ABSTRACT. Tunnels are essential components of modern transportation infrastructure, and their number and length continue to increase worldwide. Fires occurring in tunnels can lead to severe human, structural, and economic losses, primarily due to the rapid rise in temperature and the confined environment. To mitigate the consequences of tunnel fires, a combination of active and passive fire protection measures is applied. This paper presents an overview of key aspects related to the design of concrete tunnel linings exposed to severe fire scenarios based on the review of the existing literature. One of the most critical threats to tunnel linings is the explosive spalling of concrete. Compared to other concrete structures, tunnel linings are particularly vulnerable due to high heating rates during fires and their typically higher initial moisture content. The use of passive thermal protection systems, such as fire-resistant mortars or protective boards, as well as the incorporation of fibres into the concrete mix, has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of explosive spalling. Accordingly, this paper also discusses the effectiveness and limitations of these passive fire protection measures in enhancing the fire resistance of concrete tunnel linings.

ABSTRACT. Radon-222 accumulation in indoor environments represents a significant health hazard, yet standard assessment protocols largely focus on the initial properties of building materials, neglecting the temporal evolution of the concrete microstructure. This research addresses this omission by proposing a multiphysics simulation framework that links structural mechanics with radiation protection. Central to this approach is the CSR Simulator, a numerical tool acting as a digital twin for radon accumulation testing. By coupling a mechanical characterization engine with a mass transport solver, the simulator translates stress-strain states and rheological phenomena into local diffusivity variations. The comparative analysis reveals that ignoring the mechanical history of structural elements can lead to a significant underestimation of radiological risks.

ABSTRACT. Sludge disposals including tailings ponds should ideally be integral part of each Mine or production facility design at the first place. Taking care of tailings disposal is necessary during operational stage same as mine closure and its long term after care. We are all aware this is not always the case and extensive environmental protection measures have to be taken afterwards. Geosynthetics have been successfully used for capping of tailings disposals on multiple well researched and executed projects around the World. Possibilities to use geosynthetics as environmentally sound method of capping, including stability and installation issues will be explained in this paper related to closure of Red Mud Basins in Podgorica. High strength woven geotextiles and geocomposites made of high strength geogrids can be used. Beside all other issues it is mandatory to check resistance of applied geosynthetic product to chemicals present in disposed sludge. In the paper it will also be presented possible use of so called Active Geocomposites for adsorption of heavy metals on the pilot project in Finland. Authors believe similar pilot project can be established for cleaning of Mjednički potok water in Northern part of Montenegro.Active Geocomposites are products consisting of two layers of geosynthetics with active core in-between. Type of active agent/agents depends on a type of pollution targeted by installation of a geocomposite, while its quantity depends on the amount of pollution to be taken care of.

ABSTRACT. Green façades are increasingly recognized as low-technology nature-based solutions that can contribute to climate-responsive architectural design in Mediterranean urban environments. As a subtype of vertical greenery systems (VGS), green façades employ climbing plants and relatively simple support structures to provide seasonal shading, evapotranspirative cooling, and microclimatic modulation of building envelopes. While their environmental performance has been extensively investigated in Central and Southern Europe, their architectural application in Montenegro remains sporadic and insufficiently systematized. This paper examines green façades through a comparative review of façade support system typologies and climber plant species documented in Mediterranean European contexts. The analysis is structured using the Köppen – Geiger climate classification, with emphasis on Csa and adjacent transitional climate zones characteristic of Montenegrin territory. By correlating climatic parameters, plant biological characteristics, and façade system typologies, the study evaluates the contextual suitability of selected green façade strategies for Montenegrin urban environments. Rather than presenting new empirical performance data, the paper contributes a design-oriented synthesis that translates established European research into a locally relevant architectural framework. The findings aim to support architects in the informed integration of green façades as passive environmental components within climate-adaptive design approaches in Montenegro.

ABSTRACT. The first part of the paper focuses on the theoretical framework of architecture. The theoretical framework doesn't need to be rigidly defined; on the contrary, it should allow critical re-examination. Theory should provide a rational foundation for architects who approach each task as a form of research. In this sense, the answers to the questions of what space is, what housing is, what characterizes humans as beings of practice, and what defines the current political moment are not proposed to establish spatial concepts once and for all. Instead, these answers emerge through a series of practical and research-based actions. This approach should instill confidence in their applicability and emphasize the necessity of politically critical thinking, thereby contributing to the development of social responsibility. In addition to the part dedicated to the methodology of architectural theory, as a physicist checks his hypotheses in laboratory conditions, this work demonstrates a practical result in the conditions determined by the urban plans of Užice, the investor, and nature. Every practical project represents a test of theoretical concepts. The results, we believe, acknowledge the complexity of intervention within an urbanistically neglected area by initiating research into a typology specific to the city of Užice, one that enables high densities while adequately achieving all attributes of spatial comfort, including its social dimension. The proposed solution is characterized by a wide range of residential spatial organizations, favorable solar exposure, and a dynamic articulation of both horizontal and vertical planes, as well as of the overall massing. At the same time, a rationalization of the structural grid has been implemented, based on modular increments of 2.40, 4.80, and 5.40 meters. For what is architecture, if not a science practiced by artists?

ABSTRACT. Haludovo, opened in 1972 on the island of Krk, is a luxury tourist complex and a unique phenomenon of Yugoslav modernism. Designed by Croatian architect Boris Magaš, it reflects the political stability, economic optimism, and cultural openness towards the West characteristic of the 1970s. This paper examines Haludovo as a spatial artifact where architecture, tourism, popular culture, and socialist modernism intersect. Particular attention is paid to how the complex shaped and inscribed meanings into the cultural landscape through spatial poetics, the performativity of guests’ everyday life, and the ideological symbolism of the collaboration with Penthouse magazine. Through an analysis of spatial organization, architectural design principles, structural logic, and media narratives, Haludovo is positioned as a paradigm of Yugoslav tourist architecture in which architectural innovation, tourism development, and ideological representation converge within a single spatial framework.

ABSTRACT. Geological investigations in Montenegro are conducted in accordance with the Law on Geological Research (Official Gazette of Montenegro, Nos. 28/93, 27/94, 42/94, 26/07, 28/11 and 42/11). There are diferent types of geological investigations, and their scope and methods must be adapted to the intended purpose. During the planning and construction phases, engineering geological and geotechnical investigations are most commonly performed. Hydrogeological and geophysical investigations and measurements are carried out either as part of geotechnical investigations or as independent studies. Geological background data prepared for spatial planning purposes should identify limitations and prohibitions related to land use. This enables the guidance of urban expansion and the definition of planning conditions for sensitive areas. Inadequate geological background data or their improper interpretation may lead to numerous problems, such as landslides and rockfalls, excessive and differential settlements, karst collapses and material washout, construction of structures with insufficient seismic resistance, as well as deterioration of the capacity and quality of groundwater resources. In some cases, the problem is not the absence of geological documentation, but rather its insufficient quality and reliability, including inadequate investigation depth and density, non-representative samples used for testing, or the neglect and disregard of geological data and recommendations during subsequent design stages. In order to avoid potential problems and ensure the rational use of available resources, the role of the geologist is to accurately describe, define, and predict the geological conditions and characteristics of the investigated area, as well as to anticipate possible interactions between structures and the ground or the conditions for resource exploitation and protection. It is the responsibility of civil engineers and spatial planners to request and appropriately consider geological documentation in the planning and design process.

ABSTRACT. The construction industry is known for an extremely high number of work-related injuries due to crane operations. The human factor is a key contributor to the increase in work-related injuries associated with crane use, most often due to inadequate training and insufficient knowledge of safety procedures. Given that education plays a key role in ensuring occupational safety and health in the construction industry, the paper focuses on the educational aspects of Health and Safety (HSE) training for crane operators, with particular reference to its impact on both occupational safety and construction project performance. A review of the relevant literature found that traditional training methods are primarily theoretical and do not provide sufficient practical experience, namely, familiarization with risks through direct exposure. In this regard, modern research employs Virtual Reality (VR) technology to support HSE training for crane operators. In Serbia, such programs have not yet been implemented, creating significant opportunities for innovation in HSE training for crane operators and in construction education.

ABSTRACT. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly presented as a way to improve productivity and decision-making in the construction industry. In practice, its value depends not only on the capabilities of software tools, but also on whether a company is ready to use them—through available data, mature workflows, and a clear understanding of costs and benefits. This paper examines how AI can be applied in construction companies, focusing on real adoption conditions, common use cases across the project life cycle, and suitability for organizations of different sizes. The discussion is organized around the main prerequisites (data quality, process standardization, and digital foundations such as BIM) and the most frequent obstacles (skills gaps, resistance to change, fragmented information flows, and procurement limitations). A practical decision framework is outlined to help organizations select AI use cases with measurable outcomes, align solutions with their level of process maturity, and focus on the operational bottlenecks where benefits are most likely—such as quality management, progress transparency, and estimation throughput. In addition, the paper considers how feasibility and expected impact vary by company size, and whether AI adoption is justified for small, medium-sized, and large organizations under typical resource constraints. The paper concludes with practical guidance on tool-selection logic and phased implementation, emphasizing low-risk starting points and scalable steps toward broader digital transformation.

