One needs a common measure of randomness and free well. Both cause results, which are
comparable. Given any fact without being known its origin, the question whether its origin is natural (i.e.
random, occasional) or freewill action (intentional, constructive) arises. The result in both cases is one
and the same as well as action and even the physical quantity of action. However the natural process
being just random would require much more time in comparison with any intentional action.
Further, one can determine the quantity of “effective energy” as efficiency necessary for a given
result to be obtained for some certain period of time. All natural processes will have much, much less
“effective energy” than any intentional one. That approach allows of a quantity, the effective energy in
question, to be associated with any causal process just as a measure of its capability to cause (e.g. a
certain effect established as a standard for causality to be measurable).
In particular, the so-called deterministic and indeterministic processes will be comparable in
effective energy or efficiency. Thus a continuum according to efficiency as the degree of causality will
extend between the two poles only qualitative until now, those of determinism and indeterminism. The
traditional opposition of human free will and the alleged determinism of nature will turn out to be
irrelevant.
In fact at least one exact and experimental science such as quantum mechanics doubts that
opposition. Conway and Specker (2006) deduced “free will theorems” from its mathematical and experimental ground: