ABSTRACT. Abstract The final year project thesis aims to investigate noise pollution in the city of Lae. The project will use both qualitative and quantitative research methods to collect data on the level and sources of noise pollution in the city. The study will focus on the impact of noise pollution on public health, considering both physical and psychological effects. Additionally, the research will identify the existing policies and regulations that govern noise pollution control in Lae city and assess their effectiveness in mitigating the issue. There were certain locations within the city of Lae were selected to assess noise pollution and they are, Angau Memorial Hospital, Highlands High Way Bus stop at Eriku, Lae Secondary school, and the Papua New University of Technology. The project will propose evidence-based recommendations on noise reduction strategies such as promoting noise reducing technologies, upgrading public transport systems, and enforcing noise ordinances. Moreover, the research will analyze the cost-benefit analysis of adopting such control measures. In most research papers, articles, journals and case studies prevails that the rate of noise pollution in most towns and cities are alarming due to industrialization and urbanization. There was news being reported regarding noise pollution in the city of Lae and also due to fact that Lae city is the most industrialized city in PNG the presence of noise pollution is a paramount concern. The study's findings will provide insights into the level of noise pollution in Lae city and its effects on public health. The recommendations derived from the study will offer a roadmap for the city government, regulators, and stakeholders in addressing the noise pollution menace. Ultimately, the project results will contribute significantly to the body of knowledge on environmental policy issues by providing empirical evidence of the impact of noise pollution on public health and well-being.

ABSTRACT. The ‘Cracks Analyzing and Repair Solutions for Kamkumung Bridge’ has provided a tendency to enhance the ability to examine and evaluate the availability of Cracks and to identify the appropriate repair solutions for the cracks found. The cracks are the foremost defects found in concrete structures due to the exposing factors such as temperature, climate, loads, etc., which affect the integrity, safety, and stability of the structure. This study closely monitors the availability of the appropriate approaches to conduct a detailed analysis of the cracks, including their formation and propagation mechanisms, and to develop guidelines for ensuring the long-term effectiveness of the chosen repair solutions. The main areas that will be considered are such as forms/types of cracks, root causes of the cracks, factors of the cracks, crack detecting procedures with suitable instruments, and the effects of cracks on the bridge integrity. The appropriate methods taken into consideration for the analysis of cracks on the Kamkumung bridge are the visual Inspection Method and the Non-Destructive Testing Method. Hence, the Visual Inspection Method was considered and implemented throughout the project inspection. The data collected were articulated under the Data Analysis section. The evaluation of the cracks on the different components of the Kamkumung bridge was undertaken on the respective scenario and recorded in detail. The specific scenarios where the analysis focused were as follows: Crack Depth, Crack width, Crack length.

ABSTRACT. Concrete is used extensively in the production of slabs and plays a crucial role in the industry. Columns must first support the weight of the slabs before the foundation. Therefore, if there is any way to lower the slab's dead weight, it will ultimately result in a smaller column and foundation, saving concrete all around. Jorgan Breuning of Denmark first proposed the idea of the voided slab around 20 years ago, in which the extra concrete is replaced with another material that will be strong enough to withstand the stresses brought on by loads applying pressure to it. This review paper describes types of hollow slab technologies that have appeared in the last few decades all over the world. The biaxial voided slabs are slabs in which the excess of concrete i.e. the concrete which neither takes part in compression nor in tension is replaced creating voids in the core of the slab.

ABSTRACT. Plastic wastes and other garbage are carried by water to drainage systems, which in turn creates drainage clogging that causes flooding of roads. Nets in drainage have already been practised in other parts of the world, and Papua New Guinea (PNG) developing our drainage nets will create jobs for mothers/youth and others without jobs. This study aims to identify the strength of available ropes in the market of Lae City, PNG that can be designed to act as a net in the drainage system that will sequester the solid waste and prevent clogging of drainages. The study is qualitative by exploring the situation of drainages and flooding in Lae City, PNG. It is also qualitative by experimental work to determine the rope's strength and use it to design a drainage net. The result shows that the two materials used, such as polypropylene and polyester, with 200 mm and 120 mm elongation according to the knitting method, could sequester solid waste.

ABSTRACT. The comparison of maps created from different statistical models or approaches is an integral aspect of geo-environmental studies. This paper aims to evaluate a range of models for analyzing debris flow susceptibility maps in a particular region. Given the frequency of debris flows in hilly areas, it is essential to undertake comprehensive research and planning for future development. An essential facet of studying debris flow is the examination of the contributing factors. The current paper compares different weighting procedures for debris flow susceptibility mapping through map evaluation, using both frequency ratio and Shannon entropy statistical models. The analysis of the difference images reveals that approximately 86.61% of the total pixels in the two debris flow susceptibility maps were a complete match, demonstrating the interchangeability of frequency ratio and Shannon entropy models based on their similar image analysis values. Therefore, this research provides valuable insights into the suitability of different statistical models for analyzing debris flow susceptibility maps and can inform future planning and development decisions in hilly regions.

