ABSTRACT. We currently live in a disruptive world where true information conveyed by maps is mixed with fake-news maps. This situation undermines the credibility of maps, cartography, and our profession. In this context, there is a need for a discussion on the direction of actions that should be taken to strengthen the credibility of cartography as a discipline that enables the analysis and synthesis of spatial data and facilitates reasoning about the state and future of the environment and civilization.

The aim of the article is to analyze and synthesize the current situation and propose steps that should be taken to ensure the reliability of the information conveyed by the maps we create. The author proposes the creation of a group of international expert cartographers, operating within an international organization, which would be able to provide opinions on the degree of credibility of maps created and disseminated in mass media and social media.

This presentation is an invitation to discuss in detail proposals for the scope and forms of activities that would enable the formulation and dissemination of specialized opinions, solutions aimed at raising awareness, spreading cartographic knowledge, and providing training for various social and age groups in order to promote good practices and build their trust in our discipline.

ABSTRACT. The integration of cartographic visualizations into football jerseys represents a significant trend in contemporary sports design, where club identity intersects with cultural and geographic context. Jerseys frequently feature city maps, topographic representations, stadiums, historical tours, and regional symbols, highlighting clubs’ local, national, or global identities. This study examines over 100 examples showcasing diverse approaches to cartographic visualization and jersey design, including aerial views and urban plans (e.g., Peterborough United, FC Basel, Hibernian FC); topographic and landscape maps (e.g., Burnley FC, FC Utrecht); migration and travel route maps (e.g., Chapecoense, Club Nacional de Football, Atlético Mineiro); global and continental maps (e.g., Inter Milan, Bayern München, Shimizu S-Pulse) and cultural symbols and local identity markers (e.g., Colombia NT, Napoli, AS Roma, Shimizu S-Pulse). The analysis demonstrates that jerseys featuring cartographic designs are not only a form of visual innovation but also create portable urban maps, transforming physical and symbolic geographies into perceivable, wearable forms. Through this approach, clubs enhance the meaning of spatial narratives, foster emotional engagement among fans, and support the preservation of heritage and reinforcement of identity. Accordingly, the cartographic design of modern football jerseys constitutes an innovative advancement in cartographic visualization and design, offering new insights into clubs’ spatial identity, cultural narratives, and fan engagement. It also provides a foundation for interdisciplinary research at the intersection of cartography, design, and sports studies.

ABSTRACT. Accurate approximation of spatial measurements from the Earth’s topographic surface to a planar map coordinate system requires rigorous treatment of the combined effects of elevation, gravity, and projection geometry. In most national coordinate reference systems, these effects are treated in separate and often simplified steps, which can lead to systematic discrepancies between ground distances and their planar representations. This limitation is particularly critical in mountainous countries such as the Republic of Kosova, where topographic relief and geoid–ellipsoid separation significantly affect geodetic reductions. This study presents a distortion-optimized state-plane map projection for Kosova based on the introduction of a positive scale factor. High-resolution geodetic and geospatial datasets were employed, including the GRS80 reference ellipsoid, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model, and the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08). Ground-to-map length distortions were computed on a 1 km grid comprising 10,892 control points covering the entire national territory. This framework enables the cumulative effects of topographic height, gravity field variation, and projection geometry to be assessed in an integrated manner. The existing Kosovaref01 coordinate system exhibits pronounced asymmetry and systematic bias in linear distortions, with negative values reaching up to –503 ppm and the spatial distribution of distortions deviating from statistical equilibrium. To address this imbalance, the map projection was re-parameterized by introducing a positive scale factor of 1.00012 (120 ppm) at the central meridian. This adjustment substantially improved distortion symmetry and reduced the maximal distortion to –283 ppm. Furthermore, the proportion of the territory with absolute linear distortions below 100 ppm in absolute value between topography surface and map projection increased to 91.7% of the country area, representing a major improvement in national-scale mapping accuracy. The proposed positive-scale-factor model provides a geodetically consistent and statistically optimized state-plane map projection for Kosova, offering a robust foundation for high-precision surveying, cartography, and GIS-based spatial analysis.

