ABSTRACT. With its length of 430 km, the Vltava River is one of the longest rivers in the Czech Republic. During the 20th century, the so-called "Vltava Cascade" was built on this watercourse - a system of 9 reservoirs that flooded a large area within the original Vltava valley. In our paper we present a comprehensive approach to the reconstruction of the original (pre-dam) Vltava valley using advanced geoinformatics methods. An important aspect is the reconstruction of the original topography - here available archival map sources are used and the possibilities of deriving the pre-dam topography using archival aerial photographs are tested. Vectorization of elevation from old maps is very time consuming and therefore machine learning and deep-learning methods are used here. The same direction is followed in the case of archival aerial imagery - using deep-learning methods we try to increase the optical quality of the resulting data. The current topography of the reservoir bottom (and possible relics of structures) is monitored using bathymetric mapping methods - where we use a small boat equipped with a sonar. The resulting model of the original Vltava valley is then presented as an interactive 3D model in an internet environment, which includes the original topography, landscape cover and detailed 3D models of the disappeared structures.

ABSTRACT. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images have become essential data for rapid national natural resource surveys, emergency mapping, and disaster monitoring. With the development of sensor technology in UAVs, aerial images containing large differences in the appearance of objects and complex backgrounds have opened up a new field of research. The availability of very high-resolution UAV imagery has stimulated semantic segmentation research. In recent years, many methods have been developed for UAV image semantic segmentation. Deep learning-based semantic segmentation techniques, which have successful results, especially in the field of medicine, have begun to be used successfully for aerial images. Deep learning-based methods have great advantages over rule-based methods for processing large and complex aerial image data. In this study, the performance of existing deep learning networks in the semantic segmentation of UAV images will be comparatively analyzed. Existing algorithms such as fully convolutional network (FCN), U-Net, SegNet, and DeepLabv3 will be examined in the study. All experiments will be carried out using the UAVid dataset containing UAV aerial images. Thus, it is aimed to present comprehensive research on UAV image semantic segmentation and analyze the performances of existing algorithms in detail. The performances of the algorithms will be compared in many aspects using many evaluation metrics such as overall accuracy, F1-score, precision, recall, and AUC curve. UAV semantic segmentation has the potential to be a basis for many applications in the field of photogrammetry and remote sensing. Especially thanks to semantic segmentation, photogrammetric products can be used as an important tool in detecting and cleaning noise sources such as moving vehicles and other objects.

ABSTRACT. Nowadays, UAS (unmanned aerial systems, drones) are playing an increasingly important role in various disaster management interventions. This contemporary approach has already gained widespread attention on the international level, as it greatly facilitates the work of firefighters and various fields that have a role in the prevention and response of disastrous events affecting critical infrastructure. Actions like monitoring, visual reporting, and detecting gas or thermal leaks can be tasks that unmanned aerial vehicle systems with appropriate sensors are capable of. Our paper aims to implement remote sensing solutions in a hazardous chemical industrial area in Hungary. This critical infrastructure is a good example of the previously mentioned tasks: UAVs can be easily used for multiple purposes. In our research, we intend to support firefighters in the pre-observation of catastrophic events or fires by sending the drone to the event place immediately after the alert is delivered. When the firefighters arrive in a place, they are already going to have information about the extent and other attributes of the disaster event due to the observing drone. The need for aerial traffic routes has already been raised in the sample area. As this is a safety-critical infrastructure, dangerous industrial structures cannot be threatened by the risk of UAV crashes. A highly accurate route network is essential. The need to achieve high accuracy requires the use of an RTK GPS device suitable for this purpose. A precise route database has been built using more than 800 surveyed points (e.g., road junctions, intervention points), so firefighters can instantly send UAVs safely to the disaster place for observation. Considering the results and international trends, the accurate mapping of routes that can be safely and automatically followed by drones is a forward-looking research and development objective in the field of any critical infrastructure. This way the methodology may contribute to more effective and faster disaster management with less danger to the personnel.

ABSTRACT. Polarization detection is an important way for obtaining the optical properties of fine mode aerosol. However, in the vast literatures, aerosol retrieval strategies from polarized observations always neglect the contribution of coarse mode aerosol, which brings errors in the results. Thus, an algorithm for aerosol optical parameters retrieval was promoted regarding the polarization of coarse-fine mode mixed aerosols. First, considering the depolarization effect of the coarse mode aerosol, the polarization characteristics of aerosols with different coarse-fine mode mixed aerosols were analyzed and a corresponding polarization look-up table was established. Based on that, combining the total aerosol optical depth and fine mode aerosol optical depth obtained from the scalar and polarized observations, respectively, the atmospheric polarized reflectance of fine mode aerosol was modified. By iteration, high-precision results of the fine mode aerosol optical depth and fine mode fraction were finally retrieved. The algorithm was then applied on simulated DPC data of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Monitoring Satellite (CM-1) for model accuracy assessment, and further validated by the earth observation data of the sensor. Comparing with the method that ignores the contribution of coarse mode polarization, it shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively enhance the accuracy of aerosol retrieval. In addition, from DPC data of CM-1 captured in Beijing aera, the retrieval results of aerosol optical parameters suggest an improved root mean square error (RMSE) of the fine mode aerosol optical depth from 0.142 to 0.112, and fine mode fraction from 0.196 to 0.156. The results demonstrate the reliability of the promoted algorithm, which can support the commercialized operation and product optimization of aerosol retrieval from China’s multi-channel polarization sensors.