ABSTRACT. The creation and maintenance of an accurate traffic signalization cadastre are essential for effective traffic management and improved road safety in urban environments. Conventional surveying methods are often time-consuming, costly, and insufficiently adaptable to the demands of large and dynamic cities. Modern surveying and geospatial technologies provide opportunities for faster data acquisition, higher accuracy, and improved accessibility of spatial information. This paper presents the application of modern surveying and GIS technologies in the development of a digital traffic signalization cadastre, with a focus on mobile laser scanning (MLS), GNSS positioning, LiDAR data processing, and Web-GIS solutions. The proposed methodology enables efficient data collection, precise georeferencing, and detailed spatial representation of traffic infrastructure elements such as traffic signs, road markings, and pedestrian crossings. The methodology is demonstrated through a case study conducted in the central area of the City of Belgrade. Mobile mapping data was processed, classified, and vectorized using specialized software tools and subsequently integrated into a Web-GIS application designed for visualization, quality control, and database management. The results show that the implemented GIS-based traffic signalization cadastre improves data accuracy, reduces fieldwork duration, and enables real-time access and efficient updating of spatial data. The proposed approach represents a scalable solution for urban traffic infrastructure management and provides a foundation for future smart city applications.

ABSTRACT. Voluntary firefighting units play a significant role in disaster risk reduction and emergency response systems, particularly at the local level, where they often represent the first operational capacity available. Despite their importance, data and information on their organizational characteristics, human resources, equipment, and interoperability potential remain limited. This paper presents research conducted within the InDiMaND project, focusing on the categorization and operational capacities of voluntary firefighting units in the Republic of Serbia. The study combines desk research of national regulatory frameworks with primary data collected through direct communication with voluntary firefighting organizations. A structured survey was used to gather information on organizational status, personnel strength, skill profiles, equipment availability, and declared capacity for cross-border operations. The analysis provides insight into variations in capacities among voluntary units and highlights the role of categorization systems in supporting operational readiness and coordination. The findings indicate that legally defined categorization frameworks enhance transparency and facilitate integration of voluntary units into national emergency management systems. However, the results also reveal gaps related to cross-border experience and interoperability. By linking empirical data with regional standard operating procedure (SOP) analysis, this paper contributes evidence-based insights to ongoing discussions on standardization and harmonization of voluntary firefighting capacities within the Danube Region and beyond.

ABSTRACT. One of the primary factors that should be taken into consideration as a basis for the development of sustainable civil engineering and urbanistic practices in the future is the tendency of fast global urbanization. Nowadays, over half of all people on the planet live in cities. Air pollution and surface warming are two environmental problems brought on by urbanization. Urban heat islands (UHI) are a major issue in cities, caused by lack of greenery, CO₂ emissions from buildings, city-generated greenhouse gases, and construction and demolition waste (C&DW). This paper reviews advances in using concrete made from C&D waste to mitigate UHI effects. It highlights innovative recycling methods that improve concrete’s thermal and environmental performance. Rapid urbanization has increased surface warming and air pollution, making UHI mitigation vital for sustainable urban growth. The study focuses on reflective concrete pavers with C&D waste to boost albedo and lower temperatures in dense cities. This approach addresses waste management and reduces CO₂ and greenhouse gas emissions, supporting net-zero goals. The review covers C&D waste types, processing, thermal improvements, urban microclimate impacts, case studies, challenges, and future research, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners dedicated to sustainable infrastructure and climate adaptation in urban environments.

ABSTRACT. Fire is one of the most severe actions affecting concrete structures, as it degrades the physical and mechanical properties of concrete and thus reduces load-bearing capacity and structural stability. Therefore, resistance to elevated temperatures is a key property that should be explicitly considered in the design of concrete structures. This paper investigates the influence of siliceous (quartz–keratophyre) aggregate and polypropylene fibers on the residual mechanical properties of concrete exposed to high temperatures. The aggregate was sourced from the “Okruglički krš” quarry near Štitarica (Mojkovac, Montenegro). Two concrete mixtures were prepared using identical cement, aggregate and admixtures: a reference mix and a fiber-reinforced mix containing Sika Fiber PPM-12 polypropylene fibers. Cylindrical cores (Ø/h = 54/100 mm), representing the cover zone of reinforced concrete elements, were exposed to temperatures between 100°C and 1100°C for 90 minutes, followed by slow cooling. Residual uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were determined and compared with the reduction factors specified in Eurocode 2 (MEST EN 1992-1-2). The results show that concrete with siliceous aggregate retains favourable residual mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. At 700°C, compressive strength was reduced by approximately 50–80%, while the specimens preserved their structural integrity; at 1100°C, only about 10–15% of the initial strength remained. The fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher retained strength and stiffness, particularly in the 500–700°C range, and showed a significantly reduced risk of explosive spalling. The experimentally obtained reduction factors are in good agreement with the provisions of Eurocode 2, confirming that the combination of local siliceous aggregate and polypropylene fibers represents a technically justified solution for concrete elements exposed to fire.

ABSTRACT. Reinforced concrete beam-column joints are critical regions in moment-resisting frames due to the complex interaction of axial force, bending and shear concentrated within the joint core, particularly under seismic-type actions. Accurate numerical modelling of these regions is therefore essential for understanding their global response and for supporting performance-based assessment and design. This paper presents a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of an RC beam–column joint developed in ANSYS. Concrete is simulated using the coupled damage–plasticity (CDP) microplane formulation, which enables realistic representation of stiffness degradation and post-peak softening, while the reinforcement is modelled discretely. The numerical model is subjected to quasi-static, displacement-controlled loading conditions validated through comparison with experimental force–displacement data available in the literature. A mesh sensitivity study is performed to evaluate the influence of element type (hexahedral vs. prismatic) and mesh density (25, 35, 50 and 100 mm) on the global force–displacement response, and computational efficiency. The results show good agreement with the experimental curve in terms of initial stiffness and peak resistance, while larger differences occur in the post-peak softening range. Although prismatic meshes may provide slightly faster convergence in the global response, they require substantially higher computational effort. Overall, hexahedral discretisation offers a favourable balance between accuracy and runtime for global response analyses and parametric studies of RC joints.

ABSTRACT. The paper presents time-frequency characteristics of two different types of mother wavelets. Wavelets used for the continuous wavelet transform. The continuous wavelet transform is used to analyze continuous functions also be interpreted numerically. Numerical interpretation of the continuous wavelet transform is appropriate for time-frequency analysis of recorded acceleration responses of civil engineering structures (or other mechanical dynamic systems) in the sense of modal properties determination, such as natural frequencies, damping, and mode shapes. Likewise, the analysis has the advantage of the classical Fourier method for determining those values from a short-recorded signal. Small sensitivity to noise is also an advantage. Morlet wavelets (one specific case of the Gabor wavelet) and Cauchy wavelets are considered, and their comparison made. The mentioned wavelets belong to a large family of complex wavelets defined by analytic functions. The Morlet wavelet is only an approximate analytic function, but it represents a specific wavelet because it achieves the best time-frequency resolution. The Cauchy wavelet is an analytic function and it adopted for analysis because it can represents by relatively simple functions in both, frequency and time domains. The Heisenberg box area for Morlet/Gabor wavelets remains constant as its parameters change. It has the minimum possible value according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The Heisenberg box area for the Cauchy wavelet varies with its parameter. In accordance with this change, the instantaneous frequencies and Wigner-Ville distribution also change in such a way that the Cauchy wavelet becomes more and more similar to the corresponding Morlet and Gabor wavelet.

ABSTRACT. Satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (InSAR) has become an increasingly relevant tool for bridge monitoring, offering non-contact, long-term displacement measurements at the millimeter level precision. The growing availability of satellite data and advanced time-series processing techniques has enabled numerous applications of InSAR to bridge monitoring. However, the engineering interpretation of satellite-derived displacements and their integration into structural assessment and decision-making frameworks remain challenging. This paper presents a review of the existing literature on satellite-based monitoring of bridges, focusing on three key structural components: superstructures, piers and foundations, and bearings and expansion joints. For each component, the deformations that can be reliably observed using InSAR are discussed, together with the main limitations related to radar geometry, temporal resolution, and measurement uncertainty. Particular attention is given to the separation of thermal and long-term deformation signals, as well as to the role of structural understanding in the interpretation of satellite observations. Key challenges are also emphasized, such as atmospheric artefacts, Line-of-Sight (LOS) geometry constraints, phase noise, ambiguities in displacement interpretation. Furthermore, the paper outlines how InSAR-derived displacement measurements can be incorporated into monitoring-based structural assessment frameworks through probabilistic updating of uncertain model parameters. The review shows that InSAR is most effective for monitoring bridge piers and foundations, highly informative for assessing superstructure behavior at the serviceability level, and promising indirect indicator of load-bearing capacity. When combined with appropriate interpretation strategies, satellite-based monitoring represents a valuable complementary tool for bridge assessment and management.

