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an overview of the safety development of the modern road transport system is given. The focus is around Vision Zero.
Anders Lie has been an active partner in the development of the Vision Zero. He has furthermore set-up in depth studies of all fatal crashes in Sweden starting from 1997.
08:30 | Road traffic safety, automated cars and infratsructure – potentials and possibilities SPEAKER: Anders Lie ABSTRACT. Modern cars have safety and control potentials that allow an almost automated function. Automated cars is an element of the future road transport system. It is often claimed that this development is a key element for improved safety. In this presentation an overview of the safety development of the modern road transport system is given. The focus is around Vision Zero. Further it is discussed how infrastructure can be enhanced to support and get a larger efficiency and safety. |
09:40 | Analysis and Modeling of Driver behavior on Pedestrian Crossing Road Situation (1st report: Modeling of driver's response) SPEAKER: unknown ABSTRACT. This study analysed drivers’ avoidance actions towards pedestrians. Specifically, it studied these actions to construct models that would demonstrate drivers’ avoidance of pedestrians crossing a road. An experiment was conducted to gather data on drivers’ actions in response to pedestrians. Actual cars were used, and a pedestrian dummy appeared before them at various times (i.e. 2 seconds, 3.5 seconds and 5 seconds). The time of lifting one's foot off the gas pedal, the time of braking and the deceleration used to avoid colliding with pedestrians were individually examined using the acquired data. The three variables were analysed in relation to the time to collision with pedestrians. As a result, this study successfully produced models of a series of drivers’ actions in response to pedestrians appearing before them as well as of the time required to avoid a collision. |
10:05 | Development of instrumented vehicle with Augmented Reality (AR) for driver performance evaluation SPEAKER: unknown ABSTRACT. Observing drivers' behaviours by reproducing traffic accidents and conflict situations is important for developing advanced driver assistant systems. For the purpose, an instrumented vehicle, named the JARI-ARV (Japan Automobile Research Institute - Augmented Reality Vehicle), was developed to reproduce realistic traffic accident and conflict scenarios without endangering the driver. In this study, we examined acceptability and controllability in following cases: a right turn and encounter with a pedestrian by comparing the JARI-ARV with a normal (unaltered) same model vehicle. Results of the experiment indicated that drivers tend to react to virtual traffic participants, in the same way as driving a normal vehicle. Applicability of the JARI-ARV for human factor research was confirmed. |
10:30 | Pedestrian Collision Risk Indices Based on Driving Behavior During Right Turns at Intersections SPEAKER: Motoki Shino ABSTRACT. According to traffic accident statistics, 4481 fatal traffic accidents were reported in Japan in 2011—an extremely large number. Of these accidents, half occurred at intersections, and 40% of those were person-to-vehicle accidents, which typically result in high death rates. The causes of these accidents were judgment error, operation error, and particularly oversight, i.e., the driver not recognizing a pedestrian within a sufficient stopping distance. In this paper, pedestrian collision risk indices are proposed for use in identifying driving behavior that leads to collisions with pedestrians during right turns at intersections. These indices are based on the formulation of a strategy for passing through an intersection. The validity of the index was assessed using the Japan Automobile Research Institute’s Augmented Reality Vehicle (JARI-ARV). |
09:40 | Driver Assistance System by Indicating Predicted Driving Evaluation Index at Rear-End of Preceding Vehicle SPEAKER: Takashi Nakano ABSTRACT. This study examines the driver assistance system to predict driving behavior considering information on the pre-preceding vehicle. The system indicates the predicted driving evaluation index at the rear-end of the preceding vehicle to avoid the driver’s distraction. Driving simulator experiments are carried out with several participants who are instructed to follow a preceding and a visible pre-preceding vehicles with and without the driving assistance system. The participants with the assistance system could reduce the relative speed with the pre-preceding vehicle and acceleration of the following vehicle. These effects make it possible to suppress the variation of the collision risk to the preceding vehicle and to reduce fuel consumption of the following vehicle. In addition, the proposed assistance system shortened the drivers’ reactions to the emergency deceleration of the preceding vehicle in comparison with the conventional assistance system, which is indicated at the onboard monitor in the following vehicle. |