ABSTRACT. Maintaining the ecological state of water bodies is a key aspect for preserving biodiversity and ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. The health of aquatic ecosystems directly affects the quality of life, economic stability, and ecological security of regions. Modern approaches to monitoring the ecological state of water bodies include the application of new digital technologies. One promising direction is the method of remote mapping using UAVs to create up-to-date digital maps. This makes it possible to obtain accurate data on the state of the water surface, distribution of pollution, as well as to assess the dynamics of changes in the river ecosystem. The goal of the research is to develop digital maps and models using UAV data for monitoring changes and planning measures for the protection of water bodies. The object of research is the Yertysh River, a key transboundary water body, playing an important role in the ecological ecosystem of China, Kazakhstan and Russia. Its protection and sustainable use are important aspects of preserving water resources, biodiversity, and preventing transboundary ecological problems. Thus, the significance of this research object is determined by its scale, biodiversity, and economic importance for the adjacent regions. The methods used in the research include aerial photography, remote sensing, GIS analysis for processing and interpreting data. These technologies allow for a comprehensive analysis of changes in the river's ecosystem, identifying sources of anthropogenic pollution, and predicting their impact on the environment. The expected result of the research is the development of comprehensive digital maps of the ecological state of the Yertysh River territory, which will become a key tool for developing effective management methods aimed at improving the overall condition of the ecosystem and the sustainable use of its resources.

ABSTRACT. Mapping practices with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - UAVs in Brazil have been adopted in a surprising and virtuous trend. Surprising because, on the one hand, in 2022 it reached more than 310,000 requests for unmanned operations to the Department of Airspace Control (DECEA) and virtuous because, on the other hand, their use is associated with the topographic scale, shortening tasks in surveys of small areas that would demand cost and time from the professional. Furthermore, other aspects that explain this success can be listed as follows: a. cost-effectiveness with measurement techniques, b. high-speed data transformation, or even reliable 3D reconstruction based on the parallactic Structure from Motion (SfM) workflows. The steps involved in processing the collection of digital images gathered by onboard sensors on manned aircraft are like the sensors that accompany UAVs.However, they differ in operational cost and task flexibility. The apps developed for this purpose process everything from the composition of the digital model of the topographic surface to the orthophotos in a fully automated way. However, procedures for identifying and extracting standard spatial features, such as points, lines, and planar patches, have yet to be detailed. The research uses preliminary tools that follow the flowchart of the parallactic structure from motion (SfM) and lists three stages: search for homologous points, association of homologous features, and filtering. With the aim of modeling the plane-circular feature in the aerial photographs collection. It compares the adherence of the Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) to the Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) submitted to the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) and both to the Least Square Method (LSM) technique, using the statistical parameters Chi-squared, G-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, Lilliefors, Jarque-Bera, Normality (Shapiro-Wilk).

ABSTRACT. This study delves into the transformative role of digital twins in revolutionizing disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies. Digital twins, virtual replicas of physical entities or systems, have emerged as powerful tools capable of simulating, analyzing, and predicting complex scenarios in real-time. In the realm of DRR, digital twins offer unprecedented capabilities for enhancing preparedness, response, and recovery efforts by providing a dynamic and immersive representation of the physical environment. Digital twins facilitate a comprehensive understanding of risk factors through the integration of diverse datasets, including topography, climate patterns, infrastructure details, and socio-economic indicators. By enabling real-time monitoring and analysis, these virtual replicas empower decision-makers to formulate more effective disaster response plans and allocate resources strategically. Moreover, the interoperability of digital twins allows for seamless collaboration among various stakeholders, fostering a holistic approach to DRR. This abstract underscores the potential of digital twins in revolutionizing disaster resilience by presenting a synthesis of current literature and case studies. The findings highlight the significance of incorporating digital twins into existing DRR frameworks, emphasizing their role in fostering adaptive strategies and building more resilient communities. As we navigate an era marked by increasing environmental uncertainties, this research aims to contribute to the discourse on leveraging digital twins as a paradigm shift in enhancing the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction efforts worldwide.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the paper is to monitor the velocity of Perunika glacier for the last summer period. The Perunika glacier is situated in Livingston Island, Antarctica, east of Pimpirev Glacier, south of Saedinenie Snowfield, southwest of Kaliakra Glacier, west of Huron Glacier, and north of Balkan Snowfield and the head of Huntress Glacier. A series of SAR images were used to apply the remote sensing photogrammetry methods. The velocity of the glacier was estimated through an offset-tracking method. The Kotelnikov theorem was applied to determine the grid Azimuth and grid Range spacing to perform the cross-correlation. Based on the calculations Sentinel-1 GRD images were used to monitor the glacier velocity. Experiments with different grid sizes were carried out to compare the estimated movement of the glacier surfaces between two SAR images. Other criteria used for comparative analysis to determine the most efficient parameters for the offset-tracking method were registration oversampling parameter and maximum velocity value. The Perunika glacier is situated in two sequential Sentinel-1 GRD images. Therefore to create each velocity map two pairs of SAR images are required. Different approaches were used for the processing of the images. The first one was assembling the two products of each date beforehand and thus creating a single product for the date as a result. The pair of assembled products was then used to create one velocity map by offset-tracking method. The second approach was processing the two pairs of SAR images separately. The results then are two velocity maps which have to be merged to create a single velocity map. A comparison of the velocity maps based on the two approaches is presented in the paper.

