspective Based on the Landscape History of the Lower Yoshino River Basin in Tokushima
human–water systems	Reconceptualizing Ecosystem Services as Dynamic Components of Sociohydrology for Integrated Water Resources Management
hurricane	Informing Coastal Flood Impact Mitigation Under Changing Environment
Hwanggang Dam	Estimation of water level–storage relationships for an ungauged basin dam using global DEMs: Application to the Hwanggang Dam in the Imjin river basin
Hybrid coastal adaptation	Geosynthetic Systems as Enabling Infrastructure in Hybrid Nature-Based Coastal Protection
Hybrid model	Chlorophyll-a Prediction in Streams using a Hybrid Hydrological-Deep Learning Model
Hybrid nature-based solutions (NbS)	Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Flood Management: A Systematic Review of Key Gaps
hybrid process–data approaches	Data-driven exploration of depth–conductivity relationships in climate-sensitive peatland
Hydraulic	Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus
Hydraulic Behavior	Urban Flood Pilot Experimental Facility for Evaluating the Defense Performance of Flood Protection Infrastructure
Hydraulic experiment	EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RERATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIUS OF CURVATURE AND LATERAL OVERFLOW ANGLE IN CURVED CHANNEL Effect of hydraulic parameters on bypass-type driftwood traps installed in straight channels Exploring artificial vegetation-induced wave attenuation: A laboratory experiment for nature-based coastal protection Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Distribution and Bed Shear Stress in a Meandering Compound Channel Preliminary Model Tests on the Hydrodynamic Responses of an Aquaculture Structure under Wave Loading Full-scale hydraulic stability experiments to evaluate the erosion resistance of vegetated mattress-type gabions
hydraulic jump	Comparison and Development of Composite Numerical Schemes for Enhanced Accuracy and Stability in Long-Wave Equation Simulations
Hydraulic Model	Hydraulic Model Tests on a Short Tunnel Spillway Installed at Mid-Height of Dam Body A ConvLSTM-Based Deep Learning Surrogate Model for Real-Time Flood Inundation Mapping under Levee Breach Scenarios
hydraulic model experiment	Experimental Assessment and Empirical Formulation of Reflection Coefficients for a Breakwater-Integrated OWC Converter Development of a Sensor-Based Monitoring System for Early Warning of Levee Failure
Hydraulic modeling	Assessment of Manning’s Roughness Variability Caused by Flexible Vegetation Lodging Using HEC-RAS for Sustainable and Ecological River Management
Hydraulic pressure	Experimental Study on Hydraulic Pressure Response at the Base of a Vertical Shaft in an Underground Drainage Tunnel
Hydraulic risk assessment	Hydrological Functioning and Hydraulic Risk Assessment of the La Clapière Landslide (Tinée Valley, France)
hydraulic safety margin	A GHSI–HSM Framework for Identifying Rainfall Tipping Points in Grey–Green Drainage Systems
hydraulic simulation	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions
hydraulic structure operation	Hydro-Dynamics Analysis of River Flow Using Spatial Information
Hydraulic structures	Hydraulic and Structural Design of a Water-Level-Adaptive Floating Debris Barrier: An Integrated Approach for River Applications Evaluation of Scenarios for Reducing Saltwater Intrusion in the Seomjin River Estuary using Numerical Model: Focusing on Riverbed Restoration and Hydraulic Structures
hydraulic–hydrological coupling	Watershed-Scale Assessment of Spatiotemporal Flood Disturbance Intensity on the River Bed
Hydro-atmospheric coupling	Title: PoLSAR and AI-Informed Analysis of Flood Impacts on Convective Available Potential Energy via Hydro-Atmospheric Coupling
Hydro-geochemical Monitoring	Monitoring ISCO Remediation Dynamics and Hydraulic Changes in TPH-Contaminated Site using Time-Lapse ERT
Hydro-geomorphology	A Grid-Based Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Identify Dominant Flood-Influencing Factors
hydro-mechanical coupling	Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Modelling of Peatland Water Table Dynamics under Climate Change
HydroAsia	HydroAsia International Exchange Program in Water Engineering: Program operation and Pathways for Developing Young hydraulicians
Hydroclimatic Variability	Advanced Machine Learning Approaches for Accurate Prediction of Reservoir Evaporation in a Tropical River Basin
Hydrodynamic flow	Hydro-Dynamics Analysis of River Flow Using Spatial Information
Hydrodynamic model	Rainstorm With 'Train Effect' Drives Urban Flood Intensification
Hydrodynamic modeling	Integrating Data Assimilation and Geospatial Interpolation for Three-Dimensional Water Temperature Prediction in Ogouchi Reservoir Climate Change–Driven Intensification of Tropical Cyclone–Induced Storm Surges in Eastern Indonesia
Hydrodynamic Simulation	An Operational AI Modeling Framework for Environmental Prediction in Estuarine Systems
Hydroelectric production	Integrated Methodology to Assess Future Change of Exploitation Patterns on Hydro Reservoirs under Climate Change. The case of the Iberian Minho-Lima river basin
Hydrograph	Experimental Investigation on the Appropriate Spacing of Step and Pool Structures in Channelized River
Hydroinformatics	Physics-Guided Deep Learning for Spatiotemporal Downscaling of Urban Flood Predictions
Hydrologic component decomposition	Diagnosing Irrigation Operation Efficiency in Paddy Fields through Source-Based Decomposition of Hydrologic Components
Hydrologic Extremes	From Probabilistic Statistical Models to AI Deep Learning Models: A Paradigm Shift in Hydrological Time-Series Forecasting and Spatial Downscaling for Climate Resilience
hydrologic simulation	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions
Hydrologic variability	Assessing Cumulative Turbidity Stress on Riverine Biota under Increasing Hydrologic Variability
Hydrological component	Long-Term Hydrological Component Analysis in South Korea Using the SWAT-K Model
Hydrological Connectivity	Stream2Vec: learning river-network connectivity structure from barrier passability with a self-supervised graph transformer
Hydrological data assimilation	Joint Effects of Observation Network Design and Assimilation Frequency on Streamflow Prediction in Distributed Hydrological Models
Hydrological Data Quality Control	Enhancing Hydrological Data Quality Using AI-Based Quality Control Techniques
hydrological extremes	ESG-based Resilience Assessment of Hydrological and Hydraulic Infrastructure
hydrological frequency analysis	Sparsification-Based Framework for Improving IDF Curve Fitting in Urban Stormwater Design
Hydrological Model	Improving Spatial Resolution of Precipitation Under Climate Change Using Deep Learning-Based Super-Resolution for Fine-Resolution Hydrological Modeling
Hydrological modeling	Integrating Process-Based Hydrological Modeling and Deep Learning to Project Glacier-Fed Runoff in the Tarim River Basin Enhancing Rainfall Gap Filling in Arid Regions Using Ensemble Fusion Models
hydrological modelling	Assessing the Impacts of Land Use Change on River Flow Using the SWAT Model in the Tukituki Catchments, New Zealand. The role of bank-full flow estimation in habitat protection. Poland case study.
Hydrological Modelling (HEC-HMS)	Smart Stormwater Management, AI and Smart Sensor-Based Approach- Case from New Zealand
hydrological performance	Assessing the Hydrological Performance of a Green Roof in Auckland
Hydrological persistence	Drought Persistence, Escalation, and Recovery in the Godavari River Basin, India: A Soil Moisture Transition Probability Analysis
Hydrological prediction	Recent Advances in Earth Observation Satellites and Foundation Models for Hydrological Prediction and Analysis
Hydrological Risk	Robust Regional Classification of Extreme Snowfall Events Using Probabilistic and Clustering Approaches in Korea
hydrological variability	Spatial Baselines and Hydrological Modulation of Methane Concentration in Humid Tropical Rivers
HYDRUS-1D	De-Impermeabilization of an Urban Parking Lot and Stormwater Management in a French Mediterranean Pilot : Experimental Monitoring and Hydrological Modeling
Hyper-concentrated flow	Effect of particle shielding on cavitation erosion mitigation in hyper-concentrated sediment flows
Hyperparameter tuning	A Study on Optimization Techniques for Improving the Accuracy of AI-Based River Water Level Prediction Models
Hyperspectral image	Hyperspectral Imaging–Based Condition Assessment of Dam Structures Safety
Hyperspectral imaging	Continuous 3D Monitoring of Suspended Sediment Mixing Patterns Using CCTV-Based Hyperspectral Imaging
hypoxia	Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change-Induced Physicochemical Changes on the Formation of the Metalimnetic Oxygen Minimum Layer in Lake Soyang Comparison of hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic model performance in simulating currents and water quality in Osaka Bay, Japan Future projection of hypoxia in Lake Suwa, Japan, using meteorological and hydrodynamic-water-quality models
hysteresis	Stage-segmented Manning’s Roughness Estimation and Discharge Computation Using the Continuous Slope–Area Method at an Automatic Gauging Station
I
iber	Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus De-Impermeabilization of an Urban Parking Lot and Stormwater Management in a French Mediterranean Pilot : Experimental Monitoring and Hydrological Modeling
IDF curves	Sparsification-Based Framework for Improving IDF Curve Fitting in Urban Stormwater Design
IFASG	Development of an Automated Habitat Index Estimation Program
Illumination	Feature-Based River Image Monitoring with Varying Illumination
image analysis	Simultaneous Estimation of Flow Velocity, Flow Direction, and Water Depth based on Image Analysis of River-Water-Surface Flow
Image matching	Feature-Based River Image Monitoring with Varying Illumination
image regression	Research on Improving Object Detection Accuracy through Dynamic Adaptation of CLAHE Parameters
Image Velocimetry	Performance verification experiment of smart velocity and discharge measurement system in small river Enhancing Gradient Estimation for Spatio-Temporal Images using Generative Adversarial Networks
Image-based 3D reconstruction	Automating Riverbed Sediment Surveys with Image-Based 3D Reconstruction
Imjin River	Estimation of water level–storage relationships for an ungauged basin dam using global DEMs: Application to the Hwanggang Dam in the Imjin river basin
Impact assessment	Satellite-Based Assessment of Agricultural Drought Impacts Using the MODIS-Derived Drought Severity Index
Implicit scheme	A Fully Implicit Discontinuous Galerkin Wet-Dry Scheme for Shallow Water Equations
Improvement of design standards	Necessity for Improving the Quantitative Downstream Disaster Risk Assessment System for Agricultural Reservoirs
Improving Long-Term Groundwater Level Prediction	Analysis of the impact of ensemble model utilizing multiple artificial intelligence models on improving groundwater level prediction
In-channel landscape	Assessment of Riverbed Disturbance Tendencies Based on Bed Shear Stress Responses under Multi-Stage Discharge Conditions
In-situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO)	Monitoring ISCO Remediation Dynamics and Hydraulic Changes in TPH-Contaminated Site using Time-Lapse ERT
Indigenous knowledge	Water as Taonga: Harmonizing Te Ao Māori and Water Treatment in New Zealand
Inertial particles	Experimental Investigation of phase-dependent slip dynamics of negatively buoyant spheres in regular surface gravity waves
Infiltration	De-Impermeabilization of an Urban Parking Lot and Stormwater Management in a French Mediterranean Pilot : Experimental Monitoring and Hydrological Modeling
infiltration well	Implementation of Infiltration Well in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area to Reliving the Water Springs during Drought Season
Infiltration-type drainage system	Experimental and numerical study of infiltration-type rainwater drainage systems
Inflow data	Multi-Temporal Integration of Rainfall and Inflow Data for Improved Reservoir Inflow Estimation Using the KRC Standard Test-bed
infrastructure resilience	ESG-based Resilience Assessment of Hydrological and Hydraulic Infrastructure
inlet spacing	Designing Stormwater Inlet Spacing for Urban Roadways
Instant-NGP	Automating Riverbed Sediment Surveys with Image-Based 3D Reconstruction
Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph	Ungauged Basin Flood Prediction using a Decoupled Physics-Machine Learning Framework
Insufficient Training Data	Practical Prediction Method for Inflow to Dams with Insufficient Training Data by Machine Learning and Similar Basins Selecting
Intake management	Field-based analysis of hydrodynamic behavior in a complex artificial lake under variable flow regimes
integral time scale	Estimation of the Integral Time Scale through Spectral Noise Refinement
Integrated Flood Risk Index	Mapping FutuFlood Regime Shifts in South Korea through a Multidimensional Flood Risk Index under IPCC AR6 Climate Scenarios
Integrated Hydrological Model	Quantifying the resilience of national adaptation plans under future climate uncertainty using integrated hydrological model
Integrated landscape-scale restoration	From Science to Practice: Stress-Testing and Co-Designing Sponge Landscape Strategies for Climate Resilience in Europe
Integrated management	Suggestion for Classification of River Facilities and Asset Management Directions
Integrated management system	Development and Application of a Real-Time Data-Based Urban Wetland Integrated Management System
integrated water management	Integrating Direct and Indirect Losses for Multi-Level Flood Risk Governance: Multi-Component Flood Configurations and Post-Flood Landslide Direct-Loss Comparisons in the Metropolitan Region, South Korea
Integrated Water Management and Governance	Case studies from China’s progress toward United Nations 2030 Agenda for SDG6
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)	Community-Led Integrated Water Resource Management for Climate Resilience, Food Security, and Nature Conservation in Rural Nepal
Integrated water resources management	Satellite-based Inference of Upstream Reservoir Operations under Information Asymmetry in Transboundary River Basins Reconceptualizing Ecosystem Services as Dynamic Components of Sociohydrology for Integrated Water Resources Management Long-Term Hydrological Component Analysis in South Korea Using the SWAT-K Model Integrated Methodology to Assess Future Change of Exploitation Patterns on Hydro Reservoirs under Climate Change. The case of the Iberian Minho-Lima river basin
Integrated water resources management (IWRM)	From Trade-offs to Synergies: Ecosystem Service Responses to Integrated Water Resources Management in the Haba River Basin
Inter-basin water transfer	Response Mechanisms and Synergistic Identification of Multi-Objective Trade-offs in a Reservoir Group under Inter-Basin Water Transfer Intervention
internal wave	Density Current Simulation Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method with Non-Uniform Lattices
international exchange program	HydroAsia International Exchange Program in Water Engineering: Program operation and Pathways for Developing Young hydraulicians
Interpretable modeling framework	Interpretable Knowledge-Driven Framework for Groundwater Regime Simulation: Integrating Physical Laws and Graph-Based Reasoning for Regional Groundwater Management
interregional input–output (IRIO)	Integrating Direct and Indirect Losses for Multi-Level Flood Risk Governance: Multi-Component Flood Configurations and Post-Flood Landslide Direct-Loss Comparisons in the Metropolitan Region, South Korea
Interspecies extrapolation	Development of a biotic ligand–toxicokinetics model based on interspecies extrapolation for predicting cadmium bioaccumulation in Glyptotendipes tokunagai
intra-annual runoff distribution	Spatiotemporal variations of intra-annual runoff distribution in Taohe River Basin during 1980-2016
Inundation	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions Construction of Virtual Sewer Networks from Road Data for Urban Pluvial Flood Simulation
inundation analysis model	Visualization and Comprehensive Evaluation of Flood Mitigation Effects of Tambo Dams and the pre-release operation of irrigation ponds
Inundation mapping	Diffflood: Attention-Augmented Diffusion Models for Compound Flood Inundation Map Super-Resolution in Coastal Cities
Inundation modeling	Hydraulic Impacts of Storage Layout and Operation Strategies in Valley-Bottom Lowlands
Inverse variance weighting	Prediction of maximum tsunami height and arrival time using machine learning and inverse variance weighting
InVEST model	Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Habitat Quality in the Yellow River Basin (Inner Mongolia Section) from 1980 to 2020 Based on the InVEST Model
Invited Speaker	Spatial Field Monitoring of Surface Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport for Coastal Protection Towards Climate Resilient Landscapes: The Role of Interdisciplinary Knowledge for Successful Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions
iRIC	Effects of the Spatial Configuration of Abandoned Paddy Fields on Peak Discharge Reduction in Small River Floodplains with Open Levees A Study on Riverbed Variation in the Takatsu River Based on Numerical Analysis
iRIC software	Numerical analysis of sandbar behavior at a river confluence
Iron-impregnated activated carbon (Fe-PAC)	Sustained Removal of PFAS and Pharmaceuticals Using a UV-Regenerable Fe-PAC Hybrid System at Pilot Scale
Irregular waves	On Wave Reflection and Transmission of Permeable Low-Crested Structures Considering Water Level Differences
irrigation	Stakeholder appraisal reveals epistemically fragile assumptions driving global irrigation water estimates
Irrigation Engineering Heritage	Study on the Coupling Mechanism Between Irrigation Engineering Heritage and Natural‑Humanistic Environment
Irrigation operation efficiency	Diagnosing Irrigation Operation Efficiency in Paddy Fields through Source-Based Decomposition of Hydrologic Components
irrigation ponds	Visualization and Comprehensive Evaluation of Flood Mitigation Effects of Tambo Dams and the pre-release operation of irrigation ponds
Irrigation water	Quantifying Return Flow and Reuse Through Water Cycle Modeling of Irrigation Canal Networks
ISO 14068-1 Carbon Credits	An Integrated MRV Framework for Carbon Mitigation and Climate Adaptation of Moss-Based Green Infrastructure: An Urban Ecotron Experimental Study
Isolation Forest	Enhancing Hydrological Data Quality Using AI-Based Quality Control Techniques
J
Jeju Island	A Grid-Based Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Identify Dominant Flood-Influencing Factors
Joint modeling	A Bivariate Copula Model for Future Simulation of Precipitation from Temperature Projections
K
K-means	Delineating hydrological homogeneous regions for rainfall regional frequency analysis using and clustering techniques based on recent rainfall data in South Korea
Keynote	Modeling Mangrove from a Tree to a Forest: A Nature-based Solution for Coastal Defense Climate Change Impacts and Evaluation of Adaptation to Flooding in Japan Modeling Two-Dimensional Pollutant Mixing in Rivers
Keynote 1	Modeling Mangrove from a Tree to a Forest: A Nature-based Solution for Coastal Defense Modeling Two-Dimensional Pollutant Mixing in Rivers
Keynote 2	Climate Change Impacts and Evaluation of Adaptation to Flooding in Japan
Kizu River	Analysis of Flow and Riverbed Changes in the Kizu River Based on the Presence or Absence of -"Seigyu" Quantifying Long-Term Riverbed Responses to Traditional Seigyu as Nature-Based Solutions Using UAV-Based Topographic in Kizu river, Japan
KM method	Residual Life and Performance Degradation of River Gates using Statistical Methods
Knowledge graph	Knowledge Graph–Physics Fusion Bidirectional Temporal Convolutional Modeling for Flood Regulation Simulation Interpretable Knowledge-Driven Framework for Groundwater Regime Simulation: Integrating Physical Laws and Graph-Based Reasoning for Regional Groundwater Management
Knowledge-driven model	Interpretable Knowledge-Driven Framework for Groundwater Regime Simulation: Integrating Physical Laws and Graph-Based Reasoning for Regional Groundwater Management
Korean flood risk assessment model (K-FRM)	Development of QGIS-Based Plugin for Korean Flood Risk Assessment Model (K-FRM)
Korean Peninsula	Multi-Index Identification of Drought Hotspots and Disaster Vulnerability Across the Korean Peninsula Under Climate Change High-Resolution Soil Moisture Retrieval in Korea Using Deep Learning-Enhanced Sentinel-1 SAR and Antecedent Rainfall Information
Korean sea waters	Future Wave Climate Projections in the Korean Sea Waters: A Multi-Model Approach Under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5
KRC Standard Testbed	Multi-Temporal Integration of Rainfall and Inflow Data for Improved Reservoir Inflow Estimation Using the KRC Standard Test-bed
kriging	Integrating Data Assimilation and Geospatial Interpolation for Three-Dimensional Water Temperature Prediction in Ogouchi Reservoir
Kuma River Basin	Hazard Analysis of Driving and Housing in Hitoyoshi City During the July 2020 Torrential Rainfall, Japan
L
Labile fraction	Contaminant Characterization and Recycling Potential of Dredged Sediments from Stormwater Detention and Drainage Facilities: Toward Efficient and Sustainable Management Strategies
Laboratory experiment	Experimental Investigation of Sediment Sorting Associated in a Vegetated Channel
Laboratory measurements	Time‑Dependent Local Scour Downstream of a Fixed‑Bed Structure: Flume Measurements and Exner–Based Morphodynamic Modeling
Laboratory tank experiment	Proposal of an Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging-Based Methodology for the Detection and Classification of Suspended Sediment Stratification
Lag correlation	Timescale Dependence of the Propagation Time–Recovery Lagtime Relationship in Drought Events
Lagrangian-Based Modeling	Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Extreme Wave Overtopping at Coastal under Climate Change
Lake Akan	Development of an Evaluation Method for the Ideal Condition of the Algal Ball Marimo
Lake Soyang	Turbidity Dynamics in Lake Soyang Captured by Multi-Sensor Monitoring System: Insights from 2024–2025 Observations
land cover change prediction	Land Cover Change Prediction Using a CA-MLP Model with Neighborhood Patterns and Topographic Accessibility Factors
Land Cover Conversion	Analysis of Runoff and Sediment Yield Reduction Effects Based on NbS Scenarios: A Case Study of the Cheoncheon Watershed in the Yongdam Dam Basin
Land cover restoration	Title: Evaluating the Potential Reduction of Non-point Source Pollutants and Organic Carbon from Riparian Land Conversion using the SWAT-C Model
land use	Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Habitat Quality in the Yellow River Basin (Inner Mongolia Section) from 1980 to 2020 Based on the InVEST Model
Land-atmosphere interactions	Title: PoLSAR and AI-Informed Analysis of Flood Impacts on Convective Available Potential Energy via Hydro-Atmospheric Coupling
land-cover classification	Deep Learning-based Segmentation of Riparian Zones using High-Resolution Planet Scope Imagery
Land-use	Quantification of Rainfall–Runoff-Driven Microplastic Inflows to a River Using a Catchment-Scale Water Quality Model
Land-use change	Assessing the Impacts of Land Use Change on River Flow Using the SWAT Model in the Tukituki Catchments, New Zealand. From Trade-offs to Synergies: Ecosystem Service Responses to Integrated Water Resources Management in the Haba River Basin
Landslide hydrology	Hydrological Functioning and Hydraulic Risk Assessment of the La Clapière Landslide (Tinée Valley, France)
Landslide-generated tsunamis	A Data-driven Framework for Near-field Time-series Prediction of Landslide-generated Tsunamis
Large ensembles	Large ensemble-based rainfall frequency analysis using Stochastic Storm Transposition: A case study of Northern Japan
large language model	LLM-Augmented Port Container Throughput Forecasting: A Systematic Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Neural Architectures with Exogenous Semantic Fusion
large river	Characteristics and changes of major rivers’ aquatic plants using the National Census on River Environments in Japan
Large Sample Emulator (LSE)	Automated Multi-Site Calibration of WRF-Hydro with PEST++ in the Nakdong River Basin: Reliability Across Flood Events and an AI Extension
large-eddy simulation	Estimation of Subsurface Turbulent Flow Structures from Water-Surface Data Using Sequential Data Assimilation
Large-scale Assessment	Index-based Assessment of River Connectivity across the Korean Peninsula
Large-scale experiments	Effects of Riparian Vegetation Patch Location and Vertical Structure on Bulk Flow Resistance and Turbulent Flow Characteristics
large-scale flood management projects	Toward Quantitative Environmental Targets in class A rivers managed by Central government: Institutional Framework and Practices under Nature-Positive Policy in Japan
lateral overflow	EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RERATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIUS OF CURVATURE AND LATERAL OVERFLOW ANGLE IN CURVED CHANNEL
lateral weir	EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RERATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIUS OF CURVATURE AND LATERAL OVERFLOW ANGLE IN CURVED CHANNEL
lattice Boltzmann method	Density Current Simulation Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method with Non-Uniform Lattices
lead-lag response	Quantifying Drought Impacts and Damages with Consideration of Lead–Lag Responses in Drought Indicators
Leak localization	Smart Leak Localization in Urban Water Pipe Networks Based on IoT Sensors and Machine Learning to Support Ecologically Healthy Rivers
Leakage	Sensitivity Matrix-based Optimal Sensor Placement for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Networks
Levee	Analysis of Levee Surface Conditions Using Sentinel-1 SAR Backscattering Coefficient
Levee Breach	A ConvLSTM-Based Deep Learning Surrogate Model for Real-Time Flood Inundation Mapping under Levee Breach Scenarios
Levee failure	Development of a Sensor-Based Monitoring System for Early Warning of Levee Failure
Levee height modification	Hydraulic Impacts of Storage Layout and Operation Strategies in Valley-Bottom Lowlands
Levee Reinforcement	Full-Scale Evaluation of Bio-Polymer-Based High-Strength Levee Reinforcement under Overtopping Conditions Using Image-Based Velocity Measurements
Level of Detail (LOD)	Improving Real-Time VR Visualization of Massive Bathymetric Data: A Proposed Pipeline Based on Mesh Simplification and Dynamic Loading
Level–Storage Relationship	Satellite-Derived Level–Storage Relationships for Ungauged Reservoirs Using Sentinel-2 Time-Series Imagery
LID combination	Development of Surrogate-based Optimization Framework for Land Use-Informed LID Facility Combinations in Urban Areas
LiDAR	Assessing the Reliability of Satellite-Derived Digital Terrain Models for Channel Characterization for Flood Simulation in Steep, Data-Limited Regions Integrated LiDAR and Vision-Based System for Field Monitoring of Wave Overtopping
Lightweight Digital Twin	AI-Driven Lightweight Digital Twin with Living-Lab-Based Validation for Urban Flood Risk
Lightweight Models	Deployment-Oriented Evaluation of a Mobile Edge AI Pipeline for Hazardous Object Detection as an Auxiliary Warning Layer in Coastal Environments
Limit Water Levels	Prepare Before the Drought: Traditional Culture and Modern Risk-Avoidance Wisdom Behind Drought Limit Water Levels
Linear Rainfall Bands	Classification of Meteorological Fields Leading to Linear Rainfall Bands in Kyushu Using SOM and Their Future Projections
LISFLOOD	Joint Effects of Observation Network Design and Assimilation Frequency on Streamflow Prediction in Distributed Hydrological Models
LISST-200X	Performance Evaluation of Acoustic Instruments for Suspended Sediment Detection and Concentration Estimation Potential
Littoral Cell	Littoral Cell Classification along the East Coast of the Korean Peninsula Using Satellite-derived Shorelines and Unsupervised Learning
Living entity	River ethics vs. environmental ethics: Historic backgrounds and nuance
Living-Lab	AI-Driven Lightweight Digital Twin with Living-Lab-Based Validation for Urban Flood Risk
LLaVA	A Hybrid YOLOv8 and LLaVA Framework for Analyzing Human Behavior in Riverine Environments
local ensemble transform Kalman filter	Estimation of Subsurface Turbulent Flow Structures from Water-Surface Data Using Sequential Data Assimilation
Local Intense Precipitation (LIP)	Assessment of Local Intense Precipitation (LIP) for Critical Infrastructure: Deriving SSPMP via Radar-Based Bias Correction and Spatial Analysis
Local knowledge	Traditional Japanese Groynes and Sediment Management Principles
local scour	Effects of Upstream Vegetation on Local Scour and Flow Structure around a Spur Dike WAKE–SCOUR INTERACTION IN A SUBMERGED-TO-EMERGENT VEGETATION SEQUENCE: LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Data-Driven Prediction of Scour Depth and Probabilistic Assessment of Design Conservatism Improving Local Scour Prediction Accuracy in Numerical Simulations by Incorporating Non-Uniform Sediment Grain Sizes Time‑Dependent Local Scour Downstream of a Fixed‑Bed Structure: Flume Measurements and Exner–Based Morphodynamic Modeling
Local scouring	Experimental Investigation on Riverbed Protection Utilizing Seepage Flow Downstream of Bridge Piers Countermeasures Against Riverbed Scouring Focusing on Seepage Flow Inside Boulders Downstream of Movable Weir
Logarithmic velocity profile	Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Distribution and Bed Shear Stress in a Meandering Compound Channel
Logic-Tree	Logic-Tree Based Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Deaggregation for the Eastern Coast of Korea
Logical Interdependencies	Exploring Logical Interdependencies in Flood Management Governance: A Network Approach to Reveal Weak Ties and Structural Holes
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)	Comparing fine-tuned neural hydrology and Physics-Based models in the Mekong Basin
long-term changes	INVESTIGATION OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN WATER TEMPERATURE OF RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE INNER PART OF THE ARIAKE SEA
long-term system performance	Multi-Scale Characterization of Transport Variables in Permeable Reactive Barriers under System Dynamics
longwave equation	Comparison and Development of Composite Numerical Schemes for Enhanced Accuracy and Stability in Long-Wave Equation Simulations
LoRA	Enhancing cross-regional transferability of deep learning-based flood surrogate models for data-scarce catchments
loss coefficient	Experimental Study on Energy Loss Characteristics of Surcharged 3-Way Junction Manholes
low impact development	Assessing the Extreme Rainfall and Heatwave Resilience of Nature-based Stormwater Systems through Long-Term IoT-based Sensor Data and Machine Learning Integrating Nature-Based Solutions into Policy Implementation: Empirical Evidence for Climate-Resilient Water Circulation Cities in South Korea Spatial allocation of low impact development controls using water footprint accounting
Low water management	Proposal for Inflow Prediction method applicable into Low flow to High flow Using the Elastic Net
low-reflection characteristic	Experimental Assessment and Empirical Formulation of Reflection Coefficients for a Breakwater-Integrated OWC Converter
Lower Yellow River Floodplain	Spatiotemporal Change and Scenario Simulation of Ecological Resilience in the Lower Yellow River Floodplain
lowland farmland	3D visualization application that can display water levels in canals and presumed inundation depth
LS-SVR	Advanced Machine Learning Approaches for Accurate Prediction of Reservoir Evaporation in a Tropical River Basin
LSTM	Analysis of the impact of ensemble model utilizing multiple artificial intelligence models on improving groundwater level prediction Regional Weather Model–LSTM Approach for Estimating Extreme Droughts in a Korean Dam Basin A Study on Optimization Techniques for Improving the Accuracy of AI-Based River Water Level Prediction Models Forecasting Compound Drought and Heatwaves in South Korea Using LSTM with Multi-Resolution Approach and Autoformer Model Development of an AI-Based Flood Forecasting System for Practical Application in Typhoon Committee Member Countries
LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory)	Data-Driven Prediction of Domestic Water Demand Using LSTM Considering Socio-Economic and Climatic Conditions
LSTM Autoencoder	Enhancing Hydrological Data Quality Using AI-Based Quality Control Techniques
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Machine learning	Effects of Watershed-based Flood Management on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Diversity Based on Species Distribution Models in the Oyodo River Basin, Southwest Japan Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Sediment Transport Prediction Application of machine learning to develop an APEX meta-model for simulating phosphorus loss from croplands Assessing the Applicability of Soft Sensors for Pollutant Load Estimation Using High-Frequency Flow and Water-Quality Data Case Study : Predicting a Wetland Water Level by Data-Driven Models and Statistical Models An Operational AI Modeling Framework for Environmental Prediction in Estuarine Systems Prediction of maximum tsunami height and arrival time using machine learning and inverse variance weighting Decoding Climate Change Impacts: An Interpretable Framework for Reconstructing Coastal Water Quality Dynamics Smart Leak Localization in Urban Water Pipe Networks Based on IoT Sensors and Machine Learning to Support Ecologically Healthy Rivers Development of Surrogate-based Optimization Framework for Land Use-Informed LID Facility Combinations in Urban Areas Integration of National Soil Survey Data and Machine-Learning Pedotransfer Functions for Predicting Soil Water Content Ungauged Basin Flood Prediction using a Decoupled Physics-Machine Learning Framework Assessing Drought-Affected Paddy Fields and Rice Productivity under Precipitation Deficits Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Classification of Cyanobacterial Bloom Risk Levels in a Weir-Regulated River Using Machine Learning A Cluster-Based Machine Learning Framework for Water Level Prediction in Data-Limited Region Development of an XAI-Based Machine Learning Model for Urban Flood Susceptibility Prediction PFAS source allocation using Machine learning approach A Machine learning-based Global Snow Water Equivalent dataset Data-Driven Prediction of Scour Depth and Probabilistic Assessment of Design Conservatism Integrated Methodology to Assess Future Change of Exploitation Patterns on Hydro Reservoirs under Climate Change. The case of the Iberian Minho-Lima river basin Advanced Machine Learning Approaches for Accurate Prediction of Reservoir Evaporation in a Tropical River Basin
Maintenance management	Suggestion for Classification of River Facilities and Asset Management Directions
Maintenance Prioritization	Unveiling Safety Bias in River Sluice Gates: A Dual-Track Risk Assessment for Ensuring Functional Reliability
Mangrove Ecosystem	River Regulation and Mangrove Recovery After Hydroclimatic Extremes in Indonesia: An Event-Aligned Multi-Watershed Comparison
Mann-Kendall test	Seasonal Impacts of climate factors on groundwater variability in fractured rock aquifers of South Korea
Manning’s roughness	Stage-segmented Manning’s Roughness Estimation and Discharge Computation Using the Continuous Slope–Area Method at an Automatic Gauging Station
Manning’s roughness coefficient	Assessment of Manning’s Roughness Variability Caused by Flexible Vegetation Lodging Using HEC-RAS for Sustainable and Ecological River Management
Marginal Willingness to Pay	Analysis of Marginal Willingness to Pay According to Urban Stream Accessibility - A Case Study of the Seoho Stream in Suwon -
Marimo	Development of an Evaluation Method for the Ideal Condition of the Algal Ball Marimo
Masked learning	Variable-Agnostic Masked-Transfer Learning Framework for Multi-Station River Water Level Prediction Using Transformer Networks
MASW	GPR-based monitoring for sea-dike integrity in Saemangeum area
material cycle	Comparison of hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic model performance in simulating currents and water quality in Osaka Bay, Japan
Mattress-type gabions	Full-scale hydraulic stability experiments to evaluate the erosion resistance of vegetated mattress-type gabions
Maximum dew point	Trend Analysis of Maximum Dew Point in Korea using the BEAST Algorithm
Maximum tsunami height	Prediction of maximum tsunami height and arrival time using machine learning and inverse variance weighting
MCDM	From Hazard to Impact: Drought Impact Based Forecasting and County Level Vulnerability Mapping in Kenya’s Athi Basin
Mean Action Time (MAT)	An Analytical Framework for Aquifer Characterization using Mean Action Time (MAT)
Meander Morphodynamics	Numerical Investigation of River Meander Morphodynamics: An Enhanced 2D Modelling
Meandering compound channel	Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Distribution and Bed Shear Stress in a Meandering Compound Channel
Meandering hydraulics	Field-based analysis of hydrodynamic behavior in a complex artificial lake under variable flow regimes
meandering river	Field-based investigation of flow redistribution in sharp meander bends of shallow rivers in South Korea
Meandering rivers	Vegetation–Flow–Sediment Feedbacks in Meandering Rivers: Implications for Nature-Based Flood Management
Mediterranean climate	Hydrological modeling as a tool to identify and quantify potential storage areas for the valorization of stormwater runoff
Mekong Basin Dataset	Comparing fine-tuned neural hydrology and Physics-Based models in the Mekong Basin
Mekong River	Development and On-Site Validation of a Locally Customized Smart Staff Gauge for Developing Countries
Mercury	Assessment of Mercury (Hg) in the TOYAGAMA Drinking Water System at Universitas Gadjah Mada
Mesocosm	Comparative Analysis of Water Quality Impacts by Algae Control Agents in Mesocosm Experiments: Algaecidal vs. Flocculating Mechanisms
Meta Model	Application of machine learning to develop an APEX meta-model for simulating phosphorus loss from croplands
Metalimnetic oxygen minimum (MOM)	Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change-Induced Physicochemical Changes on the Formation of the Metalimnetic Oxygen Minimum Layer in Lake Soyang
Metalimnion	Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change-Induced Physicochemical Changes on the Formation of the Metalimnetic Oxygen Minimum Layer in Lake Soyang
Meteorological information system	Development of a Meteorological Information System to Support Rapid Evacuation Decision-Making in Urban Flood Disasters
meteorological model	Future projection of hypoxia in Lake Suwa, Japan, using meteorological and hydrodynamic-water-quality models
Methane	Spatial Baselines and Hydrological Modulation of Methane Concentration in Humid Tropical Rivers
Methane flux	Interpreting Machine-Learning-Based Methane Flux Models in Wetlands Using FLUXNET-CH₄ Data: A Framework for Algorithm Comparison
Methylmercury	Environmental patterns associated with dissolved methylmercury variability in Minamata Bay, Japan (2006–2023)
Micro bubbles	Microbubble Characteristics of DAF System to Remove Water Pollutants from Deep Rainwater Tunnel Outflow to River
microbial co-occurrence network	Analysis of Nitrogen Removal Driving Forces in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
Microcystin-LR	Phytoplankton Community Shifts and Microcystin-LR During Cyanobacterial Blooms in Upstream Soyang Lake, Korea
Microorganism	Microbial community characteristics in a floating constructed wetland using artificial fiber and ceramsite as substrates
Microplastic	Quantification of Rainfall–Runoff-Driven Microplastic Inflows to a River Using a Catchment-Scale Water Quality Model Microplastic Deposition on Biologically Cohesive Sediment Over Bare Bed and Within Emergent Canopies
Microplastics	The Effect of Sinuosity on Microplastic Transport in Meandering Channels
Microscopic Analysis	Automated Generation Framework for Microscopic Time-Series Urban Inundation Data from CCTV Imagery using Fixed Visual References
Microwave drone observations	Multi-Sensor UAV Observations for Soil Moisture Downscaling and Inter-Comparison with NISAR Soil Moisture
mild-slope equation	Deterministic Wave Models for Random Wave Propagation and Dissipation
Minamata Bay	Environmental patterns associated with dissolved methylmercury variability in Minamata Bay, Japan (2006–2023)
minute-resolution data	A Hybrid Transformer–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model (Transformer-BiLSTM) for Multi-Station Water-Level Forecasting in an Urban Watershed with Minute-Resolution Data
Miryang River	Analysis of Levee Surface Conditions Using Sentinel-1 SAR Backscattering Coefficient
Missing values	Improving water quality prediction accuracy through outlier detection
Mixed-size sediment	Experimental Investigation of Sediment Sorting Associated in a Vegetated Channel
Mixing Behavior	Application of T–C Diagram for Analyzing Mixing Behavior at River Confluences
Mixing pattern	Analysis of Stratification and Flow Structures in Rivers Using High-Resolution Monitoring Data
Mixing processes	Field Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures and Mixing Processes at a River Confluence
MLE process	Development and Application of an AI-Based Autonomous Control System for the MLE Process
MLOps	A Practical Framework for Integrating MLOps and Agentic AI into Deep Learning Flood Prediction
Model	Numerical simulation on the transport of supersaturated TDG in compound channels with vegetated floodplain
Model applicability and limitations	Evaluation of the Applicability and Limitations of One-Dimensional Bed Variation Modeling for Post-Flood Sediment Dynamics in the Takatoki River
Model calibration	Calibration of Clark Unit Hydrograph Parameters (tc and K) in the Upstream Watershed of Gwansan Reservoir
Model comparison	Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Sediment Transport Prediction Comparative Evaluation of Rainfall-Runoff Model (GR4J) Considering Snowmelt Processes for Reservoir Inflow Simulation
Model interpretability	Interpreting Machine-Learning-Based Methane Flux Models in Wetlands Using FLUXNET-CH₄ Data: A Framework for Algorithm Comparison
model predictive control	Integrating deep learning surrogates with model predictive control: A tractable framework for autonomous water network operation
Model validation	Validation of 2D Flow Analysis in a Natural River using Non-contact Measurement Technologies
modeling	Stakeholder appraisal reveals epistemically fragile assumptions driving global irrigation water estimates Modeling Two-Dimensional Pollutant Mixing in Rivers
Modeling Mangrove	Modeling Mangrove from a Tree to a Forest: A Nature-based Solution for Coastal Defense
modelling	Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus
Modern Risk-Avoidance Wisdom	Prepare Before the Drought: Traditional Culture and Modern Risk-Avoidance Wisdom Behind Drought Limit Water Levels
MODIS	Evaluating the Continuity of MODIS and VIIRS NDVI for Agricultural Drought Assessment in South Korea Satellite-Based Assessment of Agricultural Drought Impacts Using the MODIS-Derived Drought Severity Index
MODIS NDVI	Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Moisture in Mongolia Inferred from Field Measurements and Satellite Observations
MODIS Snow Cover	Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Moisture in Mongolia Inferred from Field Measurements and Satellite Observations
Moisture	Consistent Intensification of Extreme Heavy and Light Precipitation Events in the Tienshan Mountains, Central Asia
Moment by drag	Three-Dimensional Flood Flow Analysis Considering Bamboo Lodging and Woody Vegetation Washout Based on Airborne LiDAR Data and the Dupuit–Forchheimer Drag Model
Momentum-based resistance parameterization	From Patch-Scale Drag to Reach-Scale Friction: Full-Scale Evaluation of Vegetation-Resistance Models in a Compound Channel
Mongolian Plateau	Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Moisture in Mongolia Inferred from Field Measurements and Satellite Observations
Monitoring	Smart Waterfront: Integrating predictive systems and advanced sensing feedback technology for effective monitoring of urbanised coastlines Characteristics of Water Temperature Variability in Rivers and Paddy Field Channels in the Middle Reaches of the Nagara River GPR-based monitoring for sea-dike integrity in Saemangeum area
Monsoon	Predictability of Extreme Precipitation Days over the Korean Peninsula
Mooring system	Preliminary Model Tests on the Hydrodynamic Responses of an Aquaculture Structure under Wave Loading
Morphodynamics	Vegetation Patch-Induced Morphodynamics: Leveraging Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Green River Transition Channel Planform Dynamics in Braided Rivers Under Flood-Induced Vegetation Loss
morphological change	A quasi-steady model for morphological change of a stream following a weir removal
Morphological Classification	Short-term Hazardous Weather Forecasting based on Radar-derived Morphological Classification and Motion Vector Analysis
Moss-Based Green Infrastructure	An Integrated MRV Framework for Carbon Mitigation and Climate Adaptation of Moss-Based Green Infrastructure: An Urban Ecotron Experimental Study
Motase	Evaluation of a Traditional Decentralized Water Management Practice “Motase” for Pluvial Flood Mitigation
Mount-shaped riprap	Countermeasures Against Lakeshore Erosion Caused by Seepage Flow Inside Mount-Shaped Riprap
mountain lake	Future projection of hypoxia in Lake Suwa, Japan, using meteorological and hydrodynamic-water-quality models
movable-bed analysis	Applicability and Limitations of Fixed-Bed 2D Unsteady Flow Analysis for Bedload Transport: Comparison with Movable-Bed Simulations Upstream of the Funagira Dam
Movable-bed experiment	Movable-Bed Experimental Analysis of Upstream Stagnation Mitigation by Weir Opening Expansion
Moving boundary	A Fully Implicit Discontinuous Galerkin Wet-Dry Scheme for Shallow Water Equations
MRV	An Integrated MRV Framework for Carbon Mitigation and Climate Adaptation of Moss-Based Green Infrastructure: An Urban Ecotron Experimental Study
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA	Site Suitability Analysis for Nature-Based Solutions in an Agricultural River Basin: A Case study of Wetland Restoration
Multi scale analysis	Interpreting Machine-Learning-Based Methane Flux Models in Wetlands Using FLUXNET-CH₄ Data: A Framework for Algorithm Comparison