ABSTRACT. Structures designed and constructed on sloped terrain are exposed to significantly higher seismic risk compared to buildings located on flat ground, particularly in seismically active regions. These risks arise from geometric irregularity, pronounced stiffness imbalance, and complex soil–structure interaction conditions. Buildings on sloped terrain often exhibit vertical irregularities such as setbacks, step-backs and cascading storeys, further complicating their seismic response. Non-uniform soil conditions and potential slope instability may additionally cause uneven force distribution, overstressing certain structural elements while others remain lightly loaded. Due to ground configuration and architectural requirements, such buildings frequently incorporate very stiff reinforced concrete walls on the uphill, partially embedded side, while the downhill side is characterized by substantially more flexible structural elements. This configuration leads to abrupt changes in stiffness and strength between storeys, plan irregularity, and pronounced torsional irregularity, resulting in amplified displacement and force demands at flexible edges and corners. The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether current seismic design codes adequately address torsional irregularity in buildings on sloped terrain, with particular focus on partially embedded structures resulting from terrain inclination and architectural constraints. The torsional irregularity criteria prescribed in Eurocode 8, which are based on the dynamic characteristics of the structure, are examined and compared with approaches adopted in other regulations, where torsional irregularity is defined through comparisons of maximum and average storey drift. A case study of a representative is presented, including classification with respect to torsional regularity according to both approaches and a comparative analysis of the resulting internal forces. Based on these results, conclusions are drawn regarding the applicability and limitations of existing code provisions for this class of structures.

ABSTRACT. Traditional unreinforced masonry buildings, as the most common building typology in the historic centers of Croatian cities, represent a significant historical and cultural asset of urban environments. At the same time, they are a critical factor in the seismic vulnerability of these areas. Local damage in masonry buildings is primarily classified into in-plane and out-of-plane (OOP) damage. After the earthquake near the town of Petrinja at the end of 2020, in the city center, the dominant failure mechanism was the out-of-plane failure of masonry walls. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate that the activation of such mechanisms poses a direct threat to human life and to emphasize the importance of recognizing early indicators of their formation and identify structures susceptible to OOP activation. This capability is particularly critical for rapid post-earthquake building assessments, enabling timely evaluation of structural vulnerability and the mitigation of risks to both occupants and field professionals. Within this study, out-of-plane failure mechanisms observed in the historic core of Petrinja after 2020 earthquake are categorized based on a described methodology. The classification considers the geometric characteristics of the mechanisms, their position within the building, and other relevant features. The resulting distribution of damage categories is illustrated using pie charts, along with a final map that plots all identified failure mechanisms. Buildings are marked according to the type of mechanism, either fully developed or indicated by the presence of cracks. This study demonstrates a practical approach for systematically documenting, classifying, and mapping out-of-plane failure mechanisms in historic masonry buildings, providing critical information for post-earthquake assessment and risk mitigation.

ABSTRACT. The preservation of architectural heritage through digital documentation has become a fundamental component of contemporary conservation practice. Three-dimensional digitization technologies enable detailed recording and analysis of historic structures, creating comprehensive digital archives that support conservation planning, restoration, Building Information Modeling (BIM), and public engagement. As these technologies continue to evolve, they offer advanced and accessible solutions for heritage documentation. This paper presents a structured review of digitization techniques for architectural heritage documentation, tracing their evolution from traditional hardware-based methods to recent AI-based approaches. Terrestrial laser scanning is examined as an established solution, with attention to its geometric precision and its limitations in cost and accessibility. Image-based reconstruction methods, such as photogrammetry, are analyzed as workflows that enable more accessible 3D capture using ordinary cameras. Particular emphasis is placed on neural rendering techniques, Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS), which shift from explicit to implicit 3D representations and can enable photorealism and real-time interactive visualization. This paper serves as a review that outlines the strengths and limitations of both traditional and AI-based digitization methods, with particular focus on NeRF and 3D Gaussian Splatting in terms of visual fidelity, processing time, and practical applicability for heritage documentation. The main contribution of this paper is a criteria-based comparison framework that supports informed selection of digitization methods for heritage projects and highlights hybrid workflows as a best-practice solution. The review also discusses workflows that combine geometric accuracy with visual fidelity, alongside persistent challenges including computational scalability for large heritage sites.

ABSTRACT. Steel hall assembly in mountainous and remote regions is highly sensitive to geometric deviations that may occur due to wind loads, uneven foundations, temporary bracing imperfections, and human-induced positioning errors. Even small spatial misalignments between columns and beams during erection can accumulate into critical structural risks, yet current construction practice relies almost exclusively on visual inspection and post-installation surveying. This paper proposes a real-time geometric risk detection framework based on low-cost GPS sensors and neural-network-based pattern recognition to monitor structural alignment during steel hall assembly. Each primary structural element (columns and roof beams) is equipped with a GPS tag that continuously transmits three-dimensional coordinates to a central processing unit. These data streams are processed by a neural network trained to recognize normal geometric evolution patterns during correct assembly and to detect abnormal deviations such as excessive drift, skewness, or diagonal distortion. Instead of requiring precise absolute positioning, the model learns relative geometric relationships between key nodes of the structure, allowing it to identify emerging instability in early construction stages. The proposed framework is validated through a case study of a steel hall planned for heavy-vehicle storage in Zabljak, Montenegro, a high-altitude site characterized by strong winds and construction constraints. Simulation and pilot-scale testing demonstrate that the system can detect critical geometric deviations several minutes before they become visually observable, enabling proactive corrective actions. The results indicate that GPS-driven neural monitoring can serve as a foundation for real-time digital twins and significantly improve construction-phase structural safety in harsh environments.

ABSTRACT. Real-time geometric monitoring during steel hall assembly has strong potential to improve construction-phase safety; however, its practical applicability depends on robustness under imperfect sensing conditions. In real construction environments, global positioning system (GPS) measurements are affected by noise, temporary signal loss, and occasional sensor failures, which may compromise the reliability of data-driven safety assessments. This paper investigates the robustness of a GPS-based neural network framework for geometric risk detection under realistic sensor degradation scenarios. The study evaluates the behavior of a previously developed geometric risk monitoring system when subjected to varying levels of positioning noise, intermittent data dropouts, and partial loss of GPS sensors. Rather than relying on absolute positioning accuracy, the framework analyzes relative geometric relationships and their temporal evolution to estimate a continuous risk index representing the likelihood of geometric instability during assembly. Multiple disturbance scenarios are simulated to reflect typical on-site conditions encountered during steel erection in challenging environments. Results show that the neural network maintains stable and meaningful risk predictions under moderate noise levels and short-term signal interruptions, without generating excessive false alarms. Even in scenarios involving partial sensor failure, the system continues to capture global geometric trends and detect the onset of unsafe conditions with limited delay. These findings demonstrate that neural-network-based geometric risk monitoring can remain reliable under non-ideal sensing conditions, supporting its applicability in real construction projects. The paper provides practical insight into the resilience requirements of intelligent monitoring systems and contributes to the development of robust digital safety tools for construction-phase applications.

ABSTRACT. The research focuses on the automated detection of structural elements in 2D technical documentation using deep learning algorithms. The study's primary goal was to verify the effectiveness of models based on the YOLO11 architecture in recognizing reinforced-concrete columns, foundation footings, and structural markers on floor plans. The reference dataset consisted of 57 architectural drawings at a 1:100 scale, which were converted to raster PNG format to ensure consistent spatial resolution during training. Methodology involved the application of transfer learning, utilizing pre-trained weights from the COCO dataset subsequently fine-tuned for architectural features. A significant part of the experiment involved examining the influence of input image dimensions, testing resolutions between 480 and 1440 pixels to identify trends in detection efficiency. Experimental results clearly demonstrated a strong correlation between resolution and model performance, with performance metrics degrading at lower scales due to loss of morphological detail. Concrete columns, being the smallest objects, proved the most challenging to identify, highlighting the need for high-fidelity data to avoid false negatives. Comparison of the YOLO11n, 11s, and 11m variants showed that higher model capacity improves feature generalization and spatial context interpretation. Ultimately, the study confirms the viability of the YOLO family for automated engineering tasks, provided that a balance is struck between hardware constraints and the required precision for small-scale structural components.

ABSTRACT. The construction industry is experiencing a period of accelerated transformation driven by technological advancement, environmental regulation, and organizational change. Increasing project complexity, workforce shortages, and sustainability requirements are placing growing pressure on traditional construction practices and delivery models. As a result, industry stakeholders are required to adapt to new approaches that emphasize integration, data-driven decision-making, and long-term performance. This paper presents a review of key trends expected to shape the construction industry in 2026, with a focus on their implications for project delivery and industry organization. The analysis is based on a qualitative review of recent professional publications and industry reports addressing digitalization, automation, sustainability, workforce dynamics, and supply chain management. Rather than examining isolated technologies, the paper focuses on recurring themes that reflect broader structural changes within the sector. The findings indicate that digitalization, including the increasing use of digital twins, forms the foundation for improved coordination across project phases. Automation and robotics contribute to productivity and safety improvements, particularly in response to labor shortages. At the same time, sustainability requirements and regulatory pressure are reshaping design and procurement processes through a stronger emphasis on life-cycle performance and transparency. Workforce transformation and supply chain resilience further influence the effectiveness of these developments. The paper concludes that the primary challenge facing the construction industry is not the adoption of individual technologies, but the integration of multiple trends into coherent operational frameworks. Organizations capable of aligning digital infrastructure, professional competencies, and adaptive management practices are better positioned to respond to evolving market and regulatory conditions.