ABSTRACT. Underwater terrain visualization is an important part of analyzing geological hazards beneath water bodies, which requires a significantly enhanced detail depiction of local terrains below surface of watersheds and a 2D layer representation of the 3D terrain content compared to conventional map-based terrain visualization techniques. Addressing these challenges, this article proposes a method leveraging the capabilities of WebGPU, the next generation of web graphics API that introduces advanced features such as random access and general parallel computation on Web browsers, to implement underwater terrain visualization. This method utilizes Level of Detail (LOD) techniques for resource and rendering management, and employs a dynamic scheme for terrain mesh generation, facilitating detailed and scalable representations of the underwater landscape. Moreover, to overcome the limitations of two-dimensional map layers in portraying three-dimensional terrain, the proposed method employs multi-pass rendering strategy allowing for the processes of 2D projection and area cropping of 3D content. Through this way, a basic workflow to render underwater terrain features can be established. To achieve integration with maps, this article also discusses the cross-graphics API layered rendering method and z-fighting solution that need to be adopted when adapting to WebGL-based map platforms such as Mapbox GL JS. Experiments on related prototype system demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve good performance and compatibility.

ABSTRACT. This research focuses on the evolution of cartographic visualization from traditional 2D representations to the innovative use of immersive virtual reality (iVR) for enhanced 3D visualization. With the advent of computer technology and GIS in the latter half of the 20th century, cartography began incorporating the third dimension. However, these 3D representations were limited by their 2D interaction interfaces, such as computer monitors, keyboards, and mice, restricting the full potential and natural interaction within 3D spaces. iVR technology emerges as a solution, offering users a true 3D immersive experience with the ability to interact through more intuitive means like hand gestures or body movements. This leap in technology allows for a more profound perception and cognition of spatial data by simulating a real environment within the virtual space, known as the "six degrees of freedom." Despite its advantages, iVR faces challenges such as user adaptation to the interface, potential physical side effects like nausea, and the technological requirements of the hardware. This contribution addresses the relatively unexplored territory of combining cartography with iVR, highlighting the necessity for empirical research to guide the design of iVR visualizations. The development of a collaborative platform using the eDIVE software on the Unity engine, designed for testing various 3D cartographic visualizations and interactions in iVR, exemplifies the practical application of this research. The platform allows for manipulation and analysis of georeferenced data in GeoJSON format, offering a dynamic environment for user studies. Logging capabilities for interactions and eye-tracking data are crucial for understanding user behavior and improving cartographic visualization methods. The proposed pilot study aims to evaluate different 3D multivariate cartographic visualization methods within iVR and against non-immersive methods, focusing on user interaction, response accuracy, and speed. The findings are expected to contribute significantly to the field of cartography by establishing a foundation for future research in 3D visualization and interaction within immersive virtual environments.

ABSTRACT. This research provides a thorough examination of the integration of Segment-Based Algorithms within National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDIs), with a particular emphasis on the context of Armenia. Through a comparative research study, the performance of Segment-Based Algorithms in spatial data integration is systematically evaluated, offering insights into their effectiveness in comparison to traditional methods. The study synthesizes existing literature findings and delves into practical considerations for the actual implementation of these algorithms. Focusing on Armenia's unique context, where a standardized NSDI is lacking, and spatial data maintenance and updating faces significant challenges, the research investigates how Segment-Based Algorithms can empower the NSDI. This research contributes to the enhancement of Armenia's NSDI, providing a roadmap for policymakers, geospatial professionals, and researchers to strategically implement segment-based algorithms for spatial data integration. By offering a nuanced understanding of the adaptability and impact of Segment-Based Algorithms, this work serves as a valuable resource, guiding ongoing efforts to enhance NSDIs in countries facing similar challenges. Furthermore, the findings serve as a valuable resource, guiding efforts to enhance NSDIs in countries facing similar challenges and establishing a benchmark for future research and innovation in the realm of geospatial data integration.

ABSTRACT. This study focuses on a different classification approach of two forest types in Bulgaria, having accuracy assessment of the different thematic classes, mapping them via GIS techniques. Radar signals have different penetration into the forest canopy depending on the wavelength. This influences the type of classification algorithms for forest thematic mapping to categorize accurately scattering media. Test sites comprises high dense forest near Black Sea and mountainous heterogeneous forest in Stara Planina Mountain. Methodological approach utilizes three different SAR bands and methods: bistatic interferometry (InSAR) in X-band from TanDEM-X, time series approach in C-band from Sentinel-1, and polarimetry (POL-SAR) in L-band from ALOS PALSAR. That gives the possibility for reliable assessment of the different scattering properties of the forest. A Wishert non-supervised classification was applied to POL-SAR data deriving to 16 classes. Supervised and non-supervised classifications were elaborated in GIS from the time series of dual polarimetric SAR data, and single polarization InSAR data. The number of classes varies from 5 to 8 in respect to the test site. The highest result was reached for the time series approach with Sentinel-1 by means of Support Vector Machine supervised classification performed in GIS, with overall accuracy of 78%. Thematic accuracy was higher for the coniferous forest class instead of deciduous forest one. The InSAR approach showed highest accuracy for the flat forest area, by means of non-supervised classification elaborated with ISOcluster algorithm. For mountainous forest site overall accuracy reached is 55% for the supervised classification with Random Forest decision trees algorithm. Geometric distortions mainly biased the thematic mapping in GIS, which is also observed in the POL-SAR classifications with the Wishart classifier. Classes derived from POL-SAR data were mostly related to the geometric properties of the forest, whilst the InSAR ones were related to the forest height and density.