ABSTRACT. Using urban center point data from northwestern China for 1820, 1911, 1970, and 2020, this study proposes an integrated framework for cross-period historical toponym linkage and urban center displacement visualization. The method combines standardized preprocessing, candidate generation, online retrieval of historical evidence, and Claude Opus 4.6-based structured extraction, semantic scoring, and credibility assessment within a unified scoring framework constrained by spatial consistency. To reveal subtle displacement patterns that are difficult to detect at small map scales, Voronoi units and HSV color encoding are used to regionalize the direction and intensity of urban center migration. The method generated 1,487 candidate linkage decisions, identified 117 four-period connected components, and linked 767 urban nodes. The results show that urban center migration became more pronounced after 1911 and displayed clear directional continuity. This study provides a practical approach for the continuous identification of historical urban entities and the analysis of long-term urban spatial change.

ABSTRACT. Previous studies on urban waterlogging emergency scene simulation have mainly focused on detailed calculations and accurate risk information reproduction, with limited investigation into modifying scene content to match the understanding of different emergency users. This constrains the effective perception of waterlogging risks and hampers rational emergency decision-making. To address this gap, this study proposes the development of EUJourneyMWF, an innovative model driven by user emergency journey maps for simulating adaptation to user cognitive limitations in urban waterlogging emergency scenes. Specifically, we will first establish the coupling mechanism between urban waterlogging and emergency response by analysing the evolution of urban waterlogging and the emergency response process, and analyse the scene connotation to propose its constituent elements across different phases. Then, by examining the user's static and dynamic attributes, as well as the cognitive limitations of the scene, we intend to establish emergency journey maps for different types of emergency users. Subsequently, we plan to construct EUJourneyMWF using business process modelling methods (BPMN) based on clarifying the semantic mapping relationship between urban waterlogging emergency scene elements and different types of users' emergency journey maps. This study will employ the Unity engine, Camunda and eye-tracking experiments to simulate the scene and validate the model’s effectiveness. It is anticipated that the proposed model will demonstrate good user adaptability and enhance the risk perception ability of urban waterlogging emergency users.

ABSTRACT. Over the last few decades, Augmented Reality (AR) systems and technology have caught the attention of numerous researchers and investors. In this paper, we present a systematic bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature across environmental sciences, forestry, and information technologies in the Scopus database to find the main AR applications and challenges in European Forestry. A structured search query was applied to capture research in forestry and environmental contexts. The search string was defined as follows and utilised titles, abstracts, and keywords: TITLE-ABS-KEY (("augmented reality" OR "extended reality" OR "mixed reality" OR "virtual reality") AND (forestry OR "forest management" OR "forest monitoring" OR silviculture OR "forest inventory" OR "forest planning" OR "precision forestry" OR "forest operations" OR "smart forest" OR "forest ecosystem" OR "forest resources")). The results yielded an initial dataset of 656 publications. To align the dataset with the European focus of the study, the initial results were refined using the Scopus “Country/territory” filter. Publications affiliated with European countries were selected, resulting in a final dataset of 231 documents. Our results reveal an initial exploratory phase, which is characterised by sporadic research output between 1996 and 2005. This period is followed by a phase of gradual growth from 2006 to approximately 2014, indicating increasing academic interest in AR within forestry and environmental research. A considerable increase in publication activity is observed from 2015 onwards. The peak in scientific output occurs in 2025, with 30 publications, reflecting the consolidation and maturation of AR in European forestry and related environmental research. Data for 2026 represent a partial year and should therefore be interpreted with caution. The observed growth in scientific output can be closely linked to technological advancements in sensor technologies, the increased availability of high-resolution spatial data, such as LiDAR and point clouds, as well as developments in portable devices and smartphones.