Multi-criteria decision-making (AHP–TOPSIS)	A Component-Based Evaluation of Regional Flood Resilience Using AHP–TOPSIS: Policy Implications for South Korea
Multi-factor analysis	A Multi-Factor Analysis of White-to-Green River Transitions in South Korea
Multi-factor coupling	Review of the Deformation Mechanisms and Monitoring–Early Warning of Flexible Mattress Systems
Multi-GPU acceleration	High-Resolution Urban Flood Simulation for Large Domains Enabled by Multi-GPU Computing
multi-level flood risk governance	Integrating Direct and Indirect Losses for Multi-Level Flood Risk Governance: Multi-Component Flood Configurations and Post-Flood Landslide Direct-Loss Comparisons in the Metropolitan Region, South Korea
Multi-metric flood hazard	Multi-metric flood hazard assessment and uncertainty analysis in the Ōta River Basin using XRAIN-driven 2D HEC-RAS
Multi-model Ensemble	Analysis of groundwater recharge under climate change using a multi-model ensemble Quantifying Future Flood Risk under CMIP6 Climate Scenarios: A Case Study in the Miho River Basin, South Korea
Multi-objective Optimization	Strategic Cooperation in Agricultural Water Management: An Incentive-Based Model for Unequal Withdrawal Conditions
Multi-purpose IoT sensors	Smart Leak Localization in Urban Water Pipe Networks Based on IoT Sensors and Machine Learning to Support Ecologically Healthy Rivers
Multi-scale observation	Integrating Multi-scale Observations and Bayesian Optimization to Improve CLM5 Carbon Flux Simulations in a Constructed Riverine Wetland, South Korea
Multi-scenario optimization	Research on Multi-Scenario Simulation and Optimization Techniques for Recycled Water Network Systems Based on EPANET
multi-sensor	Field-based investigation of flow redistribution in sharp meander bends of shallow rivers in South Korea
Multi-Sensor Monitoring System	Turbidity Dynamics in Lake Soyang Captured by Multi-Sensor Monitoring System: Insights from 2024–2025 Observations
multi-stage artificial intelligence	A Vision-Based Virtual Sensor Approach for Multi-Stage AI Crack Recognition in Water Infrastructure
multi-stage discharge	A Multi-Stage Discharge Approach to Characterizing Sediment Mobility and Bed Disturbance in Gravel-Bed Rivers
multi-stakeholder	Implementation of Infiltration Well in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area to Reliving the Water Springs during Drought Season
multi-station water-level prediction	A Hybrid Transformer–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model (Transformer-BiLSTM) for Multi-Station Water-Level Forecasting in an Urban Watershed with Minute-Resolution Data
Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE)	Enhancing Rainfall Gap Filling in Arid Regions Using Ensemble Fusion Models
Multiple-relaxation-time collision model	Validation of a Three-Dimensional Multiple-Relaxation-Time Lattice Boltzmann Method for Violent Free-Surface Flows
Multipurpose Dams	Application of an Artificial Neural Network–Based Model for Predicting Annual Floating Debris at Multipurpose Dams
Municipal Governments	Design and Implementation of Urban Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Framework for Municipal Governments
Mutual Information	A Data-Driven Framework for Typhoon Fatality Risk Index Construction in Data-Scarce Regions
N
Nakdong River	Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Ecological Drought in the Nakdong River Basin Using the EI Index
Nakdong River basin	Spatio-Temporal Variability of Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture and Its Response to Rainfall Events in the Nakdong River Basin, South Korea. Study Case: Pre-Flood Indicator. Future Projections of Meteorological and Hydrological Components in the Nakdong River Basin under Climate Change Scenarios: Multi-GCM SSP Ensemble Analysis
Narrow Open Channel Flow	Numerical Investigation of Turbulence Characteristics in Narrow Open Channel Flow by using Flow3D Hydro
National Adaptation Plan	Quantifying the resilience of national adaptation plans under future climate uncertainty using integrated hydrological model
Nationwide database analysis	Validity Assessment of Flood-Control Target Reservoir Screening Criteria for Agricultural Reservoirs: A Nationwide Database-Based Analysis
Natural Environment Humanistic Environment	Study on the Coupling Mechanism Between Irrigation Engineering Heritage and Natural‑Humanistic Environment
Natural river	Validation of 2D Flow Analysis in a Natural River using Non-contact Measurement Technologies
naturalized flow duration curve	Estimation of Naturalized Flow Duration Curves for the Gamcheon Stream, South Korea
Nature Based Solutions	Site Suitability Analysis for Nature-Based Solutions in an Agricultural River Basin: A Case study of Wetland Restoration
Nature Positive	Toward Quantitative Environmental Targets in class A rivers managed by Central government: Institutional Framework and Practices under Nature-Positive Policy in Japan Case study for social implementation of collaborative nature restoration in rivers
Nature-based	Catchment-Scale Nature-Based Framework for Managing Stormwater under Climate Extremes in Tropical Regions: Insights from the RainS-TECH Project
Nature-based flood management	Reducing Hydraulic Uncertainty in NbS Design for Flood Management by Constraining Woody Riparian Vegetation Resistance with Full-Scale Experiments
nature-based solution	Effects of the Spatial Configuration of Abandoned Paddy Fields on Peak Discharge Reduction in Small River Floodplains with Open Levees
Nature-based Solutions	Nature-Based Low-Impact Development Solutions for Stormwater Management, Urban Heat Mitigation, and Carbon Sequestration Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes Region : Current Situation and Pilot Projects Aimed at Technical, Digital and Sustainable Modernisation From Science to Practice: Stress-Testing and Co-Designing Sponge Landscape Strategies for Climate Resilience in Europe Integrating Nature-Based Solutions into Policy Implementation: Empirical Evidence for Climate-Resilient Water Circulation Cities in South Korea Community-Led Integrated Water Resource Management for Climate Resilience, Food Security, and Nature Conservation in Rural Nepal Analysis of the effectiveness of applying nature-based solutions to river flood management Exploring artificial vegetation-induced wave attenuation: A laboratory experiment for nature-based coastal protection Analysis of Runoff and Sediment Yield Reduction Effects Based on NbS Scenarios: A Case Study of the Cheoncheon Watershed in the Yongdam Dam Basin
Nature-based storage	Hydraulic Impacts of Storage Layout and Operation Strategies in Valley-Bottom Lowlands
nature-based technologies	Assessing the Extreme Rainfall and Heatwave Resilience of Nature-based Stormwater Systems through Long-Term IoT-based Sensor Data and Machine Learning
Nature‑based Solutions (NbS)	Geosynthetic Systems as Enabling Infrastructure in Hybrid Nature-Based Coastal Protection
NDVI	Evaluating the Continuity of MODIS and VIIRS NDVI for Agricultural Drought Assessment in South Korea
nearshore processes	Deterministic Wave Models for Random Wave Propagation and Dissipation
neighborhood pattern metrics	Land Cover Change Prediction Using a CA-MLP Model with Neighborhood Patterns and Topographic Accessibility Factors
Network Analysis	Exploring Logical Interdependencies in Flood Management Governance: A Network Approach to Reveal Weak Ties and Structural Holes
network flow analysis	A Phase-Adaptive Multi-Objective Evacuation Optimisation Framework Integrating Hydraulic Simulation and Agent-Based Modelling for Urban Flooding
Network Topology	Stream2Vec: learning river-network connectivity structure from barrier passability with a self-supervised graph transformer
Network-based Indices	Index-based Assessment of River Connectivity across the Korean Peninsula
Neural Hydrology	Comparing fine-tuned neural hydrology and Physics-Based models in the Mekong Basin
Neural Network	Determination of the distribution and the sources of dissolved ions in a watershed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and neural network analysis
Neural network modeling	Stochastic Daily Rainfall Generation Under Climate Nonstationarity: A Neural Network Framework for Extreme Rainfall and Drought–Flood Compound Hazards
Neural networks	A Multimodal AI Framework Combining Radar–Gauge Deep Learning and Language Models for Rainfall Forecasting over South Korea
New Zealand Engineering	Water as Taonga: Harmonizing Te Ao Māori and Water Treatment in New Zealand
New Zealand Maori	Water as Taonga: Harmonizing Te Ao Māori and Water Treatment in New Zealand
NGBoost	Data-Driven Prediction of Scour Depth and Probabilistic Assessment of Design Conservatism
nitrogen removal driving force	Analysis of Nitrogen Removal Driving Forces in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
nitrogen removal performance	Analysis of Nitrogen Removal Driving Forces in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
Niño SST	A Data-Driven Framework for Typhoon Fatality Risk Index Construction in Data-Scarce Regions
NMSE	Overcoming Doppler-Induced Degradation in Ocean Sensing and Communication via Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing
Non-contact measurement	Validation of 2D Flow Analysis in a Natural River using Non-contact Measurement Technologies
non-equilibrium drag force model	An Enhanced Depth-Integrated Model for Simulating Wave-Vortex-Sediment Transport Interactions in Vegetated Channels
Non-equilibrium state	Non-uniform suspended sediment transport in turbulent free surface flows under non-equilibrium conditions
non-hydrostatic 3D model	Comparison of hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic model performance in simulating currents and water quality in Osaka Bay, Japan
Non-linear k-ε	Numerical Investigation of Complex Flow Structures around Bridge under Extreme Hydrologic Conditions
non-newtonian fluids	Fluid viscosity characteristics in open channel with oval-shaped pier
Non-point source pollution	Title: Evaluating the Potential Reduction of Non-point Source Pollutants and Organic Carbon from Riparian Land Conversion using the SWAT-C Model Non-point source pollution management in road infrastructures: the role of road-deposited sediments
Non-stationarity	From Probabilistic Statistical Models to AI Deep Learning Models: A Paradigm Shift in Hydrological Time-Series Forecasting and Spatial Downscaling for Climate Resilience
non-submerged	Effects of the orientation of one sided non-submerged spur dikes on turbulence anisotropy
non-typhoon extreme wave	Development of pre-optimized ADCSWAN models for non-typhoon extreme wave forecasts
Non-uniform flow calculation	A Study on Evaluation Methods of Flow Resistance of Permeable Structures
Non-uniform sediment	Experimental Study on Alternating Bar Formation, Development, and Migration under Uniform and Non-Uniform Sediment in Steep-Slope Channels
Non-uniform suspended sediment	Non-uniform suspended sediment transport in turbulent free surface flows under non-equilibrium conditions
nonlinear wave model	Deterministic Wave Models for Random Wave Propagation and Dissipation
Nonlinear waves	Modeling Random Wave Transformation and Dissipation over Varying Bathymetry Using FUNWAVE-TVD
nonmetric multidimensional scaling	Effects of Watershed-based Flood Management on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Diversity Based on Species Distribution Models in the Oyodo River Basin, Southwest Japan
Nonstationarity GEV	Evaluating Trend-Driven Nonstationarity in the Frequency Characteristics of Extreme Rainfall in South Korea
Normalized bed shear stress	Experimental Investigation of the Nonlinear Characteristics of Normalized Bed Shear Stress in Tsunami Bores
North China Plan	Evapotranspiration responses of a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system to different climatic year types in the North China Plain: Implications for climate-smart irrigation and agricultural water security
NowcastNet	Machine Learning-Based Very-Short-Term Radar QPE–QPF and Its Application to Urban Inundation Modeling
Numerical Model	Hydrodynamics and tidal asymmetrical in Cilacap-Segara Anakan estuary system
numerical modeling	Experimental and numerical study of infiltration-type rainwater drainage systems HydroAsia International Exchange Program in Water Engineering: Program operation and Pathways for Developing Young hydraulicians
Numerical Modelling	Numerical Investigation of River Meander Morphodynamics: An Enhanced 2D Modelling
numerical scheme	Comparison and Development of Composite Numerical Schemes for Enhanced Accuracy and Stability in Long-Wave Equation Simulations
numerical simulati	Density Current Simulation Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method with Non-Uniform Lattices
Numerical simulation	Construction of Virtual Sewer Networks from Road Data for Urban Pluvial Flood Simulation Effects of Flood Hydrograph Shape on the Migration and Development of Alternate Sandbars Evaluation of a Traditional Decentralized Water Management Practice “Motase” for Pluvial Flood Mitigation Numerical Investigation of Turbulence Characteristics in Narrow Open Channel Flow by using Flow3D Hydro Hydraulic Performance of Traditional Japanese Overflow Levees under Extreme Flooding Simulation of the impact of cross-section blockage on flood water levels in a small mountain stream Assessment of Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Nutrient Supply Measures Using Numerical Model in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan Improving Local Scour Prediction Accuracy in Numerical Simulations by Incorporating Non-Uniform Sediment Grain Sizes
Numerical stability	Improving the Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Models Using Riemann Invariants
Numerical weather prediction model	Rainfall correction and accuracy verification of numerical weather forecast models using CNN
nutrient	Impact of Water and Sediment Regulation on Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Distribution in Water and Sediments of Xiaolangdi Reservoir
Nutrient loading	A Multi-Factor Analysis of White-to-Green River Transitions in South Korea
Nutrient runoff	Quantifying the Variability of BMP Effectiveness for Nutrient Reduction in Upland Fields Under SSP-Based Climate Change Scenarios
O
Object Detection	Research on Improving Object Detection Accuracy through Dynamic Adaptation of CLAHE Parameters Deployment-Oriented Evaluation of a Mobile Edge AI Pipeline for Hazardous Object Detection as an Auxiliary Warning Layer in Coastal Environments
Oblique Jump	EXPERIMENTAL HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF WATER LEVEL VARIATION AND OBLIQUE JUMP FORMATION ANGLE IN A TANGENTIAL-INLET INCLINED CHUTE UNDER VARIOUS FLOW CONDITIONS
Observation network design	Joint Effects of Observation Network Design and Assimilation Frequency on Streamflow Prediction in Distributed Hydrological Models
Observed sewer water level data	Developing an Artificial Intelligence–Based forecasting Technique for Water Level Estimation of Underground Urban Flooding Mitigation Facility
Obstacle spacing	Predicting Flood and Debris Flow Behaviour in Hobart’s Natural Channels: The Role of Obstacle Spacing Effects of Obstacle Arrangement and Channel Slope on Water Floods and Viscoplastic Debris Flow Dynamics in Idealised Channels
Ocean wave prediction	Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Spatio-Temporal Ocean Wave Prediction in the East Asian Marginal Seas
ODA project	Development of an Integrated Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System for Flood Risk Reduction and Management in the Greater Metro Manila Area, Philippines
ODFM	Overcoming Doppler-Induced Degradation in Ocean Sensing and Communication via Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing
Offshore aquaculture	Preliminary Model Tests on the Hydrodynamic Responses of an Aquaculture Structure under Wave Loading
Old Channel Restoration	Fish Habitat Improvement by Preventing Water Temperature Increases through Old Channel Restoration
One-dimensional morphodynamic model	Evaluation of the Applicability and Limitations of One-Dimensional Bed Variation Modeling for Post-Flood Sediment Dynamics in the Takatoki River
onsite rainwater harvesting	Applications of On-Site Stormwater Systems for Water Reuse: Assessing BIOECODS Pond-Based Rainwater Harvesting
Opak River Basin	Adaptive Water Management in a Volcanic Basin: Climate Change and Governance Strategies for Indonesia Emas 2045
open channel flow	Fluid viscosity characteristics in open channel with oval-shaped pier
Open data	Construction of Virtual Sewer Networks from Road Data for Urban Pluvial Flood Simulation
open levee	Effects of the Spatial Configuration of Abandoned Paddy Fields on Peak Discharge Reduction in Small River Floodplains with Open Levees
Open-channel flow	CFD Modeling of Open-Channel Flow Dynamics in an Auxiliary Spillway Conduit
OpenFOAM	A Data-driven Framework for Near-field Time-series Prediction of Landslide-generated Tsunamis Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Stepped Fishway Using a CFD Model Analysis of slug formation and frequency using 3D numerical model
Operational Framework	A Practical Framework for Integrating MLOps and Agentic AI into Deep Learning Flood Prediction
Optical Flow	Short-term Hazardous Weather Forecasting based on Radar-derived Morphological Classification and Motion Vector Analysis
Optimal Band Ratio Analysis (OBRA)	Investigation of Spectral Data of Sediment Media and the Accuracy of Non-Contact Water-Depth Estimation in Sewer and Stormwater Pipes
Optimization	Optimized operation of multi-purpose reservoir system for flood management considering mesoscale and global operational ensemble hydrological forecasts Development of an AI-Based Flood Forecasting System for Practical Application in Typhoon Committee Member Countries
Optimizing Rainfall Forecasts	A Study on Optimizing Rainfall Forecasts Based on Agricultural Reservoir Measurement Data
Organic carbon export	Title: Evaluating the Potential Reduction of Non-point Source Pollutants and Organic Carbon from Riparian Land Conversion using the SWAT-C Model
Organic matter	Water Quality Characteristics of Stagnant versus Flowing Zones at an Agricultural Weir in Geumseong Stream, Yeongsan River Basin, South Korea
organization	Influence of geomorphological evolution on the ecosystem health of estuarine-deltaic wetlands: A bibliometric analysis and synthesis assisted by large language model
Oscillating Hydraulic Jump Phenomena	Influence of turbulence models and wall boundary conditions on prediction of oscillating hydraulic jump at a drop structure with a trench
Oscillating Water Column(OWC) structure	Experimental Assessment and Empirical Formulation of Reflection Coefficients for a Breakwater-Integrated OWC Converter
Out-of-Core Processing	Improving Real-Time VR Visualization of Massive Bathymetric Data: A Proposed Pipeline Based on Mesh Simplification and Dynamic Loading
Outlier Detection and Correction	Enhancing Hydrological Data Quality Using AI-Based Quality Control Techniques
Outliers	Improving water quality prediction accuracy through outlier detection
oval-shaped pier	Fluid viscosity characteristics in open channel with oval-shaped pier
Overflow levee	Hydraulic Performance of Traditional Japanese Overflow Levees under Extreme Flooding
Overland flow	Simulation of shallow and dispersed overland flow in urban catchment by a particle method
Overtopping	Full-Scale Evaluation of Bio-Polymer-Based High-Strength Levee Reinforcement under Overtopping Conditions Using Image-Based Velocity Measurements Numerical Investigation of Complex Flow Structures around Bridge under Extreme Hydrologic Conditions Development of a Sensor-Based Monitoring System for Early Warning of Levee Failure
Overtopping from a levee	Levee resilience as one of new policies in Japan for flood management and adaptation to climate change
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paddy field channels	Characteristics of Water Temperature Variability in Rivers and Paddy Field Channels in the Middle Reaches of the Nagara River
Paddy irrigation	Diagnosing Irrigation Operation Efficiency in Paddy Fields through Source-Based Decomposition of Hydrologic Components
Paldang Lake	Field-based analysis of hydrodynamic behavior in a complex artificial lake under variable flow regimes
parametric study	Assessing Alternative Regimes of Flood Control Infrastructure at a Facility Scale
parametric wind mode	New model-based simulation of typhoon storm flow in East China Sea
partial pressure of CO2	Metabolic Response to pH Variation in Freshwater Reservoirs
Particle shielding	Effect of particle shielding on cavitation erosion mitigation in hyper-concentrated sediment flows
Particle tracking simulation	The Effect of Sinuosity on Microplastic Transport in Meandering Channels
Particle transport	Hydraulic Performance of Traditional Japanese Overflow Levees under Extreme Flooding
Particle-fluid interaction	Experimental Investigation of phase-dependent slip dynamics of negatively buoyant spheres in regular surface gravity waves
Particle–turbulence interaction	Role of Wake-Induced Coherent Turbulence in Sediment Entrainment Around a Circular Pile
Pb-210 dating	Sedimentary Environments in the Nobi Plain in Central Japan: Using Pb-210 Dating Methods Exploring the Effects of Natural and Social Conditions during the Anthropocene
PCSWMM	Numerical Study on Urban Drainage Performance and Flood Inundation Modeling in Kampung Alor, Dili, Timor-Leste
Peak over threshold	EXTREME RAINFALL IMPACTS ON HAPPY VALLEY UNDERGROUND STORMWATER STORAGE SCHEME: A CLIMATE-ADJUSTED PERFORMANCE REVIEW
Pearson type III distribution	Sparsification-Based Framework for Improving IDF Curve Fitting in Urban Stormwater Design
peatland modeling	Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Modelling of Peatland Water Table Dynamics under Climate Change
peatland systems	Data-driven exploration of depth–conductivity relationships in climate-sensitive peatland
PEOPLES Framework	A study on the development of a flood disaster resilience assessment method using the PEOPLES Framework
Perennial streams	Scale-Invariant Behavior of Total Source Basin Area and Regime Shifts between Ephemeral and Perennial Channel Networks
perforated wall	Experiments on optimal length of vertical slits for perforated-wall structures
Performance gaps	Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Flood Management: A Systematic Review of Key Gaps
Performance Test	Sensitivity Analysis and Performance Test of Total Sediment Load Formulas for Major Rivers in Korea Full-Scale Evaluation of Bio-Polymer-Based High-Strength Levee Reinforcement under Overtopping Conditions Using Image-Based Velocity Measurements
Performance Verification	Performance verification experiment of smart velocity and discharge measurement system in small river
Permeability resistance coefficient	A Study on Evaluation Methods of Flow Resistance of Permeable Structures
permeable	Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus
Permeable concrete	De-Impermeabilization of an Urban Parking Lot and Stormwater Management in a French Mediterranean Pilot : Experimental Monitoring and Hydrological Modeling
Permeable low-crested structure	On Wave Reflection and Transmission of Permeable Low-Crested Structures Considering Water Level Differences
Permeable pavement	EduWaterLab project: advancing urban hydrology education through shared laboratory experiments. Evaluation of vertical infiltration on permeable pavement.