10:05 | Driver models based on lateral dynamics for adaptation of assistance systems SPEAKER: Görkem Büyükyildiz ABSTRACT. The continuous demand to increase the road safety induces that the driver in the vehicle development and research being taken increasingly in the focus. An important focus of research is to determine the driver's ability to respond to situations appropriately and thus to drive the vehicle safely in traffic. At the Institute of Automotive Engineering (IAE) of the Technical University of Braunschweig, a driver model has been developed, which makes it possible to identify the specific driver characteristic in the form of an individual "fingerprint". By means of the knowledge of the "fingerprint" conclusions can be drawn on: the driving style, the driver’s age/ driver control behaviour and the driver performance. Within the context of this paper, the relevant quantities are derived by means of a driver model that serves the adaptation of driver assistance systems. Furthermore, the existing correlations between the driver's performance and the driver control behaviour will be analysed as part of the driver's fingerprint. For this purpose, relevant vehicle and track camera signals are extracted from the CAN bus and used for the driver modelling. Genetic algorithm is used for the identification and optimization of the so-called “timeshifted driver model” control parameters. The brief presentation of a methodology used for calculating the individual driver condition parameter sets in real time on the test vehicle constitutes the conclusion of this article. |
10:30 | Vehicle-in-the-Loop as a Method to Tangibly Experience Active Safety Systems at an Early Stage SPEAKER: Raphael Pfeffer ABSTRACT. Vehicle-in-the-Loop (VIL) is a method designed to consistently experience advanced driver assistance (ADAS) functions across all stages of the development process in the real-world vehicle. Consequently, VIL provides a useful complement to the development of ADAS along the V-Model. The possibility to have a real-world test vehicle autonomously driven by a driver model increases the highly desirable reproducibility in test driving. In addition, thanks to VIL, entire test catalogs (e.g. Euro NCAP tests) can be run in automated mode on a test track. Furthermore, VIL is a safe and resource-saving method for trials with test subjects. In contrast to using a driving simulator, the test subjects experience real-world vehicle dynamics in the vehicle itself. The utilization of Augmented Reality technologies complements the VIL tests in off-site terrain by virtual objects. This enables manufacturers and system suppliers to comprehensively investigate customer acceptance of new functions and to reduce the risk of developments heading in the wrong direction. |
10:55 | What ADAS are the most promising for our future older drivers? Evidences reported from France and Sweden SPEAKER: unknown ABSTRACT. Focus groups were conducted in both France and Sweden as part of the SAFEMOVE project. The aim of the study was to identify and asses difficulties experienced by older drivers (+70) due to age-related declines in sensory, physical and cognitive abilities and potential consequences in terms of both traffic safety and mobility. Furthermore, the aim was to identify Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) liable to improve safe mobility for the target group and to compare the situation between France and Sweden. Three main topics investigated were trip planning and navigation task, speed control and regulation, and intersection crossing (more particularly when turning on the left). For each one, data collected focused on both older drivers’ experienced difficulties and their interests or expectations towards driver support like ADAS. There was in general a positive attitude to driver support systems but participants were also concerned about costs. Furthermore, several differences between French and Swedish older drivers were found. |
12:40 | Dynamic Crash Target for the Assessment, Evaluation and Validation of ADAS and Safety Functions SPEAKER: Marvin Rabben ABSTRACT. The advancing integration of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) and the increasingly complex E/E architecture across all vehicle classes require a reliable and safe method for the assessment, evaluation and validation of said systems. At the Institute of Automotive Engineering (IAE), a test tool that functions as a full-size vehicle replacement has been developed allowing the full scope of tests to be performed while minimizing the risk to the test personal and vehicles involved. The test tool consists of three separate modules: a driving module, a soft crash target carrier and the soft crash target itself. The soft crash target carrier holding the soft crash target is connected to the driving module via detachable links. Considering a collision scenario as use case, the driving module separates from the soft crash target carrier just moments before a collision is imminent, performs evasive manoeuvres and thus leaves the possibly harmful collision area. The soft crash target is quickly exchanged according to the use case under consideration and is visible to common sensor technologies (radar, lidar, camera etc.). The developed test tool can furthermore be used for controllability studies according to ISO 26262 in cases where a second vehicle or collision partner is necessary. |
