Tags:decidability, Exponential local-global principle, Skolem Conjecture and Skolem Problem
Abstract:
It is a longstanding open problem whether there is an algorithm to decide the Skolem Problem for linear recurrence sequences (LRS) over the integers, namely whether a given such sequence $\langle u_n\rangle_{n=0}^\infty$ has a zero term (i.e., whether $u_n=0$ for some $n$). A major breakthrough in the early 1980s established decidability for LRS of order four or less, i.e., for LRS in which every new term depends linearly on the previous four (or fewer) terms. The Skolem Problem for LRS of order $5$ or more, in particular, remains a major open challenge to this day.
Our main contributions in this paper are as follows:
First, we show that the Skolem Problem is decidable for \emph{reversible} LRS of order $7$ or less. (An integer LRS $\langle u_n \rangle_{n=0}^{\infty}$ is reversible if its unique extension to a bi-infinite LRS $\langle u_n \rangle_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}$ also takes exclusively integer values; a typical example is the classical Fibonacci sequence, whose bi-infinite extension is $\langle \ldots, 5, -3, 2 , -1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, \ldots \rangle$.)
Second, assuming the \emph{Skolem Conjecture} (a central hypothesis in Diophantine analysis, also known as the \emph{Exponential Local-Global Principle}), we show that the Skolem Problem for LRS of order $5$ is decidable, and exhibit a concrete procedure for solving it.