The world's shift to sustainable transport is progressively fuelled by electric vehicles (EVs), which promise to lower greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. This paper investigates the developments in EV battery technology and charging infrastructure, including modes like conductive and inductive charging, fast charging, and smart grid integration. We identify the merits of these technologies, such as improved energy efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and the exciting potential of their integration with renewable energy. We also address the significant challenges accompanying them, including high infrastructure development costs, gradual degradation of batteries over the years, and environmental issues resulting from battery production and disposal. The latest battery chemistry innovations, such as lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, and developing alternatives, are identified, focusing on their performance, safety, and sustainability. We also analyze the role of power electronics and battery management systems (BMS) in maximizing battery outcomes and life expectancy. Moreover, this paper underscores the crucial and influential role of policy and regulatory frameworks in promoting sustainable transportation and the widespread uptake of EVs. These measures are urgent and important in the global efforts to address climate change and promote environmental sustainability.