ABSTRACT. Using an eye-tracking system, the way in which participants worked with thematic map legends of double-articulated signs was recorded and analysed. The aim of the study was to determine whether map users worked faster and easier when the base and supplementary signs in a double-articulated sign were described separately or when they were combined into a single double-articulated sign. Two legends were created: for non-scale signs and for linear signs, which contain a small number of signs that can be stored simultaneously in the partici-pants' temporary memory. The general meaning of articulation signs carries more information than the sum of the meanings of their components. The big advantage of their usage is economy and easiness. They allow us to encode more information in them without requiring the creation of many new signs. The study to investigate how varying levels of articulation in cartographic signs affect their readability, as well as users’ reading speed and accuracy when interacting with a web map successfully. In the end significantly slower work with linear signs with double articula-tion was reported compared to the time for solving a map task with non-scale signs.

ABSTRACT. In recent years, remote sensing technologies have been increasingly integrated into geological investigations, particularly through the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), multispectral imaging, and laser scanning. These methods provide high spatial and spectral resolution, enabling effective solutions for preliminary geological mapping, identification of secondary alteration zones, and early-stage assessment of ore-bearing potential. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the interpretive capabilities of geological objects using data obtained from various UAV platforms, including an RGB photogrammetric camera, a multispectral sensor, and a LiDAR scanner. The objectives of the study included: (1) conducting field surveys using UAVs eBee X and DJI M300 RTK; (2) generating orthophotomaps, digital elevation models, and point clouds; (3) analyzing the spectral signatures of weathered and altered rock zones; (4) evaluating the spatial correlation of anomalies with tectonic structures and terrain morphology. As a result of the multispectral data processing, several spectral anomalies were identified and interpreted as zones of oxidized rocks with a possible presence of iron hydroxides (limonite, goethite). These areas are characterized by elevated spectral index values (Red/Green > 1.8) and low vegetation cover (NDVI < 0.2), which, together with their distinctive spectral signatures, suggest a lithogenic origin. Ground-based geological traverses and sample collection confirmed the presence of iron oxidation products within the identified anomalies. Spatially, these zones are associated with negative landforms and linear tectonic structures. The results confirm the effectiveness of integrating multiple UAV-based sensors for geological applications. The proposed methodology is suitable for early-stage mineral exploration, structural refinement of target areas, and automated interpretation of geological features based on spectral and morphological indicators.

ABSTRACT. Geological maps, with their detailed representation of the Earth’s subsurface, constitute an essential source of information for scientific research, spatial planning, resource management, and education. For more than a century, geological mapping and the provision of reliable knowledge on the geological structure of Poland have been among the core missions of the Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute (PGI-NRI). Over this period, PGI-NRI geoscientists have produced hundreds of geological and geology-related maps within the framework of national, regional, and international projects, addressing a wide range of thematic and spatial scales. At the beginning of 2025, PGI-NRI launched a new application as part of the Polish Geological Cartography Platform, designed to support advanced searching, browsing, and access to geological maps and other cartographic products. The application provides public access to more than 30,000 cartographic items, including current, archival, and historical map compilations. It is intended to serve a broad spectrum of users—such as researchers, decision-makers, educators, students, and enthusiasts—by enabling the download of authoritative geological resources following a short registration process. The registration procedure collects general information on user groups and declared purposes of data use, while the application itself records basic statistics on the number of downloads for individual maps and products. This poster presents a synthesis of these usage statistics, focusing on the most frequently downloaded geological maps. By analysing their thematic content and reported applications, the poster highlights which types of geological maps are most in demand and how they are utilised in real-world contexts, offering insights into current trends in the use of geological cartographic resources.