ABSTRACT. In recent years, frequent urban ground subsidence incidents have significantly impacted urban safety and socio-economic development. Establishing an efficient, widely deployable early warning system is crucial for the effective prevention and control of such subsidence. Traditional road subsurface inspection methods, such as Ground Penetrating Radar, are often costly and time-consuming. This paper investigates the feasibility of using laser deflection for urban road inspections as a more time- and cost-effective alternative. The Longgang District in Shenzhen, serves as the primary study area. Both GPR and deflection testing were employed to collect data on road diseases and deflections. This data facilitated an analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of detected road defects, and the practicality of employing road deflection diagnostics for road disease detection. The findings suggest that while laser road deflection provides rapid scanning capabilities for large-scale road inspections, it does not achieve the accuracy of GPR.

ABSTRACT. In a field of organic einkorn in phase BBCH 29 tillering (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical) zones with three differences in the vegetation index NDVI, respectively NDVI – 0.86, 0.74 and 0.63 were defined. In each of the three differences a permanent test site measuring 10 × 10 m was organized. Of these four permanent sites, during the phenological phases BBCH 29, 45 and 75, einkorn plants in the test sites were first counted, weighed, dried and reweighed (dry mass). The same thing happened with weeds. Images from the Sentinel-2 satellite obtained for each of the above phases were used. The data were recorded and processed with the SAS JMP Statistical Software statistical package, with which an analysis of the Fit Model for statistical proof of differences was performed. In conclusion, it can be summarized that the field with organic einkorn production has a heterogeneous composition of plants and weeds, in different proportions depending on the differences in sowing and the phase of development of einkon. Based on the generated values of the NDVI vegetation index (BBCH 29), crop differences vary from zones with a good upper part with high yield potential to weaker zones. The yield obtained and the values of the productivity elements follow the differences found through the development phases from BBCH 29-75. This suggests that vegetation indices can be generated and studied from data from the Sentinel-2 satellite to describe the state of the crop as described by the values above ground biomass.

ABSTRACT. The study aims to present the urban territorial changes of the province of Istanbul (Turkey) from 1990 – 2020. Istanbul Province is in Northwestern Turkey. The administrative city is Istanbul. Istanbul Province has a total area of 5342.67 km² and a population of 15 462 452 (2020). Province (vilayet) Istanbul is divided administratively and territorially into 39 districts, which in turn are divided into municipalities. All boroughs in the province represent urban areas of the vast Istanbul metropolis, all urban areas of the province are considered part of the Istanbul metropolis, including historical cities such as Silivria, as distinct settlements only villages are recognized. Remote sensing technology and geographic information systems (GIS) have been widely used in recent decades for studying and mapping territorial change. The data used for the analysis of territorial change in the urban region around Istanbul came from three sources: 1) monochromic aerial photographs; 2) Topographic maps, and 3) Vector data from the third level of the European program CORINE Land Cover (CLC1990, CLC2000, CLC2006, CLC2012, and CLC2018) for Turkey. We identified the following classes of urban territorial in the study area. These were Continuous urban fabric (CLC 111), Discontinuous urban fabric (CLC 112), Industrial or commercial units (CLC 121), Road and rail networks and associated land (CLC 122), Port areas (CLC 123), Airports (CLC 124), Mineral extraction sites (CLC 131), Construction sites (CLC 133), Green urban areas (CLC 141), and Sport and leisure facilities (CLC 142). At the beginning of the considered period, the urbanized territory of the total area of the province was 13.29% (721.78 km2), and today it is 23.03% (1230.42 km2).

ABSTRACT. Thermal remote sensing of vegetation is a demanded but not widely used application of satellite data obtained at wavelengths longer than 8 µm. And, while the main purpose of remote sensing in the visible and near-infrared range is to recognize objects, use of the thermal range allows to determine the properties of objects, exhibited in the intensity of thermal radiation. Among the most frequent applications of thermal remote sensing are studies of urban heat islands and their changes due to urbanization, primary in densely populated areas of South and Southeast Asia, China, India, etc. Reviews of publications show, this type of data turns out very useful in assessing the condition of forests and especially agricultural crops, to identify plant water stress accompanied by an increase in plant temperature. However, the patterns of thermal radiation of various vegetation cover types in different geographical zones differ significantly. Basing on our own data and analysis of publications, we studied the correlation of vegetation cover surface temperatures and vegetation indices determined from remote sensing data for different regions and its change by seasons of the year. In addition, during thermal imaging from space, the sensor combines thermal radiation from all exposed surfaces within a pixel, including vegetation-covered areas and exposed soil surfaces, into a single measurement. However, surface temperature at the moment of observation is influenced by various microclimatic factors, the state of the atmosphere, its turbulence, air temperature and humidity, which cannot always be considered. Because of this, a comparative approach is often applicable when studying vegetation conditions from thermal data from space, which involves combining data in the visible and thermal bands and interpreting the visible differences by a specialist who understands the type of objects. For education and training of such specialists, we have compiled a methodical manual, which will be presented in the report.