ABSTRACT. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a pressing environmental concern in metropolitan areas, with landfills serving as reproving repositories of discarded materials. Bhalswa Landfill, located in a densely populated region of Delhi, India, has enticed attention due to its immense waste accumulation and correlated environmental challenges. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the chemical characteristics of MSW obtained from the Bhalswa Landfill site, aiming to shed light on the composition and potential environmental implications of the waste. The research engages a multidisciplinary approach to characterize the waste collected from different sections of the landfill. The findings reveal a complex and vigorous composition of MSW, obvious by significant heterogeneity. Furthermore, the study assesses the environmental risks associated with the landfill, highlighting elevated concentrations of certain pollutants. In conclusion, this research contributes valuable insights into the chemical characteristics of MSW obtained from the Bhalswa Landfill, offering a comprehensive understanding of its waste composition and associated environmental implications. The study's findings can advise waste management policies, landfill design, and environmental protection measures in the region, ultimately nurturing more sustainable MSW management practices in densely populated regions.

ABSTRACT. In a moderate seismic activity, relying solely on the static force method to estimate the seismic force assessing the vulnerability and behaviour of RCC buildings under seismic loads is insufficient. The seismic response of the building system is highly influenced by the analysis method adopted. In the past years, static approaches were preferred due to their simplicity, although these methods provided safe design, they may have been overly cautious. Dynamic analysis, on the other hand, is a fundamental aspect of structural mechanics, that describes and predicts the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic loads. Dynamic load includes wind, imposed load, earthquake, etc. Dynamic analysis techniques, such as modal analysis, time history analysis, and dynamic displacement analysis. RCC structures are mainly designed to resist static load. This process of ignoring dynamic events sometimes becomes the cause of disasters, especially in the case of earthquakes. This research paper provides information on the comparison of various parameters in static and dynamic analysis. Two RCC multistoried residential buildings (g+10 and g+25) acting on seismic zone IV are analyzed using the static analysis method and response spectrum method with ETABS 16. The research investigates the effect on various structural parameters such as story displacement, story drift, and support reactions. The results are compared and evaluated to assess the performance of the response spectrum method over the static analysis method.

ABSTRACT. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a critical environmental distress, with efficient waste compaction being a key aspect of landfill operations and waste volume reduction. This study presents the results of laboratory compaction testing on representative MSW samples and discusses the implications of these findings for waste management practices and landfill design. Using a series of well-designed laboratory experiments, this research investigates the compaction characteristics of MSW under controlled conditions. The study examines how variables such as moisture content, waste composition, and compaction methods influence the waste's compaction behavior. In doing so, it offers insights into the optimal compaction strategies for achieving maximum waste density and volume reduction. The laboratory findings reveal that MSW compaction is a complex process influenced by several factors. Moisture content was identified as a critical parameter, with both too little and too much moisture leading to reduced compaction efficiency. Furthermore, the composition of MSW, including the presence of bulky and non-compressible materials, significantly affected the compaction process. The implications of these findings extend to landfill operations, waste transportation, and overall waste management strategies. Efficient compaction techniques can lead to reduced landfill space requirements and prolonged landfill lifespan, ultimately contributing to more sustainable waste management practices. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of waste characterization and monitoring to optimize compaction processes at landfill sites. In conclusion, this research on compaction testing of municipal solid waste offers valuable insights into the laboratory findings and their implications for waste management.

ABSTRACT. Construction companies generate non-biodegradable waste that harms the environment. However, incorporating this waste into concrete can support sustainable and eco-friendly construction practices. The present investigations study the partial replacement of binder materials such as cement with marble dust powder (MDP), fine aggregate with copper slag (CPS), and coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), when substituted for coarse aggregate, to analyze concrete mechanical properties. A constant percentage of marble dust powder was added to replace the binder material (cement). Additionally, copper slag replaced 10%, 20%, and 30% of the fine aggregate, and recycled aggregate replaced 10%, 20%, and 30% of the coarse aggregate. According to the M-30 standard, water/cement ratios in concrete mixtures were kept at 0.4. Superplasticizers reduce water content and provide better strength. Specimens' compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths were evaluated for (7, 14, and 28) days after cure, respectively. These results indicate that incorporating 10% marble dust powder, 30% copper slag, and 10% recycled aggregate into concrete mixes yielded the optimum compression, tensile, and flexural strength after 28 days, at 34.33 N/mm2, 3.65 N/mm2, and 5.68 N/mm2, respectively, which displayed 10.27%, 17.74%, and 14.05% strength improvement from the control specimen. These additives can improve concrete's mechanical characteristics. Thus, these materials have the potential to serve as alternatives to conventional construction materials through partial replacement.