ABSTRACT. Effective technical monitoring is essential for dam safety management, as it provides the only reliable means of detecting adverse trends in dam behavior before they evolve into safety-critical conditions. This is particularly important for embankment dams with a clay core, where seepage behavior, pore pressure response, and deformation patterns represent key indicators of structural stability. This paper presents a critical assessment of an existing technical monitoring system and proposes a modernization concept, using the Pridvorica Dam as a representative case study. The original monitoring system, implemented during the dam construction phase in the early 1980s, relies predominantly on manual measurements and first-generation instrumentation. Such an approach results in low temporal resolution, discontinuous data records, and limited availability of monitoring results in real time, significantly constraining effective dam safety control. In contrast to many studies focused on newly designed or fully automated monitoring systems, this paper specifically addresses the modernization of legacy, manually operated dam monitoring systems, which remain common at existing embankment dams. The analysis is based on selected long-term monitoring data, including reservoir water levels, pore and total pressures within the clay core, piezometric levels, and horizontal and vertical displacements of the dam body. Based on clearly defined dam safety control criteria, the key limitations of the existing monitoring system are identified, particularly with respect to measurement frequency, data continuity, and the reliable capture of short-term dam responses during rapid reservoir level changes. The paper further proposes a practical and transferable modernization concept based on telemetric sensors, automated data acquisition, wireless data transmission, and integration into a centralized information system.The results demonstrate that targeted modernization of legacy monitoring systems represents a cost-effective and technically robust approach to improving dam safety management in operational embankment dams.

ABSTRACT. The Knićanin-Čenta catchment area, situated in Central Banat, is a fertile agricultural region influenced by the water levels of nearby rivers, including the Danube, Tisa, Begej, and the Karaš canal. During May and June 2019, while the TurkStream gas pipeline was under construction, the area experienced substantial rainfall. The damage to parcels was extensive, with as much as 80-90% damage to plant crops, while 35% of the total area of the Knićanin-Čenta system was flooded. The objective of this study was to determine whether, and to what extent, the construction of the gas pipeline – specifically the construction of barriers and the installation of pipes in the canals – was the cause of, or impacted, the extent of damage from these floods. To address this objective, a hydrological-hydraulic model was developed using EPA SWMM 5.1. A comparative analysis was performed between two scenarios that used identical hydrological-hydraulic data. The first model simulated conditions without barriers or pipes in the canals, while the second model analyzed the effect of their presence on the melioration canals. This study presents the concept of addressing this issue, the method of model calibration, and the definition of a set of input hydrological-hydraulic parameters. The model results are presented in the form of maximum flooding maps that show the spatial and temporal distribution of water overflow from the canal.

ABSTRACT. Floods represent one of the most significant natural hazards in Montenegro, with pronounced negative impacts on the population, infrastructure, economy, and environment. They occur due to the specific geomorphological and hydrological characteristics of the territory of Montenegro, as well as the pronounced impact of climate change. Intense rainfall, sudden rises in water levels, urbanization without adequate planning, and the degradation of natural areas further increase the likelihood and scale of flood events. This paper provides a brief overview of the activities carried out so far within the framework of the implementation of the Floods Directive (Directive 2007/60/EC) in Montenegro, with a special focus on the importance of construction measures in reducing flood risk. The paper presents the key elements of the project for the construction of the embankment on the River Lim in Berane, as well as an analysis of its contribution to the prevention of flood events that occurred in that area in the past. The results indicate that properly designed and maintained embankment can significantly reduce the risk of flooding, especially in areas with high population density and economic value. However, it is emphasized that these measures should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of an integrated flood risk management system, which includes spatial planning, watercourse monitoring, the preservation of natural ecosystems, and the application of non-structural measures. It is concluded that the combination of construction and planning measures represents a key approach for the long-term and sustainable reduction of flood risk in Montenegro.

ABSTRACT. In the contemporary context of increasingly frequent hydrological disasters caused by climate change, flood risk management has become a key issue for the sustainable development of urban areas. However, in many communities, access to advanced software tools and accurate spatial data remains limited, posing a challenge for conducting reliable analyses and making timely decisions in flood risk management. This paper presents a simulation of the impact of structural barriers on floodplain extent in urban environments, with a particular focus on the city of Novi Sad. Using free GIS tools, analyses were conducted for three scenarios: without a protective levee, with a continuous levee, and with a localized breach. The results indicate that, in the absence of levees, more than 70% of the settlement area would be affected by flooding, whereas functional protection completely safeguards the area. However, the breach scenario demonstrates that even localized damage can result in flooding of more than 30% of the urban space. The methodological framework is based on the application of a digital terrain model and simple open-source GIS tools, enabling rapid and accessible flood vulnerability assessment under conditions of limited resources. The advantages of this approach lie in its ease of implementation and the quantitative interpretation of results, while the limitations are related to the lack of dynamic hydraulic parameters and the dependence on the accuracy of input data. The findings confirm that levees play a crucial role in reducing flood risk but also highlight their vulnerability to localized damage. The presented approach can contribute to spatial planning and preliminary flood risk assessment, while future research should focus on integration with more detailed hydraulic models and the inclusion of nature-based protection measures.

ABSTRACT. The seismic exposure characterization requires spatially distributed information on building typologies and structural attributes at municipal scale. Within the EXPLORA project, a scientific-research project implemented within the framework of the Scientific and Technological Agreement between the Government of Montenegro and the Government of the Republic of Italy for the period 2022–2025, an expert-based typological survey tool (EXPLORA-T) was developed to rapidly collect reliable exposure-relevant data for Montenegrin municipalities. The EXPLORA-T form adapts the Italian CARTIS framework to the construction context of Montenegro and supports municipality-wide sector delineation, typology identification, and attribute assessment through structured interviews with qualified local technicians.This paper presents the pilot application of the EXPLORA-T survey in Bar Municipality. The Bar municipality was subdivided into three representative sectors ensuring a comprehensive sampling of different urban, historic, and rural contexts. Survey data were collected in-person by experienced engineers, enabling the identification of prevailing reinforced concrete and masonry typologies and their distinguishing structural and architectural characteristics. The results demonstrate the capacity of the EXPLORA-T approach to capture typological variability relevant for seismic exposure modeling, providing expert-validated information that complements census datasets. The Bar pilot confirms the applicability of the survey as a scalable component towards a national exposure model and supports future integration with automated image-processing workflows.

ABSTRACT. Rapid urbanization poses significant challenges for stormwater management, particularly in the context of urban flooding. Conversion of natural and semi-natural surfaces into impervious urban areas such as roads, roofs, and paved public spaces disrupts the natural water cycle, reducing infiltration and increasing runoff volumes and peak flows. This has resulted in increased pressure on conventional drainage systems, which are often incapable of handling intense rainfall events, especially under changing climatic conditions. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), also known as Low Impact Development (LID) or Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD), have emerged as integrated approaches to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization and climate change. By promoting retention, infiltration, and controlled drainage, SUDS measures reduce flood risk, improve water quality, and enhance ecological and social values in urban areas. An important aspect of improvement is also educating the population about the significance of proper stormwater management and the potential for its sustainable use. This paper presents an overview of SUDS principles, typical measures, benefits, and implementation challenges, with a focus on applicability in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Lessons from European examples, including the UK, Germany, and Scandinavia, are discussed to highlight best practices and their potential adaptation to the regional context. This review highlights that SUDS are not merely technical solutions but multifunctional interventions that reconcile hydrological, ecological, and societal objectives, making them essential tools for resilient and sustainable urban water management.

ABSTRACT. The decarbonisation of the built environment represents one of the central challenges of contemporary civil engineering practice and policy, requiring not only technological innovation but also a profound transformation of skills and competencies across the construction value chain. Despite significant regulatory progress at the European level, including strengthened requirements for nearly zero-energy and zero-emission buildings, persistent gaps remain between policy ambitions, technological solutions, and the practical capabilities of designers, engineers, and construction professionals. Education and training systems have struggled to keep pace with these developments, particularly with regard to practical, interdisciplinary, and execution-oriented learning. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have emerged as promising tools for addressing these challenges by enabling immersive, experiential learning environments that bridge the gap between theory and practice. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of VR- and AR-based training approaches in the context of energy-efficient and decarbonised new and existing buildings. The review synthesises findings from peer-reviewed scientific literature alongside evidence from recent European initiatives focused on digitalisation of construction-sector training. The analysis highlights the potential of immersive technologies to enhance spatial understanding, improve coordination across disciplines, reduce safety risks, and support scalable upskilling for deep renovation and zero-emission building implementation. At the same time, the paper identifies key barriers to adoption, including costs, lack of standardised curricula, limited educator preparedness, and challenges related to institutional integration. The findings underline the role of immersive digital training as a strategic enabler for achieving decarbonisation objectives in the building sector and provide directions for future research, education, and policy development.