ABSTRACT. Maps and datasets provide information about the form of landscape in the moment of data acquisition. An archive of old maps offers a unique collection of snapshots of landscape appearance and phenomena in particular moments of history. Nevertheless, the landscape - features and phenomena - can be represented in each map by different methods and means of map representation, given by the date of origin of each map. Therefore, a complex landscape analysis needs complex data source processing, which is often focused on selected features or phenomena. The article describes the design and development of a digital landscape model implemented as a database with spatial and temporal dimensions. The spatiotemporal database is focused on landscape change monitoring in selected territories in available time snapshots. The spatiotemporal database of the territory was designed to integrate geographical data originating from different maps and datasets into the data model and with harmonised object classification. The article describes the results of integrating several large- and medium-scale datasets covering the first half of the 19th century up to the present day in a pilot locality in the Czech Republic. The analytical potential of the database is presented by a set of typical analyses utilising temporal views of datasets. The possibility to analyse spatial and attribute changes of features and phenomena in the territory in different periods of time provides a valuable tool for landscape change analyses.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to extract from DEM the linear landforms of the entire territory of Armenia and to reveal a general pattern of the Earth's surface. In this work, a "linear relief shape" refers to simple or complex linear units that differ from neighboring surfaces and can be delineated. Within this study, DEM ALOS AW3D30 was used for analysis. The research methodology was based on the principle of geomorphometry, considering the elements extracted from the DЕM as formal geometric lines, requiring them to be identified as true physical units of the Earth's surface. The workflow included: 1. The slope inflection line extraction from the DEM by analyzing slope aspect maps. This process identifies and maps the conjunction lines of slopes with opposite aspects. These slopes form convex landforms when aspects are divergent or concave landforms when aspects are convergent. 2. Assessment of inflection lines extracted from DEMs as axes of truly existing landforms by overlaying them with orographic, geomorphological, and topographic digital maps using GIS. Point (pits, peaks, passes) and line (ridges, and river valleys) landform elements were considered for this identification. 3. Assessment of revealed linear landforms as probable tectonic lineaments, using hydrographic (joint confluence point of tributaries, their orthogonality to the main channel, etc.) and geological (spatial coincidence of the epicenters of strong earthquakes, volcanic structures, ore deposits, and mineral water springs) criteria. Using the described method, the study was the first to reveal and identified the linear morphostructures of regional and local scales in the studied area. These morphostructures have been systematized by their structural type, spatial location, and orientation, and mapped at a 1:200000 scale.

ABSTRACT. Pulmonary cancer is now one of the leading causes of death in both men and women worldwide. Its mortality rate remains unexplained. Nevertheless, genetic and environmental factors, as well as cancer treatment, are known to play a role. The incidence of lung cancer is increasing, leading to a rise in the number of diagnosed patients. Also, pulmonary cancer is one of the main causes of death among cancer patients in Romania, and the number of patients is expected to increase after 2021. The study proposes a digital analysis of spatial profile of the distribution of the pulmonary cancer in Romania. For this study has been carried out a national database of the National Institute of Public Health at the level of administrative-territorial units for the period from 2013 to 2022. This research aims to develop a spatial model for pulmonary cancer, which is an essential tool for problem identification and decision-making in problem management. The spatial modeling of pulmonary cancer has identified an important factor in the development of this disease, which is pollution and particulate matter, which affects the primary defense mechanisms. An important result of the research was a spatial model of pulmonary cancer, which revealed the spatial distribution of the disease. Urban areas with high population densities have higher rates of pulmonary cancer, and the relationship between urban pollution and high incidence rates is clearly evident. The high incidence of pulmonary cancer and the increasing economic pressure on the healthcare system make the prevention and treatment of lung cancer a priority for policymakers. The spatial distribution of pulmonary cancer highlights the need for multidisciplinary analyses, including the development of geographic distribution models, an effort to better relate lung cancer to environmental determinants.

ABSTRACT. The most spectacular and scientifically important geodiversity elements of the Earth's surface are called geosites. In many countries around the world, there are already databases of such sites of a given area, evaluated according to their scientific and infrastructural importance. In Europe, web-based repositories already exist in countries such as Portugal and France, but there are also efforts in Germany, Slovakia, and Poland to standardise databases at the level of landscape units. In Hungary, steps have also been taken to develop a unified 'cadastre', but the landscape unit data have not yet been aggregated and assessed. The present study focuses on the development of a framework and data system for the Hungarian National Geosite Inventory. This is based on geopark and other landscape inventories, as well as on available thematic datasets (e.g. geological key sections). In the first step, the preliminary inventory (~1000 sites) was analysed, filtered, and standardised based on a data model developed for this purpose. A simplified assessment form is available to collect geographic and descriptive information (e.g. geological properties, protection status) on each geosite, which provides the basis for the attributes of the database. As a result of the work, the technical framework of a geodatabase is developed for the whole territory of Hungary. The dataset helps nature conservation managers and institutions (national parks, geoparks, decision-makers) to protect heritage and develop geotourism more effectively. The results would also provide the basis for the creation of a map-based web application with images and descriptions that could be made available to the general public.