ABSTRACT. This study analyses the spatio-temporal dynamics of surface water extent in the Great Sebkha of Oran (Northwestern Algeria) from 1988 to 2022. The area is of high ecological importance, and is characterized by seasonal water surfaces, high evaporation and frequent discharges of domestic wastewater. A total of 371 Landsat Level-1 images (TM, ETM+, OLI, and Landsat 9) were processed in Google Earth Engine. For each month in the designated period, the image showing the largest water extent was selected and water surfaces were extracted using the well-known Difference Water Index (DWI). The latter was selected after comparing several spectral indices using a thorough visual analyses within a binary classification: water and no water. Based on these data, two water-occurrence maps were produced for the periods 1988–2008 and 2009–2022, along with a change-intensity map covering the entire period. The obtained results show a major change in the hydrological behavior of the sebkha after 2009. In addition, the change-intensity map reveals the appearance of a new seasonal water surface. Field investigations and previous studies confirm that this new water body is caused by the wastewater discharges from the El Kerma treatment plant, which began operating in 2009. These discharges have modified the hydrological regime of the sebkha. Finally, the comparison between the two periods (before and after the discharges) clearly shows an increase in water occurrence after 2009, indicating a strong anthropogenic impact. In the end, this study demonstrates the usefulness of long-term Landsat data and water-occurrence analysis for monitoring hydrological changes in arid and semi-arid wetlands.

ABSTRACT. In recent decades, issues related to climate change as a consequence of global warming have become increasingly relevant. Climate change is mainly associated with an increase in air temperature and a more uneven distribution of precipitation. In many areas, droughts and hydrothermal stress caused a variety of interrelated problems for economy, people and nature, and put pressured negatively agriculture, water systems, and biodiversity. This study focuses on the analysis of the spatial-temporal changes in average seasonal air temperature, precipitation patterns, and river runoff in Southern Dobrudzha over the last decade (2015–2024). The main aims are to contribute knowledge of drought processes in Northeastern Bulgaria and to clarify the role of the natural factors. The analyses are based on Copernicus and JICA data, and applied seasonal averages and trend analysis for the period of time 2015–2024. Research have used spatial modelling and statistical processing of climate and hydrological data in a geoinformation environment. The results show, an intensification of drought processes formed under the combined influence of the main climatic and hydrological variables, and the specific geological and geomorphological conditions of the study area. The inter-dependencies identified, have a direct impact, on the functioning and sustainability of vulnerable ecosystems. The studied area is such an example, which, in addition to being a major agricultural region of the country, is also a borderline of valuable wetlands and protected areas of national and international importance, included in the Ramsar Convention. The results of the study contribute a better understanding of drought mechanisms in one of the most valuable and vulnerable regions of Bulgaria, and serve as a well-grounded starting point for future research and applied analyses. The recommendations support planning and management of water resources, and further development of climate adaptation approaches in agriculture, protection of wetlands and endangered species.

ABSTRACT. Climate change, sea-level rise, and human activity all pose threats to coastal habitats. To effectively manage these domains, decision-making procedures must be based on significant, trustworthy, and timely data. The COASTLINE project, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, is a multidisciplinary initiative aimed at advancing the monitoring, evaluation, and management of European coastal areas through cutting-edge geospatial technologies. The project aims to create high-resolution and multi-temporal datasets that are essential for studying coastal dynamics, including erosion patterns, ecological changes, and the impacts of human activities. This will be achieved by integrating Earth Observation data with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with LiDAR, multispectral, and hyperspectral sensors, as well as ground radars and in-situ measurements. COASTLINE aims to create an intuitive platform that enables stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers to access and visualize data on coastal evolution and stress. The platform will be populated with data from various sources, including the Copernicus program, lidar technologies, and proprietary datasets, facilitating efficient monitoring and early detection of changes in coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, the project employs advanced 2D and 3D visualization tools to depict coastal transformations and help determine the pressures on coastal areas. Leveraging machine learning algorithms, the COASTLINE project aims to evaluate and predict future risks such as flooding and subsidence. Furthermore, the construction of a user-friendly and resilient platform would enable the creation of interactive maps that can be queried in real-time. The COASTLINE project represents a significant step forward in developing a comprehensive framework for monitoring and assessing coastal dynamics by integrating multi-source data and advanced geospatial technologies. The project's methodology, which combines satellite imagery, UAV data, and in-situ measurements, is designed to provide a holistic view of coastal changes, focusing on detecting shoreline retreat, habitat degradation, and the threats to cultural heritage sites.

