ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the archaeological topography and historical road networks of Pannonia province during the Early and Middle Imperial period (late 1st – late 3rd centuries AD) in the Bakony Mountains and Balaton Uplands. Methodologically, the study relies on Least Cost Path (LCP) analysis, extended with a network analysis approach. Instead of examining linear connections, the model analyses the mutual relations of approximately 70 settlements in an "all-to-all" system, revealing the landscape’s most intensive and naturally justified transport corridors. The novelty of the research lies in the location, specific era, and scale (88×80 km, ~7040 km²); such large-scale LCP analysis is rare, and no similar study exists for this period in the region. Technical implementation utilizes an open-source environment (SAGA GIS, QGIS, supplemented by custom Python scripts). The model's input database is heterogeneous: terrain is represented by open access FABDEM (20 m resolution), complemented by published historical maps and archaeological coordinates. This analysis involved the combination of thousands of routes, necessitating the optimization of computational tasks. The results were validated through proximity analysis of contemporary settlements. The significance of the research is further enhanced by the model's ability to identify transport hubs that are either unknown or only vaguely mentioned in historical descriptions.

ABSTRACT. Antarctica, being the last continent to be discovered, is characterised by extreme meteorological conditions, predominantly cloudy weather, and an unstable atmosphere. These peculiarities have a deleterious effect on the quality and usability of satellite images for mapping, GIS, and polar navigation purposes. Despite the technological capabilities and development of polar science over the years, the conditions of the polar environment make it difficult to produce maps and areas that are poorly studied remain unnamed to the present day. In this research we take as a case study Nelson Island, located within the South Shetland Islands archipelago. The objective is to generate a topographic product of high precision, utilising high-resolution remote sensing images (including Satellite and UAV images) as the primary data source. The proposed methodological framework is based on common work on efficient algorithms for data processing and advanced platforms for geographic information systems (GIS) analysis. The employment of an integrated approach and innovative technologies facilitate the establishment of a theoretical model for subsequent investigations, entity naming, testing and modelling, thereby providing a foundation for future studies on the role placemaking plays in Antarctica. It is recommended that a list of placenames to be submitted for consideration by the relevant national and international bodies, in accordance with the established Antarctic naming guidelines. The research’s added value lies in its contribution to a more profound understanding of the adverse effects of climate change and the provision of novel knowledge concerning the impact of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean within a global context.

ABSTRACT. In areas affected by military operations, terrain frequently presents obstacles that significantly influence vehicle maneuverability and movement. These obstacles may be natural or man-made, such as excavation (e.g. anti-tank ditches), commonly constructed as defensive measures against enemy forces. The ability to overcome such obstacles depends largely on the tactical and technical parameters of the vehicles involved. Moreover, the creation of barriers can substantially impact operational planning and execution, shaping tactical approaches in the field. With the availability of detailed terrain data and the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, it is possible to efficiently identify features such as ditches and evaluate their passability, thereby supporting informed decision-making and enhancing operational effectiveness. The proposed GIS-based model is designed to identify excavations by leveraging advanced geospatial tools and high-resolution terrain data. To assess terrain passability, the model employs raster algebra techniques, enabling the evaluation of obstacle negotiation capability through a comparative analysis of vehicle geometric parameters and terrain characteristics. This study aims to theoretically explain the rationale and methods behind establishing terrain obstacles within the framework of Counter-mobility tasks and to clarify their operational purpose. Furthermore, it presents the methodological development of a GIS-based model for identifying and assessing such obstacles. A model example demonstrates the evaluation of a potential man-made terrain obstacle. This illustrates the practical application of the proposed approach.

ABSTRACT. With the development of modern measurement techniques and GIS, it is increasingly easier to map the time-changing elements of the terrain's topography, including the course of the coastline of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers. The shoreline identification is an administrative procedure of identification of land occupied by flowing or standing water. The shoreline identification is not only the actual water boundary, but also the legal demarcation of land under inland surface water. Land occupied by flowing water in Poland becomes the property of the State Treasury by virtue of law, and there is no legal possibility of its return to the owner, even in the event that the river changes course again, returning part of the previously occupied land. Land occupied by flowing water in Poland becomes the property of the State Treasury by virtue of law, and there is no legal possibility of its return to the owner, even in the event that the river changes course again, returning part of the previously occupied land. The presented example from Poland shows the river shoreline changes over the sixty years and its mapping. Based on calibrated historical aerial photographs, the course of a section of the river was reconstructed, showing changes in the shoreline. It was observed that the greatest shifts occurred during periods of increased water levels after the passage of a wave during a flood.

