ABSTRACT. Due to unexplored but desirable undersea resources, Underwater Sensor Network, is a developing technology and becomes a catchword for modern scientists. Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks, also known as UASN, are employed for a broad range of underwater utilizations such as reconnaissance by the military, mineral ore detection, oil reservoir management, aquatic environment exploration, imaging marine life, and early warnings to prevent natural disaster. Almost every application is triggering to monitor important characteristics such as the salinity concerning different levels of depth, temperature profile, pollutants, etc. However, the study of aquatic channel characteristics is required before implementing the UASN for any of the applications. This research paper presents the underwater channel characteristics by varying the acoustic signal frequency, underwater depth levels, and separation between nodes. The simulated result is generated using MATLAB. The findings in the form of graphical representations are satisfactory and may be considered for future research in UASN.

ABSTRACT. Nanometric coatings are becoming increasingly common in architectural and railway glazing. These coatings allow glasses to be endowed with advanced optical properties such as specific colour or rejection of the infrared spectrum. This project involves the design of a portable spectrophotometer to evaluate the performance and degradation of these coatings once the windows have been installed on buildings or trains. This device allows the reflectance and transmittance of different samples to be measured using normal incidence light. In this way, windows of different thicknesses can be characterised without having to change the position of the receiver. A set of measurements of different glazing was carried out and compared with the results obtained with a conventional laboratory spectrophotometer (angle incidence).

ABSTRACT. The Numerous technologies are constantly being created due to the rapid rise in the standardization and automation of operational and management systems. It makes systems more streamlined and enables microelectronics technology to advance more often. Such as, through sensor networks and car parking systems, it was controlled. The wireless sensor network manages many complex situations simultaneously, like parking space management, parking lot reservation, vehicle guidance, etc. This paper proposes an intelligent parking system using wireless sensor networks. The innovative parking system works through sensors that will be deployed underground. The information about nodes/slots gets transferred to the base station, and the base station sends data to FTP, and on the user’s request, FTP sends the information about nodes/slots on smartphones. This idea was developed to manage the car parking system, which has become ubiquitous and is growing at an alarming rate in major urban areas. This system will be implemented and observed for further research in wireless sensor networks.

ABSTRACT. Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interconnected devices and networks that provides autonomous functioning capability. Increasing expansion rate of IoT system in diverse set of domains has resulted in inclination of associated risks as well. This research paper presents classification of assets which are part of IoT system, identify platform-independent threats, and consolidate potential solutions to secure the IoT system from threats. Various researchers have conducted studies which are focused on specific industry/domain. Therefore, there is an inevitable necessity to present generalized assessment of IoT system and associated threats, irrespective of the industry or domain. In addition, this research presents prioritization, in terms of criticality, of IoT assets and threats that will enable stakeholders to identify the items that are crucial and items that can be ignored considering the low priority. This would enable researchers and stakeholders of IoT system (such as policy makers, end-users, manufacturers, and security experts etc. to have a deeper understanding of the implications and have an insight on solutions/recommendations in a broad-spectrum. Survey findings showed that DDoS (distributed denial of service), privacy attack, and information modification are the top three threats in terms of criticality ranking. A generalized (industry-independent) set of recommendations have been consolidated based on literature analysis and survey findings in three categories, which are related to policies, organizational measures, and technical measures.

ABSTRACT. An optical signal becomes progressively more distorted as it travels a long-haul fiber transmission system. This distortion is the consequence of interamodal dispersion in single mode fibers. These distortion effects can be elucidated by inspecting the behavior of the group velocities of the guided modes. In this Research, the vital factors of optical fiber transmission system like Chromatic dispersion (CD) and Mode-Field-Diameter (MFD) has been estimated competitively and precisely. A modern formulation has been created with the concern of group refractive-index of optical fiber within the backscattered control of Optical-Time-Domain-Reflectometer OTDR that results to a more improved measurement.