Permeable structures	A Study on Evaluation Methods of Flow Resistance of Permeable Structures
Perturbation expansion	Experimental Investigation of phase-dependent slip dynamics of negatively buoyant spheres in regular surface gravity waves
PEST++	Automated Multi-Site Calibration of WRF-Hydro with PEST++ in the Nakdong River Basin: Reliability Across Flood Events and an AI Extension
PFAS	PFAS source allocation using Machine learning approach
PFAS removal	Sustained Removal of PFAS and Pharmaceuticals Using a UV-Regenerable Fe-PAC Hybrid System at Pilot Scale
pH	Metabolic Response to pH Variation in Freshwater Reservoirs
PHABSIM	Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Ecological Drought in the Nakdong River Basin Using the EI Index
Pharmaceutical micropollutants	Sustained Removal of PFAS and Pharmaceuticals Using a UV-Regenerable Fe-PAC Hybrid System at Pilot Scale
Phase field model	Validation of a Three-Dimensional Multiple-Relaxation-Time Lattice Boltzmann Method for Violent Free-Surface Flows
Phase shift	Evapotranspiration responses of a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system to different climatic year types in the North China Plain: Implications for climate-smart irrigation and agricultural water security
phase-adaptive optimisation	A Phase-Adaptive Multi-Objective Evacuation Optimisation Framework Integrating Hydraulic Simulation and Agent-Based Modelling for Urban Flooding
Phosphorus	A Study on Water Quality Improvement of Estuarine Reservoirs Using the Coagulation-Filtration Method
Phosphorus loss	Application of machine learning to develop an APEX meta-model for simulating phosphorus loss from croplands
Physical experiment	Experimental investigation on wave overtopping rate of horizontal composite breakwaters
Physical sensor	Development of performance evaluation methods for physical and virtual sensors for detecting abnormal conditions in water resources facilities
Physical-soft sensor	Development of Decision Support System for Early Detection and Response to Disaster in Water Resource Facilities
Physically based hydrologic modeling	Diagnosing Irrigation Operation Efficiency in Paddy Fields through Source-Based Decomposition of Hydrologic Components
physical–virtual sensing	Real-Time Risk Monitoring of Levee Junctions at River Drainage Pump Stations Using a Physical–Virtual Sensing System
Physics based empirical model	Predictability of Extreme Precipitation Days over the Korean Peninsula
Physics-based hydrological model	A comparative framework for physics-based and data-driven streamflow modeling: Application to the Hoengseong Dam basin
Physics-Informed Machine Learning	A Differentiable Hydrological Modeling Framework Integrating Reservoir Operations for Human-Impacted Catchments
Physics-informed neural network	Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Spatio-Temporal Ocean Wave Prediction in the East Asian Marginal Seas
Physics-informed neural networks	A Physics-Informed Neural Network Framework with Gradient-Weighted and Residual-Based Adaptive Refinement for Dam-Break Problems
Phytoplankton Community structure	Phytoplankton Community Shifts and Microcystin-LR During Cyanobacterial Blooms in Upstream Soyang Lake, Korea
Pico-hydropower	Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Cost Saving for Potential Greywater Reuse and Pico-Hydropower Generation in a High-Rise Building
Pilot Experimental Facility	Urban Flood Pilot Experimental Facility for Evaluating the Defense Performance of Flood Protection Infrastructure
Pipe burst	Modeling and AI-Based Burst Detection for Water Distribution Network
Pipe life cycle	Modeling and AI-Based Burst Detection for Water Distribution Network
PIV	Experimental study of self-lining mechanisms in open-channels with triangular and square strip roughness elements Experimental study of secondary flow structure around rigid and flexible vegetation patches Effects of the orientation of one sided non-submerged spur dikes on turbulence anisotropy Fluid viscosity characteristics in open channel with oval-shaped pier
PlanetScope	Comparing machine learning algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in the surface of inland water body utilizing multispectral satellite data
plastic debris in the river	Wind effects on drifting velocity of plastic debris in rivers
plume flow	Numerical Simulation of the Impact of the 2020 Yellow River Water-Sediment Regulation on Estuarine Sediment and Salt Diffusion
Pluvial Flood Risk	Computer Vision–Based Assessment of Storm Drain Inlet Clogging for Mitigating Property-Scale Pluvial Flood Risk
Pluvial flooding	Construction of Virtual Sewer Networks from Road Data for Urban Pluvial Flood Simulation Evaluation of a Traditional Decentralized Water Management Practice “Motase” for Pluvial Flood Mitigation
Polarimetric variables	Snow Load Prediction Using Dual-Polarization Radar
Pollutant load estimation	Assessing the Applicability of Soft Sensors for Pollutant Load Estimation Using High-Frequency Flow and Water-Quality Data
Polydisperse sediment	Formation of composite sediment clouds
Pooling	Delineating hydrological homogeneous regions for rainfall regional frequency analysis using and clustering techniques based on recent rainfall data in South Korea
Poorly gauged basins	Joint Effects of Observation Network Design and Assimilation Frequency on Streamflow Prediction in Distributed Hydrological Models
pore connectivity	Multi-Scale Characterization of Transport Variables in Permeable Reactive Barriers under System Dynamics
Porous media model	Three-Dimensional Flood Flow Analysis Considering Bamboo Lodging and Woody Vegetation Washout Based on Airborne LiDAR Data and the Dupuit–Forchheimer Drag Model
Portugal	From Climate Projections to Local Adaptation. An integrated assessment of the Ceira River Basin in Portugal
Post-flood investigation	Hydro-Mechanical Consideration of the Factors Contributing to Revetment Failure During an August 2025 Flood Event in the Tidal Channel of the Amikake River, Kagoshima, Japan
post-flood landslides	Integrating Direct and Indirect Losses for Multi-Level Flood Risk Governance: Multi-Component Flood Configurations and Post-Flood Landslide Direct-Loss Comparisons in the Metropolitan Region, South Korea
Post-flood sediment dynamics	Evaluation of the Applicability and Limitations of One-Dimensional Bed Variation Modeling for Post-Flood Sediment Dynamics in the Takatoki River
Potential Evapotranspiration	Applicability Analysis of Time-Series-Based AI Forecasting Models for Potential Evapotranspiration Prediction
power spectral density	Estimation of the Integral Time Scale through Spectral Noise Refinement
Poyang Lake Basin	Spatio-temporal Distribution of Soil Moisture and its Prediction in the Poyang Lake Basin
Precipitation	Strengths and Limitations of Foundation Model for Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Precipitation Prediction Evaluating an AI-based Global Weather Prediction Model for Precipitation Forecasting and Extreme Event Representation
Precipitation Correction	Research om improving the accuracy of snow water volume estimation and snowmelt runoff prediction using publicly available meteorological data
Precipitation Deficits	Assessing Drought-Affected Paddy Fields and Rice Productivity under Precipitation Deficits Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning
Precipitation Downscaling	Improving Spatial Resolution of Precipitation Under Climate Change Using Deep Learning-Based Super-Resolution for Fine-Resolution Hydrological Modeling
Precision Drones	Development of a Exploration Technique for Agricultural Reservoir Embankments Using Precision Drones
prediction	AI-Based Surrogate Modeling for Watershed Flood and Sediment Prediction: A Case Study of the Shihmen Reservoir, Taiwan
Prediction accuracy	Classification of Cyanobacterial Bloom Risk Levels in a Weir-Regulated River Using Machine Learning
prediction model	Assessing the Extreme Rainfall and Heatwave Resilience of Nature-based Stormwater Systems through Long-Term IoT-based Sensor Data and Machine Learning
pressure	Wall-pressure fluctuations on a rough bed and their relation to turbulent flow
Pressure Distribution	Hydraulic Model Tests on a Short Tunnel Spillway Installed at Mid-Height of Dam Body
Pressure Sensor Placement	Sensitivity Matrix-based Optimal Sensor Placement for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Networks
pressure transient stabilization	Experimental investigation of ventilation shaft configuration effects on pressure transient stabilization in deep stormwater drainage tunnels
Pressurized flow	Numerical Investigation of Complex Flow Structures around Bridge under Extreme Hydrologic Conditions
prior release	Optimized operation of multi-purpose reservoir system for flood management considering mesoscale and global operational ensemble hydrological forecasts
priority matrix	Building Resilience Through Experience: Community Flood Perception and Awareness in Taman Sri Muda Before and After the 2021 Flood
Probabilistic design rainfall	Probabilistic Estimation of Depth-Area-Frequency Curves Using Copula Models for Extreme Rainfall Events in South Korea
Probabilistic overflow risk	A Dynamic Operational Framework for Urban Flood Infrastructure Based on Storage-Oriented Resilience
probabilistic prediction	Data-Driven Prediction of Scour Depth and Probabilistic Assessment of Design Conservatism
Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA)	Logic-Tree Based Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Deaggregation for the Eastern Coast of Korea
Probable Maximum Precipitation	Large ensemble-based rainfall frequency analysis using Stochastic Storm Transposition: A case study of Northern Japan
Process-based model	The Influence of Algae Dynamics in Modelling the Growth of Seagrass as a Nature-Based Solution Integrating Multi-scale Observations and Bayesian Optimization to Improve CLM5 Carbon Flux Simulations in a Constructed Riverine Wetland, South Korea
Propagation time	Timescale Dependence of the Propagation Time–Recovery Lagtime Relationship in Drought Events
Protection targets	Assessing the variations of the available flood storage capacity in a flood retention basin due to the changing environment
PTV	Application of Deep Learning-based YOLO to PTV for High-Accuracy Tracking of Bed-Load Sediment Particles
Public Health	Assessment of Mercury (Hg) in the TOYAGAMA Drinking Water System at Universitas Gadjah Mada
pump station	Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Near-Term Risk Forecasting for River Drainage Pump Stations
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QGIS plugin	Development of QGIS-Based Plugin for Korean Flood Risk Assessment Model (K-FRM)
QPE	Machine Learning-Based Very-Short-Term Radar QPE–QPF and Its Application to Urban Inundation Modeling
QPF	Machine Learning-Based Very-Short-Term Radar QPE–QPF and Its Application to Urban Inundation Modeling
Quantile Delta Mapping	Bridging High-Resolution Climate Projections and Local Impact Applications: A Quantile Delta Mapping Approach for Singapore’s V3 Dataset
Quantitative Disaster Risk Assessment	Necessity for Improving the Quantitative Downstream Disaster Risk Assessment System for Agricultural Reservoirs
Quantitative precipitation forecast	A Multimodal AI Framework Combining Radar–Gauge Deep Learning and Language Models for Rainfall Forecasting over South Korea
quantitative river environmental targets	Toward Quantitative Environmental Targets in class A rivers managed by Central government: Institutional Framework and Practices under Nature-Positive Policy in Japan
quasi-normal flow assumption	A quasi-steady model for morphological change of a stream following a weir removal
quasi-steady model	A quasi-steady model for morphological change of a stream following a weir removal
R
Radar Rainfall	High-Resolution Soil Moisture Retrieval in Korea Using Deep Learning-Enhanced Sentinel-1 SAR and Antecedent Rainfall Information
Radar rainfall monitoring	Rainfall correction and accuracy verification of numerical weather forecast models using CNN
Radiative and physiological effects	Radiative and Physiological Impacts on Streamflow under Elevated CO₂ in Asian River Basins
Rain gauge	A Multimodal AI Framework Combining Radar–Gauge Deep Learning and Language Models for Rainfall Forecasting over South Korea
rain runoff	Simulation of shallow and dispersed overland flow in urban catchment by a particle method
rain-radar	Analysis of Spatial Characteristics of Rainfall to Produce Spatial Rainfall Scenarios
Rainfall data	Multi-Temporal Integration of Rainfall and Inflow Data for Improved Reservoir Inflow Estimation Using the KRC Standard Test-bed
Rainfall experiment	Experimental and numerical study of infiltration-type rainwater drainage systems
Rainfall Frequency analysis	Evaluating Trend-Driven Nonstationarity in the Frequency Characteristics of Extreme Rainfall in South Korea
rainfall gap-filling	Enhancing Rainfall Gap Filling in Arid Regions Using Ensemble Fusion Models
Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency(IDF)	Development of Short-Duration Rainfall Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) Curves Using 1-minute Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Data: A Case Study in Seoul, Korea
rainfall tipping point	A GHSI–HSM Framework for Identifying Rainfall Tipping Points in Grey–Green Drainage Systems
Rainfall-Runoff	Quantification of Rainfall–Runoff-Driven Microplastic Inflows to a River Using a Catchment-Scale Water Quality Model
Rainfall-runoff modeling	Comparative Evaluation of Rainfall-Runoff Model (GR4J) Considering Snowmelt Processes for Reservoir Inflow Simulation Quantifying Future Flood Risk under CMIP6 Climate Scenarios: A Case Study in the Miho River Basin, South Korea
Rainfall–discharge nomograph	AI-Driven Real-time Measured Data based Flood Early Warning System in Small Stream
Rainfall–Runoff Response	Contrasting Hydrometeorological Drivers of Extreme Flooding in New Zealand: Cyclone Gabrielle and the Mangawhai Flash Flood
Rainstorms	Rainstorm With 'Train Effect' Drives Urban Flood Intensification
Rainwater	EXPERIMENTAL HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF WATER LEVEL VARIATION AND OBLIQUE JUMP FORMATION ANGLE IN A TANGENTIAL-INLET INCLINED CHUTE UNDER VARIOUS FLOW CONDITIONS
Rainwater management	Repurposing stormwater tanks for rainwater reuse: A catchment scale approach to urban-runoff utilisation.
Rainwater reuse	Repurposing stormwater tanks for rainwater reuse: A catchment scale approach to urban-runoff utilisation.
Random forest	Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Sediment Transport Prediction
Random Walk Model	Automatic Calibration of a Random Walk Model for Debris-Flow Runout Mapping
random waves	Deterministic Wave Models for Random Wave Propagation and Dissipation
rank histogram filter	Integrating Data Assimilation and Geospatial Interpolation for Three-Dimensional Water Temperature Prediction in Ogouchi Reservoir
rapid flood simulation	Enhancing cross-regional transferability of deep learning-based flood surrogate models for data-scarce catchments
Reach-scale friction factor	From Patch-Scale Drag to Reach-Scale Friction: Full-Scale Evaluation of Vegetation-Resistance Models in a Compound Channel
Real Time Hydrological Monitoring	Development and On-Site Validation of a Locally Customized Smart Staff Gauge for Developing Countries
real time simulation	3D visualization application that can display water levels in canals and presumed inundation depth
Real-time	An Integrated Framework for Urban Flood Forecasting Using Physics-Guided AI and Ensemble Data Assimilation
Real-time control (RTC)	Integrating real-time control with green-grey infrastructure optimization under multiple climate scenarios: a cost-effective strategy for urban flood mitigation
Real-time flood early warning system	AI-Driven Real-time Measured Data based Flood Early Warning System in Small Stream
Real-time Inference	Deployment-Oriented Evaluation of a Mobile Edge AI Pipeline for Hazardous Object Detection as an Auxiliary Warning Layer in Coastal Environments
Real-time monitoring	Characterizing Dry Weather Flow Dynamics and Water Quality States in Urban Drainage Systems: A High-Frequency Multi-Parameter Approach Short-Term Water Quality Forecasting Based on Environmental Drought Conditions Development and Application of a Real-Time Data-Based Urban Wetland Integrated Management System Real-Time Risk Monitoring of Levee Junctions at River Drainage Pump Stations Using a Physical–Virtual Sensing System
Real-time Rendering	Improving Real-Time VR Visualization of Massive Bathymetric Data: A Proposed Pipeline Based on Mesh Simplification and Dynamic Loading
Real-time Urban Flood Forecasting	Urban flood Forecasting with composite roughness technique
Recovery lagtime	Timescale Dependence of the Propagation Time–Recovery Lagtime Relationship in Drought Events
Recovery Rate	River Regulation and Mangrove Recovery After Hydroclimatic Extremes in Indonesia: An Event-Aligned Multi-Watershed Comparison
Recursive RainNet	Short-Term Urban Flood Prediction Using Coupled U-Net Based Deep Learning Rainfall and Inundation Models
Recycled water	Research on Multi-Scenario Simulation and Optimization Techniques for Recycled Water Network Systems Based on EPANET
Reduced rinsing cycles	Assessment of City-Scale Water, Energy, and Carbon Reduction Potential from the Adoption of Surfactant-Free Detergents
reflection coefficient	Experimental Assessment and Empirical Formulation of Reflection Coefficients for a Breakwater-Integrated OWC Converter
regime shift	Assessing Alternative Regimes of Flood Control Infrastructure at a Facility Scale
Regional Frequency analysis (RFA)	Delineating hydrological homogeneous regions for rainfall regional frequency analysis using and clustering techniques based on recent rainfall data in South Korea
Regional sediment transport model	Development of the Regional Sediment Transport Model Fron Mountains, River Basins and Coastal Regions and Its Application to the Yamakuni River and the Nakatsu Inertildal Flat
Regionalisation	Comparing fine-tuned neural hydrology and Physics-Based models in the Mekong Basin
Regionalization	Robust Regional Classification of Extreme Snowfall Events Using Probabilistic and Clustering Approaches in Korea
Relaxation zone	GPR-based monitoring for sea-dike integrity in Saemangeum area
reliability analysis	Data-Driven Prediction of Scour Depth and Probabilistic Assessment of Design Conservatism
Remote Sensing	Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes Region : Current Situation and Pilot Projects Aimed at Technical, Digital and Sustainable Modernisation Super-Resolution of Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery for High-Precision Shoreline Assessment of Urban Coastlines Frequency-Dependent Wave-Mode Weighting for Multi-Scale Depth Inversion Assessing Drought-Affected Paddy Fields and Rice Productivity under Precipitation Deficits Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Advancing Climate Mitigation Frameworks through Phenological Dynamics Littoral Cell Classification along the East Coast of the Korean Peninsula Using Satellite-derived Shorelines and Unsupervised Learning Comparing machine learning algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in the surface of inland water body utilizing multispectral satellite data Satellite-Based Assessment of Agricultural Drought Impacts Using the MODIS-Derived Drought Severity Index
renewable energy	Examining economical value of photovoltaic green roof solutions
Rescaling formula	Rescaling Shields stress using channel slope to mitigate uncertainty in bedload estimation
reservoir	Assessment of Downstream Channel Bed Responses to Intensified Future Sediment Flushing from a Reservoir Lacking Flushing Infrastructure Predicting the Transport Time of Supersaturated Total Dissolved Gas in a Large Deep Reservoir
Reservoir Evaporation	Advanced Machine Learning Approaches for Accurate Prediction of Reservoir Evaporation in a Tropical River Basin
Reservoir Exploitation	Integrated Methodology to Assess Future Change of Exploitation Patterns on Hydro Reservoirs under Climate Change. The case of the Iberian Minho-Lima river basin
Reservoir Inflow	Multi-Temporal Integration of Rainfall and Inflow Data for Improved Reservoir Inflow Estimation Using the KRC Standard Test-bed
Reservoir inflow estimation	Hourly Reservoir Inflow Estimation Using Water Level Observations and Kalman Filtering for Agricultural Reservoirs
Reservoir joint operation	Flood control operation of reservoir group under extreme autumn flood conditions in the Han River in 2025
Reservoir operation	Optimized operation of multi-purpose reservoir system for flood management considering mesoscale and global operational ensemble hydrological forecasts A Hierarchical Deferred Hedging Strategy with Release Threshold Optimization for Multi-Objective Reservoir Operation
Reservoir operation inference	Satellite-based Inference of Upstream Reservoir Operations under Information Asymmetry in Transboundary River Basins
Reservoir Operations	A Differentiable Hydrological Modeling Framework Integrating Reservoir Operations for Human-Impacted Catchments
Reservoir regulation	Copula-VAR Identification of Seasonal and Regulation-Induced Restructuring in Runoff-Sediment Dependence in the Middle Yellow River
Reservoir Sedimentation	Recovery of River Connectivity and Restoration of Sediment Transport Environment
Reservoir turbidity	Turbidity Dynamics in Lake Soyang Captured by Multi-Sensor Monitoring System: Insights from 2024–2025 Observations
Reservoir water budget	Water Budget–Based Short-Term Prediction of Reservoir Storage Dynamics under Extreme Rainfall
reservoir water level management	An Integrated Approach to Flood-Season Water Level Management for Agricultural Reservoirs
Residential structural risk	Hazard Analysis of Driving and Housing in Hitoyoshi City During the July 2020 Torrential Rainfall, Japan
Residual chlorine control	Research on Multi-Scenario Simulation and Optimization Techniques for Recycled Water Network Systems Based on EPANET
Residual SwinUNet	Enhancing cross-regional transferability of deep learning-based flood surrogate models for data-scarce catchments
residual-based adaptive refinement	A Physics-Informed Neural Network Framework with Gradient-Weighted and Residual-Based Adaptive Refinement for Dam-Break Problems
Resilience	Smart Waterfront: Integrating predictive systems and advanced sensing feedback technology for effective monitoring of urbanised coastlines Influence of geomorphological evolution on the ecosystem health of estuarine-deltaic wetlands: A bibliometric analysis and synthesis assisted by large language model Multi-Indicator Framework for Assessing Coastal Groundwater Resilience: Integrating Critical Slowing Down Theory with Information-Theoretic Metrics Evaluating Urban Flood Resilience using a Flood Defense Index (FDI) and 4R Components Assessing Alternative Regimes of Flood Control Infrastructure at a Facility Scale
Resilience Assessment	Urban Flood Pilot Experimental Facility for Evaluating the Defense Performance of Flood Protection Infrastructure
Resilience-Oriented Site Selection	Enhancing Urban Flood Response Resilience through Strategic Deployment of Distributed Energy systems
Restoration Strategy	A Study on Practical Restoration Strategies to Bridge the Connectivity Gap in Korean Small and Medium-sized Streams
Return flow	Diagnosing Irrigation Operation Efficiency in Paddy Fields through Source-Based Decomposition of Hydrologic Components
Return flow reuse	Quantifying Return Flow and Reuse Through Water Cycle Modeling of Irrigation Canal Networks
Revetment	Full-scale hydraulic stability experiments to evaluate the erosion resistance of vegetated mattress-type gabions
Revetment failure	Hydro-Mechanical Consideration of the Factors Contributing to Revetment Failure During an August 2025 Flood Event in the Tidal Channel of the Amikake River, Kagoshima, Japan
Reynolds stresses	Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Development over Rough Sand Beds in Open Channels
RGB Imagery	Free-Surface Suspended Sediment Monitoring Using RGB-Based UAV Imagery
rice cultivation	Development of soil and water management practices for rice cultivation in UAE desert environment
Rice Productivity	Assessing Drought-Affected Paddy Fields and Rice Productivity under Precipitation Deficits Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning
Richardson number	Analysis of Stratification and Flow Structures in Rivers Using High-Resolution Monitoring Data
Riemann invariants	Improving the Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Models Using Riemann Invariants Validation of 2D Flow Analysis in a Natural River using Non-contact Measurement Technologies
Rights of nature	Integrating Bio-Cultural Diversity into Flood Control Policy under the Anthropocene: A Multispecies Perspective Based on the Landscape History of the Lower Yoshino River Basin in Tokushima
Rigid-Body Dynamics	Frequency-Domain Analysis of FPV Dynamics With Coupled Hydrodynamic and Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects
Rill	Hydrological effcets of vegetation on rill sediment from steep hillslops
Riparian land purchase	Title: Evaluating the Potential Reduction of Non-point Source Pollutants and Organic Carbon from Riparian Land Conversion using the SWAT-C Model
riparian space management	Satellite-Based Assessment of Floodplain Sediment Dynamics for Riparian Space Management Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Surface Deformation Analysis
Riparian vegetation	Experimental Investigation of Sediment Sorting Associated in a Vegetated Channel An enhanced eco-morphodynamic model incorporating climate-sensitive riparian vegetation processes
riparian wetlands	The role of bank-full flow estimation in habitat protection. Poland case study.