13:05 | Simulation of reconstructing accidents for developing active safety system SPEAKER: Shin Tanaka ABSTRACT. This paper describes the development of a method to reconstruct accident scenarios by simulation as a means of helping to develop more effective active safety systems through quantitatively estimating the potential real-world accident reduction benefit of a system. This method enhances the validity of benefit estimation results by defining the road environment as well as the characteristics of the vehicle, system, and driver behavior based only on actual data. The validity of the method was also ensured by increasing the number of parameters considered and analyzing the dependency relationships between parameters, so that the simulation results reproduce the same characteristics as actual accident data. The robustness of this method was verified by inputting accident data from other regions around the world and confirming its ability to simulate accident scenarios in these regions. As a result, a method capable of simulating crossing pedestrian accidents, lane departure accidents, and rear-end accidents was developed using accident data from Japan, the U.S., and Europe. This method helps to identify the effectiveness of active safety systems in different accident scenarios and the type of support that is necessary to reduce accidents further. This information can then be fed back into active safety system development. |
13:30 | Primitive Modelling of Driver’s Steering Torque using Front Field of View and Reaction Torque SPEAKER: unknown ABSTRACT. The cooperative driver steering assistance system takes various steering characteristics and improves driving performance with less disturbance. This research uses the driver's steering torque for the driver model construction. The proposed basic driver model considers lateral deviation, as viewed from the front of the vehicle, for the model input, and steering function for position changes in two models based on the lateral deviation and reaction torque. Driving simulator experiments are shown. |
13:55 | Safe Driving Evaluation System to Enhance Motivation for Safe Driving SPEAKER: Toshihiro Hiraoka ABSTRACT. Systems to enhance a driver's motivation to drive safely are expected to be effective in reducing the number of traffic accidents. With the aim of encouraging drivers to drive in a pleasant and safe manner, the present study modifies the safe driving evaluation indices proposed in a previous study, and constructs a safe driving evaluation system based on game design methodologies and presents a novel design for guidelines governing a human-machine system. Driving simulator experiments were conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed system. |
14:20 | The Effect of Advanced Automatic Collision Notification (AACN) on Road Fatality Reduction in Sweden SPEAKER: Robert Thomson ABSTRACT. This paper aims at estimating the effect of the Advanced Automatic Collision Notification (AACN) post–crash system on road fatality reduction in Sweden. The analysis was based on the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) database in combination with in-depth studies of fatal accidents. Logistic regression with backward selection was used to identify relevant variables and develop a statistical model. The variables ‘admission to trauma center’, ‘age’ and ‘injury severity’ were identified as significant and by applying the final model on fatalities in passenger cars the estimated fatality reduction due to AACN was calculated. AACN was estimated to potentially reduce road fatalities by 8.6% (95% CI = -0.3-16.4%). |
12:40 | Extending Vehicle Linear Behaviour: A Retrospective Approach through Design and Simulation Strategies SPEAKER: Ahsan Ud-Din Qazi ABSTRACT. Full Electric Vehicles (FEVs) with in-wheel motors offer more choices to dynamists and control engineers to fine tune the vehicle for better performance during steady state and transient manoeuvres. This paper investigates the design and simulation strategies to extend vehicle dynamics linear behaviour. A set of linear, non-linear and Multi-Body System (MBS) models are used to examine the lateral dynamics. A fully featured model of Subaru Impreza is constructed in MSC-Adams and various ISO standard test manoeuvres are performed and the response is validated against the test track data for Subaru Impreza. A torque biasing mechanism is implemented to extend the linear handling response of the vehicle and yaw rate gain associated with the vehicle architecture is improved. |
13:05 | Effects of hearing loss shown in both driving simulator and real traffic SPEAKER: unknown ABSTRACT. This paper describes two studies, one conducted in VTI driving simulator III and the other on roads in and around Linköping city center. In both studies two groups were included, one with age related hearing loss and one control group with normal hearing. The purpose was to examine differences between the groups in driving behavior, visual behavior and also to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptance of a tactile driver assistance system The driving scenario in the simulator was a 35 km long rural road with a speed limit of 70 km/h. Twice per minute drivers were prompted by a vibration in the seat to perform a secondary task by first look at and then read back a complete sequence of four letters. On road, all participants undertook two drives of 14 km each while they performed two pre-programmed navigation tasks guiding them around two different routes. The same navigation system was used for both drives but during one drive the navigation system presented only the