ABSTRACT. Structure of Hangar -2 facility on airport Nikola Tesla in Belgrade erected a 40 years ago with 135.80m long span posttensioned with cables outside of exceptional structure during period of construction, on several occasions, carried out inspections and different type of measurements, particularly on main roof beams. Measurements included posttensioned cable force measurement, strain measurement on RC section, deflections of main roof beams, etc. Paper considers strain state in main RC roof beams in the last inspection carried out in 2025 and comparison with available data of strain state in cross section at measuring points establish in previous period, which reported in available inspection reports. For initial state are assumed strain state after so-called II phase of posttensioning 1985 with presence of approx. 90-95% dead load, which reported in inspection report from 2018. From the report dated on 2018 (so-called Main inspection report) reported actual strain state in measuring sections at measuring points on the same positions as in 1985. Furthermore, during the last inspection of structure 2025, established corresponding strain state at measuring points in main roof beams in all three main roof beams, as in the previous period. Finally, after comparison of available data of strain measurements on RC cross section carried out comparison of such data, and made conclusions, which show adequate and expected strain state during a long-term period.

ABSTRACT. Paper presents the initial results of analysis of the efficiency of regionally available secondary materials to sequester CO2 through enhanced mineral carbonation. Six secondary materials of local origin were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and chemical reactivity by R3 test, to assess their suitability for carbonation. Mineral carbonation was enhanced using moist carbonation protocol under controlled laboratory conditions. Materials were pre-treated, exposed to elevated CO₂ concentrations in a carbonation chamber and analyzed over a 28-day period to assess their experimental CO₂ uptake. Carbonation efficiency was determined as the ratio between the percentage of CO2 sequestered experimentally and the theoretical CO2 value. Among tested materials, biomass ash and paper sludge ash show promising potential for CO₂ uptake. In the continuation of presented study, wider set of secondary materials and carbonation approaches will be tested, with a goal of transforming underutilised regional secondary raw materials into net-zero construction products by permanently sequestering CO₂ through enhanced mineral carbonation.

ABSTRACT. The evaluation of initial geometric imperfections in steel structural elements is essential for assessing their stability and performing accurate structural analyses. In modern engineering practice, rapid technological advancements have enabled the development of various methods and techniques for measuring these imperfections. Traditional geodetic tools, such as total stations and digital levels, have been supplemented by advanced optical and laser-based systems, including terrestrial laser scanning, photogrammetry, and laser trackers. These innovations offer different levels of precision and spatial coverage, ranging from discrete point measurements to full-field surface models. Consequently, researchers and engineers can select and combine measurement methods based on specific needs for accuracy, efficiency, and scale, ensuring dependable data collection and thorough structural assessments. This paper reviews both traditional and advanced geodetic measurement techniques used to assess the initial geometric imperfections of steel structural components, drawing on numerous research studies conducted at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade. Methods include robotised total stations with monitoring ball prisms, terrestrial laser scanning, close-range photogrammetry, and an absolute tracking system. The findings show that all these methods deliver both global and local imperfection data, ensuring high reliability and accuracy.

ABSTRACT. Paper presents the design procedure of a steel load-bearing elevator structure installed in existing multi-storey building. Design aims to minimize interventions to the existing load-bearing reinforced concrete structure and to reduce the impact of construction works on building residents. 20.7 m high steel structure is located in Zadar. Load-bearing system is spatial 3D frame composed of vertical and horizontal elements. Lateral stability of the frame is achieved through connections to the existing building at floor levels, thereby limiting lateral displacements and ensuring a more favorable distribution of internal forces. The design process includes a detailed determination of loads and their transfer to the load-bearing structure. Permanent loads include the self-weight of the steel elements and the loads from the finishing cladding, while variable loads comprise snow and wind loads acting in both principal directions. Wind load is considered using combinations of external and internal pressures, with the load distributed over height zones to provide a more realistic representation of its variation along the structure height. Local loads from the elevator drive machinery, counterweight, and suspension components are introduced as concentrated forces and moments at their actual points of application, while the effects of the guide rails are represented in the model by lateral forces transmitted to the structure through the attachment points. Design was performed using a linear elastic analysis of a three-dimensional beam model. Load combinations were generated for the ultimate and serviceability limit states. The verification results confirm compliance with the requirements for both limit states of all structural elements. Additionally, the connection of the elevator structure to the existing building was analyzed, confirming the safety of load transfer and the reliability of the proposed solution.

ABSTRACT. Fire resistance of steel elements is a critical aspect of structural fire engineering, particularly when members are exposed to non-uniform thermal conditions. Unlike standard fire scenarios that assume uniform heating, localized fires generate highly uneven temperature distributions along structural members and across their cross-sections, leading to complex thermal and mechanical responses. This paper investigates the behavior of steel truss elements subjected to localized fire exposure, demonstrating that standard fire tests do not always represent realistic fire conditions or the actual structural response, especially in large fire compartments where flashover is unlikely. In the first step, a localized fire scenario is defined for an industrial hall by determining the temperature distribution along the fire plume axis. Subsequently, the study examines the development of temperature gradients within truss elements, the degradation of steel material properties, and the resulting reduction in axial load-bearing capacity under localized fire exposure. A detailed case study is presented to evaluate the structural response of steel truss elements subjected to combined thermal and mechanical loading. The results highlight the significant influence of localized fire on the buckling stability and failure mechanisms of steel truss elements, showing that conventional standard fire exposure may lead to unconservative predictions. The findings contribute to a better understanding of steel structures subjected to realistic fire scenarios and provide valuable insights for improving fire-resistant design of steel truss systems.

ABSTRACT. Experimental research is always interesting and important for determining the load capacity of certain structural elements, as a confirmation of theoretical and numerical research. It can be stated that this method of research is the most demanding and the most interesting. Column web resistance in transverse compression is the component which is under research. The beam-column bolted connections with end plates are being analyzed. Research of this type of connection is currently being conducted at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Podgorica (UoM). Real models are made, whose load capacity testing is carried out in the laboratory of the faculty. The paper deals with experimental research and a theoretical approach for calculating the resistance of above-mentioned component. In experimental research as a parent material is used steel S235JR and the web thickness changes, but thickness of the end plate is always the same. In Eurocode EN 1993-1-8 expressions for determining the resistance of the specific component of the connection are given. The paper explains in detail the theoretical background of the expressions used to calculate the load capacity of this component. The aim of this paper is to present theoretical and experimental approach for solving the same problem. Through the paper, a general conclusion was given in relation to the load capacities obtained experimentally and those obtained through the expression from the standard. The first author of this paper is a PHD student at Faculty of Civil Engineering in Podgorica (UoM) and deals with aluminium structures, specifically with the component two. The experiment described above serves as a check for the main experiment that will be done with the aluminum models. The goal of the doctoral thesis is to check and possibly supplement the valid expression for a given component in aluminium structures, which is given in prEN 1991-1-1.

ABSTRACT. Material imperfections, i.e. residual stresses represent an inherent consequence of welding and fabrication processes in steel structures and need to be considered in different types of structural analyses. A large number of residual stress models have been proposed in the literature, employing different assumptions and levels of idealization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of residual stress models developed for welded I-section steel members. Models ranging from early idealized formulations to more recent approaches are considered, including models based on design recommendations, simplified formulations developed for finite element implementation, and models derived from experimental and statistical evaluations. The main features of each group of models are described and their differences are discussed. The review highlights that several widely used early models tend to overestimate residual stress magnitudes, particularly for high-strength steels. More recent studies, based on experimental investigations and statistical evaluation of measured data, demonstrate that the relative magnitude of residual stresses decreases with increasing steel grade. In addition, later models introduce stress levels related to the yield strength and consider a wider range of parameters, such as cross-sectional geometry, plate thickness and fabrication procedures. The paper summarizes the key observations from the reviewed studies and contributes to a clearer understanding of the differences between available residual stress models and their implications for numerical modeling of welded steel I-section members.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a combined theoretical and experimental study on the loadbearing capacity of a timber truss tower model developed within the framework of a student engineering competition. The study aims to identify structural solutions that maximize load-bearing capacity while minimizing material consumption, expressed as the strength-to-weight ratio. Several spatial truss configurations differing in the number of segments and bracing systems were analyzed using static and strength calculations. Numerical simulations based on linear elastic finite element models enabled a comparative assessment of structural response, including deformation modes and member utilization. The results demonstrated that the structural layout and bracing configuration significantly affect the global stiffness and load transfer mechanisms of the tower. For the adopted geometry and boundary conditions, the configuration consisting of five segments with X-type bracing exhibited the most favorable performance. This variant was subsequently selected for experimental verification. A physical balsa wood model was fabricated and subjected to a static loading test. The experimental results confirmed the trends predicted by the numerical analyses and showed that the achieved load-bearing capacity depends not only on the adopted structural solution but also on the accuracy of model fabrication, as failure initiated at a joint. The combined numerical and experimental approach provided insight into the behavior of timber truss towers and proved effective for preliminary design and educational applications.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the influence of global structural analysis of high-bay warehouse steel structures when the realistic stiffness of upright–horizontal frame joint connections is considered. Rather than adopting the conventional assumption of ideally pinned or fully rigid joints, the actual rotational stiffness of the connections is evaluated using the software IDEA StatiCa. The obtained joint stiffness values are subsequently incorporated into the global structural model developed in RFEM 5, enabling a more realistic representation of the structural behaviour. The results indicate that the consideration of semi-rigid joint behaviour affects the distribution of internal forces, global stiffness, and overall structural response of the system. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the application of realistic joint stiffness in global analysis provides a clear potential for structural optimization, particularly with respect to material efficiency and rational member sizing, leading to more economical and reliable steel structure designs.