Riprap weir	A Study on Evaluation Methods of Flow Resistance of Permeable Structures
Risk assessment	Development of Urban Inundation Risk Assessment Technology Based on Disaster Impact Factor
risk hedging	Determination and Application Practice of Drought-Limited Water Levels for Active Drought Defense
Risk matrix	Development of Urban Inundation Risk Assessment Technology Based on Disaster Impact Factor
Risk screening	AI-Based Risk Prediction and Assessment for Small-Scale River Facilities: Effects of Integrating Risk Assessment Items and Auxiliary Indicators
Risk-Informed Design	System Reliability Assessment of Flood Control Level of Service (LOS) using Bayesian Networks: Integrating Hydrological, Mechanical, and Operational Uncertainties
risks assessment	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions
River applications	Hydraulic and Structural Design of a Water-Level-Adaptive Floating Debris Barrier: An Integrated Approach for River Applications
River basin	Evaluating the Suitability of Dynamic Linear Models for River Discharge and Water Quality Estimation of Agricultural Water Return Flow Based on Field Monitoring and EPA-SWMM Modeling in Korea
River Basin Disaster Resilience and Sustainability by All	Quantifying Contributions of All Tributaries to Flood Hydrographs Along the Entire Main River at the Basin Scale
River Basin Management	Utilizing Dam floodplains & the Ministry of Environment's river basin land purchase system to improve the river water quality through an agricultural revolution
River confluence	Field Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures and Mixing Processes at a River Confluence
River Connectivity	A Study on Practical Restoration Strategies to Bridge the Connectivity Gap in Korean Small and Medium-sized Streams Index-based Assessment of River Connectivity across the Korean Peninsula
river disaster	Effect of hydraulic parameters on bypass-type driftwood traps installed in straight channels
river engineering	Effects of Upstream Vegetation on Local Scour and Flow Structure around a Spur Dike
river environment dynamics	Watershed-Scale Assessment of Spatiotemporal Flood Disturbance Intensity on the River Bed
River Ethical	River Ethical Narratives and Contemporary Transformation of Water Conservancy Heritage
River Ethics	Evolution of Water Culture in Korea: Establishing a New Culture through River Ethics River ethics vs. environmental ethics: Historic backgrounds and nuance
River flood risk reduction	Analysis of the effectiveness of applying nature-based solutions to river flood management
River Geomorphology	Traditional Japanese Groynes and Sediment Management Principles
River governance	Integrating Bio-Cultural Diversity into Flood Control Policy under the Anthropocene: A Multispecies Perspective Based on the Landscape History of the Lower Yoshino River Basin in Tokushima
River hydraulics	Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Sediment Transport Prediction Improving the Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Models Using Riemann Invariants
River image monitoring	Feature-Based River Image Monitoring with Varying Illumination
River infrastructure	Suggestion for Classification of River Facilities and Asset Management Directions
River managemen	Assessing the Applicability of Soft Sensors for Pollutant Load Estimation Using High-Frequency Flow and Water-Quality Data
River Modification	River Regulation and Mangrove Recovery After Hydroclimatic Extremes in Indonesia: An Event-Aligned Multi-Watershed Comparison
River morphodynamics	Effects of Vegetation Density and Flood Magnitude on River Hydraulics and Morphodynamics: A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study
River morphology and Sediment dynamics	Quantifying Long-Term Riverbed Responses to Traditional Seigyu as Nature-Based Solutions Using UAV-Based Topographic in Kizu river, Japan
River plume	Pattern analysis of river plumes in Suruga Bay, Japan, using satellite images
River Sluice Gate	Unveiling Safety Bias in River Sluice Gates: A Dual-Track Risk Assessment for Ensuring Functional Reliability
River Waste Detection	River Waste Detection Using UAV Images and Generative AI Models: InstantMesh and Stable Diffusion
River Water	Environmental Flow and Adaptive Management of River Water in Korea
river water infrastructure	Real-Time Risk Monitoring of Levee Junctions at River Drainage Pump Stations Using a Physical–Virtual Sensing System
River water level prediction	Variable-Agnostic Masked-Transfer Learning Framework for Multi-Station River Water Level Prediction Using Transformer Networks
River water resource facilities	Development of Decision Support System for Early Detection and Response to Disaster in Water Resource Facilities
river water temperature	INVESTIGATION OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN WATER TEMPERATURE OF RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE INNER PART OF THE ARIAKE SEA
river water-surface velocity	Estimation of Subsurface Turbulent Flow Structures from Water-Surface Data Using Sequential Data Assimilation
Riverbed deposition	Simulation of the impact of cross-section blockage on flood water levels in a small mountain stream
Riverbed gravel	Automating Riverbed Sediment Surveys with Image-Based 3D Reconstruction
riverbed management	Analysis of Flow and Riverbed Changes in the Kizu River Based on the Presence or Absence of -"Seigyu"
Riverbed Restoration	Evaluation of Scenarios for Reducing Saltwater Intrusion in the Seomjin River Estuary using Numerical Model: Focusing on Riverbed Restoration and Hydraulic Structures
Riverbed Variation	A Study on Riverbed Variation in the Takatsu River Based on Numerical Analysis
Riverine Environment	A Hybrid YOLOv8 and LLaVA Framework for Analyzing Human Behavior in Riverine Environments
Road infrastructure	Non-point source pollution management in road infrastructures: the role of road-deposited sediments
Road network	Increased Flooding Risk to Coastal Urban Roads from Storm Surges Coupled with Rising Sea Levels
Road-deposited sediments	Non-point source pollution management in road infrastructures: the role of road-deposited sediments
Root-zone soil moisture	Vertical coupling between near-surface and root-zone soil moisture across contrasting soil profiles
Rotation system	Evapotranspiration responses of a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system to different climatic year types in the North China Plain: Implications for climate-smart irrigation and agricultural water security
roughness	Wall-pressure fluctuations on a rough bed and their relation to turbulent flow
Rouse-alpha model	Continuous 3D Monitoring of Suspended Sediment Mixing Patterns Using CCTV-Based Hyperspectral Imaging
Rreservoir operation	Drought resistant operation of reservoir groups under extreme low water conditions: A Case Study of the Han River in 2025
RRI model	Hydraulic Impacts of Storage Layout and Operation Strategies in Valley-Bottom Lowlands
runoff	Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus Assessing the Hydrological Performance of a Green Roof in Auckland
runoff angle	EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RERATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIUS OF CURVATURE AND LATERAL OVERFLOW ANGLE IN CURVED CHANNEL
Runoff Characteristic	Flood Inundation Sensitivity to Runoff Characteristic Variability under Extreme Rainfall-Induced Dam-Break Scenarios
runoff concentration degree (RCD)	Spatiotemporal variations of intra-annual runoff distribution in Taohe River Basin during 1980-2016
runoff concentration period (RCP)	Spatiotemporal variations of intra-annual runoff distribution in Taohe River Basin during 1980-2016
Runoff groundwater	Microbubble Characteristics of DAF System to Remove Water Pollutants from Deep Rainwater Tunnel Outflow to River
Runoff Reduction	Analysis of Runoff and Sediment Yield Reduction Effects Based on NbS Scenarios: A Case Study of the Cheoncheon Watershed in the Yongdam Dam Basin
Runoff response	Assessing SSP-Based climate change impacts on runoff responses under soil moisture conditions
S
Saemangeum	GPR-based monitoring for sea-dike integrity in Saemangeum area
Saemangeum reclamation project	Analysis of the Impact of Seawater Inflow from Saemangeum Lake on Reclaimed Farmland Soil and Groundwater
Safety Bias	Unveiling Safety Bias in River Sluice Gates: A Dual-Track Risk Assessment for Ensuring Functional Reliability
salinity distribution	Numerical Simulation of the Impact of the 2020 Yellow River Water-Sediment Regulation on Estuarine Sediment and Salt Diffusion
Salinity Management	Salinity Management and Agricultural Water Supply in Tando Lake, Korea
Salinity Monitoring	Salinity Management and Agricultural Water Supply in Tando Lake, Korea
Salinization recovery	On Saltwater Intrusion and Subsequent Recovery Processes in Coastal Aquifers Induced by Tsunami Inundation
Saltwater intrusion	Evaluation of Scenarios for Reducing Saltwater Intrusion in the Seomjin River Estuary using Numerical Model: Focusing on Riverbed Restoration and Hydraulic Structures On Saltwater Intrusion and Subsequent Recovery Processes in Coastal Aquifers Induced by Tsunami Inundation
Sand capping on the interetidal flat	Development of the Regional Sediment Transport Model Fron Mountains, River Basins and Coastal Regions and Its Application to the Yamakuni River and the Nakatsu Inertildal Flat
Sand dam	Assessment of Drought-Period Water Supply Reliability of Sand Dams Sand Dams as a Policy-Oriented Water Management Strategy for Water-Scarce and Underserved Regions: Implications for Developing Countries Analysis of Groundwater Quality Variation Characteristics: A Case Study of Sand Dam Site
Sand-grain roughness	Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Development over Rough Sand Beds in Open Channels
sandbar	Numerical analysis of sandbar behavior at a river confluence
SAR	Analysis of Levee Surface Conditions Using Sentinel-1 SAR Backscattering Coefficient
Satellite Data	Applicability Analysis of Time-Series-Based AI Forecasting Models for Potential Evapotranspiration Prediction
Satellite Hydrology	Satellite-based Inference of Upstream Reservoir Operations under Information Asymmetry in Transboundary River Basins
satellite image	Super-Resolution Sentinel-2 Imagery to PlanetScope Using CNN: Application for River Morphology Classification Comparing machine learning algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in the surface of inland water body utilizing multispectral satellite data
Satellite image analysis	Emerging technologies for predicting and mitigating coastal disasters and increasing resilience
satellite imageries	Assessing the Reliability of Satellite-Derived Digital Terrain Models for Channel Characterization for Flood Simulation in Steep, Data-Limited Regions
Satellite Imagery	Satellite-Derived Level–Storage Relationships for Ungauged Reservoirs Using Sentinel-2 Time-Series Imagery Pattern analysis of river plumes in Suruga Bay, Japan, using satellite images
Satellite measurements	Reducing Uncertainty in Accuracy Assessments of Satellite_measured Significant Wave Heights
Satellite remote sensing	Basin-Scale Dynamic River Roughness Estimation Using Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices and Its Impact on Flood Water Levels
Satellite soil moisture	Drought Persistence, Escalation, and Recovery in the Godavari River Basin, India: A Soil Moisture Transition Probability Analysis
Satellite-based river discharge estimation	Deep Learning–Based River Discharge Estimation from Sentinel-1 SAR and GOCI-II Observations in the Han River Basin
Scenario augmentation	Scenario-Augmented LSTM for Water Level Forecasting under Extreme Flood Conditions
Scenario Simulation	Spatiotemporal Change and Scenario Simulation of Ecological Resilience in the Lower Yellow River Floodplain
SCHISM	Assessment of Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Nutrient Supply Measures Using Numerical Model in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Scour	Analysis of Relationships Based on Straight Channels for Scour in a Curved Channel Downstream of a Weir
scoured hole	Levee resilience as one of new policies in Japan for flood management and adaptation to climate change
Scratch resistance	A Study on the Mechanism and Countermeasures of Pitting Corrosion in the Steel Lining of a Headrace Tunnel
Sea-level rise	Increased Flooding Risk to Coastal Urban Roads from Storm Surges Coupled with Rising Sea Levels
Seagrass Modelling	The Influence of Algae Dynamics in Modelling the Growth of Seagrass as a Nature-Based Solution
Seawater inflow	Analysis of the Impact of Seawater Inflow from Saemangeum Lake on Reclaimed Farmland Soil and Groundwater
Seawater intrusion	Multi-Indicator Framework for Assessing Coastal Groundwater Resilience: Integrating Critical Slowing Down Theory with Information-Theoretic Metrics An Analytical Framework for Aquifer Characterization using Mean Action Time (MAT) Title: Assessment of Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Using GALDIT Based on Long-Term Time-Series Data
Secondary Circulation	Numerical Investigation of River Meander Morphodynamics: An Enhanced 2D Modelling
Secondary flow	Experimental study of secondary flow structure around rigid and flexible vegetation patches Field Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures and Mixing Processes at a River Confluence The Effect of Sinuosity on Microplastic Transport in Meandering Channels Spatial Characteristics of Bed Material Sorting in Meandering Channels According to Transverse Structure Arrangement Field-based analysis of hydrodynamic behavior in a complex artificial lake under variable flow regimes
Sediment	AI-Based Surrogate Modeling for Watershed Flood and Sediment Prediction: A Case Study of the Shihmen Reservoir, Taiwan Traditional Japanese Groynes and Sediment Management Principles Simulation on the characteristics and effects of flow velocity at escalators in a subway station
Sediment bypass tunnels (SBTs)	Experimental study of self-lining mechanisms in open-channels with triangular and square strip roughness elements
Sediment cloud dynamics	Formation of composite sediment clouds
sediment deposition	Satellite-Based Assessment of Floodplain Sediment Dynamics for Riparian Space Management Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Surface Deformation Analysis
sediment diffusion	Numerical Simulation of the Impact of the 2020 Yellow River Water-Sediment Regulation on Estuarine Sediment and Salt Diffusion
Sediment dynamics	Non-point source pollution management in road infrastructures: the role of road-deposited sediments
Sediment entrainment	Role of Wake-Induced Coherent Turbulence in Sediment Entrainment Around a Circular Pile
Sediment Environment Restoration	Recovery of River Connectivity and Restoration of Sediment Transport Environment
Sediment flushing	Assessment of Downstream Channel Bed Responses to Intensified Future Sediment Flushing from a Reservoir Lacking Flushing Infrastructure
Sediment grain-size distribution	Improving Local Scour Prediction Accuracy in Numerical Simulations by Incorporating Non-Uniform Sediment Grain Sizes
sediment management measure	Updating Sedimentation Management in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area
Sediment Material	Investigation of Spectral Data of Sediment Media and the Accuracy of Non-Contact Water-Depth Estimation in Sewer and Stormwater Pipes
sediment rating curve	Sensitivity Analysis and Performance Test of Total Sediment Load Formulas for Major Rivers in Korea
Sediment recycling	Contaminant Characterization and Recycling Potential of Dredged Sediments from Stormwater Detention and Drainage Facilities: Toward Efficient and Sustainable Management Strategies
sediment regime	A Multi-Stage Discharge Approach to Characterizing Sediment Mobility and Bed Disturbance in Gravel-Bed Rivers
Sediment sorting	Experimental Study on Alternating Bar Formation, Development, and Migration under Uniform and Non-Uniform Sediment in Steep-Slope Channels Experimental Investigation of Sediment Sorting Associated in a Vegetated Channel Spatial Characteristics of Bed Material Sorting in Meandering Channels According to Transverse Structure Arrangement
Sediment supply	Experimental Study on Alternating Bar Formation, Development, and Migration under Uniform and Non-Uniform Sediment in Steep-Slope Channels
Sediment transport	Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Sediment Transport Prediction Sensitivity Analysis and Performance Test of Total Sediment Load Formulas for Major Rivers in Korea Movable-Bed Experimental Analysis of Upstream Stagnation Mitigation by Weir Opening Expansion Experimental study of secondary flow structure around rigid and flexible vegetation patches Continuous 3D Monitoring of Suspended Sediment Mixing Patterns Using CCTV-Based Hyperspectral Imaging Vegetation–Flow–Sediment Feedbacks in Meandering Rivers: Implications for Nature-Based Flood Management Evaluation of the Applicability and Limitations of One-Dimensional Bed Variation Modeling for Post-Flood Sediment Dynamics in the Takatoki River Copula-VAR Identification of Seasonal and Regulation-Induced Restructuring in Runoff-Sediment Dependence in the Middle Yellow River Numerical Investigation of River Meander Morphodynamics: An Enhanced 2D Modelling Littoral Cell Classification along the East Coast of the Korean Peninsula Using Satellite-derived Shorelines and Unsupervised Learning Wall-pressure fluctuations on a rough bed and their relation to turbulent flow
Sediment transport rate	Time‑Dependent Local Scour Downstream of a Fixed‑Bed Structure: Flume Measurements and Exner–Based Morphodynamic Modeling
Sediment yield	Hydrological effcets of vegetation on rill sediment from steep hillslops
Sediment Yield Reduction	Analysis of Runoff and Sediment Yield Reduction Effects Based on NbS Scenarios: A Case Study of the Cheoncheon Watershed in the Yongdam Dam Basin
Sedimentation environment	Sedimentary Environments in the Nobi Plain in Central Japan: Using Pb-210 Dating Methods Exploring the Effects of Natural and Social Conditions during the Anthropocene
Sedimentation of the river basin	Development of the Regional Sediment Transport Model Fron Mountains, River Basins and Coastal Regions and Its Application to the Yamakuni River and the Nakatsu Inertildal Flat
sedimentation rate	Updating Sedimentation Management in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area
sediments	Impact of Water and Sediment Regulation on Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Distribution in Water and Sediments of Xiaolangdi Reservoir
Seepage flow	Experimental Investigation on Riverbed Protection Utilizing Seepage Flow Downstream of Bridge Piers Relationship between seepage flow velocity and void space inside gravels for several sizes of gravels Countermeasures Against Riverbed Scouring Focusing on Seepage Flow Inside Boulders Downstream of Movable Weir
Seigyu	Traditional Japanese Groynes and Sediment Management Principles
Seigyu - Nature-Based Solutions (NbS)	Quantifying Long-Term Riverbed Responses to Traditional Seigyu as Nature-Based Solutions Using UAV-Based Topographic in Kizu river, Japan
self-defense	Different self-defense structures for flood inundation around residence in old flood prone area in Japan
Self-lining	Experimental study of self-lining mechanisms in open-channels with triangular and square strip roughness elements
Self-Organizing Map	Classification of Meteorological Fields Leading to Linear Rainfall Bands in Kyushu Using SOM and Their Future Projections
semantic fusion	LLM-Augmented Port Container Throughput Forecasting: A Systematic Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Neural Architectures with Exogenous Semantic Fusion
Senjo-Kousuitai	Impact of Incorporating Water Vapor Flux on the Accuracy of Deep Learning-Based River Water Level Prediction during Heavy Rainfall
Sensitivity analysis	Sensitivity Analysis and Performance Test of Total Sediment Load Formulas for Major Rivers in Korea Modeling Random Wave Transformation and Dissipation over Varying Bathymetry Using FUNWAVE-TVD
Sensitivity Matrix	Sensitivity Matrix-based Optimal Sensor Placement for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Networks
Sensor-based drought index	Characterizing Drought Propagation in South Korea Using Sensor-Based Drought Indices
Sensor-based monitoring	Development of a Sensor-Based Monitoring System for Early Warning of Levee Failure
Sentinel	River Regulation and Mangrove Recovery After Hydroclimatic Extremes in Indonesia: An Event-Aligned Multi-Watershed Comparison
Sentinel-1	Spatio-Temporal Variability of Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture and Its Response to Rainfall Events in the Nakdong River Basin, South Korea. Study Case: Pre-Flood Indicator.
Sentinel-1 SAR	High-Resolution Soil Moisture Retrieval in Korea Using Deep Learning-Enhanced Sentinel-1 SAR and Antecedent Rainfall Information Deep Learning–Based River Discharge Estimation from Sentinel-1 SAR and GOCI-II Observations in the Han River Basin
Sentinel-2	Satellite-Derived Level–Storage Relationships for Ungauged Reservoirs Using Sentinel-2 Time-Series Imagery Integrating Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data and Deep Learning for High-Accuracy Prediction of Lake Water Quality
Sentinel-2A	Comparing machine learning algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in the surface of inland water body utilizing multispectral satellite data
Sentinel-3 OLCI	Pattern analysis of river plumes in Suruga Bay, Japan, using satellite images
Seomjin River	Evaluation of Scenarios for Reducing Saltwater Intrusion in the Seomjin River Estuary using Numerical Model: Focusing on Riverbed Restoration and Hydraulic Structures
Seonsor evaluation	Development of performance evaluation methods for physical and virtual sensors for detecting abnormal conditions in water resources facilities
septic matter	Development of an Evaluation Method for the Ideal Condition of the Algal Ball Marimo
Seto Inland Sea	Assessment of Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Nutrient Supply Measures Using Numerical Model in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Settling velocity	Stochastic and Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Vertical Size Distribution of Suspended Fine Sands
Sewer and Stormwater Pipes	Investigation of Spectral Data of Sediment Media and the Accuracy of Non-Contact Water-Depth Estimation in Sewer and Stormwater Pipes
Shallow-water equations	Improving the Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Models Using Riemann Invariants
SHAP	Environmental patterns associated with dissolved methylmercury variability in Minamata Bay, Japan (2006–2023) Data-Driven Prediction of Scour Depth and Probabilistic Assessment of Design Conservatism
SHAP explanations	An interpretable deep learning approach for river water quality prediction
shear front	Numerical Simulation of the Impact of the 2020 Yellow River Water-Sediment Regulation on Estuarine Sediment and Salt Diffusion
shear stress	Watershed-Scale Assessment of Spatiotemporal Flood Disturbance Intensity on the River Bed
Shields stress	Rescaling Shields stress using channel slope to mitigate uncertainty in bedload estimation
Shimouke and Matsubara	Assessment of Flood Characteristics in a Cascading Dam System under 720 Ensemble Years of Future Climate Scenarios Using a Deep Learning-based Model
shock capturing	A Physics-Informed Neural Network Framework with Gradient-Weighted and Residual-Based Adaptive Refinement for Dam-Break Problems
Shoreline change	Multi-Decadal Shoreline Dynamics and Wave Climate Interaction along the Cox’s Bazar–Teknaf Coast, Bangladesh
Shoreline Monitoring	Super-Resolution of Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery for High-Precision Shoreline Assessment of Urban Coastlines
Short-duration rainfall	Development of Short-Duration Rainfall Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) Curves Using 1-minute Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Data: A Case Study in Seoul, Korea
Short-term Forecasting	Short-term Hazardous Weather Forecasting based on Radar-derived Morphological Classification and Motion Vector Analysis
short-term rainfall prediction	Short-Term Urban Flood Prediction Using Coupled U-Net Based Deep Learning Rainfall and Inundation Models
Short-term storage prediction	Water Budget–Based Short-Term Prediction of Reservoir Storage Dynamics under Extreme Rainfall
Side Weir	An Analytical Study on Side Weir Discharge Characteristics: Gravimetric Assessment and Empirical Formula Formulation
Side-weir overflow	Experimental Analysis of Flood Mitigation Effects of a Detention Basin Side-Weir under Urban Flood Conditions
Significant wave height	Reducing Uncertainty in Accuracy Assessments of Satellite_measured Significant Wave Heights
Similar Basins Selecting	Practical Prediction Method for Inflow to Dams with Insufficient Training Data by Machine Learning and Similar Basins Selecting
Similarity	Relationship between seepage flow velocity and void space inside gravels for several sizes of gravels
Simulation	Simulation on the characteristics and effects of flow velocity at escalators in a subway station
Site Suitabilty Analysis	Site Suitability Analysis for Nature-Based Solutions in an Agricultural River Basin: A Case study of Wetland Restoration
Site-Specific PMP (SSPMP)	Assessment of Local Intense Precipitation (LIP) for Critical Infrastructure: Deriving SSPMP via Radar-Based Bias Correction and Spatial Analysis
Size distribution modeling	Stochastic and Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Vertical Size Distribution of Suspended Fine Sands
Slog frequency	Analysis of slug formation and frequency using 3D numerical model
Slug flow	Analysis of slug formation and frequency using 3D numerical model
Small and medium-sized rivers	Case study for social implementation of collaborative nature restoration in rivers
Small and Medium-sized Streams	A Study on Practical Restoration Strategies to Bridge the Connectivity Gap in Korean Small and Medium-sized Streams
Small River	Performance verification experiment of smart velocity and discharge measurement system in small river
Small stream resilience planning	AI-Driven Real-time Measured Data based Flood Early Warning System in Small Stream
Small-scale river facilities	AI-Based Risk Prediction and Assessment for Small-Scale River Facilities: Effects of Integrating Risk Assessment Items and Auxiliary Indicators
SMAP	Spatio-temporal Distribution of Soil Moisture and its Prediction in the Poyang Lake Basin Spatio-Temporal Variability of Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture and Its Response to Rainfall Events in the Nakdong River Basin, South Korea. Study Case: Pre-Flood Indicator. Evaluating the impact of spatiotemporal resolution in satellite-based soil moisture data assimilation on streamflow prediction
Smart Sensors	Smart Stormwater Management, AI and Smart Sensor-Based Approach- Case from New Zealand
Smart Staff Gauges	Development and On-Site Validation of a Locally Customized Smart Staff Gauge for Developing Countries
Smart Stormwater Management	Smart Stormwater Management, AI and Smart Sensor-Based Approach- Case from New Zealand
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics	Simulation of shallow and dispersed overland flow in urban catchment by a particle method
Snow Depth	Snow Load Prediction Using Dual-Polarization Radar Robust Regional Classification of Extreme Snowfall Events Using Probabilistic and Clustering Approaches in Korea
Snow Depth Analysis	Research om improving the accuracy of snow water volume estimation and snowmelt runoff prediction using publicly available meteorological data
Snow load	Snow Load Prediction Using Dual-Polarization Radar
Snow redistribution	Integrating Process-Based Hydrological Modeling and Deep Learning to Project Glacier-Fed Runoff in the Tarim River Basin
Snow water equivalent	A Machine learning-based Global Snow Water Equivalent dataset
Snowmelt	Research om improving the accuracy of snow water volume estimation and snowmelt runoff prediction using publicly available meteorological data
Snowmelt processes	Comparative Evaluation of Rainfall-Runoff Model (GR4J) Considering Snowmelt Processes for Reservoir Inflow Simulation
Socio-ecological resilience	Integrating Bio-Cultural Diversity into Flood Control Policy under the Anthropocene: A Multispecies Perspective Based on the Landscape History of the Lower Yoshino River Basin in Tokushima
sociohydrological resilience canvas	Reconceptualizing Ecosystem Services as Dynamic Components of Sociohydrology for Integrated Water Resources Management
Soft robot	Hydrodynamic testing of a water-rescue system using tentacle mechanisms
Soft sensors	Assessing the Applicability of Soft Sensors for Pollutant Load Estimation Using High-Frequency Flow and Water-Quality Data
Soil and groundwater salinity	Analysis of the Impact of Seawater Inflow from Saemangeum Lake on Reclaimed Farmland Soil and Groundwater
Soil and Water Assessment Tool	A Hierarchical Deferred Hedging Strategy with Release Threshold Optimization for Multi-Objective Reservoir Operation
soil moisture	Spatio-temporal Distribution of Soil Moisture and its Prediction in the Poyang Lake Basin Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Moisture in Mongolia Inferred from Field Measurements and Satellite Observations High-Resolution Soil Moisture Retrieval in Korea Using Deep Learning-Enhanced Sentinel-1 SAR and Antecedent Rainfall Information Spatio-Temporal Variability of Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture and Its Response to Rainfall Events in the Nakdong River Basin, South Korea. Study Case: Pre-Flood Indicator. Assessing SSP-Based climate change impacts on runoff responses under soil moisture conditions
Soil moisture content	Construction and operation of ground soil moisture measurement equipment for satellite observation calibration
Soil moisture coupling	Vertical coupling between near-surface and root-zone soil moisture across contrasting soil profiles
Soil moisture drought	Drought Persistence, Escalation, and Recovery in the Godavari River Basin, India: A Soil Moisture Transition Probability Analysis
soil moisutre	Evaluating the impact of spatiotemporal resolution in satellite-based soil moisture data assimilation on streamflow prediction
soil organic carbon	Nature-Based Low-Impact Development Solutions for Stormwater Management, Urban Heat Mitigation, and Carbon Sequestration
Soil profile heterogeneity	Vertical coupling between near-surface and root-zone soil moisture across contrasting soil profiles
Soil water content	Integration of National Soil Survey Data and Machine-Learning Pedotransfer Functions for Predicting Soil Water Content
solar harvesting	Examining economical value of photovoltaic green roof solutions
Source allocation	PFAS source allocation using Machine learning approach
Source basin	Scale-Invariant Behavior of Total Source Basin Area and Regime Shifts between Ephemeral and Perennial Channel Networks
Source identification	Characterizing Dry Weather Flow Dynamics and Water Quality States in Urban Drainage Systems: A High-Frequency Multi-Parameter Approach
sparse modeling method	Proposal for Inflow Prediction method applicable into Low flow to High flow Using the Elastic Net
Spatial Autocorrelation	Stream2Vec: learning river-network connectivity structure from barrier passability with a self-supervised graph transformer
spatial characteristics of rainfall	Analysis of Spatial Characteristics of Rainfall to Produce Spatial Rainfall Scenarios
Spatial dependence	Probabilistic Estimation of Depth-Area-Frequency Curves Using Copula Models for Extreme Rainfall Events in South Korea
Spatial detention technology	A Paradigm Shift in Urban Flood Management Based on Spatial Detention Technologies Using Urban Surface Space
Spatial Downscaling	Evaluation of Spatial Donwscaling GPM IMERG for Drought Analysis Using Attention U-Net in South Korea
Spatial Field Monitoring	Spatial Field Monitoring of Surface Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport for Coastal Protection
Spatial heterogeneity	Exploring Urban Flood Resilience under Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in Urban System Performance
spatial information analysis	Hydro-Dynamics Analysis of River Flow Using Spatial Information
Spatial Planning	From Science to Practice: Stress-Testing and Co-Designing Sponge Landscape Strategies for Climate Resilience in Europe
spatial rainfall scenarios	Analysis of Spatial Characteristics of Rainfall to Produce Spatial Rainfall Scenarios
Spatial Regionalization	Automated Multi-Site Calibration of WRF-Hydro with PEST++ in the Nakdong River Basin: Reliability Across Flood Events and an AI Extension
Spatio-temporal attention mechanism	Knowledge Graph–Physics Fusion Bidirectional Temporal Convolutional Modeling for Flood Regulation Simulation
Spatio-Temporal Image(STI)	Enhancing Gradient Estimation for Spatio-Temporal Images using Generative Adversarial Networks
spatio-temporal variability	Spatio-Temporal Variability of Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture and Its Response to Rainfall Events in the Nakdong River Basin, South Korea. Study Case: Pre-Flood Indicator. Investigating Spatio-temporal Variability of Domestic Water Demand Considering Social, Economic, and Spatial Factors
spatiotemporal dispersivity evolution	Multi-Scale Characterization of Transport Variables in Permeable Reactive Barriers under System Dynamics
Spatiotemporal Mapping	Free-Surface Suspended Sediment Monitoring Using RGB-Based UAV Imagery
Spatiotemporal variations	Spatiotemporal variations of intra-annual runoff distribution in Taohe River Basin during 1980-2016
specialities	Observations on Agriculture in Areas Prone to Frequent Flooding
Species composition	Data-Driven Analysis of Forest Carbon Accumulation Across Species and Environmental Conditions in South Korea
Spectral Data	Investigation of Spectral Data of Sediment Media and the Accuracy of Non-Contact Water-Depth Estimation in Sewer and Stormwater Pipes
spectral noise	Estimation of the Integral Time Scale through Spectral Noise Refinement
SPEI	Quantifying Drought Impacts and Damages with Consideration of Lead–Lag Responses in Drought Indicators
SPI	Quantifying Drought Impacts and Damages with Consideration of Lead–Lag Responses in Drought Indicators Evaluation of Spatial Donwscaling GPM IMERG for Drought Analysis Using Attention U-Net in South Korea
Sponge cities	Repurposing stormwater tanks for rainwater reuse: A catchment scale approach to urban-runoff utilisation.