ABSTRACT. A kind of deadly skin tumor called melanoma is arguably very lethal since it accounts for the majority of skin cancer fatalities. Melanomas are often brown or black in color because melanocyte cells, which produce melanin, are the source of the disease. The DNA of skin cells is damaged by UV light, which is the main cause of melanomas. The analysis of the dermoscopy examination's findings and comparison with medical sciences are frequently used in the manual diagnosis of melanoma cancer. Human subjectivity has a strong impact on manual detection, which renders it unreliable in some circumstances. In order to classify the outcomes of the dermoscopy test and to determine the results more precisely with a comparatively shorter amount of time, computer-assisted technology is required. Problem statement, planning, execution, and testing are the first steps in the creation of this application. To identify picture data, the research study combines deep machine learning approach using Convolutional Neural Network technique along with LeNet-5 architectural model. With a variable number of training and testing epochs and 44 photos from the training results, the experiment with the best success rate (93% in training and 100% in testing) required 176 images and 100 epochs of training data. Programming language such as Python with utilization of Keras library, which serves as the Tensorflow back-end, were used to construct this application.

ABSTRACT. Researchers are interested in free-space optics (FSO) because of its numerous benefits including secure communication, easy installation & low setup costs, and license-free spectrum. Even though there are a number of benefits to use FSO link, it is highly susceptible to the effects of fog, smoke, and smog on its implementation. Fog is one of the most significant of these factors, resulting in significant attenuation for the FSO signals. In this manuscript, a case study for the 5G network that uses FSO communication links in presence of fog is presented. The Pakistan meteorological department (PMD) has provided the 20-year (21,900 samples) visibility data for Hyderabad. This 20-year visibility data consisted of daily measurements three times a day at 05:00, 08:00, and 17:00 Pakistan standard time (PKT). The outage probability for the city Hyderabad was calculated using the FSO system link budget equation at a wavelength of 1550 nm

ABSTRACT. Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transfer (SWPDT) systems are becoming more relevant in recent times. In the area of Electric Vehicles (EV), these systems could avoid numerous problems between the two sides of the circuit when using commercial wireless communiation systems. Communication losses, connection errors or cybersecurity problems can be less severe with the use of the power coils to exchange data between the EV and the infrastructure. In this paper, the adaptation of an SAE J2954 charger to a double-sided LCC SWPDT system is proposed. For this purpose, the design of each of the parts that make up the circuit, such as the modulator circuit, the demodulator circuit, and the compensation system (CS), will be carried out. After the design, experimental tests will be conducted to validate the proposed prototype.

ABSTRACT. Future generation of mobile communication is likely to provide higher data rate, greater capacity and improved performance contrast to previous or existing mobile generations. To full fill these believes, cooperative communication is proposed for the future generation of mobile communication. With cooperation in a system, mobile having single antenna (i.e. Single user) is allowed to temporary (logically) use the antenna of other mobile user of a system and thus make sequence of multiple antennas logically that allows the user to get diversity and other gains and performance advantages at lower cost. This research is focused on the performance evaluation of cooperative communication protocols in terms of throughput and outage probability. We also focus on the latency issue and have analyzed the total latency cause by the cooperative communication system in comparison with conventional non-cooperative (egoistic) transmission.

ABSTRACT. Water and Beverages are the most consumed liquids in the world, intended to satisfy human thirst. The chemical arrangements of these pure liquids are being altered intentionally for a long time, which has decreased their quality and provided more profit to dealers. Liquid adulteration is a life-threatening issue, which has caused diseases such as kidney failure, diabetes, blood pressure, heart failure, etc. This issue has been detected through expensive and large equipment for many years, which requires a modified and simple alternative solution. Therefore, an efficient and economical device embedded with a photonic sensor has been proposed using AS7265x Triad spectral engine to detect adulteration. It uses on-chip spectroscopy and a working proof of concept has been presented by characterizing different adulterated liquid samples. It offers a user-friendly and cost-effective approach, which gives effective and rapid results with minor sample preparations efficiently. Several experiments have been performed on various liquid samples like honey, water, milk, juice, and ice-cream syrup to elucidate the change in absorption with respect to the concentration of the solution. It has been experienced that these adulterations have affected the characteristics, properties, and viscosity of liquid which are harmful to human health.