ABSTRACT. The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a highly invasive aquatic plant species known for its rapid growth and ability to form dense mats, which disrupts the ecological balance of waterways and interferes with human activities. This causes significant environmental and economic consequences. Therefore, understanding the variations in its biomass across different water sources is crucial for managing its spread and reducing its harmful effects. This study examines the changes in water hyacinth biomass over a one-month period in river water, bottled water, and rainwater. Initial findings show notable differences in biomass accumulation across these water sources. River water, with its higher nutrient levels and organic content, exhibited the largest biomass increase compared to bottled water and rainwater. These results underscore the importance of nutrient availability in the growth of water hyacinth. The implications are substantial, especially for environmental management efforts aimed at controlling invasive species and ensuring the sustainability of water resources. By identifying the factors that influence water hyacinth growth, stakeholders can develop more targeted strategies to control its spread and mitigate its negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human activities.

ABSTRACT. Rye Island is an important agricultural area and an important source of quality drinking water in Slovakia. The inland island is criss-crossed by a network of drainage and irrigation channels that regulates the groundwater table in the area. The ongoing climate change, resulting in longer drought periods, represents a risk to the reliable supply of water for irrigation. Measures for optimal and sustainable conditions for water retention and reduction of drainage runoff need to be examined. One of the options is using modern numerical modelling, which is data-sensitive, especially when modelling the channel morphology. The traditional terrestrial survey is time-consuming. Thus, a new approach to data collection as a preliminary test, combining field measurements and the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), was applied in one of the channels on Rye Island, taking advantage of methods of spatial data acquisition such as photogrammetry or light detection and ranging (LiDAR). Since photogrammetric analyses of rivers and channels lack reliable through-water photogrammetry, the use of aerial LiDAR was tested. The result of such a hybrid method (combination of geodetic survey of the channel bed and Unmanned Aerial System, UAS consisting of UAV and LiDAR) is a spatially continuous perspective of the channel system instead of several isolated elevation points. In clear, shallow water, the results from both methods are similar. However, the occurrence of sediments and vegetation on the bottom of the channels can have a negative impact on the results obtained using the said UAS.

ABSTRACT. The construction sector in Montenegro faces persistent challenges related to low productivity, limited digital maturity, skills shortages and fragmented institutional frameworks. In the context of the European Union’s digital and green transition, these challenges underline the need for a coordinated and evidence-based approach to digital transformation, with Building Information Modeling (BIM) recognised as a key enabling mechanism. Despite growing policy attention, Montenegro has so far lacked an empirically grounded and phased BIM Roadmap capable of translating strategic objectives into concrete implementation steps. This paper presents the development of a structural framework for national BIM Roadmap for Montenegro, based on structured stakeholder engagement and quantitative survey evidence. The research combines qualitative inputs from the Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) Entrepreneurial Discovery Process with the results of a national survey on digitalisation and BIM readiness involving experienced professionals from public authorities, industry, academia and civil society. The findings identify key barriers to BIM implementation, including regulatory and institutional gaps, limited education and skills capacity, high adoption costs for small and medium-sized enterprises, and insufficient stakeholder coordination. In response, the paper proposes a structured BIM Roadmap framework organised into foundational thematic tracks, while phased actions, roles and responsibilities, and indicative performance indicators are identified as subjects for the subsequent stage of roadmap development. The proposed approach offers a practical and context-sensitive pathway for advancing digital transformation in the Montenegrin construction sector.

ABSTRACT. The rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Đurđevića Tara Bridge represents one of the most complex bridge rehabilitation projects in Montenegro due to the bridge structural system, extreme geomorphological conditions of the Tara River canyon, environmental protection constraints, and the requirement to maintain traffic during construction. This paper presents the Design of Organization and Construction Technology prepared for Phase I of the rehabilitation works. The analysis includes construction organization principles, adopted construction technologies, site layout planning, traffic management, scheduling methodology, workforce structure, and financial resource planning. Special attention is given to network-based scheduling under climatic constraints and occupational safety measures in high-altitude construction. Concrete project data related to planned construction duration, workforce size, and investment value are used to demonstrate the importance of integrated construction management for successful delivery of complex bridge rehabilitation projects.

ABSTRACT. This paper examines the hydrological sustainability of a representative river reach regulated by a cascade of navigation locks, with a particular focus on discharge regulation under low-flow conditions. The analysis is based on a case study derived from the Morava River basin, where navigation feasibility is strongly constrained by seasonal and interannual discharge variability. Using long-term hydrological data, flow duration characteristics and low-flow statistics, the study evaluates whether operational water level requirements at navigation locks can be satisfied through discharge regulation alone. Special attention is given to water demand associated with lock operation and the cumulative effects of stepwise regulation along the cascade. The results indicate that navigation sustainability is primarily governed by low-flow availability and reliability rather than by average discharge conditions. Extended periods of low discharge significantly limit operational continuity, even under regulated conditions. The findings highlight the necessity of aligning navigation planning with intrinsic hydrological constraints and provide a hydrological basis for assessing regulated navigation systems in low-flow river basins. The presented approach provides a quantitative basis for evaluating the technical viability of large-scale navigation projects under current climatic and hydrological conditions and supports the development of sustainable and resilient inland waterway infrastructure.

ABSTRACT. Lateral torsional buckling is a complex spatial structural instability phenomenon. Lateral movement of the compressed flange is accompanied by twisting and warping of the cross section. Theoretical research in the field of lateral torsional buckling of steel I beams is well advanced, with closed form solutions for almost all practical cases. This progress was not followed by experimental research. Even today lateral torsional buckling tests are notoriously difficult to carry out. In this paper all the catches and challenges of lateral torsional buckling tests are investigated and discussed. Every experiment phase, from design phase to testing, is carefully examined. The aim of this paper is to identify and summarize all influencing factors that must be factored during LTB tests (cross sections dimensions, mechanical properties of used steel grade, material and geometric imperfections etc.). Detailed guidelines on how to qualify and measure these factors are given. Special consideration is paid to measuring instruments and techniques. Different test setups (three point bending, four point bending and uniform bending) and displacement measuring techniques are also analysed and discussed. Authors own experience in this matter is shared. Recommended layout of reports for all necessary measurements is provided after each testing phase.

ABSTRACT. The increasing use of laminated composite plates in engineering applications necessitates the development of reliable calculation models capable of accurately predicting their structural response. Mathematical models for the assessment of laminated composites are based on Equivalent Single-Layer theories, Layerwise theories, and 3D elastic formulations. While Single-Layer theories offer computational simplicity, they provide less accurate results compared to the more complex 3D and Layerwise theories, especially in the analysis of thick plates and plates with geometric imperfections. In this paper, a static analysis of laminated composite plates was performed with the objective of determining the limiting thickness of the plates for which Equivalent Single-Layer theories provide results of satisfactory accuracy. The analysis employed analytical formulations based on the Equivalent Single-Layer theories (Classical Laminated Plate Theory and First-Order Shear Deformation Theory), with the Partial Layerwise Plate Theory adopted as a reference solution. To account for the influence of material properties on the applicability limits of Single-Layer theories, plates composed of different composite materials were analysed by varying the modulus ratio E1/E2. The conducted analysis established that the Classical Laminated Plate Theory provides results of satisfactory accuracy in the analysis of thin plates and moderately thick plates with a low E1/E2 ratio. The application of the First-Order Shear Deformation Theory is justified in the analysis of thin to moderately thick plates with a higher anisotropy ratio. For thick plates, however, significant discrepancies were observed, and the use of three-dimensional or Layerwise theories is therefore recommended.

ABSTRACT. Net energy consumption and the energy performance of buildings depend on external climatic conditions and interactions between the environment and the building. Variations in climatic parameters in the building environment are dynamic because they occur over short time intervals. Calculations of building energy requirements using simplified methods based on average monthly data derived from simple steady-state processing of non-updated climatic parameters do not provide reliable information on building energy performance. By calculating dynamic parameters across various envelope structures, the envelope's effect on thermal stability is examined. The method proposed in EN ISO 52016-1 is used to estimate energy loads from hourly measured data. The input data for the daily average temperature and amplitude were obtained from a meteorological station in Podgorica, and generated in sinusoidal form for algorithm execution. The energy balance for building elements in the building's thermal zones is described by the formula from EN ISO 52016-1. The dynamic thermal characteristics of six different opaque plane components (W0-W5) of the building's envelope are calculated. The steady-state thermal transmittance, U, remained constant across all elements, whereas the surface mass, Ms, was varied. The dynamic properties of walls as external and internal thermal admittances, periodic thermal transmittance, time shifts on the external and internal sides, and both external and internal areal heat capacities were calculated using a Python-based algorithm to solve the matrix relating the complex amplitudes of temperature and heat flow rate on one side of a component to those on the other. The dynamic parameters of the envelope elements of buildings with different layer properties are analyzed. It is concluded that the thermal inertia of the envelope significantly affects a building's response to environmental conditions. The method for improving the thermal performance of buildings involves maximizing thermal mass on interior surfaces and increasing moderate it on exterior surfaces.