Sponge Functioning	From Science to Practice: Stress-Testing and Co-Designing Sponge Landscape Strategies for Climate Resilience in Europe
spur dike	Effects of Upstream Vegetation on Local Scour and Flow Structure around a Spur Dike
spur dikes	Effects of the orientation of one sided non-submerged spur dikes on turbulence anisotropy
SRH-W	AI-Based Surrogate Modeling for Watershed Flood and Sediment Prediction: A Case Study of the Shihmen Reservoir, Taiwan
SSP	Multi-Index Identification of Drought Hotspots and Disaster Vulnerability Across the Korean Peninsula Under Climate Change
SSP scenarios	Assessing SSP-Based climate change impacts on runoff responses under soil moisture conditions From Hazard to Impact: Drought Impact Based Forecasting and County Level Vulnerability Mapping in Kenya’s Athi Basin Future Projections of Meteorological and Hydrological Components in the Nakdong River Basin under Climate Change Scenarios: Multi-GCM SSP Ensemble Analysis
SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenario	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions
SST k-omega model	Influence of turbulence models and wall boundary conditions on prediction of oscillating hydraulic jump at a drop structure with a trench
Stage-Discharge Relationship	Hydraulic Model Tests on a Short Tunnel Spillway Installed at Mid-Height of Dam Body
Stagnant zone	Water Quality Characteristics of Stagnant versus Flowing Zones at an Agricultural Weir in Geumseong Stream, Yeongsan River Basin, South Korea
stakeholder	Stakeholder appraisal reveals epistemically fragile assumptions driving global irrigation water estimates
Standardized regression coefficients	Evaluation of the Relationship between Flood Inundation Risk and Topographic Features in Japan
State-space model	Hourly Reservoir Inflow Estimation Using Water Level Observations and Kalman Filtering for Agricultural Reservoirs
Station-based meteorological data	Comparative analysis of gridded and station-based meteorological data for deep learning-based streamflow prediction
Statistical modeling	Linking Climate Change to Urban Water Infrastructure Design: Recent Advances and Shortcomings in Downscaling of Extreme Hydrologic Processes
Steel lining	A Study on the Mechanism and Countermeasures of Pitting Corrosion in the Steel Lining of a Headrace Tunnel
steep-slope regions	Assessing the Reliability of Satellite-Derived Digital Terrain Models for Channel Characterization for Flood Simulation in Steep, Data-Limited Regions
Stem-GNN	Chlorophyll-a Prediction in Streams using a Hybrid Hydrological-Deep Learning Model
Step and Pool Structures	Experimental Investigation on the Appropriate Spacing of Step and Pool Structures in Channelized River
Stepped fishway	Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Stepped Fishway Using a CFD Model
stereo imaging	Calibration-Free Stereo Imaging for Coastal Wave Field Reconstruction and Quantification of Wave Breaking
STL	What do satellite-derived groundwater storage products capture?
Stochastic Hydrology	Assessment of Local Intense Precipitation (LIP) for Critical Infrastructure: Deriving SSPMP via Radar-Based Bias Correction and Spatial Analysis
Stochastic modeling	Copula-VAR Identification of Seasonal and Regulation-Induced Restructuring in Runoff-Sediment Dependence in the Middle Yellow River
Stochastic rainfall generation	Stochastic Daily Rainfall Generation Under Climate Nonstationarity: A Neural Network Framework for Extreme Rainfall and Drought–Flood Compound Hazards
Stochastic simulation	Stochastic and Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Vertical Size Distribution of Suspended Fine Sands
Stochastic Storm Transposition	Large ensemble-based rainfall frequency analysis using Stochastic Storm Transposition: A case study of Northern Japan
Stochastic Storm Transposition (SST)	Assessment of Local Intense Precipitation (LIP) for Critical Infrastructure: Deriving SSPMP via Radar-Based Bias Correction and Spatial Analysis
Storage and drainage tunnel	Flow Regime Transitions and Geysering Onset in Deep Drainage Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional CFD Simulations
storage capacity	Comparative Assessment of Detention Facility Geometry and Performance in Existing vs. Newly Developed Urban Areas
Storage coefficient	Calibration of Clark Unit Hydrograph Parameters (tc and K) in the Upstream Watershed of Gwansan Reservoir
storage facilities	Comparative Assessment of Detention Facility Geometry and Performance in Existing vs. Newly Developed Urban Areas
storm effect	Study on the Variation Characteristics of Beach Profile in Baisha Bay Sandy Beach under Continuous Multiple Typhoons
Storm surge	Increased Flooding Risk to Coastal Urban Roads from Storm Surges Coupled with Rising Sea Levels Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Extreme Wave Overtopping at Coastal under Climate Change
Storm surge hazards	Climate Change–Driven Intensification of Tropical Cyclone–Induced Storm Surges in Eastern Indonesia
storm tide model	New model-based simulation of typhoon storm flow in East China Sea
storm velocity	New model-based simulation of typhoon storm flow in East China Sea
stormwater	Catchment-Scale Nature-Based Framework for Managing Stormwater under Climate Extremes in Tropical Regions: Insights from the RainS-TECH Project
Stormwater detention facility	Contaminant Characterization and Recycling Potential of Dredged Sediments from Stormwater Detention and Drainage Facilities: Toward Efficient and Sustainable Management Strategies
stormwater inlet	Designing Stormwater Inlet Spacing for Urban Roadways
stormwater intensity formula	Sparsification-Based Framework for Improving IDF Curve Fitting in Urban Stormwater Design
Stormwater management	Nature-Based Low-Impact Development Solutions for Stormwater Management, Urban Heat Mitigation, and Carbon Sequestration Applications of On-Site Stormwater Systems for Water Reuse: Assessing BIOECODS Pond-Based Rainwater Harvesting De-Impermeabilization of an Urban Parking Lot and Stormwater Management in a French Mediterranean Pilot : Experimental Monitoring and Hydrological Modeling Non-point source pollution management in road infrastructures: the role of road-deposited sediments Evaluating Flood Resilience in Urban Drainage Networks Using Deep Learning Models
Stormwater system	Integrating real-time control with green-grey infrastructure optimization under multiple climate scenarios: a cost-effective strategy for urban flood mitigation
Straight channel	Analysis of Relationships Based on Straight Channels for Scour in a Curved Channel Downstream of a Weir
strategic planning	Updating Sedimentation Management in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area
Stratification	Analysis of Stratification and Flow Structures in Rivers Using High-Resolution Monitoring Data
Stratified flow dynamics	Turbidity Dynamics in Lake Soyang Captured by Multi-Sensor Monitoring System: Insights from 2024–2025 Observations
Stream Accessibility	Analysis of Marginal Willingness to Pay According to Urban Stream Accessibility - A Case Study of the Seoho Stream in Suwon -
Streamflow Prediction	Comparative analysis of gridded and station-based meteorological data for deep learning-based streamflow prediction A Differentiable Hydrological Modeling Framework Integrating Reservoir Operations for Human-Impacted Catchments
streamflow rate	Spatio-Temporal Changes of Kazakhstan's River Flow Regimes
Streamflow response	Radiative and Physiological Impacts on Streamflow under Elevated CO₂ in Asian River Basins
Streamflow simulation	A comparative framework for physics-based and data-driven streamflow modeling: Application to the Hoengseong Dam basin
Streamlit	Development of an Automated Habitat Index Estimation Program
Stress testing hydraulic model	EXTREME RAINFALL IMPACTS ON HAPPY VALLEY UNDERGROUND STORMWATER STORAGE SCHEME: A CLIMATE-ADJUSTED PERFORMANCE REVIEW
Strip roughness	Experimental study of self-lining mechanisms in open-channels with triangular and square strip roughness elements
Strom Drain Inlet Assessment	Computer Vision–Based Assessment of Storm Drain Inlet Clogging for Mitigating Property-Scale Pluvial Flood Risk
Structural break analysis	Scale-Invariant Behavior of Total Source Basin Area and Regime Shifts between Ephemeral and Perennial Channel Networks
structural equation modeling	Analysis of Nitrogen Removal Driving Forces in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
Structural Holes	Exploring Logical Interdependencies in Flood Management Governance: A Network Approach to Reveal Weak Ties and Structural Holes
Subcritical flow	Improving the Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Models Using Riemann Invariants
Subgrid three-dimensional model	An Enhanced Depth-Integrated Model for Simulating Wave-Vortex-Sediment Transport Interactions in Vegetated Channels
Submerged aquatic vegetation	Influence of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Flexibility on Drag Force
Submerged Flow	Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients and Flow Type Transition Thresholds in Gated-Circular Shaped Structures
submerged–emergent sequence	WAKE–SCOUR INTERACTION IN A SUBMERGED-TO-EMERGENT VEGETATION SEQUENCE: LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast	Strengths and Limitations of Foundation Model for Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Precipitation Prediction
Subtree	Hydrological effcets of vegetation on rill sediment from steep hillslops
Subway	Simulation on the characteristics and effects of flow velocity at escalators in a subway station
SuDS	EduWaterLab project: advancing urban hydrology education through shared laboratory experiments. Evaluation of vertical infiltration on permeable pavement.
super typhoon	New model-based simulation of typhoon storm flow in East China Sea
Super-resolution	Physics-Guided Deep Learning for Spatiotemporal Downscaling of Urban Flood Predictions AI-Informed Hydroinformatics for Urban Flood Prediction: GPU Hydrodynamics, Data Assimilation, Super-Resolution, and Surrogate Modeling Super-Resolution Sentinel-2 Imagery to PlanetScope Using CNN: Application for River Morphology Classification Diffflood: Attention-Augmented Diffusion Models for Compound Flood Inundation Map Super-Resolution in Coastal Cities Enhancing the Spatial Resolution of Climate Model Rainfall Using Deep Learning in the Amazon River Basin Super-Resolution of Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery for High-Precision Shoreline Assessment of Urban Coastlines
supersaturation	Predicting the Transport Time of Supersaturated Total Dissolved Gas in a Large Deep Reservoir
Support pillar	Countermeasures Against Riverbed Scouring Focusing on Seepage Flow Inside Boulders Downstream of Movable Weir
Surcharged flow	Experimental Study on Energy Loss Characteristics of Surcharged 3-Way Junction Manholes
surf-swash zone	Calibration-Free Stereo Imaging for Coastal Wave Field Reconstruction and Quantification of Wave Breaking
Surface Cover Condition	Analysis of Levee Surface Conditions Using Sentinel-1 SAR Backscattering Coefficient
Surface morphology	Effect of particle shielding on cavitation erosion mitigation in hyper-concentrated sediment flows
Surface runoff	De-Impermeabilization of an Urban Parking Lot and Stormwater Management in a French Mediterranean Pilot : Experimental Monitoring and Hydrological Modeling
Surface runoff modelling	Hydrological modeling as a tool to identify and quantify potential storage areas for the valorization of stormwater runoff
Surface Velocity	Full-Scale Evaluation of Bio-Polymer-Based High-Strength Levee Reinforcement under Overtopping Conditions Using Image-Based Velocity Measurements
surface water–groundwater interaction	Analysis of Drought Characteristics in the Okseong Underground Dam Watershed Using the SWAT Model
Surfactant-free detergent	Assessment of City-Scale Water, Energy, and Carbon Reduction Potential from the Adoption of Surfactant-Free Detergents
Surplus accounting	A Standardized Framework for Facility-Level Water Demand and Surplus Resource Assessment in South Korea
Surrogate Model	A GNN-Based Surrogate Modeling framework for Compound Urban Flooding Integrating deep learning surrogates with model predictive control: A tractable framework for autonomous water network operation An Operational AI Modeling Framework for Environmental Prediction in Estuarine Systems Development of Surrogate-based Optimization Framework for Land Use-Informed LID Facility Combinations in Urban Areas
surrogate modeling	AI-Informed Hydroinformatics for Urban Flood Prediction: GPU Hydrodynamics, Data Assimilation, Super-Resolution, and Surrogate Modeling Emulating SWAN for Operational Coastal Waves with UNet++ and ConvLSTM
Suruga Bay	Pattern analysis of river plumes in Suruga Bay, Japan, using satellite images
Survival function	Residual Life and Performance Degradation of River Gates using Statistical Methods
Suspended Sediment Concentration	Continuous 3D Monitoring of Suspended Sediment Mixing Patterns Using CCTV-Based Hyperspectral Imaging Performance Evaluation of Acoustic Instruments for Suspended Sediment Detection and Concentration Estimation Potential
Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) Turbidity layer detection	Proposal of an Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging-Based Methodology for the Detection and Classification of Suspended Sediment Stratification
Suspended Sediment Concentration(SSC)	Free-Surface Suspended Sediment Monitoring Using RGB-Based UAV Imagery
sustainability	ESG-based Resilience Assessment of Hydrological and Hydraulic Infrastructure Implementation of Infiltration Well in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area to Reliving the Water Springs during Drought Season
Sustainable development	Balancing Energy, Rivers, and Communities: A Hydro-Environmental Perspective from Upper Trishuli–1 Hydro Electric Project 216 MW
Sustainable drainage	Repurposing stormwater tanks for rainwater reuse: A catchment scale approach to urban-runoff utilisation.
Sustainable groundwater management	Multi-Indicator Framework for Assessing Coastal Groundwater Resilience: Integrating Critical Slowing Down Theory with Information-Theoretic Metrics
Sustainable management	Contaminant Characterization and Recycling Potential of Dredged Sediments from Stormwater Detention and Drainage Facilities: Toward Efficient and Sustainable Management Strategies
Sustainable river management	Assessment of Manning’s Roughness Variability Caused by Flexible Vegetation Lodging Using HEC-RAS for Sustainable and Ecological River Management
Sustainable water management	Smart Leak Localization in Urban Water Pipe Networks Based on IoT Sensors and Machine Learning to Support Ecologically Healthy Rivers
SWAN	Emulating SWAN for Operational Coastal Waves with UNet++ and ConvLSTM
Swan model	Future Wave Climate Projections in the Korean Sea Waters: A Multi-Model Approach Under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5
SWAN modelling	Multi-Decadal Shoreline Dynamics and Wave Climate Interaction along the Cox’s Bazar–Teknaf Coast, Bangladesh
Swash zone	Swash interaction characteristics and bed instability in double dam-break generated flow: OpenFOAM Simulations on a Rough Impermeable Bed.
Swash-swash interactions	Swash interaction characteristics and bed instability in double dam-break generated flow: OpenFOAM Simulations on a Rough Impermeable Bed.