ABSTRACT. In this fast-paced world education is the passport to a better future as tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today.This research aims to bridge the gap between tutees and tutors. It also aims to develop the mind of tutees in order to shape their future character, caliber, and character. COVID-19 has altered our perspective regarding education, based on our research Illiteracy is a major problem in Pakistan. In addition, finding a mentor that has the right skills, experience, and reliability is the most challenging aspect of finding mentorship for yourself or your children. Our analysis of the in-person and online surveys revealed that peer tutoring allows for higher rates of student response and feedback, which leads to better academic achievement. In addition, it provides students with more opportunities to practice specific skills, which leads to higher retention rates. Teaching another student, a topic helps the tutor gain a deeper understanding of it. There is a positive impact on education in Pakistan because of peer tutoring. As a result, we incorporate this approach into the application to provide tutees with not only an education, but the idea of training their mind to think from tutors who have more experience and knowledge about the relevant field. It would be helpful to identify factors that could make these campaigns more effective with further research

ABSTRACT. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging filed based on the arrangement of sensors. WSN provides the sensing data for the applications of internet of things. Optimize routing is essential for WSN, since WSNs have many limitations such as node selection, load balancing, data aggregation and data collection as well. All these factors depend upon the optimize and effective routing procedure that gives an optimal path for the transmission of data so that minimum energy is utilized while transferring the data. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the routing techniques of WSN for the application of internet of things. This paper is intended to provide the multi objective optimization for the routing in WSN for the applications of internet of things by using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The process of genetic algorithm is a heuristic approach that aims to provide the optimal route by using genetic operators such as fitness function, crossover and mutation. The provide methodology optimize the node selection method of wireless sensor nodes facing the Internet of things and the guaranteed method to avoid coverage holes. The proposed algorithm plays a significant role in selecting the control nodes by considering energy and distance parameters. The experiment was carried out on the scale of the performance matrix such as fitness value, average residual energy, etc. The simulation result of the proposed algorithm outperforms over other algorithms under the different arrangements of the network. The results will show the coverage of the area to be monitored, reduce the network energy consumption, and keep the energy consumption balanced.

ABSTRACT. Cancer is a disease that threatens majority of the world’s survival rate. Lung cancer is one of most deadly malignancies, having a high rate of morbidity and death compared to other cancers. Early detection of lung cancer opens the gate to a variety of treatment options, effective recoveries, and eventually, increased survival prospects. Hence, the proposed work intends to promote early detection of cancer in lung with stage detection through Android based Lung Cancer Detection using Machine Learning. The goal of this project is to identify lung cancer from a CT scan by employing excellent image processing algorithms to find reliable results. This concept is built on Android smartphone technology, and it aims to make cancer diagnosis as simple as possible.

ABSTRACT. The rise in Internet of Things (IoT) devices with inadequate resources resulted in the emergence of the fog-computing, an extension of the cloud computing paradigm. In cloud computing, the network edge contains all fog cells that cause a reduction in latency. It enables the implementation of IoT applications on the resources of computational fog. IoT implementation aims to optimize the need for quality service (QoS) while maximizing fog resource utilization. Fog computing also enables a new generation of services and applications by extending the cloud computing paradigm to the network edge. Fog is defined with the help of the characteristics such as mobility, location awareness, and low latency, a significant number of nodes, major wireless access roles, extensive geographical, prevalent real-time applications, and streaming. In this study, comprehensive taxonomy is proposed, and research in fog-based applications is highlighted. Moreover, it is argued that fog is a suitable platform for various IoT applications. These characteristics include Actuators Networks, Wireless.

ABSTRACT. Mostly crops, is one of humanity's fundamental needs. A product for which demand continually increases. A significant Food, mostly crops, is one of humanity's essential needs. A spin-off for which demand constantly increases. A considerable amount of its production is lost owing to a lack of care or incorrect assessment of the various growth and productivity-related metrics. The WIRELESS CROP MONITORING SYSTEM requires a portable, user-friendly, highly accurate, automated information generator for several crucial, associated parameters. Soil testing in laboratories and networked monitoring systems can provide data on the fertility and toxicity of the soil, as well as the meteorological conditions necessary for crop growth. Crop fields cover a large area, so getting information on impacting parameters is not a problem. However, collecting real-time information about every inch of your crop field is challenging using a centralized or any of the system's wireless nodes. According to this study, keeping an eye on these variables can significantly increase a field's yield per acre. By measuring soil moisture, the issue of an excessive water supply can be resolved. Estimating a plant's water needs is possible thanks to temperature monitoring. The maintenance of a healthy air environment is made possible by air quality monitoring. concentrating on methods for monitoring small, medium, or big crops.