visual information and during the other drive there was an additional vibration in the seat to guide the driver in the right direction. Effects of Hearing Loss was seen on driving speed and on visual search behavior in both simulator and in real traffic. In the driving simulator, during secondary task and when passing a parked car, participants with HL drove 5-6 km/h slower. In real traffic, on road sections with a speed limit of 70 km/h, participants with HL drove 4 km/h slower. This more cautious driving behavior suggests that drivers with HL use compensatory strategies. The fact that corresponding results can be seen both in the simulator and on real road is interesting, on one hand for simulator validity in general but also for the opportunity to further study these issues in controlled simulator experiments. |
13:30 | A Methodology for Simulation and Validation of a Safety-Critical Electronic Control Unit for Integration Testing in Connected Hardware-in-the-Loop Environments SPEAKER: unknown ABSTRACT. Model-based software using Matlab & Simulink is indispensable in the automotive sector. Hence, the approaches for requirements engineering, development, verification, and validation in this area are deeply studied. This study focuses on their specific application for simulation models of safety-critical software and hardware components in the domain. A methodology for the above-mentioned software development steps is proposed. Each step is explained and considerations regarding safety are outlined. The study concludes with showing the feasibility of combining stakeholder knowledge with current literature on model-based development. |
13:55 | Introduction of Intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control (i-ACC) – a predictive safety system SPEAKER: Robert Kastner ABSTRACT. In 2015 Honda introduced their new intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control (i-ACC) to the market. It is the world’s first cut-in prediction system which can anticipate the behavior of other vehicles in a neighboring lane. More precisely, i-ACC can predict if a vehicle is about to change lane from a neighboring lane to the lane of the own vehicle. This way, i-ACC can react earlier than conventional ACC systems and, therefore, ensure increased safety and comfort. In stereotypical situations it can even react before the other vehicle starts moving to the own lane. This means that the system sometimes starts to decelerate before the driver even realizes that a cut-in will take place. Such situations were one reason to carry out a comprehensive subjective evaluation in order to verify the acceptance of i-ACC by test subject drivers. The results of this acceptance test are our focus point in this contribution. We will also compare these results to the outcome of an objective evaluation which was carried out before. |
14:20 | High-level Automated Driving on Complex Urban Roads with LiDAR, Vision, and GPS/map based Environment Representation SPEAKER: unknown ABSTRACT. This paper proposes a fully automated driving algorithm which is capable of automated driving on urban roads with guaranteed safety. The proposed algorithm consists of the following three steps: an environment representation, a motion planning, and a vehicle control. An environment representation system consists of three main modules: object classification, vehicle/non-vehicle tracking and map/lane based localization. A motion planning modules derives an optimal trajectory as a function of time, from the environment representation results. A safety envelope definition module determines the complete driving corridor that leads to the destination while assigning all objects to either the left or right corridor bound. In the case of moving objects such as other traffic participants, their behaviors are anticipated in the near future. An optimal trajectory planner uses the safety envelop as a constraint and computes a trajectory that the vehicle stays in its bounds. The vehicle control module feeds back the pose estimate of the localization module to guide the vehicle along the planned trajectory. The effectiveness of the proposed automated driving algorithm is evaluated via vehicle tests. Test results show the robust performance on an inner-city street scenario. |
To research the real life impact of self-driving vehicles Volvo will launch 100 self-driving cars in Gothenburg 2017.
Erik Coelingh is Senior Technical Leader for Safety and Driver Support Technologies with the Volvo Car Corporation and Adjunct Professor at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg Sweden.
15:10 | Drive Me – Self-driving cars for sustainable mobility SPEAKER: Erik Coelingh ABSTRACT. Self-driving cars have the potential to improve traffic safety and efficiency, but also provide drivers with the freedom to spend time in a different way. To research the real life impact of self-driving vehicles Volvo will launch 100 self-driving cars in Gothenburg 2017. Typical aspects that are addressed are societal and economical benefits, infrastructure requirements, legality and customer expectations. Furthermore, the technical challenge of highly-automated driving has to be solved, ensuring that the technology is sufficiently robust and safe such an ordinary customer can operate the vehicle. This presentation will give an update of the status and progress of the project. |