ABSTRACT. Although construction is universally acknowledged as a challenging, demanding, and hazardous undertaking, the level of danger and risk involved in this industry is significantly higher compared to other sectors. Sadly, developing countries have a much higher rate of accidents and fatalities on construction sites, often up to three times more than developed nations like the USA, Japan, and the UK. Despite the growing awareness of human values and safety management systems in the industrialized countries, the same cannot be said for developing countries such as Nepal, which lack appropriate safety measures. Occupational safety and health in Nepal is in dire need of improvement. Current practices are inadequate for promoting and protecting the health and safety of workers. Despite the existence of laws, their implementation is lacking, and safety standards are absent. Furthermore, the increasing complexity and sophistication of technology, as well as the demand for advanced skills in the workforce, require new approaches to safety management in construction firms, projects, and sites. However, traditional techniques and manual labor still dominate safety practices. This is mainly due to the high cost of implementing safety measures; which contractors perceive as outweighing the cost of non-compliance with the law. We will explore the existing laws and regulations related to occupational safety and health in Nepal's construction industry and evaluate their effectiveness in promoting and protecting the health and safety of workers. We will also examine the level of implementation of these laws and regulations in the industry and identify any gaps or challenges that hinder their proper implementation. The focus of this study is to examine the current safety management systems in Nepal, specifically with regard to government regulations, training, insurance policies, compensation systems, and personal protective equipment in the construction industry.

ABSTRACT. Structural optimization considering two objectives simultaneously would generate a set of optimal solutions, which is called a Pareto set, instead of a unique optimal solution and thus may not satisfy the requirements of designers. This paper focuses on proposing a comprehensive criterion to weight each objective and thus convert multi-objective optimization problems to single-objective optimization problems. In recent decades, the failure of bridges during service, as well as new construction has increased with an average of 129 bridges per year during the decade 2007–2017. The average age of the bridges is 34.53 years at failure during service against the prescribed design life of 100 years. The average age of failure of bridges in India is relatively high compared to failures in China (23.60 years) and much lower compared to failures in the USA (at least 51.70 years). Thus considering the local technical issues of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar are considered and based on that a general framework is tried to prepare. In this paper, the factors affecting the design of the flyover are identified. Further they are classified as dependent and independent parameters and the bounds of independent parameters are identified based on the manual design of the flyover.

ABSTRACT. This paper evaluates the effect for molarity of alkaline solution on development of Geopolymer High Performance Concrete (GHPC). The important parameters like alkaline/binder ratio (AL/B) , molarity of alkaline solution, curing temperature and fineness of binder plays an important role in the development of GHPC. Alkaline binder solutions like Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate were used in present investigation. Molarity of alkaline solution of Sodium Hydroxide was varied from M10, M12, M14 and M16. Alkaline binder ratio was considered as 0.35 and processed fly ash (FA) as a binder was used for development of GHPC in the present investigation and tested for compressive strength after 3 hours, 8 hours and 24 hours oven heat curing period. Oven heat curing temperature was maintained at 90˚C. It was observed that as the molarity of alkaline solution increases, compressive strength of cured geopolymer samples also increases moderately but workability of fresh geopolymer concrete mixes reduced from molarity M14 to M16.

ABSTRACT. The necessity for underground tunnels is of paramount importance in today's advancing world of development and transportation. Construction of twin tunnels have gained momentum due to their optimal utilization of underground space and enhanced structural stability. Particularly in earthquake-prone regions, the seismic vulnerability of such subterranean structures is a significant issue. This research studies the impact of constructing a new tunnel vertically above an existing one by increasing the vertical spacing under both static and seismic conditions. A 2D plane strain model is designed using Mohr-Coulomb criteria in Midas GTS NX software. The seismic simulation is performed using the Loma Preita earthquake in the horizontal direction. For this study, SeismoMatch generates response spectra-compatible time history data compatible with Delhi soil. Responses generated within the existing tunnel are compared before and after the construction of the new tunnel, in the form of lining forces and ground settlement troughs for static and seismic cases. The findings indicate that due to the construction of a new tunnel, lining forces decreased in the existing tunnel. In static analysis, forces such as axial force, bending moment and shear force, however, increase with greater spacing. Similar trend is observed in seismic analysis, where these forces are greater in single tunnel than in twin tunnels. This can be attributed to the vertical position and spacing of the new tunnel, which aid in the load sharing mechanism between the two tunnels. This phenomenon plays a pivotal role in the static and dynamic stability of the twin tunnel system.