ABSTRACT. The increasing availability of consumer-grade drones has made them more common and affordable. Today, access to consumer-grade drones is widespread, which raises an important question: can an adequate 3D model of a site be created using such a drone and be used to create a map? The more important question that will be answered is how its performance compares to that of a professional survey-grade drone. This study presents a comparative analysis between a consumer drone equipped with a rolling shutter camera and a professional survey-grade RTK drone equipped with a mechanical shutter camera. The impact of varying numbers and configurations of ground control points (GCPs) on the quality and accuracy of the 3D model will be studied for both drones. They are deployed over the same test site, under the same conditions. Flight parameters such as altitude, image overlap, and ground sampling distance were selected to be as comparable as possible between the two platforms in order to ensure a fair and repeatable comparison, and the acquired image datasets are processed using an identical photogrammetric workflow. Due to differences in camera shutter mechanisms, the datasets are filtered and processed using different camera optimization strategies to compensate for rolling shutter effects in the consumer-grade drone and the mechanical shutter characteristics of the professional survey-grade drone. Model accuracy is evaluated using independent check points. A map is created based on the 3D model.

ABSTRACT. Recent advances in Earth observation, particularly the Sentinel satellite missions, have significantly improved the monitoring of land use and land cover (LULC) changes. This study presents a GIS-based framework for assessing LULC dynamics using multi-temporal Sentinel satellite data. The analysis focuses on detecting spatial changes over different time periods to support urban and environmental assessment.

Multi-temporal Sentinel imagery was processed and analyzed using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The methodology includes image preprocessing, classification, and spatial change detection to identify LULC transformations between different epochs. The use of Sentinel data enables consistent temporal coverage and improved spatial resolution for monitoring land dynamics.

The accuracy of the classification results was evaluated using standard validation methods to ensure reliable change detection. Thematic maps provide a clear representation of LULC changes and facilitate comparison across time periods.

The results highlight the potential of Sentinel-based observations combined with GIS for effective monitoring of land cover changes. The proposed approach is transferable to different geographic regions and contributes to sustainable land management and spatial planning.

ABSTRACT. Crop rotation is a fundamental practice for sustainable agriculture, supporting soil health, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Reliable information on crop rotation patterns is essential for agricultural monitoring and policy development. The increasing availability of Earth observation data from the Copernicus Programme provides new opportunities for large-scale and consistent assessment of agricultural dynamics. This paper examines methodological approaches for mapping crop rotation using multi-temporal remote sensing data, with a focus on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2. It reviews classification techniques, time-series analysis, and data fusion methods that enhance the detection of crop sequences across growing seasons. Key challenges, including data quality, model transferability, and landscape heterogeneity, are also discussed. The study highlights current advances and outlines future directions for improving the accuracy and operational applicability of crop rotation mapping.

ABSTRACT. Rosreestr uses unmanned aerial systems to solve such tasks as the federal state land control (supervision), carrying out comprehensive cadastral works, correction of registry errors in the Unified State Register of Real Property (USRRP) data, land monitoring and real property inventory and cartographic activities. This paper presents the advantages of using aerial photography from unmanned aerial vehicles, including a comprehensive approach to identifying violations, minimization of time and material costs of state land inspectors, relevance and objectivity of geospatial information, informative content, calculation of actual area based on inaccessible points, and automation of control (supervisory) activities based on neural network results and spatial analysis algorithms. This automation is designed for the mass identification of real property units not listed in USRRP and discrepancies in the location of property boundaries; identifying units (forest areas, plots of cultivated land, roads, rivers, lakes, etc.); areas susceptible to negative processes (industrial and consumer waste pollution, water erosion, flooding, swamping, landslides); visualization of information on the actual condition and use of land. When performing cartographic works to create large-scale digital orthophotomaps, aerial photography can be used, including from unmanned aerial vehicles. Unmanned aerial vehicles are effective means of surveying small and low-rise settlements. The advantages of this type of survey include high speed of small-area surveys, low cost per square kilometer, the ability to shoot from low altitudes and close to units and the ability to obtain source data for creating digital orthophotomaps at a scale of 1:2000. Results and effects of the implementation of unmanned aerial systems: annual increase in the area and share of land surveyed using remote methods, an increase in the number of corrected registry errors; economic effects: cost savings during territorial mapping, increased output of products (goods, services) from the inclusion of land plots in circulation as a result of control (supervisory) activities, etc.