ABSTRACT. Dynamic mapping of natural and public events is one of the rapidly developing directions in modern cartography. One of the important issues in dynamic cartography is the geo-information mapping of natural-territorial complexes.

In the work, the dynamic mapping of the Georgian landscapes during one year is performed. After that, GIS analysis and the Separation of so-called dominant states of landscapes is performed. Against the background of such content, the work explores the scales of time and content, as well as the cartographic form of synthesis over time. As a result of GIS analysis and spatio-temporal synthesis and analysis, landscape-ethological events, landscape-ethological situations and landscape-ethological scenarios were identified in Georgia.

The time scale is considered in the work as the degree of generalization of the essence of development. It is directly related to the scale of space and content, on the one hand, and cartographic forms of abstraction and generalization, on the other. In particular, the larger the scale of space (degree of abstraction), the larger the scale of content (degree of generalization), and its particular type - the scale of time.

In the process of mapping the dynamics of events, the time scale depends on the so-called degree of “synthetical character”. In particular, the greater the degree of syntheticity, the greater the degree of transition from a frequent time scale to a sparse scale, which is the time scale.

ABSTRACT. The Federal State Information System "Unified Digital Platform "National Spatial Data System" (NSDS, System) is a digital project in Russia, designed to collect, process, and analyze cross-sectoral spatial data. The System boasts a powerful geoinformation subsystem that performs essential cartographic functions, basemap visualization tasks, works with vector layers and raster images, generates tiles, performs data mining, and provides map service including the one embedded into other information systems. It also includes 9 modules that work together to analyze and graphically visualize spatial data and related information. Data analysis is expedited using the subsystem of data analysis and analytics formation of the System, which consists of 5 modules, including spatial data analysis constructor, modules of data loading for analysis, statistical reporting formation, and data analysis results uploading, including various report formations. NSDS e-services allow citizens and businesses to solve relevant tasks using spatial information as well as to improve the efficiency of managerial decisions of the authorities. Currently the platform offers 11 e-services that support integrated territorial development, land plots search and selection, including for construction, and processes of obtaining approvals in the construction cycle. Additionally, the System includes AI tools for analyzing data. The Smart Cadastre service uses machine learning capabilities to identify real estate units (land plots and buildings) that are not registered in the Unified State Register of Real Property and other violations in land use, determined on the results of neural network analysis of remote sensing data. In conclusion, the System is a complex digital project that provides significant benefits to citizens and businesses, making it an indispensable tool for solving real-life problems. The features of data analysis and analytics subsystems, e-services, as well as the machine learning subsystem of the NSDS, will be presented in detail in the paper.

ABSTRACT. The Department of Cartography, Eötvös Loránd University, the first Hungarian cartographic department was founded in 1953. By this time, military cartography in almost all the former socialist countries had already been fully Sovietized and the institutions of the national economy (the entire economy of a socialist state) responsible for civil cartography were being established, with the training of secondary and higher education specialists in cartography being an essential element. This paper focuses on the development and changes in the training of cartographers at university level (including the PhD education). The first independent cartographic programs were established in MIIGAiK, Moscow in 1923, but the most important institutes concerning cartography at that time were in the German speaking countries (Switzerland, Austria, Germany). As the discipline of cartography matured after World War II, and then again with the introduction of computer technology, it developed into a standalone offering in many countries. Our institute is still the only purely cartography (and geoinformatic) department/institute in Hungary. Professor László Irmédi-Molnár, the founder of the department developed the first university curriculum of a cartographic program, on which Hungarian cartography education was based until the first third of the 1970s. Until 1978, training started only every third year. Between 1978 and 1988, education was similar to today's Bologna Process courses, which started annually: after two years of a common bachelor's degree in earth sciences, students specialized. Between 1988 and 2006 (when the Bologna Process was implemented in Hungary), there was a 5-year special cartography course in the curriculum (but this was only available at our university in Hungary). After 2006, a common three-year BSc in Earth Sciences was followed by an MSc in Cartography, and from 2022, an MSc in Geoinformatics. The courses are now also available in English for foreign students.

ABSTRACT. The era we live in is constantly full of innovations, challenges, and modern technological achievements. All scientific and non-scientific fields contribute to existing challenges. The modern system of education can be freely called the “age of spatial information.” Digital technologies have become a major enabler of any person’s needs, desires, or challenges. 20–30 years ago, the prospect of cartography becoming a major player in any field would have seemed unrealistic.

Our reality today is as follows: the main method of visualizing spatial information is a map. A map that is a subjective reflection of objective reality. The map, integrated into all consumer and non-consumer fields through modern GIS technologies, has become an integral element of the digital world.

Cartography and GIS education are important intellectual resources. Georgia played an important role on the world stage in this direction. This is the country that had such famous scientists in geography and cartography as Vakhushti Bagrationi, Aleksandre Aslanikashvili, and Niko Beruchashvili. Against the background of all this, the field is quite devoid of young scientists. The country is experiencing difficulties caused by a lack of young personnel. In school education, geography, and more so cartography, is not provided in such a way that the student is interested in discovering a field of incredible scale and great perspective.

The school education system is depleted of the proforientation component. Students do not have the opportunity to get comprehensive information about the professional capabilities of a cartographer. The studies conducted prove that the number of interested young people who come to the bachelor’s level decreases every year. Based on the observations and research conducted, you will get a complete picture of the gaps in cartography and GIS education and the mechanisms to address them.