SWAT	Estimation of Naturalized Flow Duration Curves for the Gamcheon Stream, South Korea
SWAT model	Assessing the Impacts of Land Use Change on River Flow Using the SWAT Model in the Tukituki Catchments, New Zealand. Assessment of Drought-Period Water Supply Reliability of Sand Dams Analysis of Drought Characteristics in the Okseong Underground Dam Watershed Using the SWAT Model Future Projections of Meteorological and Hydrological Components in the Nakdong River Basin under Climate Change Scenarios: Multi-GCM SSP Ensemble Analysis
SWAT-C	Title: Evaluating the Potential Reduction of Non-point Source Pollutants and Organic Carbon from Riparian Land Conversion using the SWAT-C Model
SWAT-K	Long-Term Hydrological Component Analysis in South Korea Using the SWAT-K Model
SWMM	Quantifying Return Flow and Reuse Through Water Cycle Modeling of Irrigation Canal Networks Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus Evaluation of Farmland Inundation Using Unsteady Flow Analysis: Comparison of GATE and SWMM Models Quantification of Rainfall–Runoff-Driven Microplastic Inflows to a River Using a Catchment-Scale Water Quality Model
Synergistic identification	Response Mechanisms and Synergistic Identification of Multi-Objective Trade-offs in a Reservoir Group under Inter-Basin Water Transfer Intervention
synthetic aperture radar	Satellite-Based Assessment of Floodplain Sediment Dynamics for Riparian Space Management Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Surface Deformation Analysis
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)	Title: PoLSAR and AI-Informed Analysis of Flood Impacts on Convective Available Potential Energy via Hydro-Atmospheric Coupling
System Development	Development of Decision Support System for Early Detection and Response to Disaster in Water Resource Facilities
System Reliability	System Reliability Assessment of Flood Control Level of Service (LOS) using Bayesian Networks: Integrating Hydrological, Mechanical, and Operational Uncertainties
Systematic review	Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Flood Management: A Systematic Review of Key Gaps
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T-C Diagram	Application of T–C Diagram for Analyzing Mixing Behavior at River Confluences
t-SNE	Delineating hydrological homogeneous regions for rainfall regional frequency analysis using and clustering techniques based on recent rainfall data in South Korea
TabPFN	Prediction of Urban Flood Susceptibility using a Transformer-based deep learning model with urban infrastructure dataset in Seoul, South Korea
Takatsu River	A Study on Riverbed Variation in the Takatsu River Based on Numerical Analysis
Tambo Dam	Visualization and Comprehensive Evaluation of Flood Mitigation Effects of Tambo Dams and the pre-release operation of irrigation ponds
Tangential Inlet	EXPERIMENTAL HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF WATER LEVEL VARIATION AND OBLIQUE JUMP FORMATION ANGLE IN A TANGENTIAL-INLET INCLINED CHUTE UNDER VARIOUS FLOW CONDITIONS
Taohe River Basin	Spatiotemporal variations of intra-annual runoff distribution in Taohe River Basin during 1980-2016
Target reservoir screening	Validity Assessment of Flood-Control Target Reservoir Screening Criteria for Agricultural Reservoirs: A Nationwide Database-Based Analysis
Tarim River Basin	Integrating Process-Based Hydrological Modeling and Deep Learning to Project Glacier-Fed Runoff in the Tarim River Basin
TDR measurement equipment	Construction and operation of ground soil moisture measurement equipment for satellite observation calibration
Temporal convolutional network (TCN)	An interpretable deep learning approach for river water quality prediction
Temporal dynamics	Exploring Urban Flood Resilience under Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in Urban System Performance
tentacle-like actuator	Hydrodynamic testing of a water-rescue system using tentacle mechanisms
Terrestrial Laser Scanning	Vegetation Patch-Induced Morphodynamics: Leveraging Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Green River Transition
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the average total nitrogen (TN)	Evaluation of total nitrogen control effect and ecological product value of polyploid Arundo donax var. angustifolia in shallow mountainous area of Loess Plateau
thermal flux	INVESTIGATION OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN WATER TEMPERATURE OF RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE INNER PART OF THE ARIAKE SEA
Thermal regime	Cumulative thermal impacts of rivers by cascades reservoirs revealed through deep learning–based reconstruction
Thermal-like and wake-like regimes	Formation of composite sediment clouds
Thermocline	Turbidity Dynamics in Lake Soyang Captured by Multi-Sensor Monitoring System: Insights from 2024–2025 Observations
three-dimensional computation	Effect of hydraulic parameters on bypass-type driftwood traps installed in straight channels
Three-dimensional dam-break	Validation of a Three-Dimensional Multiple-Relaxation-Time Lattice Boltzmann Method for Violent Free-Surface Flows
Three-dimensional flood simulation	Three-Dimensional Flood Flow Analysis Considering Bamboo Lodging and Woody Vegetation Washout Based on Airborne LiDAR Data and the Dupuit–Forchheimer Drag Model
Three-dimensional flow	Flow and Bed Morphological Responses to a Finite Vegetation Patch under Mobile-Bed Conditions
Three-dimensional flow structure	Hydraulic Mechanisms and Stability of Flood-Driven Floating Debris Accumulation at Hydraulic Structures
Three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method	Validation of a Three-Dimensional Multiple-Relaxation-Time Lattice Boltzmann Method for Violent Free-Surface Flows
Tidal Asymmetry	Hydrodynamics and tidal asymmetrical in Cilacap-Segara Anakan estuary system
Tidal channel	Hydro-Mechanical Consideration of the Factors Contributing to Revetment Failure During an August 2025 Flood Event in the Tidal Channel of the Amikake River, Kagoshima, Japan
Tienshan Mountains	Consistent Intensification of Extreme Heavy and Light Precipitation Events in the Tienshan Mountains, Central Asia
Time of concentration	Calibration of Clark Unit Hydrograph Parameters (tc and K) in the Upstream Watershed of Gwansan Reservoir
time series prediction	LLM-Augmented Port Container Throughput Forecasting: A Systematic Benchmark of State-of-the-Art Neural Architectures with Exogenous Semantic Fusion
time to equilibrium	A quasi-steady model for morphological change of a stream following a weir removal
Time-Series Forecasting	Applicability Analysis of Time-Series-Based AI Forecasting Models for Potential Evapotranspiration Prediction
Time-Series Inundation Data	Automated Generation Framework for Microscopic Time-Series Urban Inundation Data from CCTV Imagery using Fixed Visual References
Time-varying relationship	Evaluating the Suitability of Dynamic Linear Models for River Discharge and Water Quality
tipping point	Assessing Alternative Regimes of Flood Control Infrastructure at a Facility Scale
TOC	Title: Evaluating the Potential Reduction of Non-point Source Pollutants and Organic Carbon from Riparian Land Conversion using the SWAT-C Model
Topographic Indices	Evaluation of the Relationship between Flood Inundation Risk and Topographic Features in Japan A Simplified Flood Inundation Risk Assessment Method for Small and Medium-Sized Rivers Using Topographic Indices
total dissolved gas	Numerical simulation on the transport of supersaturated TDG in compound channels with vegetated floodplain Predicting the Transport Time of Supersaturated Total Dissolved Gas in a Large Deep Reservoir
Total nitrogen and total phosphorus	A Cluster-Based Physical–Virtual Hybrid Sensor Framework for Estimating Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Concentrations in Large River Basins
total sediment load formula	Sensitivity Analysis and Performance Test of Total Sediment Load Formulas for Major Rivers in Korea
TOYAGAMA	Assessment of Mercury (Hg) in the TOYAGAMA Drinking Water System at Universitas Gadjah Mada
TPH Contamination	Monitoring ISCO Remediation Dynamics and Hydraulic Changes in TPH-Contaminated Site using Time-Lapse ERT
Tracing Origin	Application of T–C Diagram for Analyzing Mixing Behavior at River Confluences
Trade-offs	Response Mechanisms and Synergistic Identification of Multi-Objective Trade-offs in a Reservoir Group under Inter-Basin Water Transfer Intervention
Trade-offs and synergies	From Trade-offs to Synergies: Ecosystem Service Responses to Integrated Water Resources Management in the Haba River Basin
Traditional Culture	Prepare Before the Drought: Traditional Culture and Modern Risk-Avoidance Wisdom Behind Drought Limit Water Levels
traditional Japanese crib spur dyke	Analysis of Flow and Riverbed Changes in the Kizu River Based on the Presence or Absence of -"Seigyu"
Traditional ring levee	Sedimentary Environments in the Nobi Plain in Central Japan: Using Pb-210 Dating Methods Exploring the Effects of Natural and Social Conditions during the Anthropocene
Traditional river engineering	Hydraulic Performance of Traditional Japanese Overflow Levees under Extreme Flooding
Train Effect	Rainstorm With 'Train Effect' Drives Urban Flood Intensification
Transboundary	Satellite-based Inference of Upstream Reservoir Operations under Information Asymmetry in Transboundary River Basins
Transfer learning	Enhancing cross-regional transferability of deep learning-based flood surrogate models for data-scarce catchments Variable-Agnostic Masked-Transfer Learning Framework for Multi-Station River Water Level Prediction Using Transformer Networks
Transferability	Image-to-Video Transferability of Water Segmentation Models for Real-Time Flood Monitoring
Transformer	Integration of Transportation Infrastructure for City-scale Urban Flood Forecasting Using Transformers Variable-Agnostic Masked-Transfer Learning Framework for Multi-Station River Water Level Prediction Using Transformer Networks
Transformer–BiLSTM	A Hybrid Transformer–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model (Transformer-BiLSTM) for Multi-Station Water-Level Forecasting in an Urban Watershed with Minute-Resolution Data
Transient flow analysis	Modeling and AI-Based Burst Detection for Water Distribution Network
Transition probability	Drought Persistence, Escalation, and Recovery in the Godavari River Basin, India: A Soil Moisture Transition Probability Analysis
transport time	Predicting the Transport Time of Supersaturated Total Dissolved Gas in a Large Deep Reservoir
Transportation Infrastructure	Integration of Transportation Infrastructure for City-scale Urban Flood Forecasting Using Transformers
Transportation rates	Determination of the distribution and the sources of dissolved ions in a watershed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and neural network analysis
trend analysis	National-Scale Inland Water Quality Trends in South Korea (2015-2024): Deep Learning Reconstruction at 30 m and 1 km Trend Analysis Trend Analysis of Maximum Dew Point in Korea using the BEAST Algorithm Spatio-Temporal Changes of Kazakhstan's River Flow Regimes
Trend detection	Evaluating Trend-Driven Nonstationarity in the Frequency Characteristics of Extreme Rainfall in South Korea
tributary	Characteristics of Water Temperature Variability in Rivers and Paddy Field Channels in the Middle Reaches of the Nagara River
Tributary inflows	Quantifying Contributions of All Tributaries to Flood Hydrographs Along the Entire Main River at the Basin Scale
Tropical cyclones	Contrasting Hydrometeorological Drivers of Extreme Flooding in New Zealand: Cyclone Gabrielle and the Mangawhai Flash Flood Climate Change–Driven Intensification of Tropical Cyclone–Induced Storm Surges in Eastern Indonesia
tropical regions	Catchment-Scale Nature-Based Framework for Managing Stormwater under Climate Extremes in Tropical Regions: Insights from the RainS-TECH Project
tropical rivers	Spatial Baselines and Hydrological Modulation of Methane Concentration in Humid Tropical Rivers
Tsunami	Logic-Tree Based Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Deaggregation for the Eastern Coast of Korea Prediction of maximum tsunami height and arrival time using machine learning and inverse variance weighting
Tsunami bore	Experimental Investigation of the Nonlinear Characteristics of Normalized Bed Shear Stress in Tsunami Bores
Tsunami inundation	On Saltwater Intrusion and Subsequent Recovery Processes in Coastal Aquifers Induced by Tsunami Inundation Proposal of Digital Twin for Imaging of Tsunami Inundation in Muroran City Using Unreal Engine
Tsunamis	A Data-driven Framework for Near-field Time-series Prediction of Landslide-generated Tsunamis
TUF-TransUNet	Integration of Transportation Infrastructure for City-scale Urban Flood Forecasting Using Transformers
Tunnel Spillway	Hydraulic Model Tests on a Short Tunnel Spillway Installed at Mid-Height of Dam Body
Turbulence	Microplastic Deposition on Biologically Cohesive Sediment Over Bare Bed and Within Emergent Canopies
turbulence anisotropy	Effects of the orientation of one sided non-submerged spur dikes on turbulence anisotropy
Turbulence Characteristics	Numerical Investigation of Turbulence Characteristics in Narrow Open Channel Flow by using Flow3D Hydro
Turbulence intensity	Stochastic and Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Vertical Size Distribution of Suspended Fine Sands
Turbulence model	Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Development over Rough Sand Beds in Open Channels
Turbulence modeling	CFD Modeling of Open-Channel Flow Dynamics in an Auxiliary Spillway Conduit
turbulent	Wall-pressure fluctuations on a rough bed and their relation to turbulent flow
turbulent flow	Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Stepped Fishway Using a CFD Model
Turbulent free surface flow	Non-uniform suspended sediment transport in turbulent free surface flows under non-equilibrium conditions
turbulent open-channel flow	Estimation of Subsurface Turbulent Flow Structures from Water-Surface Data Using Sequential Data Assimilation
Two-dimensional flow modeling	Improving the Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Models Using Riemann Invariants
Two-dimensional numerical modeling	Effects of Vegetation Density and Flood Magnitude on River Hydraulics and Morphodynamics: A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study
Two-dimensional numerical simulations of flow and riverbed changes	Analyses of Flood Flow and Riverbed Variation in Newly Constructed Wandos in the Shimeno District of the Yodo River
Two-dimensional RANS analysis	Influence of turbulence models and wall boundary conditions on prediction of oscillating hydraulic jump at a drop structure with a trench
two-dimensional unsteady flow	Applicability and Limitations of Fixed-Bed 2D Unsteady Flow Analysis for Bedload Transport: Comparison with Movable-Bed Simulations Upstream of the Funagira Dam
Two-dimensional unsteady flow analysis	Assessment of Riverbed Disturbance Tendencies Based on Bed Shear Stress Responses under Multi-Stage Discharge Conditions
Two-phase flow	Flow Regime Transitions and Geysering Onset in Deep Drainage Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional CFD Simulations Analysis of slug formation and frequency using 3D numerical model
Typhoon Analysis	Future Changes in Typhoon Characteristics Affecting the Philippines Revealed by Deep Learning Cluster-Matching Model and Large Ensemble Climate Data
Typhoon Committee	Development of an AI-Based Flood Forecasting System for Practical Application in Typhoon Committee Member Countries
Typhoon Fatality Risk Index	A Data-Driven Framework for Typhoon Fatality Risk Index Construction in Data-Scarce Regions
U
UAV Remote Sensing	Free-Surface Suspended Sediment Monitoring Using RGB-Based UAV Imagery
UAV-based geomorphology	Quantifying Long-Term Riverbed Responses to Traditional Seigyu as Nature-Based Solutions Using UAV-Based Topographic in Kizu river, Japan
UAV-based remote sensing	Multi-Sensor UAV Observations for Soil Moisture Downscaling and Inter-Comparison with NISAR Soil Moisture
UAV-image	River Waste Detection Using UAV Images and Generative AI Models: InstantMesh and Stable Diffusion
Ulaanbaatar	Flood risk assessment and requirements of water sensitive urban design for unplanned suburban areas of the Upper Selbe river, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Uncertainty analysis	Stakeholder appraisal reveals epistemically fragile assumptions driving global irrigation water estimates Multi-metric flood hazard assessment and uncertainty analysis in the Ōta River Basin using XRAIN-driven 2D HEC-RAS
Underground dam	Analysis of Drought Characteristics in the Okseong Underground Dam Watershed Using the SWAT Model Analysis of Groundwater Quality Variation Characteristics: A Case Study of Sand Dam Site
Underground drainage tunnel	Experimental Study on Hydraulic Pressure Response at the Base of a Vertical Shaft in an Underground Drainage Tunnel
Understory growth	Effects of Riparian Vegetation Patch Location and Vertical Structure on Bulk Flow Resistance and Turbulent Flow Characteristics
Underwater hyperspectral imaging (UHI) Radiometric correction	Proposal of an Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging-Based Methodology for the Detection and Classification of Suspended Sediment Stratification
Underwater Terrain	Improving Real-Time VR Visualization of Massive Bathymetric Data: A Proposed Pipeline Based on Mesh Simplification and Dynamic Loading
UNet++-ConvLSTM	Emulating SWAN for Operational Coastal Waves with UNet++ and ConvLSTM
Ungauged Basin	Ungauged Basin Flood Prediction using a Decoupled Physics-Machine Learning Framework Estimation of water level–storage relationships for an ungauged basin dam using global DEMs: Application to the Hwanggang Dam in the Imjin river basin
Ungauged basin modeling	AI-Driven Real-time Measured Data based Flood Early Warning System in Small Stream
Ungauged Basins	A Simplified Flood Inundation Risk Assessment Method for Small and Medium-Sized Rivers Using Topographic Indices
Ungauged Reservoirs	Satellite-Derived Level–Storage Relationships for Ungauged Reservoirs Using Sentinel-2 Time-Series Imagery
Uniform sediment	Experimental Study on Alternating Bar Formation, Development, and Migration under Uniform and Non-Uniform Sediment in Steep-Slope Channels
Unit-demand formulation	A Standardized Framework for Facility-Level Water Demand and Surplus Resource Assessment in South Korea
Unplanned urban area	Flood risk assessment and requirements of water sensitive urban design for unplanned suburban areas of the Upper Selbe river, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Unreal Engine5	Proposal of Digital Twin for Imaging of Tsunami Inundation in Muroran City Using Unreal Engine
Unsteady Aerodynamics	Frequency-Domain Analysis of FPV Dynamics With Coupled Hydrodynamic and Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects
Unsteady flow analysis	Evaluation of Farmland Inundation Using Unsteady Flow Analysis: Comparison of GATE and SWMM Models
unsupervised anomaly detection	Integrated AIoT Monitoring for Aging Reservoirs: Field Demonstration for Early Warning Real-Time Risk Monitoring of Levee Junctions at River Drainage Pump Stations Using a Physical–Virtual Sensing System
Unsupervised learning	Characterizing Dry Weather Flow Dynamics and Water Quality States in Urban Drainage Systems: A High-Frequency Multi-Parameter Approach Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Near-Term Risk Forecasting for River Drainage Pump Stations Littoral Cell Classification along the East Coast of the Korean Peninsula Using Satellite-derived Shorelines and Unsupervised Learning
Upland	Application of machine learning to develop an APEX meta-model for simulating phosphorus loss from croplands
upscaling	Multi-Scale Characterization of Transport Variables in Permeable Reactive Barriers under System Dynamics
Upstream stagnation	Movable-Bed Experimental Analysis of Upstream Stagnation Mitigation by Weir Opening Expansion
urban	Integrated Stormwater Management through De-Impermeabilization and Surface Disconnection in a Mediterranean Context: The Case of the Trotabas Campus
urban catchment	Simulation of shallow and dispersed overland flow in urban catchment by a particle method
Urban drainage	High-Performance C++ Reimplementation and Optimization of the Gibbs’ Model for Analyzing Structural Complexity in Urban Drainage Networks
Urban Drainage Networks	Evaluating Flood Resilience in Urban Drainage Networks Using Deep Learning Models
Urban drainage system	Numerical Study on Urban Drainage Performance and Flood Inundation Modeling in Kampung Alor, Dili, Timor-Leste Evaluating Urban Flood Resilience using a Flood Defense Index (FDI) and 4R Components
Urban Ecotron	An Integrated MRV Framework for Carbon Mitigation and Climate Adaptation of Moss-Based Green Infrastructure: An Urban Ecotron Experimental Study
Urban Excessive Floods	Dynamic simulation method for emergency flood control facilities
Urban flood	High-Resolution Urban Flood Simulation for Large Domains Enabled by Multi-GPU Computing Physics-Guided Deep Learning for Spatiotemporal Downscaling of Urban Flood Predictions An Integrated Framework for Urban Flood Forecasting Using Physics-Guided AI and Ensemble Data Assimilation Integrating real-time control with green-grey infrastructure optimization under multiple climate scenarios: a cost-effective strategy for urban flood mitigation Rainstorm With 'Train Effect' Drives Urban Flood Intensification Prediction of Urban Flood Susceptibility using a Transformer-based deep learning model with urban infrastructure dataset in Seoul, South Korea Experimental Study on Hydraulic Pressure Response at the Base of a Vertical Shaft in an Underground Drainage Tunnel Exploring Urban Flood Resilience under Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in Urban System Performance An Integrated Mixed Method Adaptive Capacity Framework for Strengthening Urban Flood Resilience in Malaysia Design and Implementation of Urban Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Framework for Municipal Governments EXPERIMENTAL HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF WATER LEVEL VARIATION AND OBLIQUE JUMP FORMATION ANGLE IN A TANGENTIAL-INLET INCLINED CHUTE UNDER VARIOUS FLOW CONDITIONS Assessing Alternative Regimes of Flood Control Infrastructure at a Facility Scale
Urban flood forecasting	Integration of Transportation Infrastructure for City-scale Urban Flood Forecasting Using Transformers Accelerating Urban Flood Simulation for Real-Time Forecasting: A Hybrid GPU-CPU Coupled Model approach
Urban flood management	Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Flood Management: A Systematic Review of Key Gaps A Dynamic Operational Framework for Urban Flood Infrastructure Based on Storage-Oriented Resilience
urban flood mitigation	HydroAsia International Exchange Program in Water Engineering: Program operation and Pathways for Developing Young hydraulicians
Urban flood modeling	Machine Learning-Based Very-Short-Term Radar QPE–QPF and Its Application to Urban Inundation Modeling Multi-metric flood hazard assessment and uncertainty analysis in the Ōta River Basin using XRAIN-driven 2D HEC-RAS
urban flood prediction	Short-Term Urban Flood Prediction Using Coupled U-Net Based Deep Learning Rainfall and Inundation Models
Urban flood resilience	Exploring Urban Flood Resilience under Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in Urban System Performance
Urban Flood Risk	AI-Driven Lightweight Digital Twin with Living-Lab-Based Validation for Urban Flood Risk
Urban Flood Susceptibility	Development of an XAI-Based Machine Learning Model for Urban Flood Susceptibility Prediction
Urban flooding	A Phase-Adaptive Multi-Objective Evacuation Optimisation Framework Integrating Hydraulic Simulation and Agent-Based Modelling for Urban Flooding Development of a Meteorological Information System to Support Rapid Evacuation Decision-Making in Urban Flood Disasters Building Resilience Through Experience: Community Flood Perception and Awareness in Taman Sri Muda Before and After the 2021 Flood Development of Surrogate-based Optimization Framework for Land Use-Informed LID Facility Combinations in Urban Areas Experimental Analysis of Flood Mitigation Effects of a Detention Basin Side-Weir under Urban Flood Conditions Generalizing inlet capture discharge equations across inlet sizes for HEC-22 Automated Generation Framework for Microscopic Time-Series Urban Inundation Data from CCTV Imagery using Fixed Visual References Designing Stormwater Inlet Spacing for Urban Roadways Enhancing Urban Flood Response Resilience through Strategic Deployment of Distributed Energy systems Developing an Artificial Intelligence–Based forecasting Technique for Water Level Estimation of Underground Urban Flooding Mitigation Facility Development of Urban Inundation Risk Assessment Technology Based on Disaster Impact Factor Urban Flood Pilot Experimental Facility for Evaluating the Defense Performance of Flood Protection Infrastructure
urban heat island	Nature-Based Low-Impact Development Solutions for Stormwater Management, Urban Heat Mitigation, and Carbon Sequestration Examining economical value of photovoltaic green roof solutions Green roofs as climate resilience assets: increased benefits in humid subtropical settings
Urban hydrological resilience	Green Roof for Urban Hydrological Resilience: Extensive or Intensive
Urban hydrology	Scenario-Based Simulation of Delayed Sluice Gate Operation for CSO Control in a Restored Urban Stream: Cheonggyecheon Case Study High-Performance C++ Reimplementation and Optimization of the Gibbs’ Model for Analyzing Structural Complexity in Urban Drainage Networks
urban infrastructure	Prediction of Urban Flood Susceptibility using a Transformer-based deep learning model with urban infrastructure dataset in Seoul, South Korea
Urban Pluvial Flood	AI-Informed Hydroinformatics for Urban Flood Prediction: GPU Hydrodynamics, Data Assimilation, Super-Resolution, and Surrogate Modeling
Urban Resilience	Dynamic simulation method for emergency flood control facilities Flood risk assessment and requirements of water sensitive urban design for unplanned suburban areas of the Upper Selbe river, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Urban runoff and flood management	A Case Study on the Incorporation of a Confluence Basin into the Existing Waterways with Downstream Segment Reconfiguration in a Private Mixed-Use Development
urban stormwater design	Sparsification-Based Framework for Improving IDF Curve Fitting in Urban Stormwater Design
urban stormwater management	Assessing the Hydrological Performance of a Green Roof in Auckland
Urban Stream	Analysis of Marginal Willingness to Pay According to Urban Stream Accessibility - A Case Study of the Seoho Stream in Suwon -
Urban surface space utilization	A Paradigm Shift in Urban Flood Management Based on Spatial Detention Technologies Using Urban Surface Space
urban sustainability	Examining economical value of photovoltaic green roof solutions
Urban water cycle	Development and Application of a Real-Time Data-Based Urban Wetland Integrated Management System
Urban water demand	Assessment of City-Scale Water, Energy, and Carbon Reduction Potential from the Adoption of Surfactant-Free Detergents
Urban water infrastructure design	Linking Climate Change to Urban Water Infrastructure Design: Recent Advances and Shortcomings in Downscaling of Extreme Hydrologic Processes
urban water management	Spatial allocation of low impact development controls using water footprint accounting
urban water policy	Integrating Nature-Based Solutions into Policy Implementation: Empirical Evidence for Climate-Resilient Water Circulation Cities in South Korea
Urban water resources	Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Cost Saving for Potential Greywater Reuse and Pico-Hydropower Generation in a High-Rise Building
Urban water reuse	Hydrological modeling as a tool to identify and quantify potential storage areas for the valorization of stormwater runoff
urban water-level forecasting	A Hybrid Transformer–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model (Transformer-BiLSTM) for Multi-Station Water-Level Forecasting in an Urban Watershed with Minute-Resolution Data
Urban wetlands	Development and Application of a Real-Time Data-Based Urban Wetland Integrated Management System
urbanization	Spatial allocation of low impact development controls using water footprint accounting
UV/H₂O₂ regeneration	Sustained Removal of PFAS and Pharmaceuticals Using a UV-Regenerable Fe-PAC Hybrid System at Pilot Scale
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Valley-bottom lowlands (Yatsu)	Hydraulic Impacts of Storage Layout and Operation Strategies in Valley-Bottom Lowlands
variability characteristics	Water temperature measurement at Tanabe bay over the past decade
Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrological model	Assessing the variations of the available flood storage capacity in a flood retention basin due to the changing environment
Variable-agnostic processing	Variable-Agnostic Masked-Transfer Learning Framework for Multi-Station River Water Level Prediction Using Transformer Networks
Vegetated compound channel	From Patch-Scale Drag to Reach-Scale Friction: Full-Scale Evaluation of Vegetation-Resistance Models in a Compound Channel
Vegetation	Effects of Upstream Vegetation on Local Scour and Flow Structure around a Spur Dike Numerical simulation on the transport of supersaturated TDG in compound channels with vegetated floodplain Characteristics and changes of major rivers’ aquatic plants using the National Census on River Environments in Japan Traditional Japanese Groynes and Sediment Management Principles Microplastic Deposition on Biologically Cohesive Sediment Over Bare Bed and Within Emergent Canopies Channel Planform Dynamics in Braided Rivers Under Flood-Induced Vegetation Loss
Vegetation density	Effects of Vegetation Density and Flood Magnitude on River Hydraulics and Morphodynamics: A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study
Vegetation expansion	A Multi-Factor Analysis of White-to-Green River Transitions in South Korea
Vegetation indices	Basin-Scale Dynamic River Roughness Estimation Using Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices and Its Impact on Flood Water Levels
Vegetation patch	WAKE–SCOUR INTERACTION IN A SUBMERGED-TO-EMERGENT VEGETATION SEQUENCE: LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Vegetation Patch-Induced Morphodynamics: Leveraging Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Green River Transition Flow and Bed Morphological Responses to a Finite Vegetation Patch under Mobile-Bed Conditions
vegetation patch flow	Experimental study of secondary flow structure around rigid and flexible vegetation patches
vegetation patches	Influence of DEM Resolution on 2D Flow Simulation of Channels with Centerline Vegetation Patches
Vegetation phenology	Advancing Climate Mitigation Frameworks through Phenological Dynamics
Vegetation-induced wave attenuation	Exploring artificial vegetation-induced wave attenuation: A laboratory experiment for nature-based coastal protection
Vegetative flow resistance	Reducing Hydraulic Uncertainty in NbS Design for Flood Management by Constraining Woody Riparian Vegetation Resistance with Full-Scale Experiments
Velocity Distribution	Numerical Investigation of Turbulence Characteristics in Narrow Open Channel Flow by using Flow3D Hydro
Velocity field	Experimental Investigation on the Appropriate Spacing of Step and Pool Structures in Channelized River
Velocity measurement	Enhancing Gradient Estimation for Spatio-Temporal Images using Generative Adversarial Networks
ventilation shaft	Experimental investigation of ventilation shaft configuration effects on pressure transient stabilization in deep stormwater drainage tunnels
vertical and horizontal mixing layers	Experimental study of secondary flow structure around rigid and flexible vegetation patches
Vertical infiltration	EduWaterLab project: advancing urban hydrology education through shared laboratory experiments. Evaluation of vertical infiltration on permeable pavement.