ABSTRACT. The presentation addresses the spatial database and maps developed for the Warsaw volume of the Historical Atlas of Polish Towns series. Since 1965, publications documenting the urban history of European towns from the Middle Ages to the present have been produced under the auspices of the International Commission for the History of Towns. In accordance with established editorial standards, national atlases are conceived as series of individual volumes devoted to specific towns. Their overarching aim is to provide a coherent source base for comparative research on European urbanisation and long-term spatial transformations of cities. The first atlas of the Masovia volume—the Warsaw issue—is scheduled for publication in 2026. The volume includes, among other materials, redrawn nineteenth-century maps, a map of spatial development, and thematic maps presenting the locations of key historical sites. The preparation of these maps required the application of innovative cartographic and geoinformatic solutions, including the construction of a dedicated spatial database integrating heterogeneous historical sources. As the author of the volume Warsaw, I faced a particular methodological challenge. Warsaw is an exceptionally large and dynamically developing city, while the early cartographic sources allowing for the reconstruction of its built environment prior to the eighteenth century is relatively limited. As a result, the mapping process necessitated careful source criticism, spatial generalisation, and the use of indirect data to ensure both historical reliability and cartographic clarity. The presentation discusses these methodological choices and reflects on the potential and limitations of historical GIS approaches in the European Historic Towns Atlases project.

ABSTRACT. Among cartographic works, works of historical content occupy a prominent place. To this day, numerous historical maps and atlases have been created and used for various purposes.

As we know, every person's life is their personal story. The spatiotemporal relationship of important facts and phenomena in human life and their mapping gives a completely different perception of the past and is quite interesting.

A relatively less common type of cartographic work with historical content is biographical atlases. They may contain information about an individual, a family, a family name, a group of people, etc. It can be said that the basis for the creation of such biographical atlases is not the “spatial category”, as is the case with cartographic works of other content (maps/atlases of the world, individual countries, regions, cities, etc.).

The methodology for creating a biographical atlas essentially incorporates the same methods and techniques as the methodology for creating a historical atlas in general. This applies to the map/atlas's composition, symbols, design elements, colors, and inscriptions. The main distinguishing feature is that the biographical atlas is dedicated to individual people (groups of people), which is reflected in the content and structure of the work.

Biographical atlases have both similar (structure) and different (depending on the individual characteristics of the biographies being mapped) parameters.

ABSTRACT. As a case study in collective, processual, and actionable cartography, the Atlas of Sustainability was created during a one-week Design Challenge workshop in Vienna, Austria in May 2025. Building on past collaborations among the 13 organizers, the International Cartographic Association (ICA), and the United Nations (UN), the Atlas comprises a diverse set of maps and geographic narratives that promote action on the most pressing global challenges identified by the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Emphasizing the collective process of atlas compilation and the thematic urgency of the topic, the organizers embraced chaotic creativity by limiting the timeframe within which the Atlas was created, demonstrating the agility with which these goals can be visualized and contextualized using maps. Participants in the workshop included 38 students across 26 countries from the Erasmus Mundus MSc Cartography Programme and Masaryk University, who formed small groups based on common interests in the SDGs at the beginning of the week. Each group was asked to choose one of the 17 SDGs to tell a compelling visual story from their team’s unique perspectives and interests, and to reflect on their unique design process by developing an artistic statement to present alongside their group’s map. By the end of the week, the organizers compiled the Atlas from the personalized visual essays created by the students for each of the 17 SDGs. In this presentation, we discuss the pedagogical organization and reproducibility of the 2025 Design Challenge event and the lessons learned about "SDG mapping" from the resulting Atlas of Sustainability. The Atlas is available for free download at: https://icaci.org/files/documents/books/2025_Atlas-Of-Sustainability_Roth-Gartner-etal.pdf