ABSTRACT. The transition toward a circular economy in construction necessitates a rigorous mechanical validation of EPS composites containing recycled content. This study analyzes EPS 100 formulations with 0 %, 25 % and 50 % recycled fractions consisting of granules, clusters and dust. To identify the mechanical transition thresholds, digitized stress-strain data was modeled using a polynomial function to eliminate stochastic noise. A bilinear tangent method was applied to objectively define the yield point, with tangents constructed at the initial linear region and the plateau’s inflection point. The intersection of those tangents was projected onto the axes to identify characteristic stress and strain at the onset of cellular collapse. Results indicate that the intersection points remain remarkably stable on the strain axis regardless of the recycled content percentage. This consistency suggests that the onset of cellular bucking is matrix property that is not prematurely triggered by the recycled grind. Furthermore, the stable tangent slopes confirm that the mechanical recycling process preserves the material’s elastic potential without causing significant embrittlement. While absolute stress levels decreased, the global deformation profile remained similar to established cellular solid models up to 10 % strain.

ABSTRACT. The Earth's gravitational field is a key physical parameter in geodesy, geophysics, and geodynamics, as it enables the study of the Earth's crust and its internal structure. Spatial variations in gravity are used to identify geological structures, determine the geoid, and establish vertical reference systems. In this context, the Bouguer anomaly is significant because it removes the effects of topography and surface masses, isolating contributions from deeper lithospheric structures. Modern gravimetric analyses increasingly rely on global geopotential models, which are mathematical approximations of the gravitational field derived from satellite missions, terrestrial measurements, and digital terrain models. In this study, terrestrial gravimetric measurements were compared with values of gravitational acceleration and Bouguer anomalies derived from the global geopotential models EIGEN-6C4 (European Improved Gravity model of the Earth by New techniques 6C4), XGM2019e (combined global Earth gravity field model 2019e), and EGM2008 (Earth Gravitational Model 2008). The analysis compares modeled Bouguer anomalies with data from a detailed gravimetric survey of the test area. Based on statistical parameters and the spatial distribution of anomalies, the quality of the evaluated models and their suitability for regional gravimetric studies were assessed.

ABSTRACT. Timely identification and systematic monitoring of landslide-prone areas play a key role in disaster prevention and in reducing economic, social, and human impacts. Traditional ground-based landslide monitoring techniques have long been widely used; however, they are increasingly regarded as limited in terms of operational efficiency, technical capabilities, and cost-effectiveness, particularly in complex urban environments. Over time, technologies based on the application of smart sensors and the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) have taken over conventional methods, in various areas of engineering practice. This paper discusses their application and significance in the field of monitoring unstable terrain, with a special focus on landslides. Therefore, the concept of the GeoNetSee project is presented. That is AI/IoT-based system of geo-sensor networks for real-time monitoring of unstable terrain and artificial structures in general. This paper presents the limitations of traditional monitoring methods, the architecture of the proposed geo-sensor system, the advantages compared to the other systems, as well as its configuration on the example of the pilot site of a landslide Veliki Mokri Lug, situated in the municipality of Voždovac, in Belgrade.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the potential of integrating terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (UAV LiDAR) for producing reliable as-built technical documentation and BIM-ready information for existing civil engineering structures. The focus is on establishing a consistent workflow that enables the extraction of valid geometric and semantic information required by designers, contractors, and facility managers, while meeting defined quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) criteria. The study presents an end-to-end methodology, including project planning, data acquisition, and data processing. Emphasis is placed on multi-sensor point cloud registration, fusion of complementary viewpoints (interior TLS and exterior/roof UAV LiDAR), and the definition of acceptance thresholds for accuracy, completeness, and consistency. QC/QA procedures are proposed and discussed across all stages, including field checks, redundancy of control, registration diagnostics, error propagation considerations, and deliverable validation against predefined requirements. The resulting dataset supports the generation of BIM-compatible outputs, including structured point clouds, reference surfaces, and object-oriented elements enriched with attributes relevant to construction and maintenance. A practical case study on an existing large-span facility demonstrates how integrated TLS–UAV LiDAR surveying can provide a comprehensive geometric representation and a traceable quality report that increases confidence in downstream BIM integration.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the results of applying terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) as the primary method for surveying the as-built condition and for the reconstruction of the old shopping center “Podgoričanka” in Podgorica. Due to the complex internal structure of the building, the large number of structural elements and installations, as well as its urban location, a method enabling precise and comprehensive acquisition of spatial data was applied. The scanning covered the complete interior and exterior of the building, achieving an accuracy of approximately ±5 mm. Despite unfavorable surveying conditions, such as insufficient lighting and a large number of obstacles, high-density and reliable data were collected and processed using the software packages Trimble RealWorks, Autodesk ReCap Pro, and AutoCAD. The resulting 3D point cloud served as a reliable basis for the preparation of project documentation, enabling precise identification of all relevant spatial and structural elements. The results confirm that TLS represents an efficient and reliable method in the reconstruction process of existing buildings with complex structures.

ABSTRACT. Timely monitoring and analysis of object displacements and deformations constitute a key task in modern geodetic practice. They enable the preservation of an object’s safety and structural integrity, thereby ensuring its functionality and long-term serviceability. In deformation analysis of geodetic networks, the application of the least squares estimation (LSE) may lead to the smearing effect. In this case, the influence of a local displacement is redistributed across the network. As a result, the reliability of detecting localized displacements is reduced. The focus of this paper is the application of a strategy based on dividing a geodetic network into subnetworks, with the aim to minimize the aforementioned LSE smearing effect. Each subnetwork is formed to include all reference points and only one object point, thereby enabling the isolation of deformations affecting specific points on the object. A 1D levelling network was established for the experimental investigation, in which levelling observations were simulated and displacements were introduced at selected points. The network comprises five reference points (1–5) and four object points (41–44). Displacements were simulated at three points: −5 mm at point 5, −0.25 mm at point 43, and −1.5 mm at point 44. The displacement introduced at point 43 is critical due to its small magnitude, as such subtle deviations are difficult to detect when deformation analysis is performed on the entire network and may be further masked by the LSE smearing effect. Deformation analysis is performed in two parallel configurations: on the entire network, and on the set of subnetworks, using Pelzer’s method. The results indicate that points 5 and 44 are identified as displaced in both approaches. However, when Pelzer’s method is applied to the entire network, point 43 is not detected as unstable, whereas the subnetwork strategy successfully identifies point 43 as unstable.

ABSTRACT. By adopting the Budgetary Recovery Plan for Europe, the Green Deal for Sustainable Europe and the Renovation Wave for Europe – greening of structures, creating jobs and improving quality of life, the European Commission calls for new standards in the design and construction of climate resilient structures, new standards for the digital and green transition, which should also be supported by standards for the implementing a circular economy to achieve CO2 neutrality by 2050. In the construction sector, as the first step toward implementing these plans, the European Parliament adopted the Construction Products Regulation 3110/2024 in November 2024. The European Committee for Standardization CEN/CENELEC, through the Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete and Concrete Products“, adopted the second generation of standards for concrete EN 206. Within CEN/TC250 “Eurocodes for Structures”, the second generation of Eurocode standards is being developed and will become mandatory from 2028. New standards for mitigating climate change, energy conservation, and the circular economy are being developed under CEN/TC 350, “Sustainability of Construction Works”. To achieve the European Commission's goals, standards for digitalization in the construction industry are being developed within CEN/TC 442, Building Information Modelling (BIM). To fulfill the objectives of the directive on the efficient energy performance of buildings, it is necessary to implement the EN 52000 series of standards within CEN/TC 89, Thermal Performance of Buildings and Building Components. In the coming period, we expect significant challenges in implementing and adapting the new standards required to meet all European Commission requirements. Alignment of national technical legislation with European legislation will require modifications to the national Law on Construction Products, revisions to national standards to align with and implement the EN standards, and updates to the national annexes to implement the Eurocodes for Structures.

ABSTRACT. The incorporation of crumb rubber as a partial volumetric replacement of fine aggregate in concrete represents a sustainable solution for the management of waste tires and the reduction of natural resource consumption. Although crumb rubber concrete has been extensively investigated, its performance in low water–cement ratio systems and its resistance to freeze–thaw action without the use of air-entraining admixtures remain insufficiently studied. This study analyzes the fresh, mechanical, and durability-related properties of concrete designed with a constant water–cement ratio of w/c = 0.40. Three mixtures were examined: a reference OPC concrete and two concretes incorporating crumb rubber with 2.5% and 7.5% volumetric replacement of fine aggregate. The experimental program included testing of consistency, fresh density, air content, compressive strength (at 3, 7, and 28 days), and freeze–thaw resistance after 200 cycles in accordance with SRPS U.M1.206:2023. Compressive strength was reduced by approximately 3% (2.5% rubber) and 12% (7.5% rubber) at 28 days. Nevertheless, all mixtures achieved structurally relevant strength due to matrix densification ensured by the low w/c ratio. Despite the absence of air-entraining admixtures, all concretes exhibited high freeze–thaw resistance, with strength retention exceeding 95% after 200 cycles. The mixture containing 2.5% crumb rubber achieved the highest strength retention (≈98%), indicating a favorable balance between mechanical performance and frost durability.