Vertical mixing	Continuous 3D Monitoring of Suspended Sediment Mixing Patterns Using CCTV-Based Hyperspectral Imaging
vertical structure	Experiments on optimal length of vertical slits for perforated-wall structures
vertical wind distribution	Analysis of the Influence of Wind on Water Surface Velocity in a Bridge Section of a River
Very-short-term forecasting	Machine Learning-Based Very-Short-Term Radar QPE–QPF and Its Application to Urban Inundation Modeling
vigor	Influence of geomorphological evolution on the ecosystem health of estuarine-deltaic wetlands: A bibliometric analysis and synthesis assisted by large language model
VIIRS	Evaluating the Continuity of MODIS and VIIRS NDVI for Agricultural Drought Assessment in South Korea
Violent free-surface flows	Validation of a Three-Dimensional Multiple-Relaxation-Time Lattice Boltzmann Method for Violent Free-Surface Flows
Virtual Reality(VR)	Improving Real-Time VR Visualization of Massive Bathymetric Data: A Proposed Pipeline Based on Mesh Simplification and Dynamic Loading
Virtual Sensing	A Machine Learning Virtual Sensor Framework for Multi-Site Water Level Estimation in a River Network
Virtual sensors	A Cluster-Based Physical–Virtual Hybrid Sensor Framework for Estimating Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Concentrations in Large River Basins
Virtual sewer network	Construction of Virtual Sewer Networks from Road Data for Urban Pluvial Flood Simulation
Viscoelastic pipe	Modeling and AI-Based Burst Detection for Water Distribution Network
Viscoplastic debris flow	Predicting Flood and Debris Flow Behaviour in Hobart’s Natural Channels: The Role of Obstacle Spacing Effects of Obstacle Arrangement and Channel Slope on Water Floods and Viscoplastic Debris Flow Dynamics in Idealised Channels
vision-based sensing	A Vision-Based Virtual Sensor Approach for Multi-Stage AI Crack Recognition in Water Infrastructure
Visualization	Full-Scale Evaluation of Bio-Polymer-Based High-Strength Levee Reinforcement under Overtopping Conditions Using Image-Based Velocity Measurements
Void fraction	Laboratory Study of Plunging and Spilling Breaking Waves considering Bubble Kinematics
Volcanic Region	Adaptive Water Management in a Volcanic Basin: Climate Change and Governance Strategies for Indonesia Emas 2045
Volume of Fluid	Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Development over Rough Sand Beds in Open Channels
vulnerability	Simplified methodology for climate impact assessment in data poor conditions
Vulnerability mapping	From Hazard to Impact: Drought Impact Based Forecasting and County Level Vulnerability Mapping in Kenya’s Athi Basin
W
Wando	Analyses of Flood Flow and Riverbed Variation in Newly Constructed Wandos in the Shimeno District of the Yodo River
Water Allocation	Strategic Cooperation in Agricultural Water Management: An Incentive-Based Model for Unequal Withdrawal Conditions
water and sediment regulation	Impact of Water and Sediment Regulation on Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Distribution in Water and Sediments of Xiaolangdi Reservoir
Water balance	Hydrological modeling as a tool to identify and quantify potential storage areas for the valorization of stormwater runoff Research om improving the accuracy of snow water volume estimation and snowmelt runoff prediction using publicly available meteorological data Long-Term Hydrological Component Analysis in South Korea Using the SWAT-K Model Estimation of Agricultural Water Return Flow Based on Field Monitoring and EPA-SWMM Modeling in Korea
Water balance analysis	Quantifying Return Flow and Reuse Through Water Cycle Modeling of Irrigation Canal Networks
Water Carrying Capacity	Adaptive Water Management in a Volcanic Basin: Climate Change and Governance Strategies for Indonesia Emas 2045
Water circulation city	Integrating Nature-Based Solutions into Policy Implementation: Empirical Evidence for Climate-Resilient Water Circulation Cities in South Korea
water column	Impact of Water and Sediment Regulation on Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Distribution in Water and Sediments of Xiaolangdi Reservoir
Water Conservancy Heritage	River Ethical Narratives and Contemporary Transformation of Water Conservancy Heritage
Water Culture	Evolution of Water Culture in Korea: Establishing a New Culture through River Ethics
Water cushion	Experimental Study on Hydraulic Pressure Response at the Base of a Vertical Shaft in an Underground Drainage Tunnel
Water demand	A Standardized Framework for Facility-Level Water Demand and Surplus Resource Assessment in South Korea
Water Depth	Investigation of Spectral Data of Sediment Media and the Accuracy of Non-Contact Water-Depth Estimation in Sewer and Stormwater Pipes
water depth estimation	Simultaneous Estimation of Flow Velocity, Flow Direction, and Water Depth based on Image Analysis of River-Water-Surface Flow
Water Distribution Network	Modeling and AI-Based Burst Detection for Water Distribution Network
Water Distribution System	Sensitivity Matrix-based Optimal Sensor Placement for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Networks
water diversion network	Study on ecological compensation standard for networked water diversion based on water value flow
Water ethics	Evolution of Water Culture in Korea: Establishing a New Culture through River Ethics River ethics vs. environmental ethics: Historic backgrounds and nuance
water footprint (WF)	Spatial allocation of low impact development controls using water footprint accounting
water footprint accounting	Spatial allocation of low impact development controls using water footprint accounting
Water for Sustainable Development	Case studies from China’s progress toward United Nations 2030 Agenda for SDG6
water governance	ESG-based Resilience Assessment of Hydrological and Hydraulic Infrastructure
Water hazard resilience	Satellite-based Inference of Upstream Reservoir Operations under Information Asymmetry in Transboundary River Basins
water infrastructure	A Vision-Based Virtual Sensor Approach for Multi-Stage AI Crack Recognition in Water Infrastructure
Water infrastructure monitoring	Development of performance evaluation methods for physical and virtual sensors for detecting abnormal conditions in water resources facilities
Water Justice	Strategic Cooperation in Agricultural Water Management: An Incentive-Based Model for Unequal Withdrawal Conditions
Water level	Case Study : Predicting a Wetland Water Level by Data-Driven Models and Statistical Models
Water level difference	On Wave Reflection and Transmission of Permeable Low-Crested Structures Considering Water Level Differences
Water Level Estimation	A Machine Learning Virtual Sensor Framework for Multi-Site Water Level Estimation in a River Network
Water level observation	Hourly Reservoir Inflow Estimation Using Water Level Observations and Kalman Filtering for Agricultural Reservoirs
Water level prediction	Impact of Incorporating Water Vapor Flux on the Accuracy of Deep Learning-Based River Water Level Prediction during Heavy Rainfall Scenario-Augmented LSTM for Water Level Forecasting under Extreme Flood Conditions A Cluster-Based Machine Learning Framework for Water Level Prediction in Data-Limited Region
Water level–storage relationship	Estimation of water level–storage relationships for an ungauged basin dam using global DEMs: Application to the Hwanggang Dam in the Imjin river basin
Water Management	Collective Irrigation Networks in the Alpes-Maritimes Region : Current Situation and Pilot Projects Aimed at Technical, Digital and Sustainable Modernisation Fifty Years of Flood Forecasting and Water Management in Korea Development of soil and water management practices for rice cultivation in UAE desert environment
Water pollution	Microbubble Characteristics of DAF System to Remove Water Pollutants from Deep Rainwater Tunnel Outflow to River
Water Projection	Adaptive Water Management in a Volcanic Basin: Climate Change and Governance Strategies for Indonesia Emas 2045
Water Quality	Spatiotemporal Distribution and Pattern Analysis of Fecal Coliforms in the Han River Basin, South Korea National-Scale Inland Water Quality Trends in South Korea (2015-2024): Deep Learning Reconstruction at 30 m and 1 km Trend Analysis Decoding Climate Change Impacts: An Interpretable Framework for Reconstructing Coastal Water Quality Dynamics Applications of On-Site Stormwater Systems for Water Reuse: Assessing BIOECODS Pond-Based Rainwater Harvesting Comparison of hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic model performance in simulating currents and water quality in Osaka Bay, Japan Classification of Cyanobacterial Bloom Risk Levels in a Weir-Regulated River Using Machine Learning Evaluating the Suitability of Dynamic Linear Models for River Discharge and Water Quality Assessment of Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Nutrient Supply Measures Using Numerical Model in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan A Study on Water Quality Improvement of Estuarine Reservoirs Using the Coagulation-Filtration Method Comparative Analysis of Water Quality Impacts by Algae Control Agents in Mesocosm Experiments: Algaecidal vs. Flocculating Mechanisms Water Quality Characteristics of Stagnant versus Flowing Zones at an Agricultural Weir in Geumseong Stream, Yeongsan River Basin, South Korea
Water quality estimation	A Cluster-Based Physical–Virtual Hybrid Sensor Framework for Estimating Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Concentrations in Large River Basins
Water Quality Improvement	Utilizing Dam floodplains & the Ministry of Environment's river basin land purchase system to improve the river water quality through an agricultural revolution
Water Quality Index	Short-Term Water Quality Forecasting Based on Environmental Drought Conditions
water quality modeling	Future projection of hypoxia in Lake Suwa, Japan, using meteorological and hydrodynamic-water-quality models
Water quality monitorin	Analysis of Groundwater Quality Variation Characteristics: A Case Study of Sand Dam Site
Water quality prediction	An interpretable deep learning approach for river water quality prediction
Water resource management	Establishment of Water Resource Management Strategies Using Cloud Seeding Experiment Results
water reuse	Applications of On-Site Stormwater Systems for Water Reuse: Assessing BIOECODS Pond-Based Rainwater Harvesting
Water safety	Drought resistant operation of reservoir groups under extreme low water conditions: A Case Study of the Han River in 2025
Water Security	Quantifying the resilience of national adaptation plans under future climate uncertainty using integrated hydrological model
Water supply networks	Smart Leak Localization in Urban Water Pipe Networks Based on IoT Sensors and Machine Learning to Support Ecologically Healthy Rivers
Water Supply Outlook	Development of an ESP-Based Long-Term Water Supply Outlook to Support Drought Management in the Geum River Basin
Water supply reliability	Assessment of Drought-Period Water Supply Reliability of Sand Dams
Water Surface Area	Satellite-Derived Level–Storage Relationships for Ungauged Reservoirs Using Sentinel-2 Time-Series Imagery
Water surface velocity	Simultaneous Estimation of Flow Velocity, Flow Direction, and Water Depth based on Image Analysis of River-Water-Surface Flow Analysis of the Influence of Wind on Water Surface Velocity in a Bridge Section of a River
Water temperature	Cumulative thermal impacts of rivers by cascades reservoirs revealed through deep learning–based reconstruction
Water Temperature Control	Fish Habitat Improvement by Preventing Water Temperature Increases through Old Channel Restoration
water temperature modelling	Simulation of River Water Temperature Increase Using HEC-RAS for Habitat Suitability Analysis of Baung Fish (Hemibagrus nemurus) as a Strategy for Aquatic Environmental Management
water temperature variability	Characteristics of Water Temperature Variability in Rivers and Paddy Field Channels in the Middle Reaches of the Nagara River
water temperature variation	Water temperature measurement at Tanabe bay over the past decade
Water Treatment	Carbon-Based Composite Filaments for FDM: A Review of Processing–Structure–Property Relationships
Water Use	Environmental Flow and Adaptive Management of River Water in Korea
Water use cycle	Comparison and Evaluation of Energy Consumption in the Water Use Cycle in Korea
water value flow	Study on ecological compensation standard for networked water diversion based on water value flow
Water Vapor flux	Impact of Incorporating Water Vapor Flux on the Accuracy of Deep Learning-Based River Water Level Prediction during Heavy Rainfall
Water-Energe-Food Nexus	Case studies from China’s progress toward United Nations 2030 Agenda for SDG6
Water-energy nexus	Drought Impacts on Energy Generation within the Water–Energy Nexus
Water-Energy-Wood (Evolved Nexus)	Utilizing Dam floodplains & the Ministry of Environment's river basin land purchase system to improve the river water quality through an agricultural revolution
water-sediment model	Assessment of Downstream Channel Bed Responses to Intensified Future Sediment Flushing from a Reservoir Lacking Flushing Infrastructure
water-sediment regulation	Numerical Simulation of the Impact of the 2020 Yellow River Water-Sediment Regulation on Estuarine Sediment and Salt Diffusion
Water-supply underserved regions	Sand Dams as a Policy-Oriented Water Management Strategy for Water-Scarce and Underserved Regions: Implications for Developing Countries
water-surface mobile rescue robot	Hydrodynamic testing of a water-rescue system using tentacle mechanisms
Water-surface rescue	Hydrodynamic testing of a water-rescue system using tentacle mechanisms
Water-surface slope measurement	From Patch-Scale Drag to Reach-Scale Friction: Full-Scale Evaluation of Vegetation-Resistance Models in a Compound Channel
Waterbody segmentation	Image-to-Video Transferability of Water Segmentation Models for Real-Time Flood Monitoring
Waterlevel prediction	A Study on Optimization Techniques for Improving the Accuracy of AI-Based River Water Level Prediction Models
watershed-scale assessment	Watershed-Scale Assessment of Spatiotemporal Flood Disturbance Intensity on the River Bed
Watershed-scale modeling	Title: Evaluating the Potential Reduction of Non-point Source Pollutants and Organic Carbon from Riparian Land Conversion using the SWAT-C Model
Water–energy–carbon nexus	Assessment of City-Scale Water, Energy, and Carbon Reduction Potential from the Adoption of Surfactant-Free Detergents
Water–Energy–Food–Nature Nexus	Community-Led Integrated Water Resource Management for Climate Resilience, Food Security, and Nature Conservation in Rural Nepal
Wave action balance equation	Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Spatio-Temporal Ocean Wave Prediction in the East Asian Marginal Seas
wave breaking	Laboratory Study of Plunging and Spilling Breaking Waves considering Bubble Kinematics Deterministic Wave Models for Random Wave Propagation and Dissipation Calibration-Free Stereo Imaging for Coastal Wave Field Reconstruction and Quantification of Wave Breaking
Wave climate	Multi-Decadal Shoreline Dynamics and Wave Climate Interaction along the Cox’s Bazar–Teknaf Coast, Bangladesh Future Wave Climate Projections in the Korean Sea Waters: A Multi-Model Approach Under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5
wave dispersion relation	Simultaneous Estimation of Flow Velocity, Flow Direction, and Water Depth based on Image Analysis of River-Water-Surface Flow
wave field reconstruction	Calibration-Free Stereo Imaging for Coastal Wave Field Reconstruction and Quantification of Wave Breaking
wave forecasting	An Integrated Wave Forecasting and Digital Twin Visualization Framework for Coastal Hazard Preparedness: A Case Study of Qijin Port, Taiwan
wave forecasting system	Development of pre-optimized ADCSWAN models for non-typhoon extreme wave forecasts
Wave height decay coefficient	Exploring artificial vegetation-induced wave attenuation: A laboratory experiment for nature-based coastal protection
Wave overtopping	Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Extreme Wave Overtopping at Coastal under Climate Change Integrated LiDAR and Vision-Based System for Field Monitoring of Wave Overtopping
Wave overtopping rate	Experimental investigation on wave overtopping rate of horizontal composite breakwaters
wave parameter estimation	Comparison of Time and Spectral-Domain Deep Learning Denoising for Radar-Based Wave Estimation
Wave projection	Improving Long-Term Wave Projections via Extreme-Oriented Bias Correction
Wave reflection	Experiments on optimal length of vertical slits for perforated-wall structures On Wave Reflection and Transmission of Permeable Low-Crested Structures Considering Water Level Differences
Wave skewness and asymmetry	Modeling Random Wave Transformation and Dissipation over Varying Bathymetry Using FUNWAVE-TVD
Wave transmission	On Wave Reflection and Transmission of Permeable Low-Crested Structures Considering Water Level Differences
Wave-dissipating function	Countermeasures Against Lakeshore Erosion Caused by Seepage Flow Inside Mount-Shaped Riprap
Wavelet transform	A Cluster-Based Machine Learning Framework for Water Level Prediction in Data-Limited Region
wavenumber-frequency spectrum	Simultaneous Estimation of Flow Velocity, Flow Direction, and Water Depth based on Image Analysis of River-Water-Surface Flow
Weak Ties	Exploring Logical Interdependencies in Flood Management Governance: A Network Approach to Reveal Weak Ties and Structural Holes
Wear resistance	A Study on the Mechanism and Countermeasures of Pitting Corrosion in the Steel Lining of a Headrace Tunnel
Weather radar	Assessment of Local Intense Precipitation (LIP) for Critical Infrastructure: Deriving SSPMP via Radar-Based Bias Correction and Spatial Analysis A Multimodal AI Framework Combining Radar–Gauge Deep Learning and Language Models for Rainfall Forecasting over South Korea
Weibull	Development of an Automated Habitat Index Estimation Program Residual Life and Performance Degradation of River Gates using Statistical Methods
Weir	Analysis of Relationships Based on Straight Channels for Scour in a Curved Channel Downstream of a Weir
Weir opening expansion	Movable-Bed Experimental Analysis of Upstream Stagnation Mitigation by Weir Opening Expansion
weir removal	A quasi-steady model for morphological change of a stream following a weir removal
Wet-bed hydraulics	Experimental Investigation of the Nonlinear Characteristics of Normalized Bed Shear Stress in Tsunami Bores
Wetland	Case Study : Predicting a Wetland Water Level by Data-Driven Models and Statistical Models Integrating Multi-scale Observations and Bayesian Optimization to Improve CLM5 Carbon Flux Simulations in a Constructed Riverine Wetland, South Korea
Wetland Design (Civil 3D)	Smart Stormwater Management, AI and Smart Sensor-Based Approach- Case from New Zealand
Wetland ecosystems	Interpreting Machine-Learning-Based Methane Flux Models in Wetlands Using FLUXNET-CH₄ Data: A Framework for Algorithm Comparison
Wetland Restoration	Fish Habitat Improvement by Preventing Water Temperature Increases through Old Channel Restoration Site Suitability Analysis for Nature-Based Solutions in an Agricultural River Basin: A Case study of Wetland Restoration
Wetlands	Carbon Cycle Dynamics in Korean Riverine Wetlands under Future Climate Scenarios using the CLM-FATES
White-to-green river transition	A Multi-Factor Analysis of White-to-Green River Transitions in South Korea
Wilting point	Integration of National Soil Survey Data and Machine-Learning Pedotransfer Functions for Predicting Soil Water Content
wind correction	Analysis of the Influence of Wind on Water Surface Velocity in a Bridge Section of a River
wind effect	Wind effects on drifting velocity of plastic debris in rivers
wind influence	Analysis of the Influence of Wind on Water Surface Velocity in a Bridge Section of a River
Wind wave	Countermeasures Against Lakeshore Erosion Caused by Seepage Flow Inside Mount-Shaped Riprap
wonogiri reservoir	Updating Sedimentation Management in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area Implementation of Infiltration Well in the Wonogiri Reservoir Catchment Area to Reliving the Water Springs during Drought Season
Woody riparian vegetation	Effects of Riparian Vegetation Patch Location and Vertical Structure on Bulk Flow Resistance and Turbulent Flow Characteristics Reducing Hydraulic Uncertainty in NbS Design for Flood Management by Constraining Woody Riparian Vegetation Resistance with Full-Scale Experiments
Woody Vegetation Washout	Three-Dimensional Flood Flow Analysis Considering Bamboo Lodging and Woody Vegetation Washout Based on Airborne LiDAR Data and the Dupuit–Forchheimer Drag Model
WRF	Regional Weather Model–LSTM Approach for Estimating Extreme Droughts in a Korean Dam Basin
WRF-Hydro	Evaluating WRF-Hydro-DART Ensemble Data Assimilation for Streamflow Prediction in Regulated River Systems Evaluating the impact of spatiotemporal resolution in satellite-based soil moisture data assimilation on streamflow prediction Automated Multi-Site Calibration of WRF-Hydro with PEST++ in the Nakdong River Basin: Reliability Across Flood Events and an AI Extension
WRF-Hydro/Glacier	Radiative and Physiological Impacts on Streamflow under Elevated CO₂ in Asian River Basins
WRF-UCM	Green Roof for Urban Hydrological Resilience: Extensive or Intensive
WSUD	Flood risk assessment and requirements of water sensitive urban design for unplanned suburban areas of the Upper Selbe river, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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X-band marine radar	Comparison of Time and Spectral-Domain Deep Learning Denoising for Radar-Based Wave Estimation
XGBoost	Enhancing Hydrological Data Quality Using AI-Based Quality Control Techniques Environmental patterns associated with dissolved methylmercury variability in Minamata Bay, Japan (2006–2023) Advanced Machine Learning Approaches for Accurate Prediction of Reservoir Evaporation in a Tropical River Basin
Xiaolangdi Reservoir	Impact of Water and Sediment Regulation on Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Distribution in Water and Sediments of Xiaolangdi Reservoir
XP-SWMM	Scenario-Based Simulation of Delayed Sluice Gate Operation for CSO Control in a Restored Urban Stream: Cheonggyecheon Case Study
XRAIN radar rainfall	Multi-metric flood hazard assessment and uncertainty analysis in the Ōta River Basin using XRAIN-driven 2D HEC-RAS
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Yellow River Basin (Inner Mongolia section)	Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Habitat Quality in the Yellow River Basin (Inner Mongolia Section) from 1980 to 2020 Based on the InVEST Model
Yellow River estuary	Numerical Simulation of the Impact of the 2020 Yellow River Water-Sediment Regulation on Estuarine Sediment and Salt Diffusion
Yeongsan River Basin	Water Quality Characteristics of Stagnant versus Flowing Zones at an Agricultural Weir in Geumseong Stream, Yeongsan River Basin, South Korea
YOLO	Application of Deep Learning-based YOLO to PTV for High-Accuracy Tracking of Bed-Load Sediment Particles
YOLOv8	A Hybrid YOLOv8 and LLaVA Framework for Analyzing Human Behavior in Riverine Environments
young hydraulicians	HydroAsia International Exchange Program in Water Engineering: Program operation and Pathways for Developing Young hydraulicians