ABSTRACT. High school students, apart from the basic teaching in the subject of geography on spatial phenomena, are not trained for using spatial data and maps for learning nature and society. Despite the trends for usage of digital technology that is well known by the new generations, starting from mobile phones up to computer technology and open web applications, the implementation of digital cartography and GIS tools is not an obligatory part of the high school educational system in Kosovo. The Geo-SEE Institute from Skopje initiated its second project for pre-university students, this time at the high school "Kuvendi i Lezhes" in Viti city of Kosova. The project was carried out according to the training the trainers’ approach, in which target of training were geography and ICT teachers together with the first-year students. Development and utilization of spatial data, the compilation of maps, as well as the students' contribution to the updating of open spatial bases such as VGI (Voluntary Geographic Information) were main training objectives. The project resulted by establishing of the database for the municipality of Viti with a total of 11 layers, of which 8 maps with 8 different themes were compiled and printed, as well as the online OpenStreetMap database of the entire city of Viti was updated by the students by performing the field identification, which ultimately resulted with compiled map of the city of Viti. The results of the students were published as exhibition with thematic maps on the patronage day of the high school "Kuvendi i Lezhes", as well as in front of the local government authorities. The teachers and students involved in the training, with the professional materials delivered by the Geo-SEE Institutes team for digital cartography and QGIS, in the post-project period managed to update and compile new updated maps, as well as to share their knowledge with the students of new generations who enroll in their school.

ABSTRACT. History teaching has two fundamental elements: time and space. The historical atlas, as a supporting textbook, plays an important role in the teaching and learning history in middle schools. This work collected overall 500 maps compiled in the books. In the preliminary study, these historical maps are classified into five types, which are geographical location map, regional distribution map, regional expansion map, spatial migration map and territory evolution map respectively. Throughout the analysis of the current version of the Historical atlas, we have identified two main features of the maps. Firstly, the Atlas enriches presentation forms of the maps by adopting various expression such as shading, brushstrokes, bird's-eye view, simulation models, landscape paintings etc. Secondly, the Atlas improves the spatial expression of time in chronological order in the form of a timeline. As a matter of fact, the use of historical maps has been underestimated in history teaching and learning for middle school students. This study provides an overview of the relationships between historical maps and narratives, combines historical materials, images, and other materials to create rich historical scenes, to represent the spatio-temporal structures of historical events and their relationships with places. The goal of this study is to help students simplify and visualize various information with historical narrative maps, making it easier for students to understand.

ABSTRACT. The widespread introduction of GIS, electronic maps and infographics into the teaching of geographical disciplines at universities poses new urgent tasks for cartographers to scientifically substantiate the design, production and practical use of educational maps. The purpose of the study is to analyze the classical experience of creating and using maps for studying the module “Earth Sciences,” in particular, geographical nomenclature, in higher education institutions. The article analyzes educational cartographic aids for the study of geographical nomenclature and formulates requirements for their content and design. It is noted that the study of geographical nomenclature begins in high school, so it is appropriate to use gaming technologies here. In universities, for group and pair work of students, not only electronic, but also printed maps are relevant as they allow simultaneous comparative analysis and geographic reference of the desired objects. It was revealed that printed wall maps for universities, despite the need for them, are practically not published due to high costs. The problem can be solved by printing small runs ordered by specific universities using high-quality copy equipment. The development of mobile applications displaying geographic objects is not economically feasible due to the requirement for continuous updating of the content, while a multi-page pdf document with object cards is convenient for use by students on smartphones and is easily accessible for editing the content. Testing the level of knowledge of geographical nomenclature can be carried out at different levels in the form of testing or hand-drawing by students of a map diagram showing the geographical similarity of objects. The need for such infographics in the topic under consideration is obviously high. The study showed that the most successful is the combination of various techniques, technologies and teaching aids - educational games, printed wall maps, electronic teaching aids for mobile devices, as well as classic maps in teacher presentations and tasks for students in the form of tests or infographics.

ABSTRACT. Story maps – as one of the most popular variants of digital story telling – have become a powerful tool for the multimedia-based, dynamic, and interactive presentation of varied topics on the web in the last almost 15 years. This work begins with a brief historical introduction, summarizing the characteristics of traditional storytelling, how the dizzying technological development experienced since the decade of the 1980s led to the appearance of digital storytelling and later how story maps were developed until it stood out among the solutions that the online space offers for the multimedia communication. Different types of story maps are presented and how they can be currently used in the teaching of topics related to cartography or presenting online maps as a solution for the didactical visualization of georeferenced data. Special emphasis is placed on those dynamic and interactive options provided by the story maps that can be used in teaching and learning activities mainly at the secondary, but also at the elementary level. All of this is illustrated with examples developed in both national and international research projects, whose results have been used in schools in several countries. Next, proposals are made about which cartographic solutions are most appropriated to be used in story maps, how the tools available in the story map editors can provide static maps with the dynamic needed to represent not only the physical, economic, social, cultural, etc. characteristics of the represented territory, but also the changes occurred in time and space. Finally, the author gives some ideas for the future development and use of story maps in school cartography.

ABSTRACT. Building Information Management (BIM) requires Common Data Environment (CDE) for effective data storage and management during the whole construction live cycle. Two CDEs (Bentley ProjectWise and Trimble Connect) are analysed and compared in context of the education and geodata presentation needs.