ABSTRACT. Despite the growing interest in urban quality of life, clear and measurable assessment methods remain limited. Existing concepts are often too general to effectively support urban planning and decision-making, highlighting the need for greater precision to translate theoretical assumptions into practical actions. One example is the 3-30-300 concept, which defines a green city through tree visibility, tree cover, and proximity to parks. Although widely adopted, the concept lacks detailed definitions, such as tree distance or minimum park and forest areas, limiting its practical applicability. The presentation discusses research on the implementation of the 3-30-300 concept in the city of Warsaw. The study presents the results of a two-dimensional (2D) assessment of compliance with the concept’s criteria. An original method for determining tree visibility and their distance from buildings is proposed, based on automatic buffer clipping to building footprints and counting trees within each buffer, with a defined maximum visibility distance. Buffer-based analyses were also used to calculate distances to the nearest parks and forests. The results show that only four districts of Warsaw meet the 3-30-300 criteria. These results provided a basis for further research proposing a methodology for assessing the visibility of three trees from apartment windows while accounting for building floor levels. The study introduced an approach to modelling apartment locations and incorporated a survey examining tree–building distances that genuinely affect residents’ quality of life. Based on simulated apartment locations and defined distance thresholds, tree visibility analyses were conducted for apartments on different floors. The results revealed an approximate 72% decrease in visibility compared to 2D-based studies, demonstrating that neglecting floor levels leads to significant overestimation of tree visibility.

ABSTRACT. Nowadays GIS (Geographic Information System) web applications play an emerging role in different life areas. They are not just a base map with pinned objects on various locations. They are a complex set of tools for analysis of different natural phenomena, disasters, trends, infrastructure, etc. Usually a GIS web application consists of a three layer structure – a data layer which is the core of the application, a layer responsible for data publication and a frontend for data visualization. This study is focused on comparing two OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) standards for data publication – OGC APIs (Application Programing Interface) and OGC Services. In other words this paper compares legacy approach for publishing geospatial data with a modern one. For the test scenario open source technologies are used. Data layer is based on PostgreSQL (PostGIS) as well as other data formats (Shapefile, GeoJSON), data publication functionality is provided by Geoserver and QGIS server which implement the legacy standard and pygeoapi and ldproxy implementing the contemporary approach. OpenLayers library is used to serve the frontend. This research has two aspects: a theoretical one which compares both standards in terms of architecture, feature sets, documentation and practical one where configuration parameters are compared regarding the complexity and overall performance of the four implementations.

ABSTRACT. Geological mapping in remote, semi-arid areas often depends on older maps produced from medium-scale aerial photographs. Although these maps provide a useful overview of regional structures, they commonly lack the resolution needed to unravel complex tectonic histories, especially in regions where later deformation has modified earlier structural patterns. In this study, we introduce a new high-resolution workflow for lineament mapping, along with a GIS-based approach for validating satellite-derived structures against existing geological information from the Tsagaan-Uul Block of the Khatanbulag Ancient Massif. We used multispectral Sentinel-2 imagery and applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance lithological boundaries and structural features within the Neoproterozoic basement and overlying Paleozoic sequences. To reduce the subjectivity inherent in manual interpretation and to address the generalization limits of available 1:50,000-scale maps, we implemented automated edge detection using directional Sobel filters aligned with the region’s dominant fault orientations (NW–SE, E–W, and NE–SW). The detected edges were then converted into vector lineaments using automated vectorization techniques. The main contribution of this study is a spatial validation method that directly compares the orientation of satellite-derived lineaments with structural features digitized from archived geological maps. The study area was divided into a regular 1 km grid, chosen to match the data density of the legacy mapping. Within each grid cell, we compared lineament orientations from both datasets, allowing us to identify older deformation phases that have been partially obscured or reoriented by later tectonic events. This comparison enabled the isolation of distinct deformation episodes and provided independent verification of the region’s structural evolution. Overall, the proposed approach offers a reproducible and objective alternative for lineament extraction and validation. It also provides a practical means of distinguishing tectonic fractures from lithological contacts in geologically complex terrains, particularly where high-quality field data are limited.

ABSTRACT. This overview presentation aims to present the main activities, functions and responsibilities of a hydrographic office in the context of ensuring the safety of navigation and maintaining accurate, up-to-date and reliable hydrographic information. The presentation examines the role of the hydrographic office as a competent authority responsible for planning and conducting hydrographic surveys, collecting, processing and analyzing bathymetric and hydrographic data, as well as for issuing and maintaining official nautical charts and navigational products. The presentation examines the main types of nautical charts – paper nautical charts and electronic navigational charts (ENCs) intended for use in electronic cartographic navigation and information systems (ECDIS). Their functional characteristics, operational purpose and requirements for updating through notices to mariners are analyzed. Key standards of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) are presented, including S-4 (Regulations for International Charts and Chart Specifications), S-44 (Standards for Hydrographic Surveys), S-57 and the product standard S-101, based on the universal hydrographic model S-100, regulating the structure, quality and exchange of hydrographic information. A significant part of the presentation is devoted to the use of modern means and systems for hydrographic surveying, including single-beam and multi-beam echo sounder systems (MBES), side-scan sonars (SSS), as well as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV). Special attention is paid to the operation of autonomous underwater vehicles of the Gavia type, used for high-resolution bathymetric imaging, detection and classification of underwater objects, as well as for surveying areas with increased risk or limited access. In conclusion, the importance of the integrated application of international standards, modern hydrographic technologies and established operational procedures for ensuring reliable navigational cartographic products and enhancing maritime safety is emphasized.