ABSTRACT. The rapid development of modern geospatial technologies and specialized software has led to significant changes in contemporary cartography, particularly in the ways spatial data are collected, processed, and visualized. Three-dimensional (3D) cartography offers new possibilities for representing geographic objects by combining geometric accuracy, visual realism, and interactive functionalities, thus providing users with an enhanced understanding of spatial relationships. This study presents a comprehensive methodology for the development of a 3D cartographic model of the Cathedral Church “St. Nedelya” and its surrounding urban environment in Sofia, Bulgaria. The research is based on the integration of various data sources, including cartographic base maps, cadastral information, photographic materials, and field observations. The modeling process follows several key stages: data preparation, geometric modeling, texture mapping, and visualization, using specialized software tools to ensure both spatial accuracy and photorealistic representation. Particular attention is given to cartographic design in a 3D environment, where a specific symbol system is developed to maintain readability, visual hierarchy, and consistency from different viewing perspectives. The resulting 3D cartographic product supports spatial orientation and navigation and allows for the creation of thematic maps, such as tourist orientation maps and evacuation maps indicating safe routes and zones. The findings confirm that 3D cartography is an effective approach for visualizing cultural and religious heritage sites, improving user experience, and expanding the practical applications of cartographic products in tourism and urban information systems.

ABSTRACT. With the scale of Earth Observation (EO) data reaching planetary levels, traditional remote sensing processing approaches face limitations in computational efficiency and elasticity, making it challenging to support real-time analysis of large-scale data. To address this issue, this paper proposes EOFuncGraph, a serverless, on-demand workflow framework designed for real-time analysis of large-scale remote sensing data. EOFuncGraph decomposes complex stateful remote sensing algorithms into a series of stateless atomic function units, each performing a single computational task, thereby minimizing computation granularity and enabling high parallelism. The framework implements a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based task orchestration engine that models dependencies among function units, facilitating efficient inter-function communication and automated workflow execution. In addition, by leveraging cloud optimized Geotiff (COG) with block-level spatial indexing, EOFuncGraph employs a spatially aware function triggering mechanism, enabling on-demand scheduling and immediate execution of computations. The framework was evaluated using typical remote sensing analysis tasks under varying workloads. Experimental results show that EOFuncGraph significantly improves processing efficiency while maintaining analysis accuracy, and demonstrates excellent computational elasticity under dynamic load conditions, providing a highly elastic and cost-effective workflow framework for real-time analysis of large-scale remote sensing data in cloud environments.

ABSTRACT. Augmented Reality (AR) has emerged as one of the most promising educational technologies of the 21st century. This paper examines two interconnected applications of AR in education: the integration of marker-based AR into school atlases and the use of AR Sandbox in disaster response education for children. For the school atlas, we analyze the process of data collection, AR type selection, tool usage, and layout visualization. For AR Sandbox, we explore how AR can address the unique vulnerabilities of children in disaster education programs by engaging them with interactive simulations. This paper also draws on educational theories such as constructivism, experiential learning, and cognitive load theory to explain why AR is effective for children. The findings indicate that AR-enhanced school atlases and AR Sandbox activities foster spatial reasoning, creativity, motivation, and preparedness, which are essential for both everyday education and critical disaster awareness. Finally, we highlight the challenges of scaling AR technologies in education, including infrastructure costs, teacher training, and equity issues, and propose directions for future development. This work argues that AR is not only a technical innovation but also a pedagogical tool that can fundamentally reshape how children learn.