ABSTRACT. The wanton destruction of the environment over the decades continues to negatively impact our day to day lives. More often than not this continued destruction has been attributed to the lack of comprehensive ground based evidence to support the negative impact being experienced. Incorporating geospatial techniques in the analysis of land use land cover changes over the decades provides a tool through which the negative environmental impacts can both be visualised and quantified. Cartographic techniques can then be employed to package these results for public consumption. This study analysed the degradation of part of the Aberdare forest in Nyeri county, Kenya for the period 1990 to 2020. For effective dissemination of the findings, the same were packaged into an e-learning book titled “Let’s Save Our Environment.” The book draws its content from the country’s competency based curriculum (CBC). The topic “Resources” from the grade 4 level (8-10 years) and the “Social Studies” learning area was selected. The book defined what resources are, gave examples of various resources and how to conserve them. It finally incorporated results of the Aberdare forest case study. the books were then distributed to different schools within the area of study. a digital copy of the same was made accessible online https://iggresapps.dkut.ac.ke/moodle/. The initial findings indicate that the learners and teachers appreciated the negative changes within the Aberdare forest and began engaging on how they can be involved in the restoration of the forest as well as the surrounding environment.

ABSTRACT. The idea behind the Creative Cartography Workshop is to reuse accumulated, printed, out-of-date, or facsimile maps sustainably. In the modern digital world, we think it is important for young generations to get to know printed maps and cartographic products from the recent past. Based on this idea, we organize craft workshops for children, adults, families, and school groups. As a first step, participants can deepen their knowledge of the general role of maps. In the Creative Cartography Workshop, the used maps already lost their original function due to their age. However, participants can create a variety of useful and decorative products from them. These objects are made by each participant with their own hands. This gives the creator an emotional attachment to maps, as they are making them for themselves. In the workshop, participants can meet with a wide variety of graphics and information. It is also important to introduce them to the concept of recycling from an early age. Sustainable development is increasingly important today. One of our main aims is to use as many recycled and environmentally friendly materials as possible. We also provide an experience for the participants, who can encounter paper maps in a new context. The workshop can be attended regardless of age, as we offer different objects and teach different techniques for every age group. By the end of the sessions, participants are going to have a better understanding of maps and their usefulness. After these sessions, we ask each participant for their opinion in the form of a questionnaire on how they value the objects they have made. What do they think about the used maps? Did they find it difficult to make the products? We would like to use the results of the feedback to develop our future sessions and to better focus on the expectations of schools, families, and different age groups.

ABSTRACT. This paper aims to conduct a quantitative content analysis of three school world paper atlases and interactive online school world atlas used in Czechia. The initial part of the study provides a detailed description of the examined school world atlases, followed by a comparative content analysis using the document analysis method. The content analysis is based on the following factors: scope, structure based on editorial elements, chapters, and basic elements (map, text, table, etc.), as well as the types of maps, cartographic expression methods, and scales. Factors for comparison were chosen based on key aspects of map reading, emphasizing perception by the end-users of the atlas. The comparison of paper atlases revealed that most of the mentioned aspects are implemented correctly. However, it was discovered that a number of maps in paper atlases use inappropriately constructed choropleth maps displaying absolute values. Other issues include the prevalent use of choropleth maps which show relative values that are not related to the area of the territory. Several maps have incorrectly constructed legends, which, as user testing in another author's study has proven, are illegible to the user. Similar issues were identified in the interactive online atlas, such as incorrectly constructed map legends and the frequent use of choropleth maps showing relative values that are not related to the area of the territory. In addition, other issues related to generalization of displayed data, typographical errors, inappropriately chosen color scales, and graphical inconsistency of atlas maps. This study highlights the need for continuous improvement in the design and functionality of school atlases, both paper-based and online, to enhance their educational effectiveness and user-friendliness. The findings provide valuable insights into common pitfalls in atlas design and offer guidance for future enhancements in cartographic products for educational purposes.

ABSTRACT. Geospatial digital engineering is a rapidly growing engineering discipline that focuses on spatial information, incorporating aspects of computer engineering, surveying and mapping. The purpose of creating the competence is to train experts with combined knowledge and skills that meet the modern demands of enterprises. Geospatial engineering includes: • geographical knowledge • field engineering survey, • modern methods of geospatial data processing, • knowledge of geodetic, land management and cadastre. Combining the skills and abilities of these professions allows a specialist to solve tasks in real working conditions.. Work results: implementation of the program of secondary vocational education and additional vocational education on the basis of Novgorod State University. Modern technologies applied in the professional activity of a specialist in the field of geospatial digital engineering include: • Earth's remote sensing, • Instrumental geodetic measurements, • Computer analysis of spatial data. Importance of competence development The digital transformation of geodesy and cartography is taking place, as well as the transformation of industries – consumers of spatial data. Secondary vocational education in surveying and geoinformation technologies takes this digital transformation into account and approximates its effects. This competence was presented at the High Technologies Championship in 10 regions of the Russian Federation with the final in Velikiy Novgorod in September 2023, where international representatives from such countries as Ghana, India, Syria and others participated. The industrial partner of the Championship in the Geospatial Digital Engineering competence is Public Law Company “Roskadastr”. Training with regard to the standards of the Geospatial Digital Engineering competence is also possible for foreigners interested in the development of this area in their own educational organizations and companies.