ABSTRACT. To facilitate the study of the main effects in loaded beam statics, a physical model is conceptualised and designed. The concept preconditions included making load forces, support reactions and beam flexion clearly visible for students, simple design of the model, use of widely available materials and tools in constructing the beam stand, and low investment. The central condition was simulation of mechanical characteristics of materials used for the beam model and showing the moments in the beam interior. It is attained by layered structure of the beam model. Various materials for layers are considered: steel, aluminium, glass, plastic, wood, making the spring steel and the wood as the preferred choice. Mechanical properties of the beam would be attained through squeezing assemblies with springs, placed along the beam, and which would allow gradual set up of squeeze forces, causing the friction between layers, thus mimicking the beam strength. Also, the model would include the assembly for applying the load forces. Both assemblies would be equipped with force intensity indicators. The beam supports are designed in the same manner. Moment indicators, inserted between the layers, are of the simplest design yet very effective in measuring the mutual displacement of layers. Such the beam model configuration would require broad student’s mental and manual involvement in adjusting the beam prior the experiment, and this is one of the main purposes of the model. These psychological and tactile aspects and their effect on the learning process are thoroughly considered in the paper, ranging from epistemological to pure practical. Also, the place of this model within the broad context of existing models is elaborated. The proposed model remains to be constructed according to detailed design presented in this paper. So far, only moment measurement assembly has been realised though a prototype and its performance examined.

ABSTRACT. The increasing environmental impact of cement production has prompted the search for sustainable alternatives to reduce CO₂ emissions and improve resource efficiency in concrete. Ceramic tile powder (CTP), derived from ceramic tile waste, presents a promising supplementary cementitious material due to its pozzolanic activity, complemented by a filler effect. This paper provides a brief review of the utilization of CTP as a partial cement replacement in cement-based composites in terms of mechanical properties. Based on the research results presented in various peer-reviewed sources, it can be concluded that the use of CTP as a partial replacement for cement in concrete and mortar offers both environmental and mechanical benefits. Derived from finely ground ceramic tile waste, CTP exhibits pozzolanic activity due to its high silica and alumina content and also acts as a micro-filler, enhancing the microstructure of cementitious composites. Literature review indicates that optimal mechanical performance is generally achieved at CTP replacement levels of 5–10%, with compressive strength increasing by up to 13% after 28 days of curing. Flexural strength follows a similar trend, showing maximum improvements of 14–17%, while splitting tensile strength experiences minor reductions of 7–9% at moderate replacement levels. Higher replacement levels (15–30%) lead to reductions in all mechanical properties due to dilution effect and decreased formation of C–S–H and C–A–H phases. Despite these reductions, concrete containing CTP retains sufficient structural performance, with compressive strength remaining above 30 MPa even at the highest replacement levels. Overall, CTP represents a sustainable supplementary cementitious material, enabling reduced cement consumption, lower CO₂ emissions, and the recycling of ceramic waste, aligning with the principles of sustainable development, green construction and circular economy.

ABSTRACT. Rapid urban growth in seismically active regions amplifies the risk of casualties and economic losses. RC frame buildings, which dominate the urban building stock due to their architectural versatility and cost efficiency, require systematic assessment of their seismic performance. However, extensive parametric investigations that consider the complex interaction between the structural characteristics remain computationally demanding. This paper presents a parametric numerical investigation of the seismic response of 3D RC frame buildings subjected to 14 recorded ground motions, spanning a wide range of PGA, PGV and PGD. The examined parameters were concrete strength class (C20/25, C25/30, C30/37), number of stories (2, 4, 7) and in-plane configuration defined by the number (2, 3) of spans and bays (2, 3). Nonlinear time-history analyses were performed in SAP2000, with seismic actions applied along each principal in-plane directions of the 3D models. Seismic response was characterized by interstory drift ratios, peak lateral displacements and a global damage index derived from the variation of the fundamental period of vibration before and after each seismic scenario as an indicator for stiffness degradation. The results show that, among the structural parameters, the number of stories has a predominant influence on the seismic response, followed by concrete strength class and in-plane layout. From the seismic-action standpoint, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV) are identified as the most relevant intensity measures, with their relative significance varying with building height.

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the conceptual design of a vertical breakwater, prepared with reference to the meteorological, bathymetric and geotechnical conditions characteristic of the Port of Bar. Through a comparative analysis of two variants of breakwater solutions, caisson and concrete block breakwater, a caisson breakwater was selected for which the effects and impacts were calculated. By comparing the methods of Sainflou and Goda for determining wave pressures, higher pressure values are obtained using the older and more conservative approach, namely the Sainflou method. Nowadays, because we have the use of composite materials, such as glass fiber reinforced polymer reinforcement (GFRP), a comparison of the effectiveness of reinforcement with classic steel reinforcement and polymer reinforcement was made in terms of economic and engineering rationality. The analysis showed that steel reinforcement is the more preferable option during construction due to lower initial expenses and higher ductility, while GFRP reinforcement, although more expensive upfront, offers superior durability in aggressive marine environments and requires lower maintenance, making it advantageous for long – term performance. Within the conceptual design, special emphasis is placed on construction aspects, as these structures are built and operated under conditions that vary over time. Considering that this type of engineering structures in Montenegro has not been sufficiently researched, it was both inspiring and engaging to address such a topic from a professional and scientific standpoint.

ABSTRACT. Material damping, or internal friction, is a key property of solids that governs energy dissipation under dynamic loading. It arises from mechanisms such as thermoelastic effects, grain-boundary viscosity, relaxation of point defects, eddy currents, and stress-dependent microstructural processes. Metals with homogeneous structures have been widely studied, allowing straightforward evaluation of damping in the linear regime, while non-metallic materials, including polymers and elastomers, exhibit more complex and less understood behavior. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for predicting structural responses under sinusoidal, transient, impact, and steady state loads. Mathematical models of material damping range from single-parameter systems, such as linear springs and viscous dampers, to two- and three-parameter models, including Maxwell, Kelvin-Voigt, and generalized Maxwell formulations. These models approximate viscoelastic behavior and enable complex stiffness and frequency-dependent damping analysis. The Kimball–Lovell model demonstrates energy dissipation proportional to the square of displacement amplitude, providing practical advantages for engineering applications. Experimental methods for assessing damping include energy dissipation per cycle, dynamic magnification factors, vibration decay, and spatial attenuation of harmonic waves. Logarithmic decrement, time decay constants, and decay rates facilitate quantitative comparisons across materials and structures. This review synthesizes physical mechanisms, mathematical models, and experimental techniques for material damping, and frameworks for predicting energy dissipation in solids under dynamic conditions.

ABSTRACT. Reinforced concrete beams made of high-strength concrete are increasingly used in modern structural design due to their high load-bearing capacity and reduced cross-sectional dimensions. However, the pronounced nonlinearity and increased brittleness of high-strength concrete pose challenges for accurate numerical modeling. This paper investigates the applicability of nonlinear finite element analysis for simulating the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams made of high-strength concrete by comparing results with experimental data. An experimental bending test was conducted on a simply supported reinforced concrete beam subjected to a concentrated load at midspan, with deflections, strains, and crack development monitored. A corresponding two-dimensional numerical model was developed using the Abaqus software package. Concrete behavior was modeled using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity constitutive model, while the reinforcement was represented by truss elements embedded within the concrete matrix. Attention was paid to the selection and calibration of material parameters to ensure numerical stability and a realistic representation of damage evolution. The numerical analysis was assessed by comparing the predicted structural response with experimental observations regarding global behavior and failure mode. The study highlights the capabilities and limitations of the adopted modeling approach when applied to high-strength concrete elements. The findings indicate that nonlinear finite element modeling, when properly calibrated, is a reliable and efficient tool for analyzing reinforced concrete beams made of high-strength concrete and can support advanced structural assessment and design.

ABSTRACT. Modern bridge construction methods involve complex technological processes in which the structure is subjected to temporary structural systems that differ significantly from the final configuration. Under such conditions, reliable design requires analysis of the structural behaviour throughout all construction stages, rather than considering only the completed state. This paper examines the importance of phased construction analysis for prestressed concrete bridges constructed using the Incremental Launching Method (ILM). Through a numerical example of a two-span bridge construction, the behaviour of a representative girder is analysed using the AxisVM X8 software, with a comparison between a model incorporating phased construction analysis and a model based solely on the final structural configuration. Attention is devoted to the distribution of normal stresses during characteristic construction stages, including the sequential activation of prestressing and changes in the structural system during the launching process. Results demonstrate that the critical stress states occur during specific construction stages rather than in the final bridge configuration, and that neglecting phased construction may lead to a significant underestimation of stresses in the completed structure. Phased construction analysis is therefore an essential tool for the reliable and safe design of prestressed concrete bridges constructed using the incremental launching method, in accordance